claudecode-omc 5.9.1 → 5.12.0

package/bundled/upstream/ecc/skills/laravel-security/SKILL.md

@@ -1,285 +1,948 @@
 ---
 name: laravel-security
-description: Laravel security best practices for authn/authz, validation, CSRF, mass assignment, file uploads, secrets, rate limiting, and secure deployment.
-origin: ECC
+description: Laravel security best practices — authentication, authorization, Eloquent safety, CSRF, XSS prevention, API security, and secure deployment configurations.
+metadata:
+  origin: ECC
 ---
 
 # Laravel Security Best Practices
 
-Comprehensive security guidance for Laravel applications to protect against common vulnerabilities.
+Comprehensive security guidelines for Laravel applications to protect against common vulnerabilities.
 
 ## When to Activate
 
-- Adding authentication or authorization
-- Handling user input and file uploads
-- Building new API endpoints
-- Managing secrets and environment settings
-- Hardening production deployments
+- Setting up Laravel authentication and authorization (Sanctum, Passport, Jetstream, Breeze)
+- Implementing user roles, permissions, and policies
+- Configuring production security settings and environment variables
+- Reviewing Laravel applications for security vulnerabilities
+- Deploying Laravel applications to production
+- Writing secure Eloquent queries and migrations
 
-## How It Works
+## Production Configuration
 
-- Middleware provides baseline protections (CSRF via `VerifyCsrfToken`, security headers via `SecurityHeaders`).
-- Guards and policies enforce access control (`auth:sanctum`, `$this->authorize`, policy middleware).
-- Form Requests validate and shape input (`UploadInvoiceRequest`) before it reaches services.
-- Rate limiting adds abuse protection (`RateLimiter::for('login')`) alongside auth controls.
-- Data safety comes from encrypted casts, mass-assignment guards, and signed routes (`URL::temporarySignedRoute` + `signed` middleware).
+### Essential Production Settings
 
-## Core Security Settings
-
-- `APP_DEBUG=false` in production
-- `APP_KEY` must be set and rotated on compromise
-- Set `SESSION_SECURE_COOKIE=true` and `SESSION_SAME_SITE=lax` (or `strict` for sensitive apps)
-- Configure trusted proxies for correct HTTPS detection
+```php
+// config/app.php
+'env' => env('APP_ENV', 'production'),
+'debug' => (bool) env('APP_DEBUG', false), // CRITICAL: Never true in production
+'key' => env('APP_KEY'), // Must be set: php artisan key:generate
+
+// config/session.php
+'secure' => env('SESSION_SECURE_COOKIE', true),
+'http_only' => true,
+'same_site' => 'lax',
+
+// Verify APP_KEY is set at boot
+// bootstrap/app.php or a service provider
+if (empty(config('app.key'))) {
+    throw new RuntimeException('APP_KEY is not set. Run: php artisan key:generate');
+}
+```
 
-## Session and Cookie Hardening
+### Environment File Security
 
-- Set `SESSION_HTTP_ONLY=true` to prevent JavaScript access
-- Use `SESSION_SAME_SITE=strict` for high-risk flows
-- Regenerate sessions on login and privilege changes
+```bash
+# NEVER commit .env to version control
+# .gitignore already includes .env by default
 
-## Authentication and Tokens
+# Use .env.example with placeholders instead
+DB_PASSWORD=
+APP_KEY=
+SANCTUM_TOKEN_PREFIX=
 
-- Use Laravel Sanctum or Passport for API auth
-- Prefer short-lived tokens with refresh flows for sensitive data
-- Revoke tokens on logout and compromised accounts
+# Validate required variables at boot
+// In AppServiceProvider::boot()
+$requiredKeys = ['app.key', 'database.connections.mysql.database', 'database.connections.mysql.username'];
+foreach ($requiredKeys as $key) {
+    if (empty(config($key))) {
+        throw new RuntimeException("Missing required config key: {$key}");
+    }
+}
+```
 
-Example route protection:
+### HTTPS Enforcement
 
 ```php
-use Illuminate\Http\Request;
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route;
+// AppServiceProvider::boot() or middleware
+if (app()->environment('production')) {
+    URL::forceScheme('https');
+    request()->server->set('HTTPS', 'on');
+}
+
+// config/app.php for trusted proxies (load balancers)
+// Use specific IP ranges — * trusts all, allowing X-Forwarded-* spoofing
+// AWS: '10.0.0.0/8', '172.16.0.0/12', '192.168.0.0/16'
+'trusted_proxies' => ['10.0.0.0/8', '172.16.0.0/12'],
+
+// Force HTTPS in production via middleware
+// app/Http/Middleware/ForceHttps.php
+public function handle($request, Closure $next)
+{
+    if (!$request->secure() && app()->environment('production')) {
+        return redirect()->secure($request->getRequestUri());
+    }
+    return $next($request);
+}
+```
+
+## Authentication
+
+### Sanctum (API Token Authentication)
 
-Route::middleware('auth:sanctum')->get('/me', function (Request $request) {
-    return $request->user();
+```php
+// config/sanctum.php
+'stateful' => explode(',', env('SANCTUM_STATEFUL_DOMAINS', sprintf(
+    '%s%s',
+    'localhost,localhost:3000,127.0.0.1,127.0.0.1:8000,::1',
+    env('APP_URL') ? ',' . parse_url(env('APP_URL'), PHP_URL_HOST) : ''
+)));
+
+'expiration' => 60 * 24, // Token expiration in minutes (null = never)
+'token_prefix' => env('SANCTUM_TOKEN_PREFIX', ''),
+
+// Issuing tokens with abilities
+$token = $user->createToken('api-token', ['read', 'write'])->plainTextToken;
+
+// Validate abilities on routes
+Route::middleware('auth:sanctum')->group(function () {
+    Route::get('/orders', function () {
+        // User must have 'read' ability
+        abort_unless(Auth::user()->tokenCan('read'), 403);
+        // ...
+    })->middleware('abilities:read');
+
+    Route::post('/orders', function () {
+        // User must have 'write' ability
+        abort_unless(Auth::user()->tokenCan('write'), 403);
+        // ...
+    })->middleware('abilities:write');
 });
 ```
 
-## Password Security
+### Password Security
 
-- Hash passwords with `Hash::make()` and never store plaintext
-- Use Laravel's password broker for reset flows
+```php
+// config/hashing.php
+// Default is bcrypt. Argon2id is stronger.
+'bcrypt' => [
+    'rounds' => env('BCRYPT_ROUNDS', 12), // Increase for stronger hashing
+],
+
+'argon' => [
+    'memory' => 65536,
+    'threads' => 4,
+    'time' => 4,
+],
+
+// Password validation in RegisterRequest
+public function rules(): array
+{
+    return [
+        'password' => [
+            'required',
+            'confirmed',
+            Password::min(12)
+                ->letters()
+                ->mixedCase()
+                ->numbers()
+                ->symbols()
+                ->uncompromised(), // Checks haveibeenpwned
+        ],
+    ];
+}
+
+// Rate limit login attempts
+// App\Http\Controllers\Auth\AuthenticatedSessionController
+protected function authenticated(Request $request, $user)
+{
+    if ($user->wasRecentlyLockedOut()) {
+        // Notify user of suspicious login
+        $user->notify(new SuspiciousLoginNotification($request->ip()));
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Session Management
 
 ```php
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash;
-use Illuminate\Validation\Rules\Password;
+// config/session.php
+'driver' => env('SESSION_DRIVER', 'database'), // database/redis > file
+'lifetime' => env('SESSION_LIFETIME', 120),
+'expire_on_close' => env('SESSION_EXPIRE_ON_CLOSE', false),
+'encrypt' => env('SESSION_ENCRYPT', false),
+
+// Regenerate session on login
+// App\Http\Controllers\Auth\AuthenticatedSessionController
+public function store(LoginRequest $request): RedirectResponse
+{
+    $request->authenticate();
+    $request->session()->regenerate(); // CRITICAL: prevents session fixation
+    return redirect()->intended(RouteServiceProvider::HOME);
+}
 
-$validated = $request->validate([
-    'password' => ['required', 'string', Password::min(12)->letters()->mixedCase()->numbers()->symbols()],
-]);
+// Invalidate session on logout
+public function destroy(Request $request): RedirectResponse
+{
+    Auth::guard('web')->logout();
+    $request->session()->invalidate();
+    $request->session()->regenerateToken();
+    return redirect('/');
+}
+```
+
+## Authorization
 
-$user->update(['password' => Hash::make($validated['password'])]);
+### Gates
+
+```php
+// App\Providers\AuthServiceProvider
+use App\Models\Post;
+use App\Models\User;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Gate;
+
+public function boot(): void
+{
+    Gate::define('update-post', function (User $user, Post $post): bool {
+        return $user->id === $post->user_id;
+    });
+
+    Gate::define('publish-post', function (User $user): bool {
+        return $user->role === 'editor' || $user->role === 'admin';
+    });
+
+    // Using before() for super-admin override
+    Gate::before(function (User $user, string $ability): ?bool {
+        if ($user->role === 'super-admin') {
+            return true; // Grants all abilities
+        }
+        return null; // Fall through to normal checks
+    });
+}
+
+// Usage in controllers
+public function update(Request $request, Post $post): RedirectResponse
+{
+    Gate::authorize('update-post', $post);
+    // Or: $this->authorize('update-post', $post);
+    // Or: abort_unless(Auth::user()->can('update-post', $post), 403);
+    // ...
+}
 ```
 
-## Authorization: Policies and Gates
+### Policies
+
+```php
+// App\Policies\PostPolicy
+class PostPolicy
+{
+    use HandlesAuthorization;
+
+    public function viewAny(?User $user): bool
+    {
+        return true; // Public listing
+    }
+
+    public function view(?User $user, Post $post): bool
+    {
+        return $post->is_published || ($user && $user->id === $post->user_id);
+    }
+
+    public function create(User $user): bool
+    {
+        return $user->hasVerifiedEmail(); // Must verify email first
+    }
+
+    public function update(User $user, Post $post): bool
+    {
+        return $user->id === $post->user_id;
+    }
+
+    public function delete(User $user, Post $post): bool
+    {
+        return $user->id === $post->user_id && $post->created_at->diffInDays(now()) <= 30;
+    }
+
+    public function restore(User $user, Post $post): bool
+    {
+        return $user->role === 'admin';
+    }
+
+    public function forceDelete(User $user, Post $post): bool
+    {
+        return $user->role === 'super-admin';
+    }
+}
+
+// Register in AuthServiceProvider
+protected $policies = [
+    Post::class => PostPolicy::class,
+];
+
+// Controller usage
+public function show(Post $post): View
+{
+    $this->authorize('view', $post);
+    return view('posts.show', compact('post'));
+}
 
-- Use policies for model-level authorization
-- Enforce authorization in controllers and services
+// Blade usage
+@can('update', $post)
+    <a href="{{ route('posts.edit', $post) }}">Edit</a>
+@endcan
+
+@cannot('update', $post)
+    <span>You cannot edit this post</span>
+@endcannot
+```
+
+### Middleware Authorization
 
 ```php
-$this->authorize('update', $project);
+// Using middleware in routes
+Route::put('/posts/{post}', [PostController::class, 'update'])
+    ->middleware('can:update,post');
+
+Route::get('/posts/create', [PostController::class, 'create'])
+    ->middleware('can:create,App\Models\Post');
+
+// Custom authorization middleware
+// app/Http/Middleware/CheckRole.php
+class CheckRole
+{
+    public function handle(Request $request, Closure $next, string $role): mixed
+    {
+        if (!$request->user() || $request->user()->role !== $role) {
+            abort(403, 'Unauthorized. This area requires role: ' . $role);
+        }
+        return $next($request);
+    }
+}
+
+// Register in Kernel
+protected $routeMiddleware = [
+    'role' => \App\Http\Middleware\CheckRole::class,
+];
+
+// Route usage
+Route::middleware(['auth', 'role:admin'])->group(function () {
+    Route::get('/admin', [AdminController::class, 'index']);
+});
 ```
 
-Use policy middleware for route-level enforcement:
+## Eloquent Security
+
+### Mass Assignment Protection
 
 ```php
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route;
+// BAD: $guarded = [] allows ALL columns to be mass-assigned
+// NEVER use $guarded = [] in production
 
-Route::put('/projects/{project}', [ProjectController::class, 'update'])
-    ->middleware(['auth:sanctum', 'can:update,project']);
+// GOOD: Whitelist fillable attributes
+final class User extends Authenticatable
+{
+    protected $fillable = [
+        'name',
+        'email',
+        'phone',
+        'avatar',
+    ];
+    // NEVER add 'role', 'is_admin', 'is_verified' here
+}
+
+// GOOD: Explicitly control which fields can be filled in requests
+public function store(StoreUserRequest $request): RedirectResponse
+{
+    $user = User::create($request->safe()->only([
+        'name', 'email', 'phone', 'avatar'
+    ]));
+    // $request->safe() uses validated data only
+    // $request->only() is NOT safe on its own without validation rules
+}
+
+// BAD: Creating a user with request data directly
+User::create($request->all()); // VULNERABLE to mass assignment!
+
+// BETTER: Use DTOs for creation
+$user = User::create($request->validated()); // Only validated fields
 ```
 
-## Validation and Data Sanitization
+### SQL Injection Prevention
+
+```php
+// GOOD: Eloquent automatically parameterizes queries
+User::where('email', $userInput)->first();
+User::whereRaw('email = ?', [$userInput])->first();
 
-- Always validate inputs with Form Requests
-- Use strict validation rules and type checks
-- Never trust request payloads for derived fields
+// GOOD: Query Builder also parameterizes
+DB::table('users')->where('email', $userInput)->first();
+DB::select('SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?', [$userInput]);
 
-## Mass Assignment Protection
+// BAD: Raw string interpolation
+DB::select("SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = '{$userInput}'"); // VULNERABLE!
+User::whereRaw("email = '{$userInput}'")->first(); // VULNERABLE!
 
-- Use `$fillable` or `$guarded` and avoid `Model::unguard()`
-- Prefer DTOs or explicit attribute mapping
+// BAD: whereRaw/orderByRaw with unescaped input
+User::orderByRaw($userInput); // VULNERABLE!
+User::groupByRaw($userInput); // VULNERABLE!
 
-## SQL Injection Prevention
+// BAD: DB::statement with concatenation
+DB::statement("INSERT INTO users (email) VALUES ('{$userInput}')"); // VULNERABLE!
+```
 
-- Use Eloquent or query builder parameter binding
-- Avoid raw SQL unless strictly necessary
+### Attribute Casting
 
 ```php
-DB::select('select * from users where email = ?', [$email]);
+final class User extends Authenticatable
+{
+    protected $casts = [
+        'email_verified_at' => 'datetime',
+        'is_admin' => 'boolean', // Cast to boolean prevents string injection
+        'settings' => 'array', // Automatically json_encode/json_decode
+        'metadata' => 'encrypted:array', // Laravel 11+ encrypted casting
+        'password' => 'hashed', // Laravel 10+ auto-hashes on set
+    ];
+}
 ```
 
-## XSS Prevention
+### Model Security
+
+```php
+final class User extends Authenticatable
+{
+    // Hide sensitive attributes from JSON/API responses
+    protected $hidden = [
+        'password',
+        'remember_token',
+        'two_factor_secret',
+        'two_factor_recovery_codes',
+    ];
+
+    // Append only safe computed attributes
+    protected $appends = ['full_name']; // safe
+    // NEVER append sensitive computed data
+}
+
+final class Post extends Model
+{
+    // Global scope to filter soft deleted records
+    use SoftDeletes;
 
-- Blade escapes output by default (`{{ }}`)
-- Use `{!! !!}` only for trusted, sanitized HTML
-- Sanitize rich text with a dedicated library
+    // Prevent N+1 by restricting lazy loading (optional strict mode)
+    // AppServiceProvider::boot()
+    // Model::preventLazyLoading(!app()->isProduction());
+}
+```
 
 ## CSRF Protection
 
-- Keep `VerifyCsrfToken` middleware enabled
-- Include `@csrf` in forms and send XSRF tokens for SPA requests
+### Default Protection
+
+```php
+// Laravel CSRF is enabled by default via VerifyCsrfToken middleware
+// app/Http/Kernel.php (protected $middlewareGroups['web'])
+
+// All POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE forms must include @csrf
+<form method="POST" action="/posts">
+    @csrf
+    <input type="text" name="title">
+    <button type="submit">Create</button>
+</form>
+```
 
-For SPA authentication with Sanctum, ensure stateful requests are configured:
+### Excluding Routes (Carefully)
 
 ```php
-// config/sanctum.php
-'stateful' => explode(',', env('SANCTUM_STATEFUL_DOMAINS', 'localhost')),
+// app/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php
+class VerifyCsrfToken extends Middleware
+{
+    // Only exclude routes that have external CSRF protection (webhooks, etc.)
+    protected $except = [
+        'stripe/*', // Stripe webhooks use their own signature verification
+        // Avoid blanket 'api/*' — stateful Sanctum routes need CSRF.
+        // Exclude only specific stateless webhook/endpoint routes.
+    ];
+}
+```
+
+### CSRF with JavaScript
+
+```html
+<meta name="csrf-token" content="{{ csrf_token() }}">
+
+<script>
+// Axios example (Laravel ships with Axios)
+axios.defaults.headers.common['X-CSRF-TOKEN'] = document.querySelector(
+    'meta[name="csrf-token"]'
+).getAttribute('content');
+
+// Fetch example
+fetch('/posts', {
+    method: 'POST',
+    headers: {
+        'X-CSRF-TOKEN': document.querySelector('meta[name="csrf-token"]').getAttribute('content'),
+        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+    },
+    body: JSON.stringify(data),
+});
+</script>
 ```
 
-## File Upload Safety
+## XSS Prevention
+
+### Blade Templating Security
+
+```blade
+{{-- SAFE: Auto-escaped by Blade --}}
+{{ $userInput }}
+
+{{-- DANGEROUS: Raw output — NEVER use with user input --}}
+{!! $userInput !!}
+
+{{-- SAFE: Only use {!! !!} with trusted content you control --}}
+{!! $trustedHtmlFromYourServer !!}
+
+{{-- GOOD: Use specific escaping directives --}}
+@js($data) {{-- JSON encode for JavaScript --}}
+@json($data) {{-- JSON encode in templates --}}
+
+{{-- BAD: Direct user input in raw HTML --}}
+<div>{!! $user->bio !!}</div> {{-- VULNERABLE if user provides bio --}}
+```
 
-- Validate file size, MIME type, and extension
-- Store uploads outside the public path when possible
-- Scan files for malware if required
+### Safe HTML Handling
 
 ```php
-final class UploadInvoiceRequest extends FormRequest
+// When you must allow some HTML, use a whitelist approach
+use HTMLPurifier; // Requires: composer require ezyang/htmlpurifier
+
+public function sanitizeHtml(string $dirty): string
+{
+    $config = \HTMLPurifier_Config::createDefault();
+    $config->set('HTML.Allowed', 'p,b,i,a[href],ul,ol,li,br');
+    $config->set('URI.AllowedSchemes', ['http', 'https', 'mailto']);
+    $purifier = new \HTMLPurifier($config);
+    return $purifier->purify($dirty);
+}
+
+// In blade:
+<div>{!! $sanitizedContent !!}</div> {{-- Safe after purification --}}
+```
+
+### JavaScript Context Escaping
+
+```blade
+{{-- SAFE: Blade @js escapes for JavaScript context --}}
+<script>
+    const user = @js($user); // JSON + escaped for JS context
+    const settings = @json($settings); // Direct JSON encode
+</script>
+
+{{-- DANGEROUS: Manual JSON in JS context --}}
+<script>
+    const user = {{ json_encode($user) }}; // NOT escaped for JS!
+</script>
+```
+
+### HTTP Headers for XSS Protection
+
+```php
+// App\Http\Middleware\SecurityHeaders.php
+class SecurityHeaders
+{
+    public function handle(Request $request, Closure $next): mixed
+    {
+        $response = $next($request);
+
+        $response->headers->set('X-Content-Type-Options', 'nosniff');
+        $response->headers->set('X-Frame-Options', 'DENY');
+        $response->headers->set('X-XSS-Protection', '1; mode=block');
+        $response->headers->set('Referrer-Policy', 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin');
+        $response->headers->set(
+            'Content-Security-Policy',
+            "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; img-src 'self' data: https:; font-src 'self'; connect-src 'self'; frame-ancestors 'none'"
+        );
+
+        return $response;
+    }
+}
+
+// Register in kernel
+protected $middleware = [
+    \App\Http\Middleware\SecurityHeaders::class,
+];
+```
+
+## Input Validation
+
+### Form Request Validation
+
+```php
+final class StorePostRequest extends FormRequest
 {
     public function authorize(): bool
     {
-        return (bool) $this->user()?->can('upload-invoice');
+        return $this->user()?->can('create', Post::class) ?? false;
     }
 
     public function rules(): array
     {
         return [
-            'invoice' => ['required', 'file', 'mimes:pdf', 'max:5120'],
+            'title' => ['required', 'string', 'max:255', 'sanitize_html'],
+            'content' => ['required', 'string', 'max:10000'],
+            'image' => [
+                'required',
+                'image',
+                'mimes:jpg,jpeg,png,gif,webp', // Whitelist specific types
+                'max:2048', // 2MB max
+            ],
+            'tags' => ['array'],
+            'tags.*' => ['integer', 'exists:tags,id'],
         ];
     }
+
+    public function messages(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'title.max' => 'Post title must not exceed 255 characters.',
+            'image.max' => 'Image must be under 2MB.',
+        ];
+    }
+
+    // Sanitize input after validation
+    public function validated($key = null, $default = null): mixed
+    {
+        $validated = parent::validated();
+        $validated['title'] = strip_tags($validated['title']);
+        return $key ? ($validated[$key] ?? $default) : $validated;
+    }
 }
 ```
 
+### Custom Validation Rules
+
 ```php
-$path = $request->file('invoice')->store(
-    'invoices',
-    config('filesystems.private_disk', 'local') // set this to a non-public disk
-);
+// app/Rules/StrongPassword.php
+class StrongPassword implements Rule
+{
+    public function passes($attribute, $value): bool
+    {
+        return preg_match('/^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*\d)(?=.*[@$!%*?&#^()_\-+=])[A-Za-z\d@$!%*?&#^()_\-+=]{12,}$/', $value);
+    }
+
+    public function message(): string
+    {
+        return 'The :attribute must be at least 12 characters with uppercase, lowercase, number, and symbol.';
+    }
+}
+
+// app/Rules/NotBlacklistedDomain.php
+class NotBlacklistedDomain implements Rule
+{
+    private array $blacklisted = ['mailinator.com', 'guerrillamail.com'];
+
+    public function passes($attribute, $value): bool
+    {
+        $domain = substr(strrchr($value, '@'), 1);
+        return !in_array(strtolower($domain), $this->blacklisted);
+    }
+
+    public function message(): string
+    {
+        return 'Email from disposable domains is not allowed.';
+    }
+}
 ```
 
-## Rate Limiting
+## API Security
 
-- Apply `throttle` middleware on auth and write endpoints
-- Use stricter limits for login, password reset, and OTP
+### Rate Limiting
 
 ```php
-use Illuminate\Cache\RateLimiting\Limit;
-use Illuminate\Http\Request;
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\RateLimiter;
+// App/Providers/RouteServiceProvider
+protected function configureRateLimiting(): void
+{
+    RateLimiter::for('api', function (Request $request) {
+        return Limit::perMinute(60)->by($request->user()?->id ?: $request->ip());
+    });
+
+    RateLimiter::for('auth', function (Request $request) {
+        return Limit::perMinute(5)->by($request->ip())
+            ->response(function () {
+                return response()->json([
+                    'message' => 'Too many login attempts. Try again in 1 minute.',
+                ], 429);
+            });
+    });
+
+    RateLimiter::for('uploads', function (Request $request) {
+        return Limit::perHour(10)->by($request->user()?->id ?? $request->ip())
+            ->response(function () {
+                return response()->json([
+                    'message' => 'Upload limit reached. Try again later.',
+                ], 429);
+            });
+    });
+}
 
-RateLimiter::for('login', function (Request $request) {
-    return [
-        Limit::perMinute(5)->by($request->ip()),
-        Limit::perMinute(5)->by(strtolower((string) $request->input('email'))),
-    ];
+// Route usage
+Route::middleware(['auth:sanctum', 'throttle:api'])->group(function () {
+    Route::apiResource('posts', PostController::class);
 });
+
+Route::post('/login', [AuthController::class, 'login'])
+    ->middleware('throttle:auth');
 ```
 
-## Secrets and Credentials
+### API Authentication — Sanctum vs Passport
 
-- Never commit secrets to source control
-- Use environment variables and secret managers
-- Rotate keys after exposure and invalidate sessions
+```php
+// Sanctum (recommended for most apps — simple, first-party, SPA)
+// config/sanctum.php
+'expiration' => 60 * 24, // Tokens expire after 24 hours
+'model' => User::class,
+
+// Issuing scoped tokens
+$token = $user->createToken('client-name', [
+    'posts:read',
+    'posts:write',
+])->plainTextToken;
+
+// Middleware scoping
+Route::middleware('auth:sanctum')->group(function () {
+    Route::get('/posts', [PostController::class, 'index'])
+        ->middleware('abilities:posts:read');
+
+    Route::post('/posts', [PostController::class, 'store'])
+        ->middleware('abilities:posts:write');
+});
 
-## Encrypted Attributes
+// Passport (OAuth2 — for third-party clients or complex auth flows)
+// Install: composer require laravel/passport
+Passport::tokensExpireIn(now()->addDays(15));
+Passport::refreshTokensExpireIn(now()->addDays(30));
+Passport::personalAccessTokensExpireIn(now()->addMonths(6));
+```
 
-Use encrypted casts for sensitive columns at rest.
+### CORS Configuration
 
 ```php
-protected $casts = [
-    'api_token' => 'encrypted',
+// config/cors.php
+return [
+    'paths' => ['api/*', 'sanctum/csrf-cookie'],
+    'allowed_methods' => ['*'],
+    'allowed_origins' => explode(',', env('CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS', '')), // Whitelist specific origins
+    'allowed_origins_patterns' => [],
+    'allowed_headers' => ['*'],
+    'exposed_headers' => ['X-Total-Count', 'X-Pagination-Page'],
+    'max_age' => 0,
+    'supports_credentials' => true, // Required for Sanctum SPA auth
 ];
+
+// NEVER: Allow all origins in production unless absolutely necessary
+// 'allowed_origins' => ['*'], // Only for truly public APIs
 ```
 
-## Security Headers
+## File Upload Security
 
-- Add CSP, HSTS, and frame protection where appropriate
-- Use trusted proxy configuration to enforce HTTPS redirects
+### Validation
 
-Example middleware to set headers:
+```php
+public function rules(): array
+{
+    return [
+        'document' => [
+            'required',
+            'file',
+            'mimes:pdf,doc,docx,xls,xlsx', // Whitelist specific MIME types
+            'max:10240', // 10MB
+            'extensions:pdf,doc,docx,xls,xlsx', // Verify extension matches MIME
+        ],
+        'avatar' => [
+            'nullable',
+            'image', // Ensures it's a valid image
+            'mimes:jpg,jpeg,png,webp',
+            'max:2048',
+            'dimensions:min_width=100,min_height=100,max_width=2000,max_height=2000',
+        ],
+    ];
+}
+```
+
+### Secure Storage
 
 ```php
-use Illuminate\Http\Request;
-use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
+// Store files outside public directory
+$path = $request->file('document')->store('documents', 'local');
+// Never use 'public' disk for sensitive documents
+
+// Use signed URLs for temporary file access
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Storage;
 
-final class SecurityHeaders
+public function download(Request $request, string $path)
 {
-    public function handle(Request $request, \Closure $next): Response
-    {
-        $response = $next($request);
+    // Generate temporary signed URL (expires in 15 minutes)
+    $url = Storage::temporaryUrl($path, now()->addMinutes(15));
 
-        $response->headers->add([
-            'Content-Security-Policy' => "default-src 'self'",
-            'Strict-Transport-Security' => 'max-age=31536000', // add includeSubDomains/preload only when all subdomains are HTTPS
-            'X-Frame-Options' => 'DENY',
-            'X-Content-Type-Options' => 'nosniff',
-            'Referrer-Policy' => 'no-referrer',
-        ]);
+    // Validate user has permission
+    $this->authorize('download', $path);
 
-        return $response;
-    }
+    return redirect($url);
 }
+
+// Storage configuration for cloud with encryption
+// config/filesystems.php
+'s3' => [
+    'driver' => 's3',
+    'key' => env('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'),
+    'secret' => env('AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY'),
+    'region' => env('AWS_DEFAULT_REGION'),
+    'bucket' => env('AWS_BUCKET'),
+    'url' => env('AWS_URL'),
+    'endpoint' => env('AWS_ENDPOINT'),
+    'use_path_style_endpoint' => env('AWS_USE_PATH_STYLE_ENDPOINT', false),
+    'throw' => false,
+    'server_side_encryption' => 'AES256', // Encrypt at rest
+],
 ```
 
-## CORS and API Exposure
+## Dependencies and Secrets
 
-- Restrict origins in `config/cors.php`
-- Avoid wildcard origins for authenticated routes
+### Composer Security
 
-```php
-// config/cors.php
-return [
-    'paths' => ['api/*', 'sanctum/csrf-cookie'],
-    'allowed_methods' => ['GET', 'POST', 'PUT', 'PATCH', 'DELETE'],
-    'allowed_origins' => ['https://app.example.com'],
-    'allowed_headers' => [
-        'Content-Type',
-        'Authorization',
-        'X-Requested-With',
-        'X-XSRF-TOKEN',
-        'X-CSRF-TOKEN',
-    ],
-    'supports_credentials' => true,
-];
+```bash
+# Always audit dependencies in CI
+composer audit
+
+# Pin major versions in composer.json
+"laravel/framework": "^11.0",
+"spatie/laravel-permission": "^6.0"
+
+# Check for abandoned packages
+composer why-not
+
+# Keep lock file in version control (it pins exact versions)
+# Run `composer update` deliberately, never in CI/CD
 ```
 
-## Logging and PII
+### Secret Management
 
-- Never log passwords, tokens, or full card data
-- Redact sensitive fields in structured logs
+```bash
+# .env file (NEVER commit)
+# .gitignore includes .env by default
 
-```php
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
+APP_KEY=base64:abc123...
+DB_PASSWORD=secure_password
+STRIPE_KEY=sk_live_...
+SANCTUM_TOKEN_PREFIX=myapp_
 
-Log::info('User updated profile', [
-    'user_id' => $user->id,
-    'email' => '[REDACTED]',
-    'token' => '[REDACTED]',
-]);
+# For production: Use a secret manager
+# Deploy with: env $(aws secretsmanager get-secret-value --secret-id prod/db | jq ...) php artisan serve
+
+# Validate secrets at boot (AppServiceProvider::boot)
+$secrets = ['services.stripe.key', 'services.stripe.webhook_secret'];
+foreach ($secrets as $key) {
+    if (empty(config($key))) {
+        Log::critical("Missing secret: {$key}");
+    }
+}
 ```
 
-## Dependency Security
+## Queue Security
 
-- Run `composer audit` regularly
-- Pin dependencies with care and update promptly on CVEs
+```php
+// Define a named rate limiter (typically in AppServiceProvider::boot())
+RateLimiter::for('payments', fn () => Limit::perMinute(5));
+```
 
-## Signed URLs
+```php
+// Encrypt sensitive job data by implementing the interface
+final class ProcessPaymentJob implements ShouldQueue, ShouldBeEncrypted
+{
+    use Dispatchable, InteractsWithQueue, Queueable, SerializesModels;
 
-Use signed routes for temporary, tamper-proof links.
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly string $paymentIntentId, // Public IDs are fine
+        private readonly string $cardFingerprint, // Encrypted via ShouldBeEncrypted
+    ) {}
 
-```php
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\URL;
+    public function handle(): void
+    {
+        // Process payment
+    }
+
+    // Limit retries and delay between attempts
+    public function retryUntil(): Carbon
+    {
+        return now()->addMinutes(5);
+    }
 
-$url = URL::temporarySignedRoute(
-    'downloads.invoice',
-    now()->addMinutes(15),
-    ['invoice' => $invoice->id]
-);
+    // Rate limit how many jobs of this type can run
+    public function middleware(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            new RateLimited('payments'),
+        ];
+    }
+}
 ```
 
+## Logging Security Events
+
 ```php
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route;
+// config/logging.php
+'channels' => [
+    'security' => [
+        'driver' => 'single',
+        'path' => storage_path('logs/security.log'),
+        'level' => 'warning',
+    ],
+],
 
-Route::get('/invoices/{invoice}/download', [InvoiceController::class, 'download'])
-    ->name('downloads.invoice')
-    ->middleware('signed');
+// Audit log helper
+final class SecurityLogger
+{
+    public static function log(string $event, array $context = []): void
+    {
+        Log::channel('security')->warning($event, array_merge([
+            'user_id' => Auth::id(),
+            'ip' => request()->ip(),
+            'user_agent' => request()->userAgent(),
+            'url' => request()->fullUrl(),
+            'timestamp' => now()->toIso8601String(),
+        ], $context));
+    }
+}
+
+// Usage
+SecurityLogger::log('failed_login_attempt', ['email' => $email]);
+SecurityLogger::log('password_change');
+SecurityLogger::log('role_change', ['target_user' => $targetId, 'new_role' => 'admin']);
+SecurityLogger::log('suspicious_activity', ['reason' => 'multiple_attempts_from_different_ips']);
 ```
+
+## Quick Security Checklist
+
+| Check | Description |
+|-------|-------------|
+| `APP_DEBUG=false` | Never run with debug enabled in production |
+| `APP_KEY` set | Always run `php artisan key:generate` |
+| HTTPS enforced | Force HTTPS in production via middleware or proxy |
+| `$fillable` whitelisted | Never use `$guarded = []` |
+| CSRF active | `@csrf` on all state-changing forms |
+| Sanctum/Passport configured | API authentication with token abilities/scopes |
+| Rate limiting applied | Throttle API and auth endpoints |
+| Input validation | FormRequest with specific rules, never `$request->all()` |
+| File upload restrictions | Validate MIME types, size, dimensions |
+| `composer audit` in CI | Check dependencies for known vulnerabilities |
+| `password_hash` / `password_verify` | Use Laravel's built-in hashing (bcrypt/Argon2) |
+| Session regeneration on login | Call `$request->session()->regenerate()` |
+| Security headers middleware | CSP, X-Frame-Options, X-Content-Type-Options |
+| Logged security events | Audit log for auth failures, role changes, suspicious activity |
+| `.env` not committed | Verify `.gitignore` includes `.env` |
+
+## Related Skills
+
+- `laravel-patterns` — Laravel architecture, routing, Eloquent, and API patterns
+- `backend-patterns` — General backend API and database patterns
+- `laravel-tdd` — Laravel testing with PHPUnit and Pest