bmad-plus 0.7.5 → 0.8.0

package/src/bmad-plus/packs/pack-shield/references/ear/ccl-eccn-guide.md

@@ -1,250 +1,250 @@
-# EAR Commerce Control List (CCL) and ECCN Classification Guide
-
-## How to Use This Reference
-
-This guide covers: (1) detailed ECCN lookup methodology, (2) key ECCNs by category, (3) Commerce Country Chart usage, and (4) jurisdiction determination between EAR and ITAR.
-
----
-
-## ECCN Classification Methodology
-
-### Step 1: Determine if the Item is "Subject to the EAR" (§ 734.3)
-
-An item is subject to the EAR if it is:
-- All items **physically in the United States** (including in Foreign Trade Zones)
-- All items of **US origin** (manufactured in the US), regardless of location
-- **Foreign-made items** that incorporate controlled US-origin content above the de minimis threshold (§ 734.4) — 10% or 25% depending on destination
-- **Foreign direct products** of US technology/software that meet the FDPR criteria (§ 736.2(b)(3))
-- Items the president has placed under EAR jurisdiction by executive order
-
-**Not subject to EAR:** Publicly available information (§ 734.7), basic scientific research (fundamental research exclusion, § 734.8), patent applications, and items exclusively controlled by another US agency (ITAR/USML, NRC, FDA, etc.)
-
----
-
-### Step 2: Apply the Order of Review (§ 732.3)
-
-| Step | Check | If Yes |
-|------|-------|--------|
-| 1 | Is the item on the USML (22 CFR Part 121)? | → ITAR jurisdiction; stop here |
-| 2 | Is it exclusively controlled by another US agency? | → That agency's regulations |
-| 3 | Is it subject to the EAR per § 734.3? | → Continue to CCL lookup |
-| 4 | Is it on the CCL? | → Assign ECCN |
-| 5 | Not on CCL | → EAR99 designation |
-
----
-
-### Step 3: Search the CCL (Part 774, Supplement No. 1)
-
-Search strategies (in order of preference):
-1. **Interactive CCL** at bis.gov/regulations/ear/interactive-commerce-control-list
-2. **Self-classification:** Compare item's technical parameters (frequency, performance, materials) to CCL entry technical notes and parameters
-3. **CCATS request:** Submit BIS-748P-A via SNAP-R for official classification determination
-4. **CJ request to DDTC:** If jurisdiction between ITAR and EAR is unclear
-
-**Reading a CCL Entry:**
-Each ECCN entry contains:
-- **Entry heading:** ECCN number and title
-- **List of Items Controlled:** Specific technical parameters that determine if item falls under this ECCN
-- **Unit:** The unit of measure for reporting
-- **Reasons for Control (RFCs):** NS, AT, CB, NP, MT, etc.
-- **Country Chart columns:** Which RFC columns on the Country Chart to check
-- **License Exceptions:** Which exceptions (LVS, GBS, CIV, etc.) are available
-- **List of Items Controlled — Related Controls:** References to other ECCNs or USML categories
-- **Technical Notes:** Clarifications on measurement and interpretation
-
----
-
-### Step 4: EAR99 — When to Use
-
-If after searching the CCL you cannot find an ECCN that covers the item:
-- The item is **EAR99**
-- EAR99 items **do not appear on the CCL** and have no ECCN number
-- They are subject to EAR jurisdiction but generally do not require a license for export
-
-**EAR99 items still require a license if:**
-- Destined for **embargoed countries** (Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Syria — Part 746)
-- Destined for **Russia or Belarus** under enhanced controls (Part 746.8)
-- The end-user is on the **Entity List** (Supplement 4, Part 744)
-- The end-use is for **WMD development** (§ 744.2–744.6)
-- Exporter has **knowledge** of prohibited end-use or end-user
-
----
-
-## Key ECCNs by Category
-
-### Category 0 — Nuclear Materials, Facilities, and Equipment
-
-| ECCN | Description |
-|------|-------------|
-| 0A001 | Nuclear reactors and specially designed equipment |
-| 0B001 | Nuclear test/measurement equipment |
-| 0C001 | "Natural uranium," "depleted uranium," special nuclear material |
-| 0D001 | Software for items controlled in Category 0 |
-| 0E001 | Technology for nuclear items |
-
-### Category 1 — Chemicals, Microorganisms, and Toxins
-
-| ECCN | Description |
-|------|-------------|
-| 1C350 | Chemical weapons precursors (Schedule 2 and 3 chemicals) |
-| 1C351 | Human and zoonotic pathogens (Select Agents) |
-| 1C352 | Animal pathogens not in 1C351 |
-| 1C354 | Plant pathogens |
-| 1C810 | Ammonium nitrate (precursor concerns) |
-
-### Category 3 — Electronics
-
-| ECCN | Description |
-|------|-------------|
-| 3A001 | Electronic components (advanced semiconductors, MMICs, SAW devices) |
-| 3A090 | Integrated circuits for advanced computing (high-bandwidth memory) |
-| 3B001 | Equipment for manufacturing electronic components (wafer fab) |
-| 3D001 | Software for Category 3 equipment |
-| 3E001 | Technology for Category 3 items |
-
-### Category 4 — Computers
-
-| ECCN | Description |
-|------|-------------|
-| 4A003 | Electronic computers and related equipment (performance thresholds) |
-| 4A090 | Computers/electronic assemblies for advanced computing (AI chips) |
-| 4D001 | Software for high-performance computers |
-| 4E001 | Technology for Category 4 items |
-
-### Category 5 — Telecommunications and Information Security
-
-| ECCN | Description |
-|------|-------------|
-| 5A002 | Telecommunications systems (secure comms equipment) |
-| 5B002 | Telecom test equipment |
-| 5D002 | Software for telecommunications/encryption |
-| 5E002 | Technology for encryption and telecom |
-| 5A992 | Telecommunications not controlled by 5A002 (lower performance) |
-| 5D992 | Mass-market software for telecom |
-
-### Category 7 — Navigation and Avionics
-
-| ECCN | Description |
-|------|-------------|
-| 7A001 | Accelerometers with specific performance |
-| 7A004 | Star trackers and attitude control equipment |
-| 7A101 | Gyroscopes and accelerometers for missiles |
-| 7E001 | Technology for navigation items |
-
-### Category 9 — Aerospace and Propulsion
-
-| ECCN | Description |
-|------|-------------|
-| 9A001 | Aerojet engines and components |
-| 9A004 | Space launch vehicles and spacecraft |
-| 9A515 | Spacecraft and related items (satellites) |
-| 9E003 | Technology for turbofan and turboprop engines |
-
----
-
-## Commerce Country Chart — How to Use (Part 738, Supplement 1)
-
-### Purpose
-The Country Chart determines if a license is required based on the combination of the item's **Reason(s) for Control** and the **destination country**.
-
-### Reading the Chart
-1. Find the destination country (rows, alphabetical)
-2. Find the RFC column(s) for your item's ECCNs (e.g., NS Column 1, AT Column 1, CB Column 1)
-3. If the cell shows an "**X**" → a license is generally required
-4. If blank → generally no license required for that RFC/country combination
-
-### Important: Multiple RFCs
-If your ECCN has multiple RFCs (e.g., NS and AT), check **all applicable columns** for the destination. A license is required if any RFC/country cell shows "X" **unless** a license exception applies for that specific RFC.
-
-### Country Chart Column Codes
-
-| Column | Meaning |
-|--------|---------|
-| NS Column 1 | National security — sensitive items |
-| NS Column 2 | National security — less sensitive items |
-| MT Column 1 | Missile technology |
-| NP Column 1 | Nuclear nonproliferation — major suppliers group |
-| NP Column 2 | Nuclear nonproliferation — trigger list |
-| CB Column 1 | Chemical and biological — Australia Group |
-| CB Column 2 | Chemical and biological — non-Australia Group |
-| RS Column 1 | Regional stability — most items |
-| RS Column 2 | Regional stability — less sensitive |
-| CC Column 1 | Crime control — all items |
-| CC Column 2 | Crime control — shotguns |
-| CC Column 3 | Crime control — used equipment |
-| AT Column 1 | Anti-terrorism — all items |
-| AT Column 2 | Anti-terrorism — shotguns |
-| UN | UN embargo |
-
----
-
-## Jurisdiction Determination: EAR vs. ITAR
-
-### The "Order of Review" in Detail
-
-The US government mandates exporters apply this order before determining export classification:
-
-**STEP 1 — Consult the USML (22 CFR Part 121):**
-- The USML has 21 categories (Cat. I–XXI) covering military articles
-- If the item is "specially designed" or enumerated on the USML → ITAR jurisdiction, file with DDTC
-- The "specially designed" standard is complex — items designed for civilian use that are identical to military articles may still be EAR
-
-**STEP 2 — Consult the CCL:**
-- If not on USML → check CCL
-- If found on CCL → assign ECCN
-- If not found → EAR99
-
-**When jurisdiction is unclear — Submit a CJ Request:**
-- **CJ (Commodity Jurisdiction) Request** — submitted to DDTC
-- Used when: an item has both military and commercial versions; an item was transferred from USML to CCL under Export Control Reform; or there's genuine ambiguity
-- Timeline: 45-day statutory deadline; in practice, can take longer
-- **CCATS** — BIS's equivalent for confirming an ECCN (use SNAP-R portal)
-
-### Common EAR/ITAR Boundary Areas
-
-| Item Type | Likely Jurisdiction |
-|-----------|-------------------|
-| Consumer electronics, mass-market software | EAR (usually EAR99 or 5D992) |
-| Dual-use encryption (commercial VPN, SSL) | EAR (5D002 or 5D992 ENC) |
-| Military radios, tactical communications | ITAR (Cat. XI) |
-| Satellite components (commercial comms sats) | EAR (9A515) after Export Control Reform |
-| Satellite components (military reconnaissance) | ITAR (Cat. XV) |
-| Firearms and ammunition | ITAR (Cat. I and III); some EAR (shotguns) |
-| Chemical precursors (dual-use) | EAR (Category 1) |
-| Chemical weapons agents | ITAR (Cat. XIV) |
-| Aircraft parts (commercial) | EAR (Category 9, lower threshold) |
-| Military aircraft engines | ITAR (Cat. VIII) |
-| GPS (commercial grade) | EAR (7A994, EAR99) |
-| GPS (military, high-performance) | ITAR (Cat. XV) |
-| Cybersecurity tools (commercial pen-testing) | EAR (5D002, ENC exception may apply) |
-| Cyberweapons and offensive capabilities | Likely ITAR or unilateral controls |
-
----
-
-## EAR99 Items That Still Need Licenses — Common Mistakes
-
-| Scenario | Why License Needed |
-|----------|--------------------|
-| EAR99 electronics exported to Iran | Part 746 embargo — license required |
-| EAR99 software sold to Entity List party | Entity List requirement — license required |
-| EAR99 pump sold for nuclear programme | WMD end-use control § 744.2 |
-| EAR99 laptop reexported from Germany to Russia | Part 746.8 Russia controls apply to all items |
-| EAR99 goods with 10%+ US content to D:5 country | De minimis rule — license may be required |
-| EAR99 circuit board demonstrated to Iranian engineer in US | Deemed export to Iran — check § 734.13 |
-
----
-
-## EAR Controls on Russia and China — Key 2022–2026 Developments
-
-### Russia and Belarus (Part 746.8)
-Following February 2022, BIS imposed broad new controls:
-- **All items subject to EAR** require a license for export to Russia/Belarus (including EAR99)
-- Extremely limited license exceptions available (humanitarian, safety of flight)
-- Entity List additions: hundreds of Russian defence and intelligence entities
-- **FDP Rule for Russia:** Expanded FDPR captures foreign-made items produced by US equipment/software used to fabricate circuits destined for Russia's military
-
-### China Advanced Computing Controls (October 2022 / October 2023)
-- New ECCNs 3A090, 4A090 control advanced AI chips above performance thresholds
-- Entity List expanded with semiconductor-related entities (Huawei, affiliates, others)
-- FDPR expanded to capture foreign-made chips using US equipment if destined for restricted Chinese entities
-- "ITAR Carve-Out" items — some satellite/military items moved from ITAR to EAR under Export Control Reform but with strict CCL controls
+# EAR Commerce Control List (CCL) and ECCN Classification Guide
+
+## How to Use This Reference
+
+This guide covers: (1) detailed ECCN lookup methodology, (2) key ECCNs by category, (3) Commerce Country Chart usage, and (4) jurisdiction determination between EAR and ITAR.
+
+---
+
+## ECCN Classification Methodology
+
+### Step 1: Determine if the Item is "Subject to the EAR" (§ 734.3)
+
+An item is subject to the EAR if it is:
+- All items **physically in the United States** (including in Foreign Trade Zones)
+- All items of **US origin** (manufactured in the US), regardless of location
+- **Foreign-made items** that incorporate controlled US-origin content above the de minimis threshold (§ 734.4) — 10% or 25% depending on destination
+- **Foreign direct products** of US technology/software that meet the FDPR criteria (§ 736.2(b)(3))
+- Items the president has placed under EAR jurisdiction by executive order
+
+**Not subject to EAR:** Publicly available information (§ 734.7), basic scientific research (fundamental research exclusion, § 734.8), patent applications, and items exclusively controlled by another US agency (ITAR/USML, NRC, FDA, etc.)
+
+---
+
+### Step 2: Apply the Order of Review (§ 732.3)
+
+| Step | Check | If Yes |
+|------|-------|--------|
+| 1 | Is the item on the USML (22 CFR Part 121)? | → ITAR jurisdiction; stop here |
+| 2 | Is it exclusively controlled by another US agency? | → That agency's regulations |
+| 3 | Is it subject to the EAR per § 734.3? | → Continue to CCL lookup |
+| 4 | Is it on the CCL? | → Assign ECCN |
+| 5 | Not on CCL | → EAR99 designation |
+
+---
+
+### Step 3: Search the CCL (Part 774, Supplement No. 1)
+
+Search strategies (in order of preference):
+1. **Interactive CCL** at bis.gov/regulations/ear/interactive-commerce-control-list
+2. **Self-classification:** Compare item's technical parameters (frequency, performance, materials) to CCL entry technical notes and parameters
+3. **CCATS request:** Submit BIS-748P-A via SNAP-R for official classification determination
+4. **CJ request to DDTC:** If jurisdiction between ITAR and EAR is unclear
+
+**Reading a CCL Entry:**
+Each ECCN entry contains:
+- **Entry heading:** ECCN number and title
+- **List of Items Controlled:** Specific technical parameters that determine if item falls under this ECCN
+- **Unit:** The unit of measure for reporting
+- **Reasons for Control (RFCs):** NS, AT, CB, NP, MT, etc.
+- **Country Chart columns:** Which RFC columns on the Country Chart to check
+- **License Exceptions:** Which exceptions (LVS, GBS, CIV, etc.) are available
+- **List of Items Controlled — Related Controls:** References to other ECCNs or USML categories
+- **Technical Notes:** Clarifications on measurement and interpretation
+
+---
+
+### Step 4: EAR99 — When to Use
+
+If after searching the CCL you cannot find an ECCN that covers the item:
+- The item is **EAR99**
+- EAR99 items **do not appear on the CCL** and have no ECCN number
+- They are subject to EAR jurisdiction but generally do not require a license for export
+
+**EAR99 items still require a license if:**
+- Destined for **embargoed countries** (Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Syria — Part 746)
+- Destined for **Russia or Belarus** under enhanced controls (Part 746.8)
+- The end-user is on the **Entity List** (Supplement 4, Part 744)
+- The end-use is for **WMD development** (§ 744.2–744.6)
+- Exporter has **knowledge** of prohibited end-use or end-user
+
+---
+
+## Key ECCNs by Category
+
+### Category 0 — Nuclear Materials, Facilities, and Equipment
+
+| ECCN | Description |
+|------|-------------|
+| 0A001 | Nuclear reactors and specially designed equipment |
+| 0B001 | Nuclear test/measurement equipment |
+| 0C001 | "Natural uranium," "depleted uranium," special nuclear material |
+| 0D001 | Software for items controlled in Category 0 |
+| 0E001 | Technology for nuclear items |
+
+### Category 1 — Chemicals, Microorganisms, and Toxins
+
+| ECCN | Description |
+|------|-------------|
+| 1C350 | Chemical weapons precursors (Schedule 2 and 3 chemicals) |
+| 1C351 | Human and zoonotic pathogens (Select Agents) |
+| 1C352 | Animal pathogens not in 1C351 |
+| 1C354 | Plant pathogens |
+| 1C810 | Ammonium nitrate (precursor concerns) |
+
+### Category 3 — Electronics
+
+| ECCN | Description |
+|------|-------------|
+| 3A001 | Electronic components (advanced semiconductors, MMICs, SAW devices) |
+| 3A090 | Integrated circuits for advanced computing (high-bandwidth memory) |
+| 3B001 | Equipment for manufacturing electronic components (wafer fab) |
+| 3D001 | Software for Category 3 equipment |
+| 3E001 | Technology for Category 3 items |
+
+### Category 4 — Computers
+
+| ECCN | Description |
+|------|-------------|
+| 4A003 | Electronic computers and related equipment (performance thresholds) |
+| 4A090 | Computers/electronic assemblies for advanced computing (AI chips) |
+| 4D001 | Software for high-performance computers |
+| 4E001 | Technology for Category 4 items |
+
+### Category 5 — Telecommunications and Information Security
+
+| ECCN | Description |
+|------|-------------|
+| 5A002 | Telecommunications systems (secure comms equipment) |
+| 5B002 | Telecom test equipment |
+| 5D002 | Software for telecommunications/encryption |
+| 5E002 | Technology for encryption and telecom |
+| 5A992 | Telecommunications not controlled by 5A002 (lower performance) |
+| 5D992 | Mass-market software for telecom |
+
+### Category 7 — Navigation and Avionics
+
+| ECCN | Description |
+|------|-------------|
+| 7A001 | Accelerometers with specific performance |
+| 7A004 | Star trackers and attitude control equipment |
+| 7A101 | Gyroscopes and accelerometers for missiles |
+| 7E001 | Technology for navigation items |
+
+### Category 9 — Aerospace and Propulsion
+
+| ECCN | Description |
+|------|-------------|
+| 9A001 | Aerojet engines and components |
+| 9A004 | Space launch vehicles and spacecraft |
+| 9A515 | Spacecraft and related items (satellites) |
+| 9E003 | Technology for turbofan and turboprop engines |
+
+---
+
+## Commerce Country Chart — How to Use (Part 738, Supplement 1)
+
+### Purpose
+The Country Chart determines if a license is required based on the combination of the item's **Reason(s) for Control** and the **destination country**.
+
+### Reading the Chart
+1. Find the destination country (rows, alphabetical)
+2. Find the RFC column(s) for your item's ECCNs (e.g., NS Column 1, AT Column 1, CB Column 1)
+3. If the cell shows an "**X**" → a license is generally required
+4. If blank → generally no license required for that RFC/country combination
+
+### Important: Multiple RFCs
+If your ECCN has multiple RFCs (e.g., NS and AT), check **all applicable columns** for the destination. A license is required if any RFC/country cell shows "X" **unless** a license exception applies for that specific RFC.
+
+### Country Chart Column Codes
+
+| Column | Meaning |
+|--------|---------|
+| NS Column 1 | National security — sensitive items |
+| NS Column 2 | National security — less sensitive items |
+| MT Column 1 | Missile technology |
+| NP Column 1 | Nuclear nonproliferation — major suppliers group |
+| NP Column 2 | Nuclear nonproliferation — trigger list |
+| CB Column 1 | Chemical and biological — Australia Group |
+| CB Column 2 | Chemical and biological — non-Australia Group |
+| RS Column 1 | Regional stability — most items |
+| RS Column 2 | Regional stability — less sensitive |
+| CC Column 1 | Crime control — all items |
+| CC Column 2 | Crime control — shotguns |
+| CC Column 3 | Crime control — used equipment |
+| AT Column 1 | Anti-terrorism — all items |
+| AT Column 2 | Anti-terrorism — shotguns |
+| UN | UN embargo |
+
+---
+
+## Jurisdiction Determination: EAR vs. ITAR
+
+### The "Order of Review" in Detail
+
+The US government mandates exporters apply this order before determining export classification:
+
+**STEP 1 — Consult the USML (22 CFR Part 121):**
+- The USML has 21 categories (Cat. I–XXI) covering military articles
+- If the item is "specially designed" or enumerated on the USML → ITAR jurisdiction, file with DDTC
+- The "specially designed" standard is complex — items designed for civilian use that are identical to military articles may still be EAR
+
+**STEP 2 — Consult the CCL:**
+- If not on USML → check CCL
+- If found on CCL → assign ECCN
+- If not found → EAR99
+
+**When jurisdiction is unclear — Submit a CJ Request:**
+- **CJ (Commodity Jurisdiction) Request** — submitted to DDTC
+- Used when: an item has both military and commercial versions; an item was transferred from USML to CCL under Export Control Reform; or there's genuine ambiguity
+- Timeline: 45-day statutory deadline; in practice, can take longer
+- **CCATS** — BIS's equivalent for confirming an ECCN (use SNAP-R portal)
+
+### Common EAR/ITAR Boundary Areas
+
+| Item Type | Likely Jurisdiction |
+|-----------|-------------------|
+| Consumer electronics, mass-market software | EAR (usually EAR99 or 5D992) |
+| Dual-use encryption (commercial VPN, SSL) | EAR (5D002 or 5D992 ENC) |
+| Military radios, tactical communications | ITAR (Cat. XI) |
+| Satellite components (commercial comms sats) | EAR (9A515) after Export Control Reform |
+| Satellite components (military reconnaissance) | ITAR (Cat. XV) |
+| Firearms and ammunition | ITAR (Cat. I and III); some EAR (shotguns) |
+| Chemical precursors (dual-use) | EAR (Category 1) |
+| Chemical weapons agents | ITAR (Cat. XIV) |
+| Aircraft parts (commercial) | EAR (Category 9, lower threshold) |
+| Military aircraft engines | ITAR (Cat. VIII) |
+| GPS (commercial grade) | EAR (7A994, EAR99) |
+| GPS (military, high-performance) | ITAR (Cat. XV) |
+| Cybersecurity tools (commercial pen-testing) | EAR (5D002, ENC exception may apply) |
+| Cyberweapons and offensive capabilities | Likely ITAR or unilateral controls |
+
+---
+
+## EAR99 Items That Still Need Licenses — Common Mistakes
+
+| Scenario | Why License Needed |
+|----------|--------------------|
+| EAR99 electronics exported to Iran | Part 746 embargo — license required |
+| EAR99 software sold to Entity List party | Entity List requirement — license required |
+| EAR99 pump sold for nuclear programme | WMD end-use control § 744.2 |
+| EAR99 laptop reexported from Germany to Russia | Part 746.8 Russia controls apply to all items |
+| EAR99 goods with 10%+ US content to D:5 country | De minimis rule — license may be required |
+| EAR99 circuit board demonstrated to Iranian engineer in US | Deemed export to Iran — check § 734.13 |
+
+---
+
+## EAR Controls on Russia and China — Key 2022–2026 Developments
+
+### Russia and Belarus (Part 746.8)
+Following February 2022, BIS imposed broad new controls:
+- **All items subject to EAR** require a license for export to Russia/Belarus (including EAR99)
+- Extremely limited license exceptions available (humanitarian, safety of flight)
+- Entity List additions: hundreds of Russian defence and intelligence entities
+- **FDP Rule for Russia:** Expanded FDPR captures foreign-made items produced by US equipment/software used to fabricate circuits destined for Russia's military
+
+### China Advanced Computing Controls (October 2022 / October 2023)
+- New ECCNs 3A090, 4A090 control advanced AI chips above performance thresholds
+- Entity List expanded with semiconductor-related entities (Huawei, affiliates, others)
+- FDPR expanded to capture foreign-made chips using US equipment if destined for restricted Chinese entities
+- "ITAR Carve-Out" items — some satellite/military items moved from ITAR to EAR under Export Control Reform but with strict CCL controls