anchi-toolkit 1.0.0

package/.cursor/skills/backend-development/references/backend-mindset.md

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+# Backend Development Mindset
+
+Problem-solving approaches, architectural thinking, and collaboration patterns for backend engineers (2025).
+
+## Problem-Solving Mindset
+
+### Systems Thinking Approach
+
+**Holistic Engineering** - Understanding how components interact within larger ecosystem
+
+```
+User Request
+  → Load Balancer
+  → API Gateway (auth, rate limiting)
+  → Application (business logic)
+  → Cache Layer (Redis)
+  → Database (persistent storage)
+  → Message Queue (async processing)
+  → External Services
+```
+
+**Questions to Ask:**
+- What happens if this component fails?
+- How does this scale under load?
+- What are the dependencies?
+- Where are the bottlenecks?
+- What's the blast radius of changes?
+
+### Breaking Down Complex Problems
+
+**Decomposition Strategy:**
+
+1. **Understand requirements** - What problem are we solving?
+2. **Identify constraints** - Performance, budget, timeline, tech stack
+3. **Break into modules** - Separate concerns (auth, data, business logic)
+4. **Define interfaces** - API contracts between modules
+5. **Prioritize** - Critical path first
+6. **Iterate** - Build, test, refine
+
+**Example: Building Payment System**
+
+```
+Complex: "Build payment processing"
+
+Decomposed:
+1. Payment gateway integration (Stripe/PayPal)
+2. Order creation and validation
+3. Payment intent creation
+4. Webhook handling (success/failure)
+5. Idempotency (prevent double charges)
+6. Retry logic for transient failures
+7. Audit logging
+8. Refund processing
+9. Reconciliation system
+```
+
+## Trade-Off Analysis
+
+### CAP Theorem (Choose 2 of 3)
+
+**Consistency** - All nodes see same data at same time
+**Availability** - Every request receives response
+**Partition Tolerance** - System works despite network failures
+
+**Real-World Choices:**
+- **CP (Consistency + Partition Tolerance):** Banking systems, financial transactions
+- **AP (Availability + Partition Tolerance):** Social media feeds, product catalogs
+- **CA (Consistency + Availability):** Single-node databases (not distributed)
+
+### PACELC Extension
+
+**If Partition:** Choose Availability or Consistency
+**Else (no partition):** Choose Latency or Consistency
+
+**Examples:**
+- **PA/EL:** Cassandra (available during partition, low latency normally)
+- **PC/EC:** HBase (consistent during partition, consistent over latency)
+- **PA/EC:** DynamoDB (configurable consistency vs latency)
+
+### Performance vs Maintainability
+
+| Optimize For | When to Choose |
+|--------------|---------------|
+| **Performance** | Hot paths, high-traffic endpoints, real-time systems |
+| **Maintainability** | Internal tools, admin dashboards, CRUD operations |
+| **Both** | Core business logic, payment processing, authentication |
+
+**Example:**
+```typescript
+// Maintainable: Readable, easy to debug
+const users = await db.users.findAll({
+  where: { active: true },
+  include: ['posts', 'comments'],
+});
+
+// Performant: Optimized query, reduced joins
+const users = await db.query(`
+  SELECT u.*,
+    (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM posts WHERE user_id = u.id) as post_count,
+    (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM comments WHERE user_id = u.id) as comment_count
+  FROM users u
+  WHERE u.active = true
+`);
+```
+
+### Technical Debt Management
+
+**20-40% productivity increase** from addressing technical debt properly
+
+**Debt Quadrants:**
+1. **Reckless + Deliberate:** "We don't have time for design"
+2. **Reckless + Inadvertent:** "What's layering?"
+3. **Prudent + Deliberate:** "Ship now, refactor later" (acceptable)
+4. **Prudent + Inadvertent:** "Now we know better" (acceptable)
+
+**Prioritization:**
+- High interest, high impact → Fix immediately
+- High interest, low impact → Schedule in sprint
+- Low interest, high impact → Tech debt backlog
+- Low interest, low impact → Leave as-is
+
+## Architectural Thinking
+
+### Domain-Driven Design (DDD)
+
+**Bounded Contexts** - Separate models for different domains
+
+```
+E-commerce System:
+
+[Sales Context]          [Inventory Context]       [Shipping Context]
+- Order (id, items,      - Product (id, stock,     - Shipment (id,
+  total, customer)        location, reserved)       address, status)
+- Customer (id, email)   - Warehouse (id, name)    - Carrier (name, API)
+- Payment (status)       - StockLevel (quantity)   - Tracking (number)
+
+Each context has its own:
+- Data model
+- Business rules
+- Database schema
+- API contracts
+```
+
+**Ubiquitous Language** - Shared vocabulary between devs and domain experts
+
+### Layered Architecture (Separation of Concerns)
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────┐
+│   Presentation Layer        │  Controllers, Routes, DTOs
+│   (API endpoints)           │
+├─────────────────────────────┤
+│   Business Logic Layer      │  Services, Use Cases, Domain Logic
+│   (Core logic)              │
+├─────────────────────────────┤
+│   Data Access Layer         │  Repositories, ORMs, Database
+│   (Persistence)             │
+└─────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+**Benefits:**
+- Clear responsibilities
+- Easier testing (mock layers)
+- Flexibility to change implementations
+- Reduced coupling
+
+### Designing for Failure (Resilience)
+
+**Assume everything fails eventually**
+
+**Patterns:**
+1. **Circuit Breaker** - Stop calling failing service
+2. **Retry with Backoff** - Exponential delay between retries
+3. **Timeout** - Don't wait forever
+4. **Fallback** - Graceful degradation
+5. **Bulkhead** - Isolate failures (resource pools)
+
+```typescript
+import { CircuitBreaker } from 'opossum';
+
+const breaker = new CircuitBreaker(externalAPICall, {
+  timeout: 3000, // 3s timeout
+  errorThresholdPercentage: 50, // Open after 50% failures
+  resetTimeout: 30000, // Try again after 30s
+});
+
+breaker.fallback(() => ({ data: 'cached-response' }));
+
+const result = await breaker.fire(requestParams);
+```
+
+## Developer Mindset
+
+### Writing Maintainable Code
+
+**SOLID Principles:**
+
+**S - Single Responsibility** - Class/function does one thing
+```typescript
+// Bad: User class handles auth + email + logging
+class User {
+  authenticate() {}
+  sendEmail() {}
+  logActivity() {}
+}
+
+// Good: Separate responsibilities
+class User {
+  authenticate() {}
+}
+class EmailService {
+  sendEmail() {}
+}
+class Logger {
+  logActivity() {}
+}
+```
+
+**O - Open/Closed** - Open for extension, closed for modification
+```typescript
+// Good: Strategy pattern
+interface PaymentStrategy {
+  process(amount: number): Promise<PaymentResult>;
+}
+
+class StripePayment implements PaymentStrategy {
+  async process(amount: number) { /* ... */ }
+}
+
+class PayPalPayment implements PaymentStrategy {
+  async process(amount: number) { /* ... */ }
+}
+```
+
+### Thinking About Edge Cases
+
+**Common Edge Cases:**
+- Empty arrays/collections
+- Null/undefined values
+- Boundary values (min/max integers)
+- Concurrent requests (race conditions)
+- Network failures
+- Duplicate requests (idempotency)
+- Invalid input (SQL injection, XSS)
+
+```typescript
+// Good: Handle edge cases explicitly
+async function getUsers(limit?: number) {
+  // Validate input
+  if (limit !== undefined && (limit < 1 || limit > 1000)) {
+    throw new Error('Limit must be between 1 and 1000');
+  }
+
+  // Handle undefined
+  const safeLimit = limit ?? 50;
+
+  // Prevent SQL injection with parameterized query
+  const users = await db.query('SELECT * FROM users LIMIT $1', [safeLimit]);
+
+  // Handle empty results
+  return users.length > 0 ? users : [];
+}
+```
+
+### Testing Mindset (TDD/BDD)
+
+**70% happy-path tests drafted by AI, humans focus on edge cases**
+
+**Test-Driven Development (TDD):**
+```
+1. Write failing test
+2. Write minimal code to pass
+3. Refactor
+4. Repeat
+```
+
+**Behavior-Driven Development (BDD):**
+```gherkin
+Feature: User Registration
+  Scenario: User registers with valid email
+    Given I am on the registration page
+    When I enter "test@example.com" as email
+    And I enter "SecurePass123!" as password
+    Then I should see "Registration successful"
+    And I should receive a welcome email
+```
+
+### Observability and Debugging Approach
+
+**100% median ROI, $500k average return** from observability investments
+
+**Three Questions:**
+1. **Is it slow?** → Check metrics (response time, DB queries)
+2. **Is it broken?** → Check logs (errors, stack traces)
+3. **Where is it broken?** → Check traces (distributed systems)
+
+```typescript
+// Good: Structured logging with context
+logger.error('Payment processing failed', {
+  orderId: order.id,
+  userId: user.id,
+  amount: order.total,
+  error: error.message,
+  stack: error.stack,
+  timestamp: Date.now(),
+  ipAddress: req.ip,
+});
+```
+
+## Collaboration & Communication
+
+### API Contract Design (Treating APIs as Products)
+
+**Principles:**
+1. **Versioning** - `/api/v1/users`, `/api/v2/users`
+2. **Consistency** - Same patterns across endpoints
+3. **Documentation** - OpenAPI/Swagger
+4. **Backward compatibility** - Don't break existing clients
+5. **Clear error messages** - Help clients fix issues
+
+```typescript
+// Good: Consistent API design
+GET    /api/v1/users         # List users
+GET    /api/v1/users/:id     # Get user
+POST   /api/v1/users         # Create user
+PUT    /api/v1/users/:id     # Update user
+DELETE /api/v1/users/:id     # Delete user
+
+// Consistent error format
+{
+  "error": {
+    "code": "VALIDATION_ERROR",
+    "message": "Invalid email format",
+    "field": "email",
+    "timestamp": "2025-01-09T12:00:00Z"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Database Schema Design Discussions
+
+**Key Considerations:**
+- **Normalization vs Denormalization** - Trade-offs for performance
+- **Indexing strategy** - Query patterns dictate indexes
+- **Migration path** - How to evolve schema without downtime
+- **Data types** - VARCHAR(255) vs TEXT, INT vs BIGINT
+- **Constraints** - Foreign keys, unique constraints, check constraints
+
+### Code Review Mindset (Prevention-First)
+
+**What to Look For:**
+- Security vulnerabilities (SQL injection, XSS)
+- Performance issues (N+1 queries, missing indexes)
+- Error handling (uncaught exceptions)
+- Edge cases (null checks, boundary values)
+- Readability (naming, comments for complex logic)
+- Tests (coverage for new code)
+
+**Constructive Feedback:**
+```
+# Good review comment
+"This could be vulnerable to SQL injection. Consider using parameterized queries:
+`db.query('SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1', [userId])`"
+
+# Bad review comment
+"This is wrong. Fix it."
+```
+
+## Mindset Checklist
+
+- [ ] Think in systems (understand dependencies)
+- [ ] Analyze trade-offs (CAP, performance vs maintainability)
+- [ ] Design for failure (circuit breakers, retries)
+- [ ] Apply SOLID principles
+- [ ] Consider edge cases (null, empty, boundaries)
+- [ ] Write tests first (TDD/BDD)
+- [ ] Log with context (structured logging)
+- [ ] Design APIs as products (versioning, docs)
+- [ ] Plan database schema evolution
+- [ ] Give constructive code reviews
+
+## Resources
+
+- **Domain-Driven Design:** https://martinfowler.com/bliki/DomainDrivenDesign.html
+- **CAP Theorem:** https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAP_theorem
+- **SOLID Principles:** https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOLID
+- **Resilience Patterns:** https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/patterns/