aigroup-workflow 2.1.1 → 2.2.0

package/skills/ai-ml/fine-tuning-expert/references/lora-peft.md

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+# LoRA and Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning
+
+---
+
+## Overview
+
+Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods train only a small subset of model parameters while keeping the base model frozen. This dramatically reduces memory requirements and enables fine-tuning of large models on consumer hardware.
+
+## When to Use PEFT vs Full Fine-Tuning
+
+| Method | Use When | Avoid When |
+|--------|----------|------------|
+| **LoRA** | 7B+ models, limited VRAM, need multiple task adapters | Very small models (<1B), need maximum quality |
+| **QLoRA** | 13B+ models, single GPU, memory-constrained | High-throughput training, inference speed critical |
+| **Full Fine-Tuning** | Small models, abundant compute, maximum performance needed | Large models, limited resources |
+| **Prefix Tuning** | Generation tasks, need interpretable soft prompts | Complex reasoning tasks |
+| **IA3** | Extreme efficiency needed, inference overhead critical | Tasks needing high adapter capacity |
+
+## LoRA Configuration
+
+```python
+from peft import LoraConfig, get_peft_model, TaskType
+from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
+
+# Load base model
+model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
+    "meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B",
+    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
+    device_map="auto",
+    attn_implementation="flash_attention_2"  # Use Flash Attention if available
+)
+
+# LoRA configuration for instruction tuning
+lora_config = LoraConfig(
+    task_type=TaskType.CAUSAL_LM,
+    r=16,                          # Rank - start with 8-16, increase if underfitting
+    lora_alpha=32,                 # Alpha - typically 2x rank
+    lora_dropout=0.05,             # Dropout for regularization
+    target_modules=[               # Target attention layers
+        "q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "o_proj",  # Attention
+        "gate_proj", "up_proj", "down_proj"       # MLP (optional, increases capacity)
+    ],
+    bias="none",                   # "none", "all", or "lora_only"
+    modules_to_save=None           # Modules to train fully (e.g., embed_tokens for new tokens)
+)
+
+# Create PEFT model
+model = get_peft_model(model, lora_config)
+model.print_trainable_parameters()
+# Output: trainable params: 13,631,488 || all params: 8,043,163,648 || trainable%: 0.1695
+```
+
+### Rank Selection Guide
+
+```python
+def recommend_lora_rank(task_complexity: str, dataset_size: int, model_size_b: float) -> int:
+    """
+    Recommend LoRA rank based on task and resources.
+
+    Args:
+        task_complexity: "simple" (classification), "moderate" (QA), "complex" (creative)
+        dataset_size: Number of training examples
+        model_size_b: Model size in billions of parameters
+    """
+    base_rank = {
+        "simple": 8,
+        "moderate": 16,
+        "complex": 32
+    }[task_complexity]
+
+    # Adjust for dataset size
+    if dataset_size < 1000:
+        rank = max(4, base_rank // 2)  # Reduce rank to prevent overfitting
+    elif dataset_size > 50000:
+        rank = min(64, base_rank * 2)  # Can support higher rank
+    else:
+        rank = base_rank
+
+    # Adjust for model size (larger models may need lower rank)
+    if model_size_b > 30:
+        rank = max(4, rank // 2)
+
+    return rank
+
+# Example usage
+rank = recommend_lora_rank("moderate", dataset_size=10000, model_size_b=8)
+print(f"Recommended rank: {rank}")  # 16
+```
+
+## QLoRA Configuration
+
+QLoRA combines 4-bit quantization with LoRA for extreme memory efficiency.
+
+```python
+from transformers import BitsAndBytesConfig
+import torch
+
+# 4-bit quantization config
+bnb_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(
+    load_in_4bit=True,
+    bnb_4bit_quant_type="nf4",           # NormalFloat4 for better quality
+    bnb_4bit_compute_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
+    bnb_4bit_use_double_quant=True        # Nested quantization for more savings
+)
+
+# Load quantized model
+model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
+    "meta-llama/Llama-3.1-70B",
+    quantization_config=bnb_config,
+    device_map="auto",
+    attn_implementation="flash_attention_2"
+)
+
+# Prepare model for kbit training
+from peft import prepare_model_for_kbit_training
+model = prepare_model_for_kbit_training(model, use_gradient_checkpointing=True)
+
+# Apply LoRA
+lora_config = LoraConfig(
+    r=16,
+    lora_alpha=32,
+    target_modules=["q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "o_proj"],
+    lora_dropout=0.05,
+    bias="none",
+    task_type=TaskType.CAUSAL_LM
+)
+model = get_peft_model(model, lora_config)
+```
+
+### Memory Comparison
+
+| Model | Full FT | LoRA (r=16) | QLoRA (r=16) |
+|-------|---------|-------------|--------------|
+| Llama 3.1 8B | ~64 GB | ~18 GB | ~6 GB |
+| Llama 3.1 70B | ~560 GB | ~160 GB | ~48 GB |
+| Mistral 7B | ~56 GB | ~16 GB | ~5 GB |
+
+## Training with PEFT
+
+```python
+from transformers import TrainingArguments, Trainer
+from trl import SFTTrainer
+
+training_args = TrainingArguments(
+    output_dir="./lora-output",
+    num_train_epochs=3,
+    per_device_train_batch_size=4,
+    gradient_accumulation_steps=4,      # Effective batch size = 16
+    learning_rate=2e-4,                  # Higher LR for LoRA than full FT
+    lr_scheduler_type="cosine",
+    warmup_ratio=0.03,
+    logging_steps=10,
+    save_strategy="steps",
+    save_steps=100,
+    evaluation_strategy="steps",
+    eval_steps=100,
+    bf16=True,
+    gradient_checkpointing=True,
+    gradient_checkpointing_kwargs={"use_reentrant": False},
+    optim="paged_adamw_8bit",            # Memory-efficient optimizer
+    max_grad_norm=0.3,
+    group_by_length=True,                # Group similar length sequences
+    report_to="wandb"
+)
+
+# Using TRL's SFTTrainer for instruction tuning
+trainer = SFTTrainer(
+    model=model,
+    args=training_args,
+    train_dataset=train_dataset,
+    eval_dataset=eval_dataset,
+    tokenizer=tokenizer,
+    max_seq_length=2048,
+    packing=True,                        # Pack short sequences for efficiency
+    dataset_text_field="text"
+)
+
+trainer.train()
+```
+
+## Target Module Selection
+
+Different architectures have different module names:
+
+```python
+# Common target modules by architecture
+TARGET_MODULES = {
+    "llama": ["q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "o_proj", "gate_proj", "up_proj", "down_proj"],
+    "mistral": ["q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "o_proj", "gate_proj", "up_proj", "down_proj"],
+    "falcon": ["query_key_value", "dense", "dense_h_to_4h", "dense_4h_to_h"],
+    "gpt2": ["c_attn", "c_proj", "c_fc"],
+    "phi": ["q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "dense", "fc1", "fc2"],
+    "qwen2": ["q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "o_proj", "gate_proj", "up_proj", "down_proj"],
+}
+
+def get_target_modules(model_name: str, include_mlp: bool = True) -> list[str]:
+    """Get appropriate target modules for a model architecture."""
+    name_lower = model_name.lower()
+
+    for arch, modules in TARGET_MODULES.items():
+        if arch in name_lower:
+            if include_mlp:
+                return modules
+            # Return only attention modules
+            attention_keywords = ["q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "o_proj", "query", "key", "value", "attn"]
+            return [m for m in modules if any(kw in m.lower() for kw in attention_keywords)]
+
+    # Default for unknown architectures - inspect model
+    raise ValueError(f"Unknown architecture: {model_name}. Inspect model.named_modules() to find target modules.")
+```
+
+## Adapter Merging Strategies
+
+```python
+from peft import PeftModel
+
+# Load base model and adapter
+base_model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B")
+model = PeftModel.from_pretrained(base_model, "path/to/lora-adapter")
+
+# Method 1: Merge adapter weights into base model
+merged_model = model.merge_and_unload()
+merged_model.save_pretrained("./merged-model")
+
+# Method 2: Merge multiple adapters (weighted combination)
+from peft import add_weighted_adapter
+
+# Load multiple adapters
+model = PeftModel.from_pretrained(base_model, "adapter1", adapter_name="adapter1")
+model.load_adapter("adapter2", adapter_name="adapter2")
+model.load_adapter("adapter3", adapter_name="adapter3")
+
+# Combine with weights
+model.add_weighted_adapter(
+    adapters=["adapter1", "adapter2", "adapter3"],
+    weights=[0.5, 0.3, 0.2],
+    adapter_name="combined",
+    combination_type="linear"  # or "svd", "cat"
+)
+model.set_adapter("combined")
+```
+
+## DoRA (Weight-Decomposed LoRA)
+
+DoRA improves on LoRA by decomposing weights into magnitude and direction components.
+
+```python
+from peft import LoraConfig
+
+# DoRA configuration
+dora_config = LoraConfig(
+    r=16,
+    lora_alpha=32,
+    target_modules=["q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "o_proj"],
+    lora_dropout=0.05,
+    use_dora=True,  # Enable DoRA
+    task_type=TaskType.CAUSAL_LM
+)
+
+# Training is identical to LoRA
+model = get_peft_model(model, dora_config)
+```
+
+## rsLoRA (Rank-Stabilized LoRA)
+
+Proper scaling for higher ranks:
+
+```python
+from peft import LoraConfig
+
+# rsLoRA for high-rank training
+rslora_config = LoraConfig(
+    r=64,  # Higher rank
+    lora_alpha=64,
+    target_modules=["q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "o_proj"],
+    use_rslora=True,  # Rank-stabilized scaling
+    task_type=TaskType.CAUSAL_LM
+)
+```
+
+## Common Issues and Solutions
+
+### Issue: Loss Not Decreasing
+
+```python
+# Check 1: Verify adapter is training
+for name, param in model.named_parameters():
+    if param.requires_grad:
+        print(f"Training: {name}")
+
+# Check 2: Increase rank or alpha
+config = LoraConfig(r=32, lora_alpha=64, ...)
+
+# Check 3: Reduce learning rate
+training_args = TrainingArguments(learning_rate=1e-4, ...)
+```
+
+### Issue: Out of Memory
+
+```python
+# Solution 1: Use QLoRA
+bnb_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_4bit=True, ...)
+
+# Solution 2: Enable gradient checkpointing
+model.gradient_checkpointing_enable()
+
+# Solution 3: Reduce batch size, increase gradient accumulation
+training_args = TrainingArguments(
+    per_device_train_batch_size=1,
+    gradient_accumulation_steps=16
+)
+
+# Solution 4: Use 8-bit optimizer
+training_args = TrainingArguments(optim="paged_adamw_8bit")
+```
+
+### Issue: Adapter Not Loading
+
+```python
+# Ensure architecture matches
+from peft import PeftModel, PeftConfig
+
+# Check adapter config
+config = PeftConfig.from_pretrained("path/to/adapter")
+print(f"Base model: {config.base_model_name_or_path}")
+print(f"Target modules: {config.target_modules}")
+
+# Load with correct base model
+base_model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(config.base_model_name_or_path)
+model = PeftModel.from_pretrained(base_model, "path/to/adapter")
+```
+
+## Quick Reference
+
+| Parameter | Typical Range | Effect |
+|-----------|---------------|--------|
+| `r` (rank) | 4-64 | Adapter capacity; higher = more expressive |
+| `lora_alpha` | r to 2*r | Scaling factor; higher = larger updates |
+| `lora_dropout` | 0.0-0.1 | Regularization; increase for small datasets |
+| `learning_rate` | 1e-5 to 3e-4 | LoRA tolerates higher LR than full FT |
+| `target_modules` | attention + MLP | More modules = more capacity + memory |
+
+## Related References
+
+- `hyperparameter-tuning.md` - Learning rate schedules, batch sizes
+- `deployment-optimization.md` - Adapter merging, quantization for inference
+- `dataset-preparation.md` - Training data formatting

package/skills/ai-ml/ml-pipeline/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: ml-pipeline
+description: "Designs and implements production-grade ML pipeline infrastructure: configures experiment tracking with MLflow or Weights & Biases, creates Kubeflow or Airflow DAGs for training orchestration, builds feature store schemas with Feast, deploys model registries, and automates retraining and validation workflows. Use when building ML pipelines, orchestrating training workflows, automating model lifecycle, implementing feature stores, managing experiment tracking systems, setting up DVC for data versioning, tuning hyperparameters, or configuring MLOps tooling like Kubeflow, Airflow, MLflow, or Prefect."
+license: MIT
+metadata:
+  author: https://github.com/Jeffallan
+  version: "1.1.0"
+  domain: data-ml
+  triggers: ML pipeline, MLflow, Kubeflow, feature engineering, model training, experiment tracking, feature store, hyperparameter tuning, pipeline orchestration, model registry, training workflow, MLOps, model deployment, data pipeline, model versioning
+  role: expert
+  scope: implementation
+  output-format: code
+  related-skills: devops-engineer, kubernetes-specialist, cloud-architect, python-pro
+---
+
+# ML Pipeline Expert
+
+Senior ML pipeline engineer specializing in production-grade machine learning infrastructure, orchestration systems, and automated training workflows.
+
+## Core Workflow
+
+1. **Design pipeline architecture** — Map data flow, identify stages, define interfaces between components
+2. **Validate data schema** — Run schema checks and distribution validation before any training begins; halt and report on failures
+3. **Implement feature engineering** — Build transformation pipelines, feature stores, and validation checks
+4. **Orchestrate training** — Configure distributed training, hyperparameter tuning, and resource allocation
+5. **Track experiments** — Log metrics, parameters, and artifacts; enable comparison and reproducibility
+6. **Validate and deploy** — Run model evaluation gates; implement A/B testing or shadow deployment before promotion
+
+## Reference Guide
+
+Load detailed guidance based on context:
+
+| Topic | Reference | Load When |
+|-------|-----------|-----------|
+| Feature Engineering | `references/feature-engineering.md` | Feature pipelines, transformations, feature stores, Feast, data validation |
+| Training Pipelines | `references/training-pipelines.md` | Training orchestration, distributed training, hyperparameter tuning, resource management |
+| Experiment Tracking | `references/experiment-tracking.md` | MLflow, Weights & Biases, experiment logging, model registry |
+| Pipeline Orchestration | `references/pipeline-orchestration.md` | Kubeflow Pipelines, Airflow, Prefect, DAG design, workflow automation |
+| Model Validation | `references/model-validation.md` | Evaluation strategies, validation workflows, A/B testing, shadow deployment |
+
+## Code Templates
+
+### MLflow Experiment Logging (minimal reproducible example)
+
+```python
+import mlflow
+import mlflow.sklearn
+from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
+from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
+from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, f1_score
+import numpy as np
+
+# Pin random state for reproducibility
+SEED = 42
+np.random.seed(SEED)
+
+mlflow.set_experiment("my-classifier-experiment")
+
+with mlflow.start_run():
+    # Log all hyperparameters — never hardcode silently
+    params = {"n_estimators": 100, "max_depth": 5, "random_state": SEED}
+    mlflow.log_params(params)
+
+    model = RandomForestClassifier(**params)
+    model.fit(X_train, y_train)
+    preds = model.predict(X_test)
+
+    # Log metrics
+    mlflow.log_metric("accuracy", accuracy_score(y_test, preds))
+    mlflow.log_metric("f1", f1_score(y_test, preds, average="weighted"))
+
+    # Log and register the model artifact
+    mlflow.sklearn.log_model(model, artifact_path="model",
+                             registered_model_name="my-classifier")
+```
+
+### Kubeflow Pipeline Component (single-step template)
+
+```python
+from kfp.v2 import dsl
+from kfp.v2.dsl import component, Input, Output, Dataset, Model, Metrics
+
+@component(base_image="python:3.10", packages_to_install=["scikit-learn", "mlflow"])
+def train_model(
+    train_data: Input[Dataset],
+    model_output: Output[Model],
+    metrics_output: Output[Metrics],
+    n_estimators: int = 100,
+    max_depth: int = 5,
+):
+    import pandas as pd
+    from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
+    import pickle, json
+
+    df = pd.read_csv(train_data.path)
+    X, y = df.drop("label", axis=1), df["label"]
+
+    model = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=n_estimators,
+                                   max_depth=max_depth, random_state=42)
+    model.fit(X, y)
+
+    with open(model_output.path, "wb") as f:
+        pickle.dump(model, f)
+
+    metrics_output.log_metric("train_samples", len(df))
+
+
+@dsl.pipeline(name="training-pipeline")
+def training_pipeline(data_path: str, n_estimators: int = 100):
+    train_step = train_model(n_estimators=n_estimators)
+    # Chain additional steps (validate, register, deploy) here
+```
+
+### Data Validation Checkpoint (Great Expectations style)
+
+```python
+import great_expectations as ge
+
+def validate_training_data(df):
+    """Run schema and distribution checks. Raise on failure — never skip."""
+    gdf = ge.from_pandas(df)
+    results = gdf.expect_column_values_to_not_be_null("label")
+    results &= gdf.expect_column_values_to_be_between("feature_1", 0, 1)
+
+    if not results["success"]:
+        raise ValueError(f"Data validation failed: {results['result']}")
+    return df  # safe to proceed to training
+```
+
+## Constraints
+
+**Always:**
+- Version all data, code, and models explicitly (DVC, Git tags, model registry)
+- Pin dependencies and random seeds for reproducible training environments
+- Log all hyperparameters, metrics, and artifacts to experiment tracking
+- Validate data schema and distribution before training begins
+- Use containerized environments; store credentials in secrets managers, never in code
+- Implement error handling, retry logic, and pipeline alerting
+- Separate training and inference code clearly
+
+**Never:**
+- Run training without experiment tracking or without logging hyperparameters
+- Deploy a model without recorded validation metrics
+- Use non-reproducible random states or skip data validation
+- Ignore pipeline failures silently or mix credentials into pipeline code
+
+## Output Format
+
+When implementing a pipeline, provide:
+1. Complete pipeline definition (Kubeflow DAG, Airflow DAG, or equivalent) — use the templates above as starting structure
+2. Feature engineering code with inline data validation calls
+3. Training script with MLflow (or equivalent) experiment logging
+4. Model evaluation code with explicit pass/fail thresholds
+5. Deployment configuration and rollback strategy
+6. Brief explanation of architecture decisions and reproducibility measures
+
+## Knowledge Reference
+
+MLflow, Kubeflow Pipelines, Apache Airflow, Prefect, Feast, Weights & Biases, Neptune, DVC, Great Expectations, Ray, Horovod, Kubernetes, Docker, S3/GCS/Azure Blob, model registry patterns, feature store architecture, distributed training, hyperparameter optimization