aigroup-workflow 2.1.1 → 2.2.0

package/skills/go-rust-cpp/golang-pro/references/interfaces.md

@@ -0,0 +1,432 @@
+# Interface Design and Composition
+
+## Small, Focused Interfaces
+
+```go
+// Single-method interfaces (idiomatic Go)
+type Reader interface {
+    Read(p []byte) (n int, err error)
+}
+
+type Writer interface {
+    Write(p []byte) (n int, err error)
+}
+
+type Closer interface {
+    Close() error
+}
+
+// Interface composition
+type ReadCloser interface {
+    Reader
+    Closer
+}
+
+type WriteCloser interface {
+    Writer
+    Closer
+}
+
+type ReadWriteCloser interface {
+    Reader
+    Writer
+    Closer
+}
+```
+
+## Accept Interfaces, Return Structs
+
+```go
+package storage
+
+import "io"
+
+// Storage is the concrete type (struct)
+type Storage struct {
+    baseDir string
+}
+
+// NewStorage returns a concrete type
+func NewStorage(baseDir string) *Storage {
+    return &Storage{baseDir: baseDir}
+}
+
+// SaveFile accepts an interface for flexibility
+func (s *Storage) SaveFile(filename string, data io.Reader) error {
+    // Implementation can work with any Reader
+    // (file, network, buffer, etc.)
+    return nil
+}
+
+// Usage allows dependency injection
+type Uploader interface {
+    SaveFile(filename string, data io.Reader) error
+}
+
+type Service struct {
+    uploader Uploader // Accept interface
+}
+
+// NewService accepts interface for testing flexibility
+func NewService(uploader Uploader) *Service {
+    return &Service{uploader: uploader}
+}
+```
+
+## io.Reader and io.Writer Patterns
+
+```go
+import (
+    "io"
+    "strings"
+)
+
+// Chain readers with io.MultiReader
+func combineReaders() io.Reader {
+    r1 := strings.NewReader("Hello ")
+    r2 := strings.NewReader("World")
+    return io.MultiReader(r1, r2)
+}
+
+// Tee reader for duplicating reads
+func duplicateRead(r io.Reader, w io.Writer) io.Reader {
+    return io.TeeReader(r, w) // Writes to w while reading from r
+}
+
+// Limit reader to prevent reading too much
+func limitedRead(r io.Reader, n int64) io.Reader {
+    return io.LimitReader(r, n)
+}
+
+// Custom Reader implementation
+type UppercaseReader struct {
+    src io.Reader
+}
+
+func (u *UppercaseReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+    n, err = u.src.Read(p)
+    for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+        if p[i] >= 'a' && p[i] <= 'z' {
+            p[i] = p[i] - 32
+        }
+    }
+    return n, err
+}
+
+// Custom Writer implementation
+type CountingWriter struct {
+    w     io.Writer
+    count int64
+}
+
+func (cw *CountingWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+    n, err = cw.w.Write(p)
+    cw.count += int64(n)
+    return n, err
+}
+
+func (cw *CountingWriter) BytesWritten() int64 {
+    return cw.count
+}
+```
+
+## Embedding for Composition
+
+```go
+import "sync"
+
+// Embed to extend behavior
+type SafeCounter struct {
+    mu sync.Mutex
+    m  map[string]int
+}
+
+func (sc *SafeCounter) Inc(key string) {
+    sc.mu.Lock()
+    defer sc.mu.Unlock()
+    sc.m[key]++
+}
+
+// Embed interface to add default behavior
+type Logger interface {
+    Log(msg string)
+}
+
+type NoOpLogger struct{}
+
+func (NoOpLogger) Log(msg string) {}
+
+type Service struct {
+    Logger // Embedded interface (default implementation can be provided)
+}
+
+func NewService(logger Logger) *Service {
+    if logger == nil {
+        logger = NoOpLogger{} // Provide default
+    }
+    return &Service{Logger: logger}
+}
+
+// Now Service.Log() is available
+```
+
+## Interface Satisfaction Verification
+
+```go
+import "io"
+
+// Compile-time interface verification
+var _ io.Reader = (*MyReader)(nil)
+var _ io.Writer = (*MyWriter)(nil)
+var _ io.Closer = (*MyCloser)(nil)
+
+type MyReader struct{}
+
+func (m *MyReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+    return 0, nil
+}
+
+type MyWriter struct{}
+
+func (m *MyWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+    return len(p), nil
+}
+
+type MyCloser struct{}
+
+func (m *MyCloser) Close() error {
+    return nil
+}
+```
+
+## Functional Options Pattern
+
+```go
+package server
+
+import "time"
+
+type Server struct {
+    host         string
+    port         int
+    timeout      time.Duration
+    maxConns     int
+    enableLogger bool
+}
+
+// Option is a functional option for configuring Server
+type Option func(*Server)
+
+func WithHost(host string) Option {
+    return func(s *Server) {
+        s.host = host
+    }
+}
+
+func WithPort(port int) Option {
+    return func(s *Server) {
+        s.port = port
+    }
+}
+
+func WithTimeout(timeout time.Duration) Option {
+    return func(s *Server) {
+        s.timeout = timeout
+    }
+}
+
+func WithMaxConnections(max int) Option {
+    return func(s *Server) {
+        s.maxConns = max
+    }
+}
+
+func WithLogger(enabled bool) Option {
+    return func(s *Server) {
+        s.enableLogger = enabled
+    }
+}
+
+// NewServer creates a server with functional options
+func NewServer(opts ...Option) *Server {
+    // Defaults
+    s := &Server{
+        host:     "localhost",
+        port:     8080,
+        timeout:  30 * time.Second,
+        maxConns: 100,
+    }
+
+    // Apply options
+    for _, opt := range opts {
+        opt(s)
+    }
+
+    return s
+}
+
+// Usage:
+// server := NewServer(
+//     WithHost("0.0.0.0"),
+//     WithPort(9000),
+//     WithTimeout(60 * time.Second),
+//     WithLogger(true),
+// )
+```
+
+## Interface Segregation
+
+```go
+// Bad: Fat interface
+type BadRepository interface {
+    Create(item Item) error
+    Read(id string) (Item, error)
+    Update(item Item) error
+    Delete(id string) error
+    List() ([]Item, error)
+    Search(query string) ([]Item, error)
+    Count() (int, error)
+}
+
+// Good: Segregated interfaces
+type Creator interface {
+    Create(item Item) error
+}
+
+type Reader interface {
+    Read(id string) (Item, error)
+}
+
+type Updater interface {
+    Update(item Item) error
+}
+
+type Deleter interface {
+    Delete(id string) error
+}
+
+type Lister interface {
+    List() ([]Item, error)
+}
+
+// Compose only what you need
+type ReadWriter interface {
+    Reader
+    Creator
+}
+
+type FullRepository interface {
+    Creator
+    Reader
+    Updater
+    Deleter
+    Lister
+}
+```
+
+## Type Assertions and Type Switches
+
+```go
+import "fmt"
+
+// Safe type assertion
+func processValue(v interface{}) {
+    // Two-value assertion (safe)
+    if str, ok := v.(string); ok {
+        fmt.Println("String:", str)
+        return
+    }
+
+    // Type switch
+    switch val := v.(type) {
+    case int:
+        fmt.Println("Int:", val)
+    case string:
+        fmt.Println("String:", val)
+    case bool:
+        fmt.Println("Bool:", val)
+    default:
+        fmt.Println("Unknown type")
+    }
+}
+
+// Check for optional interface methods
+type Flusher interface {
+    Flush() error
+}
+
+func writeAndFlush(w io.Writer, data []byte) error {
+    if _, err := w.Write(data); err != nil {
+        return err
+    }
+
+    // Check if Writer also implements Flusher
+    if flusher, ok := w.(Flusher); ok {
+        return flusher.Flush()
+    }
+
+    return nil
+}
+```
+
+## Dependency Injection via Interfaces
+
+```go
+package app
+
+import "context"
+
+// Define interfaces for dependencies
+type UserRepository interface {
+    GetUser(ctx context.Context, id string) (*User, error)
+    SaveUser(ctx context.Context, user *User) error
+}
+
+type EmailSender interface {
+    SendEmail(ctx context.Context, to, subject, body string) error
+}
+
+// Service depends on interfaces
+type UserService struct {
+    repo   UserRepository
+    mailer EmailSender
+}
+
+func NewUserService(repo UserRepository, mailer EmailSender) *UserService {
+    return &UserService{
+        repo:   repo,
+        mailer: mailer,
+    }
+}
+
+func (s *UserService) RegisterUser(ctx context.Context, email string) error {
+    user := &User{Email: email}
+    if err := s.repo.SaveUser(ctx, user); err != nil {
+        return err
+    }
+    return s.mailer.SendEmail(ctx, email, "Welcome", "Thanks for registering!")
+}
+
+// Easy to mock in tests
+type MockUserRepository struct{}
+
+func (m *MockUserRepository) GetUser(ctx context.Context, id string) (*User, error) {
+    return &User{ID: id}, nil
+}
+
+func (m *MockUserRepository) SaveUser(ctx context.Context, user *User) error {
+    return nil
+}
+```
+
+## Quick Reference
+
+| Pattern | Use Case | Key Principle |
+|---------|----------|---------------|
+| Small interfaces | Flexibility | Single-method interfaces |
+| Accept interfaces | Testability | Depend on abstractions |
+| Return structs | Clarity | Concrete return types |
+| io.Reader/Writer | I/O operations | Standard library integration |
+| Embedding | Composition | Extend behavior without inheritance |
+| Functional options | Configuration | Flexible constructors |
+| Type assertions | Runtime checks | Safe downcasting |