@unikia/upe-renderer 0.0.0-stage → 0.186.110

package/src/renderers/webgpu/nodes/WGSLNodeBuilder.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2759 @@
+import NodeUniformsGroup from '../../common/nodes/NodeUniformsGroup.js';
+
+import NodeSampler from '../../common/nodes/NodeSampler.js';
+import { NodeSampledTexture, NodeSampledCubeTexture, NodeSampledTexture3D } from '../../common/nodes/NodeSampledTexture.js';
+
+import NodeUniformBuffer from '../../common/nodes/NodeUniformBuffer.js';
+import NodeStorageBuffer from '../../common/nodes/NodeStorageBuffer.js';
+
+import { NodeBuilder, CodeNode } from '../../../nodes/Nodes.js';
+
+import { getFormat } from '../utils/WebGPUTextureUtils.js';
+
+import WGSLNodeParser from './WGSLNodeParser.js';
+import { NodeAccess } from '../../../nodes/core/constants.js';
+
+import VarNode from '../../../nodes/core/VarNode.js';
+import ExpressionNode from '../../../nodes/code/ExpressionNode.js';
+
+import { FloatType, RepeatWrapping, ClampToEdgeWrapping, MirroredRepeatWrapping, NearestFilter, Compatibility, ShortType, UnsignedShortType } from '../../../constants.js';
+import { warn, error } from '../../../utils.js';
+
+import { GPUShaderStage } from '../utils/WebGPUConstants.js';
+
+const accessNames = {
+	[ NodeAccess.READ_ONLY ]: 'read',
+	[ NodeAccess.WRITE_ONLY ]: 'write',
+	[ NodeAccess.READ_WRITE ]: 'read_write'
+};
+
+const wrapNames = {
+	[ RepeatWrapping ]: 'repeat',
+	[ ClampToEdgeWrapping ]: 'clamp',
+	[ MirroredRepeatWrapping ]: 'mirror'
+};
+
+const gpuShaderStageLib = {
+	'vertex': GPUShaderStage.VERTEX,
+	'fragment': GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT,
+	'compute': GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE
+};
+
+const supports = {
+	instance: true,
+	swizzleAssign: false,
+	storageBuffer: true
+};
+
+const wgslFnOpLib = {
+	'^^': 'tsl_xor'
+};
+
+const wgslTypeLib = {
+	float: 'f32',
+	int: 'i32',
+	uint: 'u32',
+	bool: 'bool',
+	color: 'vec3<f32>',
+
+	vec2: 'vec2<f32>',
+	ivec2: 'vec2<i32>',
+	uvec2: 'vec2<u32>',
+	bvec2: 'vec2<bool>',
+
+	vec3: 'vec3<f32>',
+	ivec3: 'vec3<i32>',
+	uvec3: 'vec3<u32>',
+	bvec3: 'vec3<bool>',
+
+	vec4: 'vec4<f32>',
+	ivec4: 'vec4<i32>',
+	uvec4: 'vec4<u32>',
+	bvec4: 'vec4<bool>',
+
+	mat2: 'mat2x2<f32>',
+	mat3: 'mat3x3<f32>',
+	mat4: 'mat4x4<f32>'
+};
+
+const wgslCodeCache = {};
+
+const wgslPolyfill = {
+	tsl_xor: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_xor( a : bool, b : bool ) -> bool { return ( a || b ) && !( a && b ); }' ),
+	mod_float: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_mod_float( x : f32, y : f32 ) -> f32 { return x - y * floor( x / y ); }' ),
+	mod_vec2: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_mod_vec2( x : vec2f, y : vec2f ) -> vec2f { return x - y * floor( x / y ); }' ),
+	mod_vec3: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_mod_vec3( x : vec3f, y : vec3f ) -> vec3f { return x - y * floor( x / y ); }' ),
+	mod_vec4: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_mod_vec4( x : vec4f, y : vec4f ) -> vec4f { return x - y * floor( x / y ); }' ),
+	equals_bool: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_equals_bool( a : bool, b : bool ) -> bool { return a == b; }' ),
+	equals_bvec2: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_equals_bvec2( a : vec2f, b : vec2f ) -> vec2<bool> { return vec2<bool>( a.x == b.x, a.y == b.y ); }' ),
+	equals_bvec3: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_equals_bvec3( a : vec3f, b : vec3f ) -> vec3<bool> { return vec3<bool>( a.x == b.x, a.y == b.y, a.z == b.z ); }' ),
+	equals_bvec4: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_equals_bvec4( a : vec4f, b : vec4f ) -> vec4<bool> { return vec4<bool>( a.x == b.x, a.y == b.y, a.z == b.z, a.w == b.w ); }' ),
+	repeatWrapping_float: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_repeatWrapping_float( coord: f32 ) -> f32 { return fract( coord ); }' ),
+	mirrorWrapping_float: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_mirrorWrapping_float( coord: f32 ) -> f32 { let mirrored = fract( coord * 0.5 ) * 2.0; return 1.0 - abs( 1.0 - mirrored ); }' ),
+	clampWrapping_float: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_clampWrapping_float( coord: f32 ) -> f32 { return clamp( coord, 0.0, 1.0 ); }' ),
+	inverse_mat2: new CodeNode( /* wgsl */`
+fn tsl_inverse_mat2( m : mat2x2<f32> ) -> mat2x2<f32> {
+
+	let det = m[ 0 ][ 0 ] * m[ 1 ][ 1 ] - m[ 0 ][ 1 ] * m[ 1 ][ 0 ];
+
+	return mat2x2<f32>(
+		m[ 1 ][ 1 ], - m[ 0 ][ 1 ],
+		- m[ 1 ][ 0 ], m[ 0 ][ 0 ]
+	) * ( 1.0 / det );
+
+}
+` ),
+	inverse_mat3: new CodeNode( /* wgsl */`
+fn tsl_inverse_mat3( m : mat3x3<f32> ) -> mat3x3<f32> {
+
+	let a00 = m[ 0 ][ 0 ]; let a01 = m[ 0 ][ 1 ]; let a02 = m[ 0 ][ 2 ];
+	let a10 = m[ 1 ][ 0 ]; let a11 = m[ 1 ][ 1 ]; let a12 = m[ 1 ][ 2 ];
+	let a20 = m[ 2 ][ 0 ]; let a21 = m[ 2 ][ 1 ]; let a22 = m[ 2 ][ 2 ];
+
+	let b01 = a22 * a11 - a12 * a21;
+	let b11 = - a22 * a10 + a12 * a20;
+	let b21 = a21 * a10 - a11 * a20;
+
+	let det = a00 * b01 + a01 * b11 + a02 * b21;
+
+	return mat3x3<f32>(
+		b01, ( - a22 * a01 + a02 * a21 ), ( a12 * a01 - a02 * a11 ),
+		b11, ( a22 * a00 - a02 * a20 ), ( - a12 * a00 + a02 * a10 ),
+		b21, ( - a21 * a00 + a01 * a20 ), ( a11 * a00 - a01 * a10 )
+	) * ( 1.0 / det );
+
+}
+` ),
+	inverse_mat4: new CodeNode( /* wgsl */`
+fn tsl_inverse_mat4( m : mat4x4<f32> ) -> mat4x4<f32> {
+
+	let a00 = m[ 0 ][ 0 ]; let a01 = m[ 0 ][ 1 ]; let a02 = m[ 0 ][ 2 ]; let a03 = m[ 0 ][ 3 ];
+	let a10 = m[ 1 ][ 0 ]; let a11 = m[ 1 ][ 1 ]; let a12 = m[ 1 ][ 2 ]; let a13 = m[ 1 ][ 3 ];
+	let a20 = m[ 2 ][ 0 ]; let a21 = m[ 2 ][ 1 ]; let a22 = m[ 2 ][ 2 ]; let a23 = m[ 2 ][ 3 ];
+	let a30 = m[ 3 ][ 0 ]; let a31 = m[ 3 ][ 1 ]; let a32 = m[ 3 ][ 2 ]; let a33 = m[ 3 ][ 3 ];
+
+	let b00 = a00 * a11 - a01 * a10;
+	let b01 = a00 * a12 - a02 * a10;
+	let b02 = a00 * a13 - a03 * a10;
+	let b03 = a01 * a12 - a02 * a11;
+	let b04 = a01 * a13 - a03 * a11;
+	let b05 = a02 * a13 - a03 * a12;
+	let b06 = a20 * a31 - a21 * a30;
+	let b07 = a20 * a32 - a22 * a30;
+	let b08 = a20 * a33 - a23 * a30;
+	let b09 = a21 * a32 - a22 * a31;
+	let b10 = a21 * a33 - a23 * a31;
+	let b11 = a22 * a33 - a23 * a32;
+
+	let det = b00 * b11 - b01 * b10 + b02 * b09 + b03 * b08 - b04 * b07 + b05 * b06;
+
+	return mat4x4<f32>(
+		a11 * b11 - a12 * b10 + a13 * b09,
+		a02 * b10 - a01 * b11 - a03 * b09,
+		a31 * b05 - a32 * b04 + a33 * b03,
+		a22 * b04 - a21 * b05 - a23 * b03,
+		a12 * b08 - a10 * b11 - a13 * b07,
+		a00 * b11 - a02 * b08 + a03 * b07,
+		a32 * b02 - a30 * b05 - a33 * b01,
+		a20 * b05 - a22 * b02 + a23 * b01,
+		a10 * b10 - a11 * b08 + a13 * b06,
+		a01 * b08 - a00 * b10 - a03 * b06,
+		a30 * b04 - a31 * b02 + a33 * b00,
+		a21 * b02 - a20 * b04 - a23 * b00,
+		a11 * b07 - a10 * b09 - a12 * b06,
+		a00 * b09 - a01 * b07 + a02 * b06,
+		a31 * b01 - a30 * b03 - a32 * b00,
+		a20 * b03 - a21 * b01 + a22 * b00
+	) * ( 1.0 / det );
+
+}
+` ),
+	biquadraticTexture: new CodeNode( /* wgsl */`
+fn tsl_biquadraticTexture( map : texture_2d<f32>, coord : vec2f, iRes : vec2u, level : u32 ) -> vec4f {
+
+	let res = vec2f( iRes );
+
+	let uvScaled = coord * res;
+	let uvWrapping = ( ( uvScaled % res ) + res ) % res;
+
+	// https://www.shadertoy.com/view/WtyXRy
+
+	let uv = uvWrapping - 0.5;
+	let iuv = floor( uv );
+	let f = fract( uv );
+
+	let rg1 = textureLoad( map, vec2u( iuv + vec2( 0.5, 0.5 ) ) % iRes, level );
+	let rg2 = textureLoad( map, vec2u( iuv + vec2( 1.5, 0.5 ) ) % iRes, level );
+	let rg3 = textureLoad( map, vec2u( iuv + vec2( 0.5, 1.5 ) ) % iRes, level );
+	let rg4 = textureLoad( map, vec2u( iuv + vec2( 1.5, 1.5 ) ) % iRes, level );
+
+	return mix( mix( rg1, rg2, f.x ), mix( rg3, rg4, f.x ), f.y );
+
+}
+` ),
+	biquadraticTextureArray: new CodeNode( /* wgsl */`
+fn tsl_biquadraticTexture_array( map : texture_2d_array<f32>, coord : vec2f, iRes : vec2u, layer : u32, level : u32 ) -> vec4f {
+
+	let res = vec2f( iRes );
+
+	let uvScaled = coord * res;
+	let uvWrapping = ( ( uvScaled % res ) + res ) % res;
+
+	// https://www.shadertoy.com/view/WtyXRy
+
+	let uv = uvWrapping - 0.5;
+	let iuv = floor( uv );
+	let f = fract( uv );
+
+	let rg1 = textureLoad( map, vec2u( iuv + vec2( 0.5, 0.5 ) ) % iRes, layer, level );
+	let rg2 = textureLoad( map, vec2u( iuv + vec2( 1.5, 0.5 ) ) % iRes, layer, level );
+	let rg3 = textureLoad( map, vec2u( iuv + vec2( 0.5, 1.5 ) ) % iRes, layer, level );
+	let rg4 = textureLoad( map, vec2u( iuv + vec2( 1.5, 1.5 ) ) % iRes, layer, level );
+
+	return mix( mix( rg1, rg2, f.x ), mix( rg3, rg4, f.x ), f.y );
+
+}
+` )
+};
+
+const wgslMethods = {
+	dFdx: 'dpdx',
+	dFdy: '- dpdy',
+	mod_float: 'tsl_mod_float',
+	mod_vec2: 'tsl_mod_vec2',
+	mod_vec3: 'tsl_mod_vec3',
+	mod_vec4: 'tsl_mod_vec4',
+	equals_bool: 'tsl_equals_bool',
+	equals_bvec2: 'tsl_equals_bvec2',
+	equals_bvec3: 'tsl_equals_bvec3',
+	equals_bvec4: 'tsl_equals_bvec4',
+	inverse_mat2: 'tsl_inverse_mat2',
+	inverse_mat3: 'tsl_inverse_mat3',
+	inverse_mat4: 'tsl_inverse_mat4',
+	inversesqrt: 'inverseSqrt',
+	faceforward: 'faceForward',
+	bitcast: 'bitcast<f32>',
+	floatpack_snorm_2x16: 'pack2x16snorm',
+	floatpack_unorm_2x16: 'pack2x16unorm',
+	floatpack_float16_2x16: 'pack2x16float',
+	floatpack_snorm_4x8: 'pack4x8snorm',
+	floatpack_unorm_4x8: 'pack4x8unorm',
+	floatunpack_snorm_2x16: 'unpack2x16snorm',
+	floatunpack_unorm_2x16: 'unpack2x16unorm',
+	floatunpack_float16_2x16: 'unpack2x16float',
+	floatunpack_snorm_4x8: 'unpack4x8snorm',
+	floatunpack_unorm_4x8: 'unpack4x8unorm'
+};
+
+// See: https://www.w3.org/TR/WGSL/#keyword-summary and #reserved-words-section
+
+const wgslReservedKeywords = new Set( [
+	// keywords
+	'alias', 'break', 'case', 'const', 'const_assert', 'continue', 'continuing', 'default', 'diagnostic',
+	'discard', 'else', 'enable', 'false', 'fn', 'for', 'if', 'let', 'loop', 'override', 'requires',
+	'return', 'struct', 'switch', 'true', 'var', 'while',
+	// reserved words
+	'NULL', 'Self', 'abstract', 'active', 'alignas', 'alignof', 'as', 'asm', 'asm_fragment', 'async',
+	'attribute', 'auto', 'await', 'become', 'binding_array', 'cast', 'catch', 'class', 'co_await',
+	'co_return', 'co_yield', 'coherent', 'column_major', 'common', 'compile', 'compile_fragment',
+	'concept', 'const_cast', 'consteval', 'constexpr', 'constinit', 'crate', 'debugger', 'decltype',
+	'delete', 'demote', 'demote_to_helper', 'do', 'dynamic_cast', 'enum', 'explicit', 'export',
+	'extends', 'extern', 'external', 'fallthrough', 'filter', 'final', 'finally', 'friend', 'from',
+	'fxgroup', 'get', 'goto', 'groupshared', 'highp', 'impl', 'implements', 'import', 'inline',
+	'instanceof', 'interface', 'layout', 'lowp', 'macro', 'macro_rules', 'match', 'mediump', 'meta',
+	'mod', 'module', 'move', 'mut', 'mutable', 'namespace', 'new', 'nil', 'noexcept', 'noinline',
+	'nointerpolation', 'non_coherent', 'noncoherent', 'noperspective', 'null', 'nullptr', 'of',
+	'operator', 'package', 'packoffset', 'partition', 'pass', 'patch', 'pixelfragment', 'precise',
+	'precision', 'premerge', 'priv', 'protected', 'pub', 'public', 'readonly', 'ref', 'regardless',
+	'register', 'reinterpret_cast', 'require', 'resource', 'restrict', 'self', 'set', 'shared',
+	'sizeof', 'smooth', 'snorm', 'static', 'static_assert', 'static_cast', 'std', 'subroutine',
+	'super', 'target', 'template', 'this', 'thread_local', 'throw', 'trait', 'try', 'type', 'typedef',
+	'typeid', 'typename', 'typeof', 'union', 'unless', 'unorm', 'unsafe', 'unsized', 'use', 'using',
+	'varying', 'virtual', 'volatile', 'wgsl', 'where', 'with', 'writeonly', 'yield',
+	// generated entry points
+	'main'
+] );
+
+//
+
+let diagnostics = '';
+
+if ( ( typeof navigator !== 'undefined' && /Firefox|Deno/g.test( navigator.userAgent ) ) !== true ) {
+
+	diagnostics += 'diagnostic( off, derivative_uniformity );\n';
+
+}
+
+/**
+ * A node builder targeting WGSL.
+ *
+ * This module generates WGSL shader code from node materials and also
+ * generates the respective bindings and vertex buffer definitions. These
+ * data are later used by the renderer to create render and compute pipelines
+ * for render objects.
+ *
+ * @augments NodeBuilder
+ */
+class WGSLNodeBuilder extends NodeBuilder {
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructs a new WGSL node builder renderer.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Object3D} object - The 3D object.
+	 * @param {Renderer} renderer - The renderer.
+	 */
+	constructor( object, renderer ) {
+
+		super( object, renderer, new WGSLNodeParser() );
+
+		/**
+		 * A dictionary that holds for each shader stage ('vertex', 'fragment', 'compute')
+		 * another dictionary which manages UBOs per group ('render','frame','object').
+		 *
+		 * @type {Object<string,Object<string,NodeUniformsGroup>>}
+		 */
+		this.uniformGroups = {};
+
+		/**
+		 * A dictionary that holds the assigned binding indices for each uniform group.
+		 * This ensures the same binding index is used across all shader stages.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Object<string,{index: number, id: number}>}
+		 */
+		this.uniformGroupsBindings = {};
+
+		/**
+		 * A dictionary that holds for each shader stage a Map of builtins.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Object<string,Map<string,Object>>}
+		 */
+		this.builtins = {};
+
+		/**
+		 * A dictionary that holds for each shader stage a Set of directives.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Object<string,Set<string>>}
+		 */
+		this.directives = {};
+
+		/**
+		 * A map for managing scope arrays. Only relevant for when using
+		 * {@link WorkgroupInfoNode} in context of compute shaders.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Map<string,Object>}
+		 */
+		this.scopedArrays = new Map();
+
+		/**
+		 * A flag that indicates that early returns are allowed.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default true
+		 */
+		this.allowEarlyReturns = true;
+
+		/**
+		 * A flag that indicates that global variables are allowed.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default true
+		 */
+		this.allowGlobalVariables = true;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet for sampled textures.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	_generateTextureSample( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+
+		if ( shaderStage === 'fragment' ) {
+
+			if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSample( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSample( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet } )`;
+
+			} else {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSample( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSample( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet } )`;
+
+			}
+
+		} else {
+
+			return this.generateTextureSampleLevel( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, '0', depthSnippet );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet when sampling textures with explicit mip level.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {string} levelSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the mip level, with level 0 containing a full size version of the texture.
+	 * @param {string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureSampleLevel( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet ) {
+
+		if ( this.isUnfilterable( texture ) === false ) {
+
+			if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet } )`;
+
+			} else {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet } )`;
+
+			}
+
+		} else if ( this.isFilteredTexture( texture ) ) {
+
+			return this.generateFilteredTexture( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, offsetSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet );
+
+		} else {
+
+			return this.generateTextureLod( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, levelSnippet );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates a wrap function used in context of textures.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture to generate the function for.
+	 * @return {string} The name of the generated function.
+	 */
+	generateWrapFunction( texture ) {
+
+		const functionName = `tsl_coord_${ wrapNames[ texture.wrapS ] }S_${ wrapNames[ texture.wrapT ] }T_${ texture.is3DTexture || texture.isData3DTexture ? '3d' : '2d' }`;
+
+		let nodeCode = wgslCodeCache[ functionName ];
+
+		if ( nodeCode === undefined ) {
+
+			const includes = [];
+
+			// For 3D textures, use vec3f; for texture arrays, keep vec2f since array index is separate
+			const coordType = texture.is3DTexture || texture.isData3DTexture ? 'vec3f' : 'vec2f';
+			let code = `fn ${ functionName }( coord : ${ coordType } ) -> ${ coordType } {\n\n\treturn ${ coordType }(\n`;
+
+			const addWrapSnippet = ( wrap, axis ) => {
+
+				if ( wrap === RepeatWrapping ) {
+
+					includes.push( wgslPolyfill.repeatWrapping_float );
+
+					code += `\t\ttsl_repeatWrapping_float( coord.${ axis } )`;
+
+				} else if ( wrap === ClampToEdgeWrapping ) {
+
+					includes.push( wgslPolyfill.clampWrapping_float );
+
+					code += `\t\ttsl_clampWrapping_float( coord.${ axis } )`;
+
+				} else if ( wrap === MirroredRepeatWrapping ) {
+
+					includes.push( wgslPolyfill.mirrorWrapping_float );
+
+					code += `\t\ttsl_mirrorWrapping_float( coord.${ axis } )`;
+
+				} else {
+
+					code += `\t\tcoord.${ axis }`;
+
+					warn( `WebGPURenderer: Unsupported texture wrap type "${ wrap }" for vertex shader.` );
+
+				}
+
+			};
+
+			addWrapSnippet( texture.wrapS, 'x' );
+
+			code += ',\n';
+
+			addWrapSnippet( texture.wrapT, 'y' );
+
+			if ( texture.is3DTexture || texture.isData3DTexture ) {
+
+				code += ',\n';
+				addWrapSnippet( texture.wrapR, 'z' );
+
+			}
+
+			code += '\n\t);\n\n}\n';
+
+			wgslCodeCache[ functionName ] = nodeCode = new CodeNode( code, includes );
+
+		}
+
+		nodeCode.build( this );
+
+		return functionName;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the array declaration string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} type - The type.
+	 * @param {?number} [count] - The count.
+	 * @return {string} The generated value as a shader string.
+	 */
+	generateArrayDeclaration( type, count ) {
+
+		return `array< ${ this.getType( type ) }, ${ count } >`;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates a WGSL variable that holds the texture dimension of the given texture.
+	 * It also returns information about the number of layers (elements) of an arrayed
+	 * texture as well as the cube face count of cube textures.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture to generate the function for.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the video texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} levelSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the mip level, with level 0 containing a full size version of the texture.
+	 * @return {string} The name of the dimension variable.
+	 */
+	generateTextureDimension( texture, textureProperty, levelSnippet ) {
+
+		const textureData = this.getDataFromNode( texture, this.shaderStage, this.cache );
+
+		if ( textureData.dimensionsSnippet === undefined ) textureData.dimensionsSnippet = {};
+
+		let textureDimensionNode = textureData.dimensionsSnippet[ levelSnippet ];
+
+		if ( textureData.dimensionsSnippet[ levelSnippet ] === undefined ) {
+
+			let textureDimensionsParams;
+			let dimensionType;
+
+			const { primarySamples } = this.renderer.backend.utils.getTextureSampleData( texture );
+			const isMultisampled = primarySamples > 1;
+
+			if ( texture.is3DTexture || texture.isData3DTexture ) {
+
+				dimensionType = 'vec3<u32>';
+
+			} else {
+
+				// Regular 2D textures, depth textures, etc.
+				dimensionType = 'vec2<u32>';
+
+			}
+
+			// Build parameters string based on texture type and multisampling
+			if ( isMultisampled || texture.isStorageTexture ) {
+
+				textureDimensionsParams = textureProperty;
+
+			} else {
+
+				textureDimensionsParams = `${textureProperty}${levelSnippet ? `, u32( ${ levelSnippet } )` : ''}`;
+
+			}
+
+			textureDimensionNode = new VarNode( new ExpressionNode( `textureDimensions( ${ textureDimensionsParams } )`, dimensionType ) );
+
+			textureData.dimensionsSnippet[ levelSnippet ] = textureDimensionNode;
+
+			if ( texture.isArrayTexture || texture.isDataArrayTexture || texture.is3DTexture || texture.isData3DTexture ) {
+
+				textureData.arrayLayerCount = new VarNode(
+					new ExpressionNode(
+						`textureNumLayers(${textureProperty})`,
+						'u32'
+					)
+				);
+
+			}
+
+			// For cube textures, we know it's always 6 faces
+			if ( texture.isTextureCube ) {
+
+				textureData.cubeFaceCount = new VarNode(
+					new ExpressionNode( '6u', 'u32' )
+				);
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		return textureDimensionNode.build( this );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet that resolves the dimensions of the given texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} levelSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the mip level.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureSize( texture, textureProperty, levelSnippet ) {
+
+		const { primarySamples } = this.renderer.backend.utils.getTextureSampleData( texture );
+		const isMultisampled = primarySamples > 1;
+
+		const params = ( isMultisampled || texture.isStorageTexture ) ? textureProperty : `${ textureProperty }, ${ levelSnippet }`;
+
+		return `textureDimensions( ${ params } )`;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet for a manual filtered texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @param {string} [levelSnippet='0u'] - A WGSL snippet that represents the mip level, with level 0 containing a full size version of the texture.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateFilteredTexture( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, offsetSnippet, levelSnippet = '0u', depthSnippet ) {
+
+		const wrapFunction = this.generateWrapFunction( texture );
+		const textureDimension = this.generateTextureDimension( texture, textureProperty, levelSnippet );
+
+		if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+			uvSnippet = `${ uvSnippet } + vec2<f32>(${ offsetSnippet }) / ${ textureDimension }`;
+
+		}
+
+		if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+			this._include( 'biquadraticTextureArray' );
+
+			return `tsl_biquadraticTexture_array( ${ textureProperty }, ${ wrapFunction }( ${ uvSnippet } ), ${ textureDimension }, u32( ${ depthSnippet } ), u32( ${ levelSnippet } ) )`;
+
+		}
+
+		this._include( 'biquadraticTexture' );
+
+		return `tsl_biquadraticTexture( ${ textureProperty }, ${ wrapFunction }( ${ uvSnippet } ), ${ textureDimension }, u32( ${ levelSnippet } ) )`;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet for a texture lookup with explicit level-of-detail.
+	 * Since it's a lookup, no sampling or filtering is applied.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @param {string} [levelSnippet='0u'] - A WGSL snippet that represents the mip level, with level 0 containing a full size version of the texture.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureLod( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, levelSnippet = '0u' ) {
+
+		// Cube textures cannot use textureLoad in WGSL, must use textureSampleLevel
+		if ( texture.isCubeTexture === true ) {
+
+			if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+				uvSnippet = `${ uvSnippet } + vec3<f32>(${ offsetSnippet })`;
+
+			}
+
+			// Depth textures require integer level, regular textures use float
+			const levelType = texture.isDepthTexture ? 'u32' : 'f32';
+
+			return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ levelType }( ${ levelSnippet } ) )`;
+
+		}
+
+		const wrapFunction = this.generateWrapFunction( texture );
+		const textureDimension = this.generateTextureDimension( texture, textureProperty, levelSnippet );
+
+		const vecType = texture.is3DTexture || texture.isData3DTexture ? 'vec3' : 'vec2';
+		const textureDimensionMargin = ( vecType === 'vec3' ) ? 'vec3<u32>( 1, 1, 1 )' : 'vec2<u32>( 1, 1 )';
+
+		if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+			uvSnippet = `${ uvSnippet } + ${ vecType }<f32>(${ offsetSnippet }) / ${ vecType }<f32>( ${ textureDimension } )`;
+
+		}
+
+		const clampMin = `${ vecType }<f32>( 0 )`;
+		const clampMax = `${ vecType }<f32>( ${ textureDimension } - ${ textureDimensionMargin } )`;
+
+		uvSnippet = `${ vecType }<u32>( clamp( floor( ${ wrapFunction }( ${ uvSnippet } ) * ${ vecType }<f32>( ${ textureDimension } ) ), ${ clampMin }, ${ clampMax } ) )`;
+
+		return this.generateTextureLoad( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet, null );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet that reads a single texel from a storage texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvIndexSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {?string} levelSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the mip level, with level 0 containing a full size version of the texture.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateStorageTextureLoad( texture, textureProperty, uvIndexSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet ) {
+
+		if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+			uvIndexSnippet = `${ uvIndexSnippet } + ${ offsetSnippet }`;
+
+		}
+
+		let snippet;
+
+		if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+			snippet = `textureLoad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ uvIndexSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet } )`;
+
+		} else {
+
+			snippet = `textureLoad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ uvIndexSnippet } )`;
+
+		}
+
+		return snippet;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet that reads a single texel from a texture without sampling or filtering.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvIndexSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {?string} levelSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the mip level, with level 0 containing a full size version of the texture.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureLoad( texture, textureProperty, uvIndexSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet ) {
+
+		if ( levelSnippet === null ) levelSnippet = '0u';
+
+		if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+			uvIndexSnippet = `${ uvIndexSnippet } + ${ offsetSnippet }`;
+
+		}
+
+		let snippet;
+
+		if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+			snippet = `textureLoad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ uvIndexSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, u32( ${ levelSnippet } ) )`;
+
+		} else {
+
+			snippet = `textureLoad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ uvIndexSnippet }, u32( ${ levelSnippet } ) )`;
+
+			if ( this.renderer.backend.compatibilityMode && texture.isDepthTexture ) {
+
+				snippet += '.x';
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		return snippet;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet that writes a single texel to a texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvIndexSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {string} valueSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represent the new texel value.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureStore( texture, textureProperty, uvIndexSnippet, depthSnippet, valueSnippet ) {
+
+		let snippet;
+
+		if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+			snippet = `textureStore( ${ textureProperty }, ${ uvIndexSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ valueSnippet } )`;
+
+		} else {
+
+			snippet = `textureStore( ${ textureProperty }, ${ uvIndexSnippet }, ${ valueSnippet } )`;
+
+		}
+
+		return snippet;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the sampled values of the given texture should be compared against a reference value.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the sampled values of the given texture should be compared against a reference value or not.
+	 */
+	isSampleCompare( texture ) {
+
+		return texture.isDepthTexture === true && texture.compareFunction !== null && this.renderer.hasCompatibility( Compatibility.TEXTURE_COMPARE );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the given texture is unfilterable.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the given texture is unfilterable or not.
+	 */
+	isUnfilterable( texture ) {
+
+		return this.getComponentTypeFromTexture( texture ) !== 'float' ||
+			( ! this.isAvailable( 'float32Filterable' ) && texture.type === FloatType ) ||
+			( this.isSampleCompare( texture ) === false && texture.minFilter === NearestFilter && texture.magFilter === NearestFilter ) ||
+			this.renderer.backend.utils.getTextureSampleData( texture ).primarySamples > 1 ||
+			texture.normalized === true && ( texture.type === ShortType || texture.type === UnsignedShortType );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet for sampling/loading the given texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTexture( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+
+		let snippet = null;
+
+		if ( this.isUnfilterable( texture ) ) {
+
+			snippet = this.generateTextureLod( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, '0', shaderStage );
+
+		} else {
+
+			snippet = this._generateTextureSample( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, shaderStage );
+
+		}
+
+		return snippet;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet for sampling/loading the given texture using explicit gradients.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {Array<string>} gradSnippet - An array holding both gradient WGSL snippets.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureGrad( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, gradSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+
+		if ( shaderStage === 'fragment' ) {
+
+			if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleGrad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ gradSnippet[ 0 ] }, ${ gradSnippet[ 1 ] }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleGrad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ gradSnippet[ 0 ] }, ${ gradSnippet[ 1 ] } )`;
+
+			} else {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleGrad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ gradSnippet[ 0 ] }, ${ gradSnippet[ 1 ] }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleGrad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ gradSnippet[ 0 ] }, ${ gradSnippet[ 1 ] } )`;
+
+			}
+
+		} else {
+
+			error( `WebGPURenderer: THREE.TextureNode.gradient() does not support ${ shaderStage } shader.` );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet for sampling a depth texture and comparing the sampled depth values
+	 * against a reference value.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {string} compareSnippet -  A WGSL snippet that represents the reference value.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureCompare( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, compareSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+
+		if ( shaderStage === 'fragment' ) {
+
+			if ( texture.isDepthTexture === true && texture.isArrayTexture === true ) {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleCompare( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ compareSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleCompare( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ compareSnippet } )`;
+
+			}
+
+			if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+				return `textureSampleCompare( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ compareSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+			}
+
+			return `textureSampleCompare( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ compareSnippet } )`;
+
+		} else {
+
+			error( `WebGPURenderer: THREE.DepthTexture.compareFunction() does not support ${ shaderStage } shader.` );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet for gathering four texels from the given texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {string} gatherSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the index of the channel to read.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureGather( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, gatherSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet ) {
+
+		const componentSnippet = texture.isDepthTexture === true ? '' : `${gatherSnippet}, `;
+
+		if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+			if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+				return `textureGather( ${componentSnippet}${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+			}
+
+			return `textureGather( ${componentSnippet}${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet } )`;
+
+		}
+
+		if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+			return `textureGather( ${componentSnippet}${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+		}
+
+		return `textureGather( ${componentSnippet}${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet })`;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet for performing a depth comparison on four texels in the given depth texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {string} compareSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the reference value.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureGatherCompare( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, compareSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet ) {
+
+		if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+			if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+				return `textureGatherCompare( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ compareSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+			}
+
+			return `textureGatherCompare( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ compareSnippet })`;
+
+		}
+
+		if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+			return `textureGatherCompare( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ compareSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+		}
+
+		return `textureGatherCompare( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ compareSnippet })`;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet when sampling textures with explicit mip level.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {string} levelSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the mip level, with level 0 containing a full size version of the texture.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureLevel( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet ) {
+
+		if ( this.isUnfilterable( texture ) === false ) {
+
+			if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet } )`;
+
+			} else {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet } )`;
+
+			}
+
+		} else if ( this.isFilteredTexture( texture ) ) {
+
+			return this.generateFilteredTexture( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, offsetSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet );
+
+		} else {
+
+			return this.generateTextureLod( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, levelSnippet );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet when sampling textures with a bias to the mip level.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {string} biasSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the bias to apply to the mip level before sampling.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureBias( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, biasSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+
+		if ( shaderStage === 'fragment' ) {
+
+			if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleBias( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ biasSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleBias( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ biasSnippet } )`;
+
+			} else {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleBias( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ biasSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleBias( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ biasSnippet } )`;
+
+			}
+
+		} else {
+
+			error( `WebGPURenderer: THREE.TextureNode.biasNode does not support ${ shaderStage } shader.` );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a WGSL snippet that represents the property name of the given node.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Node} node - The node.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {string} The property name.
+	 */
+	getPropertyName( node, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+
+		if ( node.isNodeVarying === true && node.needsInterpolation === true ) {
+
+			if ( shaderStage === 'vertex' ) {
+
+				return `varyings.${ node.name }`;
+
+			}
+
+		} else if ( node.isNodeUniform === true ) {
+
+			const name = node.name;
+			const type = node.type;
+
+			if ( type === 'texture' || type === 'cubeTexture' || type === 'cubeDepthTexture' || type === 'storageTexture' || type === 'texture3D' ) {
+
+				return name;
+
+			} else if ( type === 'buffer' || type === 'storageBuffer' || type === 'indirectStorageBuffer' ) {
+
+				if ( this.isCustomStruct( node ) ) {
+
+					return name;
+
+				}
+
+				return name + '.value';
+
+			} else {
+
+				return node.groupNode.name + '.' + name;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		return super.getPropertyName( node );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns whether the given name is a reserved keyword of WGSL.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The name to test.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the name is a reserved keyword or not.
+	 */
+	isReservedKeyword( name ) {
+
+		return wgslReservedKeywords.has( name );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the output struct name.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The name of the output struct.
+	 */
+	getOutputStructName() {
+
+		return 'output';
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the native shader operator name for a given generic name.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} op - The operator name to resolve.
+	 * @return {?string} The resolved operator name.
+	 */
+	getFunctionOperator( op ) {
+
+		const fnOp = wgslFnOpLib[ op ];
+
+		if ( fnOp !== undefined ) {
+
+			this._include( fnOp );
+
+			return fnOp;
+
+		}
+
+		return null;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the node access for the given node and shader stage.
+	 *
+	 * @param {StorageTextureNode|StorageBufferNode} node - The storage node.
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} The node access.
+	 */
+	getNodeAccess( node, shaderStage ) {
+
+		if ( shaderStage !== 'compute' ) {
+
+			if ( node.isAtomic === true ) {
+
+				// Per the WGSL spec, atomic built-in functions are only allowed in
+				// the fragment and compute stages, not in the vertex stage.
+
+				if ( shaderStage === 'vertex' ) {
+
+					warn( 'WebGPURenderer: Atomic operations are not supported in the vertex stage. They are only available in the fragment and compute stages.' );
+
+					return NodeAccess.READ_ONLY;
+
+				}
+
+				return NodeAccess.READ_WRITE;
+
+			}
+
+			return NodeAccess.READ_ONLY;
+
+		}
+
+		return node.access;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns A WGSL snippet representing the storage access.
+	 *
+	 * @param {StorageTextureNode|StorageBufferNode} node - The storage node.
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet representing the storage access.
+	 */
+	getStorageAccess( node, shaderStage ) {
+
+		return accessNames[ this.getNodeAccess( node, shaderStage ) ];
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method is one of the more important ones since it's responsible
+	 * for generating a matching binding instance for the given uniform node.
+	 *
+	 * These bindings are later used in the renderer to create bind groups
+	 * and layouts.
+	 *
+	 * @param {UniformNode} node - The uniform node.
+	 * @param {string} type - The node data type.
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @param {?string} [name=null] - An optional uniform name.
+	 * @return {NodeUniform} The node uniform object.
+	 */
+	getUniformFromNode( node, type, shaderStage, name = null ) {
+
+		const uniformNode = super.getUniformFromNode( node, type, shaderStage, name );
+		const nodeData = this.getDataFromNode( node, shaderStage, this.globalCache );
+
+		if ( nodeData.uniformGPU === undefined ) {
+
+			let uniformGPU;
+
+			const group = node.groupNode;
+			const groupName = group.name;
+
+			const bindings = this.getBindGroupArray( groupName, shaderStage );
+
+			if ( type === 'texture' || type === 'cubeTexture' || type === 'cubeDepthTexture' || type === 'storageTexture' || type === 'texture3D' ) {
+
+				let texture = null;
+
+				const access = this.getNodeAccess( node, shaderStage );
+
+				if ( type === 'texture' || type === 'storageTexture' ) {
+
+					if ( node.value.is3DTexture === true ) {
+
+						texture = new NodeSampledTexture3D( uniformNode.name, uniformNode.node, group, access );
+
+					} else {
+
+						texture = new NodeSampledTexture( uniformNode.name, uniformNode.node, group, access );
+
+					}
+
+				} else if ( type === 'cubeTexture' || type === 'cubeDepthTexture' ) {
+
+					texture = new NodeSampledCubeTexture( uniformNode.name, uniformNode.node, group, access );
+
+				} else if ( type === 'texture3D' ) {
+
+					texture = new NodeSampledTexture3D( uniformNode.name, uniformNode.node, group, access );
+
+				}
+
+				texture.store = node.isStorageTextureNode === true;
+				texture.mipLevel = texture.store ? node.mipLevel : 0;
+				texture.setVisibility( gpuShaderStageLib[ shaderStage ] );
+
+				// Cube textures always need samplers (they use textureSampleLevel, not textureLoad)
+				// Also textureGather always need sampler.
+				const needsSampler = node.value.isCubeTexture === true || ( this.isUnfilterable( node.value ) === false && texture.store === false ) || node.gatherNode !== null;
+
+				if ( needsSampler ) {
+
+					const sampler = new NodeSampler( `${ uniformNode.name }_sampler`, uniformNode.node, group );
+					sampler.setVisibility( gpuShaderStageLib[ shaderStage ] );
+
+					bindings.push( sampler, texture );
+
+					uniformGPU = [ sampler, texture ];
+
+				} else {
+
+					bindings.push( texture );
+
+					uniformGPU = [ texture ];
+
+				}
+
+			} else if ( type === 'buffer' || type === 'storageBuffer' || type === 'indirectStorageBuffer' ) {
+
+				const sharedData = this.getSharedDataFromNode( node );
+
+				let buffer = sharedData.buffer;
+
+				if ( buffer === undefined ) {
+
+					const bufferClass = type === 'buffer' ? NodeUniformBuffer : NodeStorageBuffer;
+
+					buffer = new bufferClass( node, group );
+
+					sharedData.buffer = buffer;
+
+				}
+
+				buffer.setVisibility( buffer.getVisibility() | gpuShaderStageLib[ shaderStage ] );
+
+				bindings.push( buffer );
+
+				uniformGPU = buffer;
+
+				uniformNode.name = name ? name : 'NodeBuffer_' + uniformNode.id;
+
+			} else {
+
+				let uniformsGroup = this.uniformGroups[ groupName ];
+
+				if ( uniformsGroup === undefined ) {
+
+					uniformsGroup = new NodeUniformsGroup( groupName, group );
+					uniformsGroup.setVisibility( GPUShaderStage.VERTEX | GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT | GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE );
+
+					this.uniformGroups[ groupName ] = uniformsGroup;
+
+				}
+
+				// Add to bindings for this stage if not already present
+				if ( bindings.indexOf( uniformsGroup ) === - 1 ) {
+
+					bindings.push( uniformsGroup );
+
+				}
+
+				uniformGPU = this.getNodeUniform( uniformNode, type );
+
+				// Only add uniform if not already present in the group (check by name to avoid duplicates across stages)
+				const uniformName = uniformGPU.name;
+				const alreadyExists = uniformsGroup.uniforms.some( u => u.name === uniformName );
+
+				if ( ! alreadyExists ) {
+
+					uniformsGroup.addUniform( uniformGPU );
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			nodeData.uniformGPU = uniformGPU;
+
+		}
+
+		return uniformNode;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method should be used whenever builtins are required in nodes.
+	 * The internal builtins data structure will make sure builtins are
+	 * defined in the WGSL source.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The builtin name.
+	 * @param {string} property - The property name.
+	 * @param {string} type - The node data type.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {string} The property name.
+	 */
+	getBuiltin( name, property, type, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+
+		const map = this.builtins[ shaderStage ] || ( this.builtins[ shaderStage ] = new Map() );
+
+		if ( map.has( name ) === false ) {
+
+			map.set( name, {
+				name,
+				property,
+				type
+			} );
+
+		}
+
+		return property;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the given builtin is defined in the given shader stage.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The builtin name.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the given builtin is defined in the given shader stage or not.
+	 */
+	hasBuiltin( name, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+
+		return ( this.builtins[ shaderStage ] !== undefined && this.builtins[ shaderStage ].has( name ) );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the vertex index builtin.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The vertex index.
+	 */
+	getVertexIndex() {
+
+		if ( this.shaderStage === 'vertex' ) {
+
+			return this.getBuiltin( 'vertex_index', 'vertexIndex', 'u32', 'attribute' );
+
+		}
+
+		return 'vertexIndex';
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Builds the given shader node.
+	 *
+	 * @param {ShaderNodeInternal} shaderNode - The shader node.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL function code.
+	 */
+	buildFunctionCode( shaderNode ) {
+
+		const layout = shaderNode.layout;
+		const flowData = this.flowShaderNode( shaderNode );
+
+		const parameters = [];
+
+		for ( const input of layout.inputs ) {
+
+			parameters.push( input.name + ' : ' + this.getType( input.type ) );
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		let code = `fn ${ layout.name }( ${ parameters.join( ', ' ) } ) -> ${ this.getType( layout.type ) } {
+${ flowData.vars }
+${ flowData.code }
+`;
+
+		if ( flowData.result ) {
+
+			code += `\treturn ${ flowData.result };\n`;
+
+		}
+
+		code += '\n}\n';
+
+		//
+
+		return code;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Contextually returns either the vertex stage instance index builtin
+	 * or the linearized index of an compute invocation within a grid of workgroups.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The instance index.
+	 */
+	getInstanceIndex() {
+
+		if ( this.shaderStage === 'vertex' ) {
+
+			return this.getBuiltin( 'instance_index', 'instanceIndex', 'u32', 'attribute' );
+
+		}
+
+		return 'instanceIndex';
+
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a builtin representing the index of a compute invocation within the scope of a workgroup load.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The invocation local index.
+	 */
+	getInvocationLocalIndex() {
+
+		return this.getBuiltin( 'local_invocation_index', 'invocationLocalIndex', 'u32', 'attribute' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a builtin representing the size of a subgroup within the current shader.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The subgroup size.
+	 */
+	getSubgroupSize() {
+
+		this.enableSubGroups();
+
+		return this.getBuiltin( 'subgroup_size', 'subgroupSize', 'u32', 'attribute' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a builtin representing the index of a compute invocation within the scope of a subgroup.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The invocation subgroup index.
+	 */
+	getInvocationSubgroupIndex() {
+
+		this.enableSubGroups();
+
+		return this.getBuiltin( 'subgroup_invocation_id', 'invocationSubgroupIndex', 'u32', 'attribute' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a builtin representing the index of a compute invocation's subgroup within its workgroup.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The subgroup index.
+	 */
+	getSubgroupIndex() {
+
+		this.enableSubGroups();
+
+		return this.getBuiltin( 'subgroup_id', 'subgroupIndex', 'u32', 'attribute' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Overwritten as a NOP since this method is intended for the WebGL 2 backend.
+	 *
+	 * @return {null} Null.
+	 */
+	getDrawIndex() {
+
+		return null;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the front facing builtin.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The front facing builtin.
+	 */
+	getFrontFacing() {
+
+		return this.getBuiltin( 'front_facing', 'isFront', 'bool' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the frag coord builtin.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The frag coord builtin.
+	 */
+	getFragCoord() {
+
+		return this.getBuiltin( 'position', 'fragCoord', 'vec4<f32>' ) + '.xy';
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the frag depth builtin.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The frag depth builtin.
+	 */
+	getFragDepth() {
+
+		return 'output.' + this.getBuiltin( 'frag_depth', 'depth', 'f32', 'output' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the clip distances builtin.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The clip distances builtin.
+	 */
+	getClipDistance() {
+
+		return 'varyings.hw_clip_distances';
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to flip texture data along its vertical axis or not.
+	 *
+	 * @return {boolean} Returns always `false` in context of WGSL.
+	 */
+	isFlipY() {
+
+		return false;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Enables the given directive for the given shader stage.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The directive name.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage to enable the directive for.
+	 */
+	enableDirective( name, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+
+		const stage = this.directives[ shaderStage ] || ( this.directives[ shaderStage ] = new Set() );
+		stage.add( name );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the directives of the given shader stage as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} A WGSL snippet that enables the directives of the given stage.
+	 */
+	getDirectives( shaderStage ) {
+
+		const snippets = [];
+		const directives = this.directives[ shaderStage ];
+
+		if ( directives !== undefined ) {
+
+			for ( const directive of directives ) {
+
+				snippets.push( `enable ${directive};` );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		return snippets.join( '\n' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Enables the 'subgroups' directive.
+	 */
+	enableSubGroups() {
+
+		this.enableDirective( 'subgroups' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Enables the 'subgroups-f16' directive.
+	 */
+	enableSubgroupsF16() {
+
+		this.enableDirective( 'subgroups-f16' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Enables the 'clip_distances' directive.
+	 */
+	enableClipDistances() {
+
+		this.enableDirective( 'clip_distances' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Enables the 'f16' directive.
+	 */
+	enableShaderF16() {
+
+		this.enableDirective( 'f16' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Enables the 'dual_source_blending' directive.
+	 */
+	enableDualSourceBlending() {
+
+		this.enableDirective( 'dual_source_blending' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Enables hardware clipping.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} planeCount - The clipping plane count.
+	 */
+	enableHardwareClipping( planeCount ) {
+
+		this.enableClipDistances();
+		this.getBuiltin( 'clip_distances', 'hw_clip_distances', `array<f32, ${ planeCount } >`, 'vertex' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the builtins of the given shader stage as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} A WGSL snippet that represents the builtins of the given stage.
+	 */
+	getBuiltins( shaderStage ) {
+
+		const snippets = [];
+		const builtins = this.builtins[ shaderStage ];
+
+		if ( builtins !== undefined ) {
+
+			for ( const { name, property, type } of builtins.values() ) {
+
+				snippets.push( `@builtin( ${name} ) ${property} : ${type}` );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		return snippets.join( ',\n\t' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method should be used when a new scoped buffer is used in context of
+	 * compute shaders. It adds the array to the internal data structure which is
+	 * later used to generate the respective WGSL.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The array name.
+	 * @param {string} scope - The scope.
+	 * @param {string} bufferType - The buffer type.
+	 * @param {string} bufferCount - The buffer count.
+	 * @param {boolean} isAtomic - Whether the array elements are atomic or not.
+	 * @return {string} The array name.
+	 */
+	getScopedArray( name, scope, bufferType, bufferCount, isAtomic ) {
+
+		if ( this.scopedArrays.has( name ) === false ) {
+
+			this.scopedArrays.set( name, {
+				name,
+				scope,
+				bufferType,
+				bufferCount,
+				isAtomic
+			} );
+
+		}
+
+		return name;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the scoped arrays of the given shader stage as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string|undefined} The WGSL snippet that defines the scoped arrays.
+	 * Returns `undefined` when used in the vertex or fragment stage.
+	 */
+	getScopedArrays( shaderStage ) {
+
+		if ( shaderStage !== 'compute' ) {
+
+			return;
+
+		}
+
+		const snippets = [];
+
+		for ( const { name, scope, bufferType, bufferCount, isAtomic } of this.scopedArrays.values() ) {
+
+			let type = this.getType( bufferType );
+
+			if ( isAtomic === true ) type = `atomic<${type}>`;
+
+			snippets.push( `var<${scope}> ${name}: array< ${type}, ${bufferCount} >;` );
+
+		}
+
+		return snippets.join( '\n' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the shader attributes of the given shader stage as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet that defines the shader attributes.
+	 */
+	getAttributes( shaderStage ) {
+
+		const snippets = [];
+
+		if ( shaderStage === 'compute' ) {
+
+			this.getBuiltin( 'global_invocation_id', 'globalId', 'vec3<u32>', 'attribute' );
+			this.getBuiltin( 'workgroup_id', 'workgroupId', 'vec3<u32>', 'attribute' );
+			this.getBuiltin( 'local_invocation_id', 'localId', 'vec3<u32>', 'attribute' );
+			this.getBuiltin( 'num_workgroups', 'numWorkgroups', 'vec3<u32>', 'attribute' );
+
+			if ( this.renderer.hasFeature( 'subgroups' ) ) {
+
+				this.enableDirective( 'subgroups', shaderStage );
+				this.getBuiltin( 'subgroup_size', 'subgroupSize', 'u32', 'attribute' );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		if ( shaderStage === 'vertex' || shaderStage === 'compute' ) {
+
+			const builtins = this.getBuiltins( 'attribute' );
+
+			if ( builtins ) snippets.push( builtins );
+
+			const attributes = this.getAttributesArray();
+
+			for ( let index = 0, length = attributes.length; index < length; index ++ ) {
+
+				const attribute = attributes[ index ];
+				const name = attribute.name;
+				const type = this.getType( attribute.type );
+
+				snippets.push( `@location( ${index} ) ${ name } : ${ type }` );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		return snippets.join( ',\n\t' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the members of the given struct type node as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {StructTypeNode} struct - The struct type node.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet that defines the struct members.
+	 */
+	getStructMembers( struct ) {
+
+		const snippets = [];
+
+		for ( const member of struct.members ) {
+
+			const prefix = struct.output ? '@location( ' + member.index + ' ) ' : '';
+
+			let type = this.getType( member.type );
+
+			if ( member.atomic ) {
+
+				type = 'atomic< ' + type + ' >';
+
+			}
+
+			snippets.push( `\t${ prefix + member.name } : ${ type }` );
+
+		}
+
+		if ( struct.output ) {
+
+			snippets.push( `\t${ this.getBuiltins( 'output' ) }` );
+
+		}
+
+		return snippets.join( ',\n' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the structs of the given shader stage as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet that defines the structs.
+	 */
+	getStructs( shaderStage ) {
+
+		let result = '';
+
+		const structs = this.structs[ shaderStage ];
+
+		if ( structs.length > 0 ) {
+
+			const snippets = [];
+
+			for ( const struct of structs ) {
+
+				let snippet = `struct ${ struct.name } {\n`;
+				snippet += this.getStructMembers( struct );
+				snippet += '\n};';
+
+				snippets.push( snippet );
+
+			}
+
+			result = '\n' + snippets.join( '\n\n' ) + '\n';
+
+		}
+
+		return result;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a WGSL string representing a variable.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} type - The variable's type.
+	 * @param {string} name - The variable's name.
+	 * @param {?number} [count=null] - The array length.
+	 * @param {string} [qualifier=''] - The variable's qualifier.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet that defines a variable.
+	 */
+	getVar( type, name, count = null, qualifier = '' ) {
+
+		let snippet = `var${ qualifier } ${ name } : `;
+
+		if ( count !== null ) {
+
+			snippet += this.generateArrayDeclaration( type, count );
+
+		} else {
+
+			snippet += this.getType( type );
+
+		}
+
+		return snippet;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the variables of the given shader stage as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet that defines the variables.
+	 */
+	getVars( shaderStage, global = false ) {
+
+		let qualifier = '';
+
+		if ( global ) {
+
+			qualifier = '<private>';
+
+		}
+
+		const snippets = [];
+		const vars = this.vars[ shaderStage ];
+
+		if ( vars !== undefined ) {
+
+			for ( const variable of vars ) {
+
+				snippets.push( `${ this.getVar( variable.type, variable.name, variable.count, qualifier ) };` );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		return global ? snippets.join( '\n' ) : `\n\t${ snippets.join( '\n\t' ) }\n`;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the varyings of the given shader stage as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet that defines the varyings.
+	 */
+	getVaryings( shaderStage ) {
+
+		const snippets = [];
+
+		if ( shaderStage === 'vertex' ) {
+
+			this.getBuiltin( 'position', 'builtinClipSpace', 'vec4<f32>', 'vertex' );
+
+		}
+
+		if ( shaderStage === 'vertex' || shaderStage === 'fragment' ) {
+
+			const varyings = this.varyings;
+			const vars = this.vars[ shaderStage ];
+
+			let varyingIndex = 0;
+
+			for ( let index = 0; index < varyings.length; index ++ ) {
+
+				const varying = varyings[ index ];
+
+				if ( varying.needsInterpolation ) {
+
+					let attributesSnippet = `@location( ${ varyingIndex ++ } )`;
+
+					if ( varying.interpolationType ) {
+
+						const samplingSnippet = varying.interpolationSampling !== null ? `, ${ varying.interpolationSampling } )` : ' )';
+
+						attributesSnippet += ` @interpolate( ${ varying.interpolationType }${ samplingSnippet }`;
+
+						// Otherwise, optimize interpolation when sensible
+
+					} else if ( /^(int|uint|ivec|uvec)/.test( varying.type ) ) {
+
+						attributesSnippet += ' @interpolate(flat, either)';
+
+					}
+
+					snippets.push( `${ attributesSnippet } ${ varying.name } : ${ this.getType( varying.type ) }` );
+
+				} else if ( shaderStage === 'vertex' && vars.includes( varying ) === false ) {
+
+					vars.push( varying );
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		const builtins = this.getBuiltins( shaderStage );
+
+		if ( builtins ) snippets.push( builtins );
+
+		const code = snippets.join( ',\n\t' );
+
+		return shaderStage === 'vertex' ? this._getWGSLStruct( 'VaryingsStruct', '\t' + code ) : code;
+
+	}
+
+	isCustomStruct( nodeUniform ) {
+
+		const attribute = nodeUniform.value;
+		const bufferNode = nodeUniform.node;
+
+		const isAttributeStructType = ( attribute.isBufferAttribute || attribute.isInstancedBufferAttribute ) && bufferNode.structTypeNode !== null;
+
+		const isStructArray =
+			( bufferNode.value && bufferNode.value.array ) &&
+			( typeof bufferNode.value.itemSize === 'number' && bufferNode.value.array.length > bufferNode.value.itemSize );
+
+		return isAttributeStructType && ! isStructArray;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the uniforms of the given shader stage as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet that defines the uniforms.
+	 */
+	getUniforms( shaderStage ) {
+
+		const backend = this.renderer.backend;
+		const uniforms = this.uniforms[ shaderStage ];
+
+		const bindingSnippets = [];
+		const bufferSnippets = [];
+		const structSnippets = [];
+		const uniformGroups = {};
+
+		for ( const uniform of uniforms ) {
+
+			const groupName = uniform.groupNode.name;
+			const uniformIndexes = this.bindingsIndexes[ groupName ];
+
+			if ( uniform.type === 'texture' || uniform.type === 'cubeTexture' || uniform.type === 'cubeDepthTexture' || uniform.type === 'storageTexture' || uniform.type === 'texture3D' ) {
+
+				const textureNode = uniform.node;
+				const texture = textureNode.value;
+
+				// Cube textures always need samplers (they use textureSampleLevel, not textureLoad)
+				// Also textureGather always need sampler.
+				const needsSampler = texture.isCubeTexture === true || ( this.isUnfilterable( texture ) === false && textureNode.isStorageTextureNode !== true ) || textureNode.gatherNode !== null;
+
+				if ( needsSampler ) {
+
+					if ( this.isSampleCompare( texture ) && textureNode.isSampleCompare() ) {
+
+						bindingSnippets.push( `@binding( ${ uniformIndexes.binding ++ } ) @group( ${ uniformIndexes.group } ) var ${ uniform.name }_sampler : sampler_comparison;` );
+
+					} else {
+
+						bindingSnippets.push( `@binding( ${ uniformIndexes.binding ++ } ) @group( ${ uniformIndexes.group } ) var ${ uniform.name }_sampler : sampler;` );
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				let textureType;
+
+				let multisampled = '';
+
+				const { primarySamples } = backend.utils.getTextureSampleData( texture );
+
+				if ( primarySamples > 1 ) {
+
+					multisampled = '_multisampled';
+
+				}
+
+				if ( texture.isCubeTexture === true && texture.isDepthTexture === true ) {
+
+					textureType = 'texture_depth_cube';
+
+				} else if ( texture.isCubeTexture === true ) {
+
+					textureType = 'texture_cube<f32>';
+
+				} else if ( texture.isDepthTexture === true ) {
+
+					if ( backend.compatibilityMode && texture.compareFunction === null ) {
+
+						textureType = `texture${ multisampled }_2d<f32>`;
+
+					} else {
+
+						textureType = `texture_depth${ multisampled }_2d${ texture.isArrayTexture === true ? '_array' : '' }`;
+
+					}
+
+				} else if ( uniform.node.isStorageTextureNode === true ) {
+
+					const format = getFormat( texture, backend.device );
+					const access = this.getStorageAccess( uniform.node, shaderStage );
+
+					const is3D = uniform.node.value.is3DTexture;
+					const isArrayTexture = uniform.node.value.isArrayTexture;
+
+					const dimension = is3D ? '3d' : `2d${ isArrayTexture ? '_array' : '' }`;
+
+					textureType = `texture_storage_${ dimension }<${ format }, ${ access }>`;
+
+				} else if ( texture.isArrayTexture === true || texture.isDataArrayTexture === true || texture.isCompressedArrayTexture === true ) {
+
+					const componentPrefix = this.getComponentTypeFromTexture( texture ).charAt( 0 );
+					textureType = `texture_2d_array<${ componentPrefix }32>`;
+
+				} else if ( texture.is3DTexture === true || texture.isData3DTexture === true ) {
+
+					const componentPrefix = this.getComponentTypeFromTexture( texture ).charAt( 0 );
+					textureType = `texture_3d<${ componentPrefix }32>`;
+
+				} else {
+
+					const componentPrefix = this.getComponentTypeFromTexture( texture ).charAt( 0 );
+
+					textureType = `texture${ multisampled }_2d<${ componentPrefix }32>`;
+
+				}
+
+				bindingSnippets.push( `@binding( ${ uniformIndexes.binding ++ } ) @group( ${ uniformIndexes.group } ) var ${ uniform.name } : ${ textureType };` );
+
+			} else if ( uniform.type === 'buffer' || uniform.type === 'storageBuffer' || uniform.type === 'indirectStorageBuffer' ) {
+
+				const bufferNode = uniform.node;
+				const bufferType = this.getType( bufferNode.getNodeType( this ) );
+				const bufferCount = bufferNode.bufferCount;
+				const bufferCountSnippet = bufferCount > 0 && uniform.type === 'buffer' ? ', ' + bufferCount : '';
+				const bufferAccessMode = bufferNode.isStorageBufferNode ? `storage, ${ this.getStorageAccess( bufferNode, shaderStage ) }` : 'uniform';
+
+				if ( this.isCustomStruct( uniform ) ) {
+
+					bufferSnippets.push( `@binding( ${ uniformIndexes.binding ++ } ) @group( ${ uniformIndexes.group } ) var<${ bufferAccessMode }> ${ uniform.name } : ${ bufferType };` );
+
+				} else {
+
+					const bufferTypeSnippet = bufferNode.isAtomic ? `atomic<${ bufferType }>` : `${ bufferType }`;
+					const bufferSnippet = `\tvalue : array< ${ bufferTypeSnippet }${ bufferCountSnippet } >`;
+
+					bufferSnippets.push( this._getWGSLStructBinding( uniform.name, bufferSnippet, bufferAccessMode, uniformIndexes.binding ++, uniformIndexes.group ) );
+
+				}
+
+			} else {
+
+				const groupName = uniform.groupNode.name;
+
+				// Check if this group has already been processed in this shader stage
+				if ( uniformGroups[ groupName ] === undefined ) {
+
+					// Get the shared uniform group that contains uniforms from all stages
+					const sharedUniformGroup = this.uniformGroups[ groupName ];
+
+					if ( sharedUniformGroup !== undefined ) {
+
+						// Generate snippets for ALL uniforms in this shared group
+						const snippets = [];
+
+						for ( const sharedUniform of sharedUniformGroup.uniforms ) {
+
+							const type = sharedUniform.getType();
+							const vectorType = this.getType( this.getVectorType( type ) );
+							snippets.push( `\t${ sharedUniform.name } : ${ vectorType }` );
+
+						}
+
+						// Check if this group already has an assigned binding index (from another shader stage)
+						let groupBinding = this.uniformGroupsBindings[ groupName ];
+
+						if ( groupBinding === undefined ) {
+
+							// First time processing this group - assign a new binding index
+							groupBinding = {
+								index: uniformIndexes.binding ++,
+								id: uniformIndexes.group
+							};
+
+							this.uniformGroupsBindings[ groupName ] = groupBinding;
+
+						}
+
+						uniformGroups[ groupName ] = {
+							index: groupBinding.index,
+							id: groupBinding.id,
+							snippets: snippets
+						};
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		for ( const name in uniformGroups ) {
+
+			const group = uniformGroups[ name ];
+
+			structSnippets.push( this._getWGSLStructBinding( name, group.snippets.join( ',\n' ), 'uniform', group.index, group.id ) );
+
+		}
+
+		const code = [ ...bindingSnippets, ...bufferSnippets, ...structSnippets ].join( '\n' );
+
+		return code;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Controls the code build of the shader stages.
+	 */
+	buildCode() {
+
+		const shadersData = this.material !== null ? { fragment: {}, vertex: {} } : { compute: {} };
+
+		this.sortBindingGroups();
+
+		for ( const shaderStage in shadersData ) {
+
+			this.shaderStage = shaderStage;
+
+			const allowGlobal = this.allowGlobalVariables;
+
+			const stageData = shadersData[ shaderStage ];
+			stageData.uniforms = this.getUniforms( shaderStage );
+			stageData.attributes = this.getAttributes( shaderStage );
+			stageData.varyings = this.getVaryings( shaderStage );
+			stageData.structs = this.getStructs( shaderStage );
+			stageData.vars = this.getVars( shaderStage, allowGlobal );
+			stageData.codes = this.getCodes( shaderStage );
+			stageData.directives = this.getDirectives( shaderStage );
+			stageData.scopedArrays = this.getScopedArrays( shaderStage );
+
+			//
+
+			let flow = '// code\n\n';
+			flow += this.flowCode[ shaderStage ];
+
+			const flowNodes = this.flowNodes[ shaderStage ];
+			const mainNode = flowNodes[ flowNodes.length - 1 ];
+
+			const outputNode = mainNode.outputNode;
+			const isOutputStruct = ( outputNode !== undefined && outputNode.isOutputStructNode === true );
+
+			for ( const node of flowNodes ) {
+
+				const flowSlotData = this.getFlowData( node/*, shaderStage*/ );
+				const slotName = node.name;
+
+				if ( slotName ) {
+
+					if ( flow.length > 0 ) flow += '\n';
+
+					flow += `\t// flow -> ${ slotName }\n`;
+
+				}
+
+				flow += `${ flowSlotData.code }\n\t`;
+
+				if ( node === mainNode && shaderStage !== 'compute' ) {
+
+					flow += '// result\n\n\t';
+
+					if ( shaderStage === 'vertex' ) {
+
+						flow += `varyings.builtinClipSpace = ${ flowSlotData.result };`;
+
+					} else if ( shaderStage === 'fragment' ) {
+
+						if ( isOutputStruct ) {
+
+							stageData.returnType = outputNode.getNodeType( this );
+							stageData.structs += 'var<private> output : ' + stageData.returnType + ';';
+
+							flow += `return ${ flowSlotData.result };`;
+
+						} else {
+
+							let structSnippet = `\t@location( 0 ) color: ${ this.getType( this.getOutputType() ) }`;
+
+							const builtins = this.getBuiltins( 'output' );
+
+							if ( builtins ) structSnippet += ',\n\t' + builtins;
+
+							stageData.returnType = 'OutputStruct';
+							stageData.structs += this._getWGSLStruct( 'OutputStruct', structSnippet );
+							stageData.structs += '\nvar<private> output : OutputStruct;';
+
+							flow += `output.color = ${ this.format( flowSlotData.result, mainNode.getNodeType( this ), this.getOutputType() ) };\n\n\treturn output;`;
+
+						}
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			stageData.flow = flow;
+
+		}
+
+		this.shaderStage = null;
+
+		if ( this.material !== null ) {
+
+			this.vertexShader = this._getWGSLVertexCode( shadersData.vertex );
+			this.fragmentShader = this._getWGSLFragmentCode( shadersData.fragment );
+
+		} else {
+
+			// Early strictly validated in computeNode
+			const workgroupSize = this.compute.workgroupSize;
+
+			this.computeShader = this._getWGSLComputeCode( shadersData.compute, workgroupSize );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the native shader method name for a given generic name.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} method - The method name to resolve.
+	 * @param {?string} [output=null] - An optional output.
+	 * @return {string} The resolved WGSL method name.
+	 */
+	getMethod( method, output = null ) {
+
+		let wgslMethod;
+
+		if ( output !== null ) {
+
+			wgslMethod = this._getWGSLMethod( method + '_' + output );
+
+		}
+
+		if ( wgslMethod === undefined ) {
+
+			wgslMethod = this._getWGSLMethod( method );
+
+		}
+
+		return wgslMethod || method;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the bitcast method name for a given input and outputType.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} type - The output type to bitcast to.
+	 * @return {string} The resolved WGSL bitcast invocation.
+	 */
+	getBitcastMethod( type ) {
+
+		const dataType = this.getType( type );
+
+		return `bitcast<${ dataType }>`;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the float packing method name for a given numeric encoding.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} encoding - The numeric encoding that describes how the float values are mapped to the integer range.
+	 * @param {string} [layout='2x16'] - The component layout of the packed integer.
+	 * @returns {string} The resolve WGSL float packing method name.
+	 */
+	getFloatPackingMethod( encoding, layout = '2x16' ) {
+
+		return this.getMethod( `floatpack_${ encoding }_${ layout }` );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the float unpacking method name for a given numeric encoding.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} encoding - The numeric encoding that describes how the integer values are mapped to the float range.
+	 * @param {string} [layout='2x16'] - The component layout of the packed integer.
+	 * @returns {string} The resolve WGSL float unpacking method name.
+	 */
+	getFloatUnpackingMethod( encoding, layout = '2x16' ) {
+
+		return this.getMethod( `floatunpack_${ encoding }_${ layout }` );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the native snippet for a ternary operation.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} condSnippet - The condition determining which expression gets resolved.
+	 * @param {string} ifSnippet - The expression to resolve to if the condition is true.
+	 * @param {string} elseSnippet - The expression to resolve to if the condition is false.
+	 * @return {string} The resolved method name.
+	 */
+	getTernary( condSnippet, ifSnippet, elseSnippet ) {
+
+		return `select( ${elseSnippet}, ${ifSnippet}, ${condSnippet} )`;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the WGSL type of the given node data type.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} type - The node data type.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL type.
+	 */
+	getType( type ) {
+
+		return wgslTypeLib[ type ] || type;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether the requested feature is available or not.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The requested feature.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the requested feature is supported or not.
+	 */
+	isAvailable( name ) {
+
+		let result = supports[ name ];
+
+		if ( result === undefined ) {
+
+			if ( name === 'float32Filterable' ) {
+
+				result = this.renderer.hasFeature( 'float32-filterable' );
+
+			} else if ( name === 'clipDistance' ) {
+
+				result = this.renderer.hasFeature( 'clip-distances' );
+
+			}
+
+			supports[ name ] = result;
+
+		}
+
+		return result;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the native shader method name for a given generic name.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {string} method - The method name to resolve.
+	 * @return {string} The resolved WGSL method name.
+	 */
+	_getWGSLMethod( method ) {
+
+		if ( wgslPolyfill[ method ] !== undefined ) {
+
+			this._include( method );
+
+		}
+
+		return wgslMethods[ method ];
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Includes the given method name into the current
+	 * function node.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {string} name - The method name to include.
+	 * @return {CodeNode} The respective code node.
+	 */
+	_include( name ) {
+
+		const codeNode = wgslPolyfill[ name ];
+		codeNode.build( this );
+
+		this.addInclude( codeNode );
+
+		return codeNode;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a WGSL vertex shader based on the given shader data.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Object} shaderData - The shader data.
+	 * @return {string} The vertex shader.
+	 */
+	_getWGSLVertexCode( shaderData ) {
+
+		return `${ this.getSignature() }
+// directives
+${shaderData.directives}
+
+// structs
+${shaderData.structs}
+
+// uniforms
+${shaderData.uniforms}
+
+// varyings
+${shaderData.varyings}
+var<private> varyings : VaryingsStruct;
+
+// vars
+${shaderData.vars}
+
+// codes
+${shaderData.codes}
+
+@vertex
+fn main( ${shaderData.attributes} ) -> VaryingsStruct {
+
+	// flow
+	${shaderData.flow}
+
+	return varyings;
+
+}
+`;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a WGSL fragment shader based on the given shader data.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Object} shaderData - The shader data.
+	 * @return {string} The vertex shader.
+	 */
+	_getWGSLFragmentCode( shaderData ) {
+
+		return `${ this.getSignature() }
+// global
+${ diagnostics }
+
+// structs
+${shaderData.structs}
+
+// uniforms
+${shaderData.uniforms}
+
+// vars
+${shaderData.vars}
+
+// codes
+${shaderData.codes}
+
+@fragment
+fn main( ${shaderData.varyings} ) -> ${shaderData.returnType} {
+
+	// flow
+	${shaderData.flow}
+
+}
+`;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a WGSL compute shader based on the given shader data.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Object} shaderData - The shader data.
+	 * @param {string} workgroupSize - The workgroup size.
+	 * @return {string} The vertex shader.
+	 */
+	_getWGSLComputeCode( shaderData, workgroupSize ) {
+
+		const [ workgroupSizeX, workgroupSizeY, workgroupSizeZ ] = workgroupSize;
+
+		return `${ this.getSignature() }
+// directives
+${ shaderData.directives }
+
+// system
+var<private> instanceIndex : u32;
+
+// locals
+${ shaderData.scopedArrays }
+
+// structs
+${ shaderData.structs }
+
+// uniforms
+${ shaderData.uniforms }
+
+// vars
+${ this.allowGlobalVariables ? shaderData.vars : '' }
+
+// codes
+${ shaderData.codes }
+
+@compute @workgroup_size( ${ workgroupSizeX }, ${ workgroupSizeY }, ${ workgroupSizeZ } )
+fn main( ${ shaderData.attributes } ) {
+
+	// local vars
+	${ this.allowGlobalVariables ? '' : shaderData.vars }
+
+	// system
+	instanceIndex = globalId.x
+		+ globalId.y * ( ${ workgroupSizeX } * numWorkgroups.x )
+		+ globalId.z * ( ${ workgroupSizeX } * numWorkgroups.x ) * ( ${ workgroupSizeY } * numWorkgroups.y );
+
+	// flow
+	${ shaderData.flow }
+
+}
+`;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a WGSL struct based on the given name and variables.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {string} name - The struct name.
+	 * @param {string} vars - The struct variables.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet representing a struct.
+	 */
+	_getWGSLStruct( name, vars ) {
+
+		return `
+struct ${name} {
+${vars}
+};`;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a WGSL struct binding.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {string} name - The struct name.
+	 * @param {string} vars - The struct variables.
+	 * @param {string} access - The access.
+	 * @param {number} [binding=0] - The binding index.
+	 * @param {number} [group=0] - The group index.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet representing a struct binding.
+	 */
+	_getWGSLStructBinding( name, vars, access, binding = 0, group = 0 ) {
+
+		const structName = name + 'Struct';
+		const structSnippet = this._getWGSLStruct( structName, vars );
+
+		return `${structSnippet}
+@binding( ${ binding } ) @group( ${ group } )
+var<${access}> ${ name } : ${ structName };`;
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+export default WGSLNodeBuilder;