@unikia/upe-renderer 0.0.0-stage → 0.186.110

package/examples/jsm/lighting/vxgi/VXGIVolume.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1430 @@
+import { Box3, Vector3, Vector4, Matrix4, Layers, Storage3DTexture, StorageBufferAttribute, StorageTexture3DNode, CubeTextureNode, RendererUtils, HalfFloatType, UnsignedByteType, RGBAFormat, LinearFilter, LinearMipmapLinearFilter, ClampToEdgeWrapping, MathUtils } from 'three/webgpu';
+import { Fn, If, Loop, nodeObject, uniform, uniformArray, storage, instanceIndex, textureStore, texture3D, texture, float, int, uint, vec2, vec3, vec4, ivec3, uvec3, max, min, abs, dot, cross, normalize, floor, sign, select, countOneBits, atomicOr, smoothstep, hash, fract, sqrt, cos, sin, length, PI, getDistanceAttenuation, viewZToPerspectiveDepth, viewZToReversedPerspectiveDepth } from 'three/tsl';
+
+import { collectSceneTriangles, computeSceneBounds, TRIANGLE_STRIDE } from './VXGISceneCollector.js';
+import { createConeTracer } from './VXGIConeTracer.js';
+
+const _box = /*@__PURE__*/ new Box3();
+const _size = /*@__PURE__*/ new Vector3();
+const _position = /*@__PURE__*/ new Vector3();
+const _target = /*@__PURE__*/ new Vector3();
+
+const MAX_EDGE_SUBVOXELS = 16;
+const BOUNCE_CONE_COUNT = 8;
+
+// the six directions a ray can travel, as (axis, sign) pairs
+
+const DIRECTIONS = [[ 0, 1 ], [ 0, - 1 ], [ 1, 1 ], [ 1, - 1 ], [ 2, 1 ], [ 2, - 1 ]];
+
+let _rendererState;
+
+/**
+ * Storage texture node bound to a single mip level. Texture nodes normally share one binding
+ * per texture; this node keys the binding by access and mip level so a kernel can read one
+ * level while writing another.
+ *
+ * @private
+ */
+class MipStorageTexture3DNode extends StorageTexture3DNode {
+
+	constructor( value, access, mipLevel ) {
+
+		super( value, null, null );
+
+		this.setAccess( access );
+		this.setMipLevel( mipLevel );
+
+	}
+
+	getUniformHash() {
+
+		return `${ this.value.uuid }:${ this.access }:${ this.mipLevel }`;
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+/**
+ * Cube texture node without the material's environment rotation, which requires a material and
+ * scene context that compute passes lack. Used for point light shadow maps.
+ *
+ * @private
+ */
+class PlainCubeTextureNode extends CubeTextureNode {
+
+	setupUV( builder, uvNode ) {
+
+		if ( this.value.isDepthTexture === true ) {
+
+			return vec3( uvNode.x, uvNode.y.negate(), uvNode.z );
+
+		}
+
+		return vec3( uvNode.x.negate(), uvNode.yz );
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+/**
+ * Holds the voxel representation of a scene for {@link VXGINode}: an anisotropic opacity
+ * mip chain, a direct radiance volume and a radiance volume with cached bounces.
+ *
+ * The representation is a dense variant of the pre-filtered voxel hierarchy of Crassin et al. 2011
+ * (a dense mip chain instead of a sparse octree, which keeps cone samples to two texture fetches):
+ * opacity stores visibility per major axis and is filtered directionally (volumetric integration
+ * along the axis, averaging across it), radiance is stored opacity-premultiplied and indirect bounces
+ * are cached in the volume via cone tracing. Only direct lights are injected.
+ * Voxelization uses conservative rasterization along the dominant triangle axis in a compute shader.
+ *
+ * Direct light is injected per voxel instead of splatting photons from a light-view map as in the
+ * paper: the shadow maps rendered by the renderer are the light-view maps, and every occupied voxel
+ * pulls its visibility from them (2D maps for directional and spot lights, cube maps for point
+ * lights) and evaluates its irradiance analytically. This reuses the existing shadow passes, makes
+ * the injected shadows match the direct lighting exactly and needs neither atomics nor a
+ * normalization by photon density. Lights without a shadow map fall back to a visibility cone
+ * traced through the volume. The trade-off is a cost proportional to the number of occupied voxels
+ * times lights rather than to the light-view resolution, and that only outgoing diffuse radiance
+ * is stored (no incoming direction distribution for glossy cones).
+ *
+ * References:
+ * - {@link https://research.nvidia.com/publication/2011-09_interactive-indirect-illumination-using-voxel-cone-tracing}:
+ *   Crassin et al., Interactive Indirect Illumination Using Voxel Cone Tracing, Pacific Graphics 2011.
+ * - {@link https://developer.nvidia.com/content/basics-gpu-voxelization}: Basics of GPU voxelization.
+ *
+ * Note: This class can only be used with `WebGPURenderer` and a WebGPU backend.
+ *
+ * @three_import import { VXGIVolume } from 'three/addons/lighting/vxgi/VXGIVolume.js';
+ */
+class VXGIVolume {
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructs a new volume.
+	 *
+	 * @param {number} [resolution=128] - Number of voxels along the longest axis of the bounds. Should not exceed `256`, higher values exceed the maximum storage buffer size of the voxelizer.
+	 */
+	constructor( resolution = 128 ) {
+
+		/**
+		 * Number of voxels along the longest axis of the bounds. Should not exceed `256`, higher values exceed the maximum storage buffer size of the voxelizer.
+		 *
+		 * @type {number}
+		 * @default 128
+		 */
+		this.resolution = resolution;
+
+		/**
+		 * The requested world-space bounds of the volume. If empty (the default), the bounds are
+		 * computed from the scene at voxelization. See {@link VXGIVolume#worldBounds} for the
+		 * effective bounds.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Box3}
+		 */
+		this.bounds = new Box3();
+
+		/**
+		 * The effective world-space bounds of the voxel grid, updated at voxelization.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Box3}
+		 * @readonly
+		 */
+		this.worldBounds = new Box3();
+
+		/**
+		 * Only meshes that pass this layer test are voxelized.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Layers}
+		 */
+		this.layers = new Layers();
+
+		/**
+		 * Number of cached indirect bounces stored in the volume. Should be in the range `[0, 2]`.
+		 *
+		 * @type {number}
+		 * @default 1
+		 */
+		this.bounces = 1;
+
+		/**
+		 * Triangles with a lower opacity are not voxelized.
+		 *
+		 * @type {number}
+		 * @default 0.1
+		 */
+		this.minOpacity = 0.1;
+
+		/**
+		 * Whether the coarser radiance levels are filtered directionally: along each axis the finer
+		 * voxels are composited front to back using their surface normals, so a cone only gathers
+		 * the surfaces facing it. This reduces light bleeding through thin walls and floors (e.g. a
+		 * sunlit floor brightening the ceiling of the room below) at the cost of additional memory
+		 * and a more expensive radiance lookup. Changing it triggers a re-voxelization.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default false
+		 */
+		this.directionalRadiance = false;
+
+		/**
+		 * Maximum number of lights injected into the volume.
+		 *
+		 * @type {number}
+		 * @default 8
+		 */
+		this.maxLights = 8;
+
+		/**
+		 * Set to `true` to re-voxelize the scene in the next update.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default true
+		 */
+		this.needsUpdate = true;
+
+		/**
+		 * Set to `true` to re-inject lighting in the next update. Changes of the lights and of the
+		 * injection parameters are detected automatically, so this is rarely needed.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default true
+		 */
+		this.lightingNeedsUpdate = true;
+
+		/**
+		 * Maximum cone length in world units. `0` means unbounded.
+		 *
+		 * @type {UniformNode<float>}
+		 * @default 0
+		 */
+		this.maxDistance = uniform( 0 );
+
+		/**
+		 * Step size relative to the texel size of the sampled mip level.
+		 *
+		 * @type {UniformNode<float>}
+		 * @default 0.5
+		 */
+		this.stepScale = uniform( 0.5 );
+
+		/**
+		 * Aperture in degrees of the visibility cones traced towards lights that do not provide a
+		 * shadow map. Wider cones are cheaper but soften the injected shadows.
+		 *
+		 * @type {UniformNode<float>}
+		 * @default 10
+		 */
+		this.shadowConeAngle = uniform( 10 );
+
+		/**
+		 * Aperture of the cones used for the cached bounces in degrees.
+		 *
+		 * @type {UniformNode<float>}
+		 * @default 60
+		 */
+		this.bounceConeAngle = uniform( 60 );
+
+		/**
+		 * The minimum corner of the volume.
+		 *
+		 * @type {UniformNode<vec3>}
+		 */
+		this.boundsMinNode = uniform( new Vector3() );
+
+		/**
+		 * The size of the volume.
+		 *
+		 * @type {UniformNode<vec3>}
+		 */
+		this.volumeSizeNode = uniform( new Vector3( 1, 1, 1 ) );
+
+		/**
+		 * The size of a voxel.
+		 *
+		 * @type {UniformNode<float>}
+		 */
+		this.voxelSizeNode = uniform( 1 );
+
+		/**
+		 * The highest valid mip level of the voxel textures.
+		 *
+		 * @type {UniformNode<float>}
+		 */
+		this.maxLevelNode = uniform( 0 );
+
+		/**
+		 * The per-axis opacity of the scene (`xyz`) and the occupancy (`w`) as a mip chain.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Storage3DTexture}
+		 */
+		this.opacityTexture = this._createTexture( 'VXGI.Opacity', UnsignedByteType, true, 1, 1, 1 );
+
+		/**
+		 * The radiance of the scene including cached bounces, premultiplied by occupancy, as a mip chain.
+		 * With {@link VXGIVolume#directionalRadiance} only the finest level is used and the coarser
+		 * levels live in {@link VXGIVolume#directionalTexture}.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Storage3DTexture}
+		 */
+		this.radianceTexture = this._createTexture( 'VXGI.Radiance', HalfFloatType, true, 1, 1, 1 );
+
+		/**
+		 * Texture node of {@link VXGIVolume#opacityTexture}. Stays valid across re-allocations of the volume.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Texture3DNode}
+		 */
+		this.opacityNode = texture3D( this.opacityTexture );
+
+		/**
+		 * Texture node of {@link VXGIVolume#radianceTexture}. Stays valid across re-allocations of the volume.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Texture3DNode}
+		 */
+		this.radianceNode = texture3D( this.radianceTexture );
+
+		/**
+		 * The coarser radiance levels filtered directionally for the six directions a ray can travel
+		 * (+x, -x, +y, -y, +z, -z), only allocated with {@link VXGIVolume#directionalRadiance}. Each
+		 * texel holds the radiance of the surfaces facing the direction premultiplied by their weight
+		 * (`rgb`) and the weight (`a`); occlusion comes from the opacity mip chain. The six directions
+		 * are stored side by side along x in one half-resolution mip chain; level `n` of the volume is
+		 * its level `n - 1`.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Storage3DTexture}
+		 */
+		this.directionalTexture = this._createTexture( 'VXGI.Directional', HalfFloatType, true, 6, 1, 1 );
+
+		/**
+		 * Texture node of {@link VXGIVolume#directionalTexture}. Stays valid across re-allocations of the volume.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Texture3DNode}
+		 */
+		this.directionalNode = texture3D( this.directionalTexture );
+
+		/**
+		 * The width of one direction block of the directional texture in texels (at its level 0).
+		 *
+		 * @type {UniformNode<float>}
+		 */
+		this.directionalWidthNode = uniform( 1 );
+
+		// private
+
+		this._traceDistance = this.maxDistance.greaterThan( 0 ).select( this.maxDistance, float( 1e10 ) );
+		this._allocated = false;
+
+		this._gridSize = new Vector3();
+		this._levels = 1;
+		this._voxelCount = 0;
+		this._gridSizeNode = [ uniform( 1, 'uint' ), uniform( 1, 'uint' ), uniform( 1, 'uint' ) ];
+		this._voxelCountNode = uniform( 0, 'uint' );
+
+		this._pingPongTexture = null;
+		this._directTexture = null;
+		this._pingPongDirectionalTexture = null;
+		this._normalTexture = null;
+		this._directional = false;
+
+		this._occupancyAttribute = null;
+		this._triangleIdAttribute = null;
+		this._triangleAttribute = null;
+		this._trianglesNode = null;
+		this._triangleCount = 0;
+		this._triangleCountNode = uniform( 0, 'uint' );
+
+		this._kernels = null;
+
+		this._lightsArray = [];
+		for ( let i = 0; i < this.maxLights * 4; i ++ ) this._lightsArray.push( new Vector4() );
+		this._lightsNode = uniformArray( this._lightsArray, 'vec4' );
+		this._lightCountNode = uniform( 0, 'uint' );
+		this._lightKey = '';
+
+		// per light slot: type, shadow map (2D depth or cube depth) and its matrix / bias / near / far
+
+		this._lightTypes = [];
+		this._lightShadows = [];
+		this._shadowMatrices = [];
+		this._shadowParams = [];
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < this.maxLights; i ++ ) {
+
+			this._shadowMatrices.push( uniform( new Matrix4() ) );
+			this._shadowParams.push( uniform( new Vector4() ) );
+
+		}
+
+		this._lightsKey = '';
+
+
+		this._exclude = new Set();
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The effective maximum cone length as a node.
+	 *
+	 * @type {Node<float>}
+	 */
+	get traceDistanceNode() {
+
+		return this._traceDistance;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the volume if required. Voxelizes the scene when `needsUpdate` is set and re-injects
+	 * lighting when `lightingNeedsUpdate` is set or a light has changed.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Renderer} renderer - The renderer.
+	 * @param {Scene} scene - The scene.
+	 */
+	update( renderer, scene ) {
+
+		_rendererState = RendererUtils.resetRendererState( renderer, _rendererState );
+
+		// the volume might be updated before the scene was rendered for the first time
+
+		if ( scene.matrixWorldAutoUpdate === true ) scene.updateMatrixWorld();
+
+		if ( this.needsUpdate === true || this._allocated === false || this._directional !== this.directionalRadiance ) {
+
+			this._voxelize( renderer, scene );
+
+			this.needsUpdate = false;
+			this.lightingNeedsUpdate = true;
+
+		}
+
+		const lightKey = this._collectLights( renderer, scene );
+
+		if ( this.lightingNeedsUpdate === true || lightKey !== this._lightKey ) {
+
+			this._lightKey = lightKey;
+			this._updateLighting( renderer );
+
+			this.lightingNeedsUpdate = false;
+
+		}
+
+		RendererUtils.restoreRendererState( renderer, _rendererState );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Frees internal resources.
+	 */
+	dispose() {
+
+		this._disposeGrid();
+
+	}
+
+	// geometry
+
+	_voxelize( renderer, scene ) {
+
+		this._exclude.clear();
+
+		const bounds = this.bounds.isEmpty() ? computeSceneBounds( scene, this.layers, this._exclude, _box ) : _box.copy( this.bounds );
+
+		if ( bounds.isEmpty() ) bounds.min.set( - 1, - 1, - 1 ), bounds.max.set( 1, 1, 1 );
+
+		// grid setup: the longest axis gets `resolution` voxels, all dimensions are padded by
+		// one voxel and rounded up so every mip level has integer dimensions
+
+		bounds.getSize( _size );
+
+		const resolution = Math.max( 8, this.resolution );
+		const voxelSize = Math.max( _size.x, _size.y, _size.z ) / resolution;
+		let levels = MathUtils.clamp( Math.floor( Math.log2( resolution ) ) - 2, 1, 8 );
+		const multiple = 2 ** ( levels - 1 );
+
+		const gridSize = _size.clone();
+		gridSize.x = Math.ceil( ( Math.ceil( _size.x / voxelSize ) + 2 ) / multiple ) * multiple;
+		gridSize.y = Math.ceil( ( Math.ceil( _size.y / voxelSize ) + 2 ) / multiple ) * multiple;
+		gridSize.z = Math.ceil( ( Math.ceil( _size.z / voxelSize ) + 2 ) / multiple ) * multiple;
+
+		levels = Math.min( levels, Math.floor( Math.log2( Math.max( gridSize.x, gridSize.y ) ) ) + 1 );
+
+		this.boundsMinNode.value.copy( bounds.min ).subScalar( voxelSize );
+		this.volumeSizeNode.value.copy( gridSize ).multiplyScalar( voxelSize );
+		this.worldBounds.min.copy( this.boundsMinNode.value );
+		this.worldBounds.max.copy( this.boundsMinNode.value ).add( this.volumeSizeNode.value );
+		this.voxelSizeNode.value = voxelSize;
+		this.maxLevelNode.value = levels - 1;
+
+		if ( gridSize.equals( this._gridSize ) === false || levels !== this._levels || this._directional !== this.directionalRadiance ) {
+
+			this._allocateGrid( gridSize, levels );
+
+		}
+
+		// collect triangles
+
+		_box.min.copy( this.boundsMinNode.value );
+		_box.max.copy( this.boundsMinNode.value ).add( this.volumeSizeNode.value );
+
+		const { data, count } = collectSceneTriangles( scene, {
+			bounds: _box,
+			layers: this.layers,
+			exclude: this._exclude,
+			subVoxelSize: voxelSize * 0.5,
+			maxEdge: MAX_EDGE_SUBVOXELS,
+			minOpacity: this.minOpacity
+		} );
+
+		this._triangleCount = count;
+		this._triangleCountNode.value = count;
+		this._triangleAttribute = new StorageBufferAttribute( count > 0 ? data : new Float32Array( TRIANGLE_STRIDE ), 4 );
+		this._trianglesNode = storage( this._triangleAttribute, 'vec4', this._triangleAttribute.count ).toReadOnly();
+
+		// kernels depend on the triangle buffer and grid
+
+		this._kernels = null;
+		const kernels = this._getKernels();
+
+		renderer.compute( kernels.clear );
+
+		if ( count > 0 ) renderer.compute( kernels.voxelize );
+
+		renderer.compute( kernels.resolve );
+
+		for ( const kernel of kernels.opacityMips ) renderer.compute( kernel );
+
+	}
+
+	_allocateGrid( gridSize, levels ) {
+
+		this._disposeGrid();
+
+		const { x, y, z } = gridSize;
+
+		this._gridSize.copy( gridSize );
+		this._levels = levels;
+		this._voxelCount = x * y * z;
+		this._gridSizeNode[ 0 ].value = x;
+		this._gridSizeNode[ 1 ].value = y;
+		this._gridSizeNode[ 2 ].value = z;
+		this._voxelCountNode.value = this._voxelCount;
+
+		const directional = this._directional = this.directionalRadiance;
+
+		this.opacityTexture = this._createTexture( 'VXGI.Opacity', UnsignedByteType, true, x, y, z );
+		this.radianceTexture = this._createTexture( 'VXGI.Radiance', HalfFloatType, directional === false, x, y, z );
+		this._pingPongTexture = this._createTexture( 'VXGI.RadiancePingPong', HalfFloatType, directional === false, x, y, z );
+		this._directTexture = this._createTexture( 'VXGI.Direct', HalfFloatType, false, x, y, z );
+
+		// the directional levels start at level 1, i.e. at half resolution, six direction blocks along x
+
+		if ( directional === true ) {
+
+			const hx = Math.ceil( x / 2 ), hy = Math.ceil( y / 2 ), hz = Math.ceil( z / 2 );
+
+			this.directionalTexture = this._createTexture( 'VXGI.Directional', HalfFloatType, true, 6 * hx, hy, hz );
+			this._pingPongDirectionalTexture = this._createTexture( 'VXGI.DirectionalPingPong', HalfFloatType, true, 6 * hx, hy, hz );
+			this._normalTexture = this._createTexture( 'VXGI.Normal', UnsignedByteType, false, x, y, z );
+			this.directionalWidthNode.value = hx;
+
+		} else {
+
+			this.directionalTexture = this._createTexture( 'VXGI.Directional', HalfFloatType, true, 6, 1, 1 );
+			this.directionalWidthNode.value = 1;
+
+		}
+
+		this.opacityNode.value = this.opacityTexture;
+		this.radianceNode.value = this.radianceTexture;
+		this.directionalNode.value = this.directionalTexture;
+
+		this._allocated = true;
+
+		this._occupancyAttribute = new StorageBufferAttribute( this._voxelCount, 1, Uint32Array );
+		this._triangleIdAttribute = new StorageBufferAttribute( this._voxelCount, 1, Uint32Array );
+
+	}
+
+	_createTexture( name, type, mipmaps, x, y, z ) {
+
+		const texture = new Storage3DTexture( x, y, z );
+		texture.name = name;
+		texture.type = type;
+		texture.format = RGBAFormat;
+		texture.generateMipmaps = mipmaps;
+		texture.mipmapsAutoUpdate = false;
+		texture.minFilter = mipmaps ? LinearMipmapLinearFilter : LinearFilter;
+		texture.magFilter = LinearFilter;
+		texture.wrapS = texture.wrapT = texture.wrapR = ClampToEdgeWrapping;
+
+		return texture;
+
+	}
+
+	_disposeGrid() {
+
+		this.opacityTexture.dispose();
+		this.radianceTexture.dispose();
+		this.directionalTexture.dispose();
+
+		if ( this._pingPongTexture !== null ) {
+
+			this._pingPongTexture.dispose();
+			this._directTexture.dispose();
+
+			this._pingPongTexture = null;
+			this._directTexture = null;
+
+		}
+
+		if ( this._normalTexture !== null ) {
+
+			this._normalTexture.dispose();
+			this._pingPongDirectionalTexture.dispose();
+
+			this._normalTexture = null;
+			this._pingPongDirectionalTexture = null;
+
+		}
+
+		this._occupancyAttribute = null;
+		this._triangleIdAttribute = null;
+		this._kernels = null;
+		this._allocated = false;
+
+	}
+
+	// lighting
+
+	_collectLights( renderer, scene ) {
+
+		const lights = this._lightsArray;
+		let count = 0;
+		let key = renderer.shadowMap.enabled ? 'S' : 'N';
+
+		this._lightTypes.length = 0;
+		this._lightShadows.length = 0;
+
+		scene.traverseVisible( ( object ) => {
+
+			if ( object.isLight !== true || count >= this.maxLights ) return;
+
+			let type;
+
+			if ( object.isDirectionalLight === true ) type = 0;
+			else if ( object.isSpotLight === true ) type = 2;
+			else if ( object.isPointLight === true ) type = 1;
+			else return;
+
+			const l0 = lights[ count * 4 ], l1 = lights[ count * 4 + 1 ], l2 = lights[ count * 4 + 2 ], l3 = lights[ count * 4 + 3 ];
+
+			_position.setFromMatrixPosition( object.matrixWorld );
+			l0.set( _position.x, _position.y, _position.z, type );
+
+			if ( type === 0 || type === 2 ) {
+
+				_target.setFromMatrixPosition( object.target.matrixWorld );
+
+				if ( type === 0 ) {
+
+					_target.subVectors( _position, _target ).normalize(); // direction towards the light
+
+				} else {
+
+					_target.subVectors( _target, _position ).normalize(); // spot axis
+
+				}
+
+			} else {
+
+				_target.set( 0, 0, 0 );
+
+			}
+
+			l1.set( _target.x, _target.y, _target.z, object.distance || 0 );
+
+			const color = object.color, intensity = object.intensity;
+			l2.set( color.r * intensity, color.g * intensity, color.b * intensity, object.decay !== undefined ? object.decay : 2 );
+
+			// the light's shadow map is used for the injected visibility when available
+
+			let shadowTexture = null;
+
+			if ( object.castShadow === true && renderer.shadowMap.enabled === true && object.shadow.map !== null && object.shadow.map.depthTexture !== undefined ) {
+
+				const shadow = object.shadow;
+
+				shadowTexture = shadow.map.depthTexture;
+				this._shadowMatrices[ count ].value.copy( shadow.matrix );
+				this._shadowParams[ count ].value.set( shadow.bias, shadow.camera.near, shadow.camera.far, 0 );
+
+			}
+
+			this._lightTypes.push( type );
+			this._lightShadows.push( shadowTexture );
+
+			if ( type === 2 ) {
+
+				l3.set( Math.cos( object.angle ), Math.cos( object.angle * ( 1 - object.penumbra ) ), 0, 0 );
+
+			} else {
+
+				l3.set( 0, 0, 0, 0 );
+
+			}
+
+			key += `|${ type },${ l0.x.toFixed( 3 ) },${ l0.y.toFixed( 3 ) },${ l0.z.toFixed( 3 ) },${ l1.x.toFixed( 4 ) },${ l1.y.toFixed( 4 ) },${ l1.z.toFixed( 4 ) },${ l1.w },${ l2.x.toFixed( 3 ) },${ l2.y.toFixed( 3 ) },${ l2.z.toFixed( 3 ) },${ l2.w },${ l3.x.toFixed( 4 ) },${ l3.y.toFixed( 4 ) },${ shadowTexture !== null ? shadowTexture.uuid : '-' }`;
+
+			count ++;
+
+		} );
+
+		this._lightCountNode.value = count;
+
+		// injection parameters that are baked into the cached radiance
+
+		key += `|${ this.bounces },${ this.bounceConeAngle.value },${ this.shadowConeAngle.value },${ this.stepScale.value },${ this.maxDistance.value }`;
+
+		// the inject kernels are specialized for the set of lights and their shadow maps
+
+		this._lightsKey = this._lightTypes.map( ( type, i ) => type + ':' + ( this._lightShadows[ i ] !== null ? this._lightShadows[ i ].uuid : '-' ) ).join( '|' );
+
+		return key;
+
+	}
+
+	_updateLighting( renderer ) {
+
+		const kernels = this._getKernels();
+		const bounces = Math.max( 0, Math.round( this.bounces ) );
+
+		// the ping-pong order is chosen so the final result always ends up in `radianceTexture`
+
+		let index = bounces % 2;
+
+		if ( kernels.inject[ index ] === null || kernels.injectKey[ index ] !== this._lightsKey ) {
+
+			kernels.inject[ index ] = this._createInjectKernel( renderer, index );
+			kernels.injectKey[ index ] = this._lightsKey;
+
+		}
+
+		renderer.compute( kernels.inject[ index ] );
+
+		for ( const kernel of kernels.radianceMips[ index ] ) renderer.compute( kernel );
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < bounces; i ++ ) {
+
+			const target = 1 - index;
+
+			renderer.compute( kernels.bounce[ target ] );
+
+			for ( const kernel of kernels.radianceMips[ target ] ) renderer.compute( kernel );
+
+			index = target;
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	// kernels
+
+	_getRadianceTexture( index ) {
+
+		return index === 0 ? this.radianceTexture : this._pingPongTexture;
+
+	}
+
+	_getDirectionalTexture( index ) {
+
+		return index === 0 ? this.directionalTexture : this._pingPongDirectionalTexture;
+
+	}
+
+	_getKernels() {
+
+		if ( this._kernels !== null ) return this._kernels;
+
+		const kernels = {
+			clear: this._createClearKernel(),
+			voxelize: this._createVoxelizeKernel(),
+			resolve: this._createResolveKernel(),
+			opacityMips: [],
+			radianceMips: [[], []],
+			inject: [ null, null ],
+			injectKey: [ null, null ],
+			bounce: [ null, null ]
+		};
+
+		for ( let level = 1; level < this._levels; level ++ ) {
+
+			kernels.opacityMips.push( this._createOpacityMipKernel( level ) );
+
+			// the coarser radiance levels are either isotropic mips or directionally filtered
+
+			for ( let index = 0; index < 2; index ++ ) {
+
+				kernels.radianceMips[ index ].push( this._directional === true ? this._createDirectionalKernel( index, level ) : this._createRadianceMipKernel( this._getRadianceTexture( index ), level ) );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		kernels.bounce[ 0 ] = this._createBounceKernel( 0 );
+		kernels.bounce[ 1 ] = this._createBounceKernel( 1 );
+
+		this._kernels = kernels;
+
+		return kernels;
+
+	}
+
+	_getLevelSize( level ) {
+
+		return [ this._gridSize.x >> level, this._gridSize.y >> level, this._gridSize.z >> level ];
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the 3D coordinates of the given linear voxel index.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_coords( index, size ) {
+
+		const [ x, y ] = size;
+
+		return uvec3( index.mod( uint( x ) ), index.div( uint( x ) ).mod( uint( y ) ), index.div( uint( x * y ) ) );
+
+	}
+
+	_createClearKernel() {
+
+		const occupancy = storage( this._occupancyAttribute, 'uint', this._voxelCount );
+		const triangleIds = storage( this._triangleIdAttribute, 'uint', this._voxelCount );
+		const voxelCount = this._voxelCountNode;
+
+		return Fn( () => {
+
+			If( instanceIndex.lessThan( voxelCount ), () => {
+
+				occupancy.element( instanceIndex ).assign( uint( 0 ) );
+				triangleIds.element( instanceIndex ).assign( uint( 0 ) );
+
+			} );
+
+		} )().compute( this._voxelCount ).setName( 'VXGI.Clear' );
+
+	}
+
+	_createVoxelizeKernel() {
+
+		const occupancy = storage( this._occupancyAttribute, 'uint', this._voxelCount ).toAtomic();
+		const triangleIds = storage( this._triangleIdAttribute, 'uint', this._voxelCount );
+		const triangles = this._trianglesNode;
+		const triangleCount = this._triangleCountNode;
+		const boundsMin = this.boundsMinNode;
+		const invSubVoxel = float( 2 ).div( this.voxelSizeNode );
+		const [ gx, gy ] = this._gridSizeNode;
+		const subSize = vec3( this._gridSize.x * 2, this._gridSize.y * 2, this._gridSize.z * 2 );
+
+		return Fn( () => {
+
+			const triangleIndex = instanceIndex;
+
+			If( triangleIndex.lessThan( triangleCount ), () => {
+
+				const base = triangleIndex.mul( 5 ).toConst();
+
+				// triangle in sub-voxel space
+
+				const p0 = triangles.element( base ).xyz.sub( boundsMin ).mul( invSubVoxel ).toConst();
+				const p1 = triangles.element( base.add( 1 ) ).xyz.sub( boundsMin ).mul( invSubVoxel ).toConst();
+				const p2 = triangles.element( base.add( 2 ) ).xyz.sub( boundsMin ).mul( invSubVoxel ).toConst();
+
+				const n = cross( p1.sub( p0 ), p2.sub( p0 ) ).toConst();
+				const an = abs( n ).toConst();
+
+				// project along the dominant axis: swizzle so the dominant axis becomes z
+
+				const isZ = an.z.greaterThanEqual( an.x ).and( an.z.greaterThanEqual( an.y ) ).toConst();
+				const isY = isZ.not().and( an.y.greaterThanEqual( an.x ) ).toConst();
+
+				const swizzle = ( v ) => select( isZ, v.xyz, select( isY, v.zxy, v.yzx ) );
+
+				const q0 = swizzle( p0 ).toConst();
+				const q1 = swizzle( p1 ).toConst();
+				const q2 = swizzle( p2 ).toConst();
+				const nq = swizzle( n ).toConst();
+				const sd = swizzle( subSize ).toConst();
+
+				const qmin = min( q0, min( q1, q2 ) ).toConst();
+				const qmax = max( q0, max( q1, q2 ) ).toConst();
+
+				const i0 = int( floor( qmin.x ) ).max( 0 ).toConst();
+				const i1 = int( floor( qmax.x ) ).min( int( sd.x ).sub( 1 ) ).toConst();
+				const j0 = int( floor( qmin.y ) ).max( 0 ).toConst();
+				const j1 = int( floor( qmax.y ) ).min( int( sd.y ).sub( 1 ) ).toConst();
+
+				// conservative edge functions
+
+				const areaSign = sign( nq.z ).toConst();
+
+				const edge = ( a, b ) => {
+
+					const normal = vec2( a.y.sub( b.y ), b.x.sub( a.x ) ).mul( areaSign ).toConst();
+					const bias = float( 0.5 ).mul( abs( normal.x ).add( abs( normal.y ) ) ).toConst();
+
+					return { a, normal, bias };
+
+				};
+
+				const e0 = edge( q0.xy, q1.xy );
+				const e1 = edge( q1.xy, q2.xy );
+				const e2 = edge( q2.xy, q0.xy );
+
+				const halfExtent = float( 0.5 ).mul( abs( nq.x ).add( abs( nq.y ) ) ).div( abs( nq.z ) ).toConst();
+
+				Loop( { start: i0, end: i1, type: 'int', condition: '<=', name: 'i' }, { start: j0, end: j1, type: 'int', condition: '<=', name: 'j' }, ( { i, j } ) => {
+
+					const c = vec2( float( i ).add( 0.5 ), float( j ).add( 0.5 ) ).toConst();
+
+					const inside = dot( e0.normal, c.sub( e0.a ) ).add( e0.bias ).greaterThanEqual( 0 )
+						.and( dot( e1.normal, c.sub( e1.a ) ).add( e1.bias ).greaterThanEqual( 0 ) )
+						.and( dot( e2.normal, c.sub( e2.a ) ).add( e2.bias ).greaterThanEqual( 0 ) );
+
+					If( inside, () => {
+
+						// depth range of the triangle plane within this column
+
+						const wc = q0.z.sub( nq.x.mul( c.x.sub( q0.x ) ).add( nq.y.mul( c.y.sub( q0.y ) ) ).div( nq.z ) ).toConst();
+
+						const k0 = int( floor( max( wc.sub( halfExtent ), qmin.z ) ) ).max( 0 ).toConst();
+						const k1 = int( floor( min( wc.add( halfExtent ), qmax.z ) ) ).min( int( sd.z ).sub( 1 ) ).toConst();
+
+						Loop( { start: k0, end: k1, type: 'int', condition: '<=', name: 'k' }, ( { k } ) => {
+
+							const s = select( isZ, ivec3( i, j, k ), select( isY, ivec3( j, k, i ), ivec3( k, i, j ) ) ).toConst();
+
+							const voxel = uvec3( s.div( 2 ) ).toConst();
+							const bit = uint( s.x.bitAnd( 1 ) ).bitOr( uint( s.y.bitAnd( 1 ) ).shiftLeft( uint( 1 ) ) ).bitOr( uint( s.z.bitAnd( 1 ) ).shiftLeft( uint( 2 ) ) ).toConst();
+							const voxelIndex = voxel.x.add( gx.mul( voxel.y.add( gy.mul( voxel.z ) ) ) ).toConst();
+
+							atomicOr( occupancy.element( voxelIndex ), uint( 1 ).shiftLeft( bit ) );
+							triangleIds.element( voxelIndex ).assign( triangleIndex.add( 1 ) );
+
+						} );
+
+					} );
+
+				} );
+
+			} );
+
+		} )().compute( this._triangleCount ).setName( 'VXGI.Voxelize' );
+
+	}
+
+	_createResolveKernel() {
+
+		const occupancy = storage( this._occupancyAttribute, 'uint', this._voxelCount ).toReadOnly();
+		const opacityTexture = this.opacityTexture;
+		const voxelCount = this._voxelCountNode;
+		const size = this._getLevelSize( 0 );
+
+		return Fn( () => {
+
+			If( instanceIndex.lessThan( voxelCount ), () => {
+
+				const coords = this._coords( instanceIndex, size ).toConst();
+				const bits = occupancy.element( instanceIndex ).toConst();
+
+				// per-axis coverage from the 2x2x2 sub-voxel occupancy
+
+				const coverage = ( m0, m1, m2, m3 ) => {
+
+					return select( bits.bitAnd( uint( m0 ) ).notEqual( uint( 0 ) ), 0.25, 0 )
+						.add( select( bits.bitAnd( uint( m1 ) ).notEqual( uint( 0 ) ), 0.25, 0 ) )
+						.add( select( bits.bitAnd( uint( m2 ) ).notEqual( uint( 0 ) ), 0.25, 0 ) )
+						.add( select( bits.bitAnd( uint( m3 ) ).notEqual( uint( 0 ) ), 0.25, 0 ) );
+
+				};
+
+				const opacityX = coverage( 0x03, 0x0C, 0x30, 0xC0 );
+				const opacityY = coverage( 0x05, 0x0A, 0x50, 0xA0 );
+				const opacityZ = coverage( 0x11, 0x22, 0x44, 0x88 );
+				const occupied = float( countOneBits( bits ) ).div( 8 );
+
+				textureStore( opacityTexture, coords, vec4( opacityX, opacityY, opacityZ, occupied ) );
+
+			} );
+
+		} )().compute( this._voxelCount ).setName( 'VXGI.Resolve' );
+
+	}
+
+	_createOpacityMipKernel( level ) {
+
+		const size = this._getLevelSize( level );
+		const count = size[ 0 ] * size[ 1 ] * size[ 2 ];
+
+		const source = new MipStorageTexture3DNode( this.opacityTexture, 'readOnly', level - 1 );
+		const target = new MipStorageTexture3DNode( this.opacityTexture, 'writeOnly', level );
+
+		return Fn( () => {
+
+			If( instanceIndex.lessThan( uint( count ) ), () => {
+
+				const coords = this._coords( instanceIndex, size ).toConst();
+				const base = ivec3( coords.mul( uint( 2 ) ) ).toConst();
+
+				const children = [];
+
+				for ( let z = 0; z < 2; z ++ ) {
+
+					for ( let y = 0; y < 2; y ++ ) {
+
+						for ( let x = 0; x < 2; x ++ ) {
+
+							children[ x + y * 2 + z * 4 ] = source.load( base.add( ivec3( x, y, z ) ) ).toConst();
+
+						}
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				// along each axis the two children are combined, across the axis they are averaged
+
+				const child = ( x, y, z ) => children[ x + y * 2 + z * 4 ];
+				const combine = ( a, b ) => a.oneMinus().mul( b.oneMinus() ).oneMinus();
+
+				let opacityX = float( 0 ), opacityY = float( 0 ), opacityZ = float( 0 ), occupied = float( 0 );
+
+				for ( let a = 0; a < 2; a ++ ) {
+
+					for ( let b = 0; b < 2; b ++ ) {
+
+						opacityX = opacityX.add( combine( child( 0, a, b ).x, child( 1, a, b ).x ) );
+						opacityY = opacityY.add( combine( child( a, 0, b ).y, child( a, 1, b ).y ) );
+						opacityZ = opacityZ.add( combine( child( a, b, 0 ).z, child( a, b, 1 ).z ) );
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				for ( let i = 0; i < 8; i ++ ) occupied = occupied.add( children[ i ].w );
+
+				textureStore( target, coords, vec4( opacityX.mul( 0.25 ), opacityY.mul( 0.25 ), opacityZ.mul( 0.25 ), occupied.mul( 0.125 ) ) );
+
+			} );
+
+		} )().compute( count ).setName( 'VXGI.OpacityMip' + level );
+
+	}
+
+	_createRadianceMipKernel( radianceTexture, level ) {
+
+		const size = this._getLevelSize( level );
+		const count = size[ 0 ] * size[ 1 ] * size[ 2 ];
+
+		const source = new MipStorageTexture3DNode( radianceTexture, 'readOnly', level - 1 );
+		const target = new MipStorageTexture3DNode( radianceTexture, 'writeOnly', level );
+
+		return Fn( () => {
+
+			If( instanceIndex.lessThan( uint( count ) ), () => {
+
+				const coords = this._coords( instanceIndex, size ).toConst();
+				const base = ivec3( coords.mul( uint( 2 ) ) ).toConst();
+
+				let sum = vec4( 0 );
+
+				for ( let z = 0; z < 2; z ++ ) {
+
+					for ( let y = 0; y < 2; y ++ ) {
+
+						for ( let x = 0; x < 2; x ++ ) {
+
+							sum = sum.add( source.load( base.add( ivec3( x, y, z ) ) ) );
+
+						}
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				textureStore( target, coords, sum.mul( 0.125 ) );
+
+			} );
+
+		} )().compute( count ).setName( 'VXGI.RadianceMip' + level );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates the kernel that filters the six direction blocks of the directional texture at a
+	 * level from the next finer level: along the direction's axis the two finer voxels are
+	 * composited front to back with the front voxel's opacity along that axis, across the axis
+	 * they are averaged. Level 1 is filtered from the isotropic finest level, where a voxel only
+	 * contributes to the directions its surface faces against.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_createDirectionalKernel( index, level ) {
+
+		const size = this._getLevelSize( level );
+		const count = size[ 0 ] * size[ 1 ] * size[ 2 ];
+		const texture = this._getDirectionalTexture( index );
+		const opacity = texture3D( this.opacityTexture );
+		const radiance = texture3D( this._getRadianceTexture( index ) );
+		const normals = texture3D( this._normalTexture );
+
+		// level n of the volume is level n - 1 of the half resolution directional texture
+
+		const source = level === 1 ? null : new MipStorageTexture3DNode( texture, 'readOnly', level - 2 );
+		const target = new MipStorageTexture3DNode( texture, 'writeOnly', level - 1 );
+		const blockWidth = size[ 0 ];
+
+		return Fn( () => {
+
+			If( instanceIndex.lessThan( uint( count ) ), () => {
+
+				const coords = this._coords( instanceIndex, size ).toConst();
+				const base = ivec3( coords.mul( uint( 2 ) ) ).toConst();
+
+				const offset = ( i ) => ivec3( i & 1, ( i >> 1 ) & 1, ( i >> 2 ) & 1 );
+
+				const childOpacity = [];
+				const childNormal = [];
+				const childRadiance = [];
+
+				for ( let i = 0; i < 8; i ++ ) {
+
+					childOpacity.push( opacity.load( base.add( offset( i ) ) ).level( level - 1 ).toConst() );
+
+					if ( level === 1 ) {
+
+						childNormal.push( normals.load( base.add( offset( i ) ) ).xyz.mul( 2 ).sub( 1 ).toConst() );
+						childRadiance.push( radiance.load( base.add( offset( i ) ) ).toConst() );
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				for ( let direction = 0; direction < 6; direction ++ ) {
+
+					const [ axis, sign ] = DIRECTIONS[ direction ];
+					const travel = vec3( axis === 0 ? sign : 0, axis === 1 ? sign : 0, axis === 2 ? sign : 0 );
+					const block = ivec3( direction * blockWidth * 2, 0, 0 ); // block offset in the finer level
+
+					// a child holds the radiance of its surfaces facing the direction premultiplied by
+					// their weight (rgb) and the weight (a); at the finest level a voxel only counts for a
+					// direction if its surface faces against it, so a surface parallel to the axis does
+					// not mix in. The front child hides the back child by its opacity along the axis.
+
+					const child = ( i ) => level === 1
+						? childRadiance[ i ].mul( smoothstep( 0, 0.3, dot( childNormal[ i ], travel.negate() ) ) )
+						: source.load( base.add( block ).add( offset( i ) ) );
+					const axisOpacity = ( i ) => [ childOpacity[ i ].x, childOpacity[ i ].y, childOpacity[ i ].z ][ axis ];
+
+					let sum = vec4( 0 );
+
+					for ( let i = 0; i < 8; i ++ ) {
+
+						// each column along the axis is composited once, starting at its front voxel
+
+						if ( ( ( i >> axis ) & 1 ) !== ( sign > 0 ? 0 : 1 ) ) continue;
+
+						const front = i;
+						const back = i ^ ( 1 << axis );
+
+						sum = sum.add( child( front ) ).add( child( back ).mul( axisOpacity( front ).oneMinus() ) );
+
+					}
+
+					textureStore( target, ivec3( coords ).add( ivec3( direction * blockWidth, 0, 0 ) ), sum.mul( 0.25 ) );
+
+				}
+
+			} );
+
+		} )().compute( count ).setName( 'VXGI.Directional' + level );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Emits the code for reading the surface data of the given voxel.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_surface( coords, triangleId ) {
+
+		const triangles = this._trianglesNode;
+
+		const base = triangleId.sub( 1 ).mul( 5 ).toConst();
+		const a = triangles.element( base ).xyz.toConst();
+		const b = triangles.element( base.add( 1 ) ).xyz.toConst();
+		const c = triangles.element( base.add( 2 ) ).xyz.toConst();
+		const albedo = triangles.element( base.add( 3 ) ).toConst();
+		const emissive = triangles.element( base.add( 4 ) ).xyz.toConst();
+
+		const normal = normalize( cross( b.sub( a ), c.sub( a ) ) ).toVar();
+		normal.assign( select( albedo.w.equal( 1 ), normal.negate(), normal ) ); // back side
+
+		const position = this.boundsMinNode.add( vec3( coords ).add( 0.5 ).mul( this.voxelSizeNode ) ).toConst();
+
+		return { position, normal, albedo: albedo.xyz, side: albedo.w, emissive };
+
+	}
+
+	_createInjectKernel( renderer, index ) {
+
+		const occupancy = storage( this._occupancyAttribute, 'uint', this._voxelCount ).toReadOnly();
+		const triangleIds = storage( this._triangleIdAttribute, 'uint', this._voxelCount ).toReadOnly();
+		const voxelCount = this._voxelCountNode;
+		const size = this._getLevelSize( 0 );
+		const voxelSize = this.voxelSizeNode;
+		const lights = this._lightsNode;
+
+		const directTexture = this._directTexture;
+		const normalTexture = this._normalTexture;
+		const radianceTexture = this._getRadianceTexture( index );
+
+		const lightTypes = this._lightTypes.slice();
+		const lightShadows = this._lightShadows.slice();
+		const shadowMatrices = this._shadowMatrices;
+		const shadowParams = this._shadowParams;
+		const reversedDepth = renderer.reversedDepthBuffer === true;
+		const shadowTanHalfAngle = this.shadowConeAngle.mul( 0.5 ).radians().tan();
+
+		const trace = createConeTracer( this, { maxSteps: 256 } );
+
+		return Fn( () => {
+
+			If( instanceIndex.lessThan( voxelCount ), () => {
+
+				const coords = this._coords( instanceIndex, size ).toConst();
+				const bits = occupancy.element( instanceIndex ).toConst();
+				const result = vec4( 0 ).toVar();
+				const encodedNormal = normalTexture !== null ? vec4( 0 ).toVar() : null;
+
+				If( bits.notEqual( uint( 0 ) ), () => {
+
+					const surface = this._surface( coords, triangleIds.element( instanceIndex ) );
+					const { position, normal, albedo, side, emissive } = surface;
+
+					if ( encodedNormal !== null ) encodedNormal.assign( vec4( normal.mul( 0.5 ).add( 0.5 ), 1 ) );
+
+					const irradiance = vec3( 0 ).toVar();
+
+					// one specialized block per light; the kernel is rebuilt when the light set changes
+
+					for ( let i = 0; i < lightTypes.length; i ++ ) {
+
+						const type = lightTypes[ i ];
+						const shadowTexture = lightShadows[ i ];
+
+						const l0 = lights.element( i * 4 ).toConst();
+						const l1 = lights.element( i * 4 + 1 ).toConst();
+						const l2 = lights.element( i * 4 + 2 ).toConst();
+						const l3 = lights.element( i * 4 + 3 ).toConst();
+
+						const lightDirection = vec3( 0 ).toVar();
+						const lightDistance = float( 1e10 ).toVar();
+						const attenuation = float( 1 ).toVar();
+
+						if ( type === 0 ) {
+
+							lightDirection.assign( l1.xyz );
+
+						} else {
+
+							const lightVector = l0.xyz.sub( position ).toConst();
+							lightDistance.assign( length( lightVector ) );
+							lightDirection.assign( lightVector.div( lightDistance ) );
+							attenuation.assign( getDistanceAttenuation( { lightDistance, cutoffDistance: l1.w, decayExponent: l2.w } ) );
+
+							if ( type === 2 ) {
+
+								attenuation.mulAssign( smoothstep( l3.x, l3.y, dot( l1.xyz, lightDirection.negate() ) ) );
+
+							}
+
+						}
+
+						const ndl = dot( normal, lightDirection ).toVar();
+						ndl.assign( select( side.equal( 2 ), abs( ndl ), max( ndl, 0 ) ) );
+
+						If( ndl.greaterThan( 0 ).and( attenuation.greaterThan( 0 ) ), () => {
+
+							const visibility = float( 1 ).toVar();
+							const shadowPosition = position.add( normal.mul( voxelSize ) ).toConst();
+
+							if ( shadowTexture === null ) {
+
+								// no shadow map: trace a visibility cone through the volume
+
+								const origin = position.add( normal.mul( voxelSize.mul( 1.5 ) ) );
+								const occlusion = trace( origin, lightDirection, shadowTanHalfAngle, lightDistance.sub( voxelSize ) );
+								visibility.assign( occlusion.alpha.oneMinus() );
+
+							} else if ( type === 1 ) {
+
+								// point light: cube shadow map addressed by the light-to-voxel vector
+
+								const params = shadowParams[ i ];
+								const bias = params.x, near = params.y, far = params.z;
+
+								const lightToVoxel = shadowPosition.sub( l0.xyz ).toConst();
+								const absVector = abs( lightToVoxel ).toConst();
+								const viewZ = max( max( absVector.x, absVector.y ), absVector.z ).toConst();
+
+								If( viewZ.greaterThanEqual( near ).and( viewZ.lessThanEqual( far ) ), () => {
+
+									const depth = nodeObject( new PlainCubeTextureNode( shadowTexture, normalize( lightToVoxel ) ) ).r; // depth cubes need an integer level, which the compute path emits by default
+
+									if ( reversedDepth ) {
+
+										const reference = viewZToReversedPerspectiveDepth( viewZ.negate(), near, far ).sub( bias );
+										visibility.assign( select( reference.greaterThanEqual( depth ), 1, 0 ) );
+
+									} else {
+
+										const reference = viewZToPerspectiveDepth( viewZ.negate(), near, far ).add( bias );
+										visibility.assign( select( reference.lessThanEqual( depth ), 1, 0 ) );
+
+									}
+
+								} );
+
+							} else {
+
+								// directional and spot lights: 2D shadow map addressed by the shadow matrix
+
+								const bias = shadowParams[ i ].x;
+
+								const clip = shadowMatrices[ i ].mul( vec4( shadowPosition, 1 ) ).toConst();
+								const coord = clip.xyz.div( clip.w ).toConst();
+								const uv = vec2( coord.x, coord.y.oneMinus() ).toConst();
+
+								const inside = uv.x.greaterThanEqual( 0 ).and( uv.x.lessThanEqual( 1 ) ).and( uv.y.greaterThanEqual( 0 ) ).and( uv.y.lessThanEqual( 1 ) ).and( coord.z.greaterThanEqual( 0 ) ).and( coord.z.lessThanEqual( 1 ) ).toConst();
+
+								If( inside, () => {
+
+									const depth = texture( shadowTexture, uv ).r;
+
+									if ( reversedDepth ) {
+
+										visibility.assign( select( coord.z.sub( bias ).greaterThanEqual( depth ), 1, 0 ) );
+
+									} else {
+
+										visibility.assign( select( coord.z.add( bias ).lessThanEqual( depth ), 1, 0 ) );
+
+									}
+
+								} );
+
+							}
+
+							irradiance.addAssign( l2.xyz.mul( attenuation.mul( ndl ).mul( visibility ) ) );
+
+						} );
+
+					}
+
+					const radiance = albedo.mul( irradiance ).div( PI ).add( emissive );
+					const occupied = float( countOneBits( bits ) ).div( 8 );
+
+					result.assign( vec4( radiance.mul( occupied ), occupied ) );
+
+				} );
+
+				textureStore( directTexture, coords, result );
+				textureStore( radianceTexture, coords, result );
+
+				if ( encodedNormal !== null ) textureStore( normalTexture, coords, encodedNormal );
+
+			} );
+
+		} )().compute( this._voxelCount ).setName( 'VXGI.Inject' );
+
+	}
+
+	_createBounceKernel( index ) {
+
+		const occupancy = storage( this._occupancyAttribute, 'uint', this._voxelCount ).toReadOnly();
+		const triangleIds = storage( this._triangleIdAttribute, 'uint', this._voxelCount ).toReadOnly();
+		const voxelCount = this._voxelCountNode;
+		const size = this._getLevelSize( 0 );
+		const voxelSize = this.voxelSizeNode;
+
+		const directTexture = this._directTexture;
+		const sourceTexture = this._getRadianceTexture( 1 - index );
+		const targetTexture = this._getRadianceTexture( index );
+
+		const trace = createConeTracer( this, {
+			radianceNode: texture3D( sourceTexture ),
+			directionalNode: this._directional === true ? texture3D( this._getDirectionalTexture( 1 - index ) ) : null
+		} );
+		const traceDistance = this._traceDistance;
+		const tanHalfAngle = this.bounceConeAngle.mul( 0.5 ).radians().tan();
+
+		return Fn( () => {
+
+			If( instanceIndex.lessThan( voxelCount ), () => {
+
+				const coords = this._coords( instanceIndex, size ).toConst();
+				const bits = occupancy.element( instanceIndex ).toConst();
+				const result = vec4( 0 ).toVar();
+
+				If( bits.notEqual( uint( 0 ) ), () => {
+
+					const { position, normal, albedo } = this._surface( coords, triangleIds.element( instanceIndex ) );
+
+					const direct = texture3D( directTexture, vec3( coords ).add( 0.5 ).div( vec3( size[ 0 ], size[ 1 ], size[ 2 ] ) ), float( 0 ) ).toConst();
+
+					// tangent frame
+
+					const up = select( abs( normal.y ).lessThan( 0.99 ), vec3( 0, 1, 0 ), vec3( 1, 0, 0 ) );
+					const tangent = normalize( cross( normal, up ) ).toConst();
+					const bitangent = cross( normal, tangent ).toConst();
+
+					const rotation = hash( instanceIndex ).toConst();
+					const gathered = vec3( 0 ).toVar();
+
+					Loop( { start: 0, end: BOUNCE_CONE_COUNT, type: 'int', condition: '<', name: 'c' }, ( { c } ) => {
+
+						// cosine-weighted directions, rotated per voxel
+
+						const u1 = float( c ).add( 0.5 ).div( BOUNCE_CONE_COUNT ).toConst();
+						const u2 = fract( float( c ).mul( 0.618034 ).add( rotation ) ).toConst();
+						const sinTheta = sqrt( u1 ).toConst();
+						const cosTheta = sqrt( u1.oneMinus() ).toConst();
+						const phi = u2.mul( PI.mul( 2 ) ).toConst();
+
+						const direction = normalize( tangent.mul( cos( phi ).mul( sinTheta ) ).add( bitangent.mul( sin( phi ).mul( sinTheta ) ) ).add( normal.mul( cosTheta ) ) ).toConst();
+						const origin = position.add( normal.mul( voxelSize.mul( 1.5 ) ) ).toConst();
+
+						const cone = trace( origin, direction, tanHalfAngle, traceDistance );
+
+						gathered.addAssign( cone.color );
+
+					} );
+
+					const bounce = albedo.mul( gathered.div( BOUNCE_CONE_COUNT ) );
+
+					result.assign( vec4( direct.rgb.add( bounce.mul( direct.a ) ), direct.a ) );
+
+				} );
+
+				textureStore( targetTexture, coords, result );
+
+			} );
+
+		} )().compute( this._voxelCount ).setName( 'VXGI.Bounce' );
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+export { VXGIVolume };