@thomasfosterau/effect-rdf 0.0.0 → 0.1.0

package/src/shex/internal/shexcParser.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1312 @@
+/**
+ * The ShEx compact syntax (ShExC) parser, producing ShExJ. It is written
+ * with `@thomasfosterau/effect-parse` as a compiled grammar over the tokens
+ * of `shexcLexer.ts` (whose IRIs are already resolved), followed by a pass
+ * over the declarations in document order for the checks that depend on
+ * what was declared before (duplicate labels, shape and triple expression
+ * labels). The construction of ShExJ objects mirrors the reference grammar
+ * (shex.js `ShExJison.jison`) so that the output matches the ShExJ
+ * representations of the shexTest suite.
+ *
+ * Like the reference grammar, the parser is LL(1): every choice is made by
+ * dispatching on the kind of the next token (and committing to it), never by
+ * trying alternatives in turn.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+import * as Compiler from '@thomasfosterau/effect-parse/Compiler';
+import * as ParseError from '@thomasfosterau/effect-parse/ParseError';
+import * as Parser from '@thomasfosterau/effect-parse/Parser';
+import * as Token from '@thomasfosterau/effect-parse/Token';
+import * as PrefixMap from '../../PrefixMap.ts';
+import * as Arr from 'effect/Array';
+import * as Match from 'effect/Match';
+import * as MutableHashSet from 'effect/MutableHashSet';
+import * as Option from 'effect/Option';
+import * as Record from 'effect/Record';
+import * as Result from 'effect/Result';
+import type * as ShExJ from '../ShExJ.ts';
+import { quote } from './lexer.ts';
+import { resolve, type Tok, tokenize } from './shexcLexer.ts';
+import * as Predicate from 'effect/Predicate';
+
+const RDF_TYPE = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type';
+const XSD = 'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#';
+const XSD_INTEGER = `${XSD}integer`;
+const XSD_DECIMAL = `${XSD}decimal`;
+const XSD_DOUBLE = `${XSD}double`;
+const XSD_FLOAT = `${XSD}float`;
+const XSD_BOOLEAN = `${XSD}boolean`;
+
+const numericDatatypes = MutableHashSet.fromIterable(
+  [
+    'integer',
+    'decimal',
+    'float',
+    'double',
+    'string',
+    'boolean',
+    'dateTime',
+    'nonPositiveInteger',
+    'negativeInteger',
+    'long',
+    'int',
+    'short',
+    'byte',
+    'nonNegativeInteger',
+    'unsignedLong',
+    'unsignedInt',
+    'unsignedShort',
+    'unsignedByte',
+    'positiveInteger',
+  ].map((l) => XSD + l),
+);
+
+const numericFacetNames = ['mininclusive', 'minexclusive', 'maxinclusive', 'maxexclusive'];
+
+/** A placeholder for the empty shape `.` / `{ }` (omitted as a value expression). */
+const EMPTY: ShExJ.Shape = { type: 'Shape' };
+
+type Mutable<T> = { -readonly [K in keyof T]: T[K] };
+type AnyShapeExpr = ShExJ.ShapeExprOrRef;
+
+/** Options for the ShExC parser. */
+export interface ParserOptions {
+  readonly baseIri: Option.Option<string>;
+  readonly prefixes: PrefixMap.PrefixMap;
+}
+
+/** The result of parsing ShExC. */
+export interface ParserResult {
+  readonly schema: ShExJ.Schema;
+  readonly prefixes: PrefixMap.PrefixMap;
+  readonly baseIri: Option.Option<string>;
+}
+
+/** A parse error at a character offset. */
+export interface ShExCError {
+  readonly message: string;
+  readonly offset: number;
+}
+
+/** An error found by the grammar, at a token index. */
+interface SemanticError {
+  readonly message: string;
+  readonly at: number;
+}
+
+type P<A> = Parser.Parser<A, SemanticError, never, ReadonlyArray<Tok>>;
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Token parsers
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** A token of the given kind (see `Tok.kind`). */
+const tok = (kind: string, label = `'${kind}'`): P<Tok> =>
+  Token.oneOf<ReadonlyArray<Tok>>((t) => t.kind === kind).pipe(Parser.expected(label));
+
+const anyToken = Token.oneOf<ReadonlyArray<Tok>>(() => true);
+const nextKind = Parser.peek(anyToken).pipe(Parser.map((t) => t.kind));
+
+/**
+ * Chooses a parser by the kind of the next token, failing (without consuming
+ * input) when no case matches and there is no `otherwise`.
+ */
+const select = <A, B = never>(
+  label: string,
+  cases: ReadonlyArray<readonly [ReadonlyArray<string>, P<A>]>,
+  otherwise?: P<B>,
+): P<A | B> => {
+  // The first case listing a kind wins, as `fromEntries` keeps the last entry for a key.
+  const record = Record.fromEntries(
+    Arr.flatMap(Arr.reverse(cases), ([kinds, p]) => Arr.map(kinds, (k) => [k, p] as const)),
+  );
+  const chosen: P<A | B> =
+    otherwise === undefined
+      ? Parser.dispatch(nextKind, record)
+      : Parser.dispatch(nextKind, record, otherwise);
+  return chosen.pipe(Parser.expected(label));
+};
+
+/** Fails with a semantic error at token index `at`. */
+const failAt = <A>(message: string, at: number): Result.Result<A, SemanticError> =>
+  Result.fail({ message, at });
+
+/** Whether the next token is of one of `kinds` (consumed if so). */
+const accept = (...kinds: ReadonlyArray<string>): P<boolean> =>
+  Parser.opt(Token.oneOf<ReadonlyArray<Tok>>((t) => kinds.includes(t.kind))).pipe(
+    Parser.map(Option.isSome),
+  );
+
+const IRI_KINDS = ['IRIREF', 'PNAME'];
+
+/** The IRI of a resolved token (at token index `at`), or its resolution error. */
+const tokenIri = (t: Tok, at: number): Result.Result<string, SemanticError> =>
+  Option.isNone(t.error) ? Result.succeed(t.iri) : failAt(t.error.value, at);
+
+/** The IRI of an IRIREF or PNAME token, or the token's resolution error. */
+const iri: P<string> = Parser.seq(
+  Parser.location,
+  Token.oneOf<ReadonlyArray<Tok>>((t) => t.kind === 'IRIREF' || t.kind === 'PNAME'),
+).pipe(
+  Parser.tryMap(([at, t]) => tokenIri(t, at)),
+  Parser.cut,
+  Parser.expected('an IRI'),
+);
+
+const blankNode = tok('BLANK_NODE_LABEL', 'a blank node').pipe(Parser.map((t) => t.text));
+
+/** shapeExprLabel / tripleExprLabel: iri | blankNode */
+const label: P<string> = select('an IRI or a blank node', [
+  [IRI_KINDS, iri],
+  [['BLANK_NODE_LABEL'], blankNode],
+]);
+
+const predicate: P<string> = select('a predicate', [
+  [['a'], anyToken.pipe(Parser.as(RDF_TYPE))],
+  [IRI_KINDS, iri],
+]);
+
+const LITERAL_KINDS = ['STRING', 'LANG_STRING', 'INTEGER', 'DECIMAL', 'DOUBLE', 'true', 'false'];
+
+const literal: P<ShExJ.ObjectLiteral> = select('a literal', [
+  [['INTEGER'], anyToken.pipe(Parser.map((t) => ({ value: t.text, type: XSD_INTEGER })))],
+  [['DECIMAL'], anyToken.pipe(Parser.map((t) => ({ value: t.text, type: XSD_DECIMAL })))],
+  [['DOUBLE'], anyToken.pipe(Parser.map((t) => ({ value: t.text, type: XSD_DOUBLE })))],
+  [
+    ['LANG_STRING'],
+    anyToken.pipe(Parser.map((t) => ({ value: t.text, language: t.suffix.toLowerCase() }))),
+  ],
+  [
+    ['STRING'],
+    Parser.seq(anyToken, Parser.opt(Parser.preceded(tok('^^'), Parser.cut(iri)))).pipe(
+      Parser.map(([t, datatype]): ShExJ.ObjectLiteral =>
+        Option.isSome(datatype) ? { value: t.text, type: datatype.value } : { value: t.text },
+      ),
+    ),
+  ],
+  [['true', 'false'], anyToken.pipe(Parser.map((t) => ({ value: t.text, type: XSD_BOOLEAN })))],
+]);
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Shape expression helpers
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * A shape expression, and whether it was written in parentheses: a
+ * parenthesised `AND` is not merged into an enclosing `AND`.
+ */
+interface Atom {
+  readonly e: AnyShapeExpr;
+  readonly nested: boolean;
+}
+
+const plain = (e: AnyShapeExpr): Atom => ({ e, nested: false });
+
+const isJunction = (e: AnyShapeExpr): e is ShExJ.ShapeAnd | ShExJ.ShapeOr =>
+  !Predicate.isString(e) && (e.type === 'ShapeAnd' || e.type === 'ShapeOr');
+
+const junction = (
+  type: 'ShapeAnd' | 'ShapeOr',
+  atom: Atom,
+  juncts: ReadonlyArray<AnyShapeExpr>,
+): AnyShapeExpr => {
+  if (Arr.isReadonlyArrayEmpty(juncts)) return atom.e;
+  const e = atom.e;
+  if (isJunction(e) && e.type === type && !atom.nested) {
+    return { ...e, shapeExprs: e.shapeExprs.concat(juncts) };
+  }
+  return { type, shapeExprs: [e, ...juncts] };
+};
+
+/**
+ * What follows the first atom of a shape expression: `(OR shapeAnd)+` or
+ * `(AND shapeNot)+ (OR shapeAnd)*`. The atom is inserted in front of the
+ * disjuncts or the conjuncts respectively.
+ */
+type Rest =
+  | { readonly _tag: 'Or'; readonly ors: ReadonlyArray<AnyShapeExpr> }
+  | {
+      readonly _tag: 'And';
+      readonly ands: ReadonlyArray<AnyShapeExpr>;
+      readonly ors: ReadonlyArray<AnyShapeExpr>;
+    };
+
+const isAndRest = Predicate.isTagged('And');
+
+const prepend = (rest: Rest, atoms: ReadonlyArray<AnyShapeExpr>): AnyShapeExpr => {
+  if (!isAndRest(rest)) return { type: 'ShapeOr', shapeExprs: [...atoms, ...rest.ors] };
+  const and: ShExJ.ShapeAnd = { type: 'ShapeAnd', shapeExprs: [...atoms, ...rest.ands] };
+  return Arr.isReadonlyArrayNonEmpty(rest.ors)
+    ? { type: 'ShapeOr', shapeExprs: [and, ...rest.ors] }
+    : and;
+};
+
+const prependAtom = (atom: Atom, rest: Option.Option<Rest>): AnyShapeExpr =>
+  Option.match(rest, {
+    onNone: () => atom.e,
+    onSome: (r) => {
+      const e = atom.e;
+      return !Predicate.isString(e) &&
+        e.type === 'ShapeAnd' &&
+        isAndRest(r) &&
+        Arr.isReadonlyArrayEmpty(r.ors) &&
+        !atom.nested
+        ? prepend(r, e.shapeExprs)
+        : prepend(r, [e]);
+    },
+  });
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Annotations, semantic actions and cardinalities
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const annotations: P<Array<ShExJ.Annotation>> = Parser.repeat(
+  Parser.preceded(
+    tok('//'),
+    Parser.cut(
+      Parser.seq(predicate, select('an IRI or a literal', [[IRI_KINDS, iri]], literal)).pipe(
+        Parser.map(([pred, object]): ShExJ.Annotation => ({
+          type: 'Annotation',
+          predicate: pred,
+          object,
+        })),
+      ),
+    ),
+  ),
+);
+
+const codeDecls: P<Array<ShExJ.SemAct>> = Parser.repeat(
+  Parser.preceded(
+    tok('%'),
+    Parser.cut(
+      Parser.seq(
+        iri,
+        select('code or %', [
+          [['CODE'], anyToken.pipe(Parser.map((t) => Option.some(t.text)))],
+          [['%'], anyToken.pipe(Parser.as(Option.none<string>()))],
+        ]),
+      ).pipe(
+        Parser.map(([name, code]): ShExJ.SemAct =>
+          Option.match(code, {
+            onNone: () => ({ type: 'SemAct', name }),
+            onSome: (c) => ({ type: 'SemAct', name, code: c }),
+          }),
+        ),
+      ),
+    ),
+  ),
+  { min: 1 },
+);
+
+const semanticActions: P<Option.Option<Array<ShExJ.SemAct>>> = Parser.opt(codeDecls);
+
+const cardinality: P<Option.Option<{ min: number; max: number }>> = Parser.opt(
+  select('a cardinality', [
+    [['*'], anyToken.pipe(Parser.as({ min: 0, max: -1 }))],
+    [['+'], anyToken.pipe(Parser.as({ min: 1, max: -1 }))],
+    [['?'], anyToken.pipe(Parser.as({ min: 0, max: 1 }))],
+    [['REPEAT_RANGE'], anyToken.pipe(Parser.map((t) => ({ min: t.min, max: t.max })))],
+  ]),
+);
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Node constraints
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const integer = Parser.cut(tok('INTEGER', 'an integer')).pipe(
+  Parser.map((t) => parseInt(t.text, 10)),
+);
+
+const rawNumeric: P<number> = select('a numeric literal', [
+  [['INTEGER'], anyToken.pipe(Parser.map((t) => parseInt(t.text, 10)))],
+  [['DECIMAL', 'DOUBLE'], anyToken.pipe(Parser.map((t) => parseFloat(t.text)))],
+  [
+    ['STRING'],
+    Parser.seq(
+      anyToken,
+      Parser.cut(Parser.preceded(tok('^^'), Parser.seq(Parser.location, iri))),
+    ).pipe(
+      Parser.tryMap(([t, [at, dt]]) => {
+        const value = t.text;
+        if (dt === XSD_DECIMAL || dt === XSD_FLOAT || dt === XSD_DOUBLE) {
+          return Result.succeed(parseFloat(value));
+        }
+        if (MutableHashSet.has(numericDatatypes, dt)) return Result.succeed(parseInt(value, 10));
+        return failAt<number>(`numeric range facet expected numeric datatype instead of ${dt}`, at);
+      }),
+      Parser.cut,
+    ),
+  ],
+]);
+
+type Facet = readonly [key: string, value: number | string, at: number, flags?: string];
+
+const LENGTH_FACETS = ['LENGTH', 'MINLENGTH', 'MAXLENGTH'];
+const DIGITS_FACETS = ['TOTALDIGITS', 'FRACTIONDIGITS'];
+const RANGE_FACETS = ['MININCLUSIVE', 'MINEXCLUSIVE', 'MAXINCLUSIVE', 'MAXEXCLUSIVE'];
+const NUMERIC_FACETS = [...DIGITS_FACETS, ...RANGE_FACETS];
+
+/** Facet name → its value, as the facets are read. */
+interface FacetValues {
+  [facet: string]: number | string;
+}
+
+type FacetCase = readonly [ReadonlyArray<string>, P<Facet>];
+
+const integerFacet: P<Facet> = Parser.seq(Parser.location, anyToken, integer).pipe(
+  Parser.map(([at, t, n]): Facet => [t.text.toLowerCase(), n, at]),
+);
+
+const stringFacetCases: ReadonlyArray<FacetCase> = [
+  [
+    ['REGEXP'],
+    Parser.seq(Parser.location, anyToken).pipe(
+      Parser.map(([at, t]): Facet => ['pattern', t.text, at, t.suffix]),
+    ),
+  ],
+  [LENGTH_FACETS, integerFacet],
+];
+
+const numericFacetCases: ReadonlyArray<FacetCase> = [
+  [DIGITS_FACETS, integerFacet],
+  [
+    RANGE_FACETS,
+    Parser.seq(Parser.location, anyToken, Parser.cut(rawNumeric)).pipe(
+      Parser.map(([at, t, n]): Facet => [t.text.toLowerCase(), n, at]),
+    ),
+  ],
+];
+
+const noFacets = (): Result.Result<FacetValues, SemanticError> => Result.succeed({});
+
+const facets = (strings: boolean, numerics: boolean): P<Mutable<ShExJ.Facets>> =>
+  Parser.repeat(
+    select('a facet', [
+      ...(strings ? stringFacetCases : []),
+      ...(numerics ? numericFacetCases : []),
+    ]),
+  ).pipe(
+    Parser.tryMap((list) =>
+      Arr.reduce(list, noFacets(), (acc, [key, value, at, flags]) =>
+        Result.flatMap(acc, (out) => {
+          if (key in out) return failAt<FacetValues>(`facet ${key} defined multiple times`, at);
+          out[key] = value;
+          if (flags !== undefined && flags !== '') out['flags'] = flags;
+          return Result.succeed(out);
+        }),
+      ),
+    ),
+    Parser.cut,
+  );
+
+// Value sets ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const tilde = accept('~');
+
+const exclusion = <A>(p: P<A>): P<A> => Parser.preceded(tok('-'), Parser.cut(p));
+
+const iriExclusion: P<string | ShExJ.IriStem> = exclusion(
+  Parser.seq(iri, tilde).pipe(
+    Parser.map(([base, stem]) => (stem ? { type: 'IriStem', stem: base } : base)),
+  ),
+);
+
+const literalExclusion: P<string | ShExJ.LiteralStem> = exclusion(
+  Parser.seq(literal, tilde).pipe(
+    Parser.map(([lit, stem]) => (stem ? { type: 'LiteralStem', stem: lit.value } : lit.value)),
+  ),
+);
+
+const langTag = tok('LANGTAG', 'a language tag').pipe(Parser.map((t) => t.text));
+
+const languageExclusion: P<string | ShExJ.LanguageStem> = exclusion(
+  Parser.seq(langTag, tilde).pipe(
+    Parser.map(([tag, stem]) => (stem ? { type: 'LanguageStem', stem: tag } : tag)),
+  ),
+);
+
+const stemmed = <A, X>(
+  head: P<A>,
+  exclude: P<X>,
+  build: (head: A, stem: boolean, exclusions: Array<X>) => ShExJ.ValueSetValue,
+): P<ShExJ.ValueSetValue> =>
+  Parser.seq(head, Parser.opt(Parser.preceded(tok('~'), Parser.repeat(exclude)))).pipe(
+    Parser.map(([h, exclusions]) =>
+      build(
+        h,
+        Option.isSome(exclusions),
+        Option.getOrElse(exclusions, () => []),
+      ),
+    ),
+  );
+
+/** The exclusions after a `.` wildcard: their kind is chosen by the first one. */
+// SAFETY: each branch builds the value set value for its exclusion kind.
+const wildcardExclusions: P<ShExJ.ValueSetValue> = Parser.preceded(
+  Parser.peek(tok('-')),
+  Parser.dispatch(
+    Parser.peek(Parser.preceded(anyToken, anyToken)).pipe(Parser.map((t) => t.kind)),
+    {
+      LANGTAG: Parser.repeat(languageExclusion).pipe(
+        Parser.map((exclusions): ShExJ.ValueSetValue => ({
+          type: 'LanguageStemRange',
+          stem: { type: 'Wildcard' },
+          exclusions,
+        })),
+      ),
+      ...Record.fromEntries(
+        Arr.map(
+          IRI_KINDS,
+          (k) =>
+            [
+              k,
+              Parser.repeat(iriExclusion).pipe(
+                Parser.map((exclusions): ShExJ.ValueSetValue => ({
+                  type: 'IriStemRange',
+                  stem: { type: 'Wildcard' },
+                  exclusions,
+                })),
+              ),
+            ] as const,
+        ),
+      ),
+    },
+    Parser.repeat(literalExclusion).pipe(
+      Parser.map((exclusions): ShExJ.ValueSetValue => ({
+        type: 'LiteralStemRange',
+        stem: { type: 'Wildcard' },
+        exclusions,
+      })),
+    ),
+  ),
+).pipe(Parser.expected("'-'"));
+
+const valueSetValue: P<ShExJ.ValueSetValue> = select('a value set value', [
+  [
+    IRI_KINDS,
+    Parser.cut(
+      stemmed(iri, iriExclusion, (stem, isStem, exclusions) =>
+        !isStem
+          ? stem
+          : Arr.isReadonlyArrayNonEmpty(exclusions)
+            ? { type: 'IriStemRange', stem, exclusions }
+            : { type: 'IriStem', stem },
+      ),
+    ),
+  ],
+  [
+    LITERAL_KINDS,
+    Parser.cut(
+      stemmed(literal, literalExclusion, (lit, isStem, exclusions) =>
+        !isStem
+          ? lit
+          : Arr.isReadonlyArrayNonEmpty(exclusions)
+            ? { type: 'LiteralStemRange', stem: lit.value, exclusions }
+            : { type: 'LiteralStem', stem: lit.value },
+      ),
+    ),
+  ],
+  [
+    ['LANGTAG'],
+    Parser.cut(
+      stemmed(langTag, languageExclusion, (tag, isStem, exclusions) =>
+        !isStem
+          ? { type: 'Language', languageTag: tag }
+          : Arr.isReadonlyArrayNonEmpty(exclusions)
+            ? { type: 'LanguageStemRange', stem: tag, exclusions }
+            : { type: 'LanguageStem', stem: tag },
+      ),
+    ),
+  ],
+  [
+    ['@'],
+    Parser.preceded(
+      anyToken,
+      Parser.cut(Parser.preceded(tok('~'), Parser.repeat(languageExclusion))),
+    ).pipe(
+      Parser.map((exclusions): ShExJ.ValueSetValue =>
+        Arr.isReadonlyArrayNonEmpty(exclusions)
+          ? { type: 'LanguageStemRange', stem: '', exclusions }
+          : { type: 'LanguageStem', stem: '' },
+      ),
+    ),
+  ],
+  [['.'], Parser.preceded(anyToken, Parser.cut(wildcardExclusions))],
+]);
+
+const valueSet: P<Array<ShExJ.ValueSetValue>> = Parser.delimited(
+  tok('['),
+  Parser.cut(Parser.repeat(valueSetValue)),
+  Parser.cut(tok(']')),
+);
+
+const litInlineNodeConstraint: P<ShExJ.NodeConstraint> = select('a node constraint', [
+  [
+    ['LITERAL'],
+    Parser.preceded(anyToken, facets(true, true)).pipe(
+      Parser.map((f): ShExJ.NodeConstraint => ({
+        type: 'NodeConstraint',
+        nodeKind: 'literal',
+        ...f,
+      })),
+    ),
+  ],
+  [
+    IRI_KINDS,
+    Parser.seq(Parser.location, iri, facets(true, true)).pipe(
+      Parser.tryMap(([at, datatype, f]) =>
+        Option.match(
+          MutableHashSet.has(numericDatatypes, datatype)
+            ? Option.none()
+            : Arr.findFirst(numericFacetNames, (name) => name in f),
+          {
+            onNone: () =>
+              Result.succeed<ShExJ.NodeConstraint>({ type: 'NodeConstraint', datatype, ...f }),
+            onSome: (name) =>
+              failAt<ShExJ.NodeConstraint>(
+                `facet ${name} not allowed for unknown datatype ${datatype}`,
+                at,
+              ),
+          },
+        ),
+      ),
+      Parser.cut,
+    ),
+  ],
+  [
+    ['['],
+    Parser.terminated(valueSet, facets(true, true)).pipe(
+      Parser.map((values): ShExJ.NodeConstraint => ({ type: 'NodeConstraint', values })),
+    ),
+  ],
+  [
+    NUMERIC_FACETS,
+    facets(false, true).pipe(
+      Parser.map((f): ShExJ.NodeConstraint => ({ type: 'NodeConstraint', ...f })),
+    ),
+  ],
+]);
+
+const NODE_KINDS = ['IRI', 'BNODE', 'NONLITERAL'];
+const NON_LIT_KINDS = [...NODE_KINDS, 'LENGTH', 'MINLENGTH', 'MAXLENGTH', 'REGEXP'];
+const LIT_KINDS = ['LITERAL', ...NUMERIC_FACETS, ...IRI_KINDS, '['];
+
+const nodeKindOf = (kind: string): ShExJ.NodeKind =>
+  kind === 'IRI' ? 'iri' : kind === 'BNODE' ? 'bnode' : 'nonliteral';
+
+const nonLitInlineNodeConstraint: P<ShExJ.NodeConstraint> = Parser.seq(
+  Parser.opt(select('a node kind', [[NODE_KINDS, anyToken.pipe(Parser.map((t) => t.text))]])),
+  facets(true, false),
+).pipe(
+  Parser.map(([kind, f]): ShExJ.NodeConstraint =>
+    Option.isSome(kind)
+      ? { type: 'NodeConstraint', nodeKind: nodeKindOf(kind.value), ...f }
+      : { type: 'NodeConstraint', ...f },
+  ),
+);
+
+/** A non-literal node constraint, if one starts here. */
+const nonLitNodeConstraintOpt: P<Option.Option<ShExJ.NodeConstraint>> = Parser.opt(
+  select('a node constraint', [[NON_LIT_KINDS, Parser.cut(nonLitInlineNodeConstraint)]]),
+);
+
+const withAnnotations = (nc: P<ShExJ.NodeConstraint>): P<ShExJ.NodeConstraint> =>
+  Parser.seq(nc, annotations, semanticActions).pipe(
+    Parser.map(([constraint, annots, semActs]) => {
+      if (Arr.isReadonlyArrayEmpty(annots) && Option.isNone(semActs)) return constraint;
+      const out: Mutable<ShExJ.NodeConstraint> = constraint;
+      if (Arr.isReadonlyArrayNonEmpty(annots)) out.annotations = annots;
+      if (Option.isSome(semActs)) out.semActs = semActs.value;
+      return out;
+    }),
+  );
+
+/** A non-literal node constraint with its annotations, if one starts here. */
+const annotatedNonLitNodeConstraintOpt: P<Option.Option<ShExJ.NodeConstraint>> = Parser.opt(
+  select('a node constraint', [
+    [NON_LIT_KINDS, Parser.cut(withAnnotations(nonLitInlineNodeConstraint))],
+  ]),
+);
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Shape expressions
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const REF_KINDS = ['ATPNAME', '@'];
+const SHAPE_DEF_KINDS = ['{', '&', 'EXTENDS', 'EXTRA', 'CLOSED'];
+
+const shapeRef: P<string> = select('a shape reference', [
+  [
+    ['ATPNAME'],
+    Parser.seq(Parser.location, anyToken).pipe(
+      Parser.tryMap(([at, t]) => tokenIri(t, at)),
+      Parser.cut,
+    ),
+  ],
+  [['@'], Parser.preceded(anyToken, Parser.cut(label))],
+]);
+
+const shapeExpressionBody: P<AnyShapeExpr> = Parser.suspend(() => shapeExpressionBodyDef);
+const tripleExpression: P<ShExJ.TripleExprOrRef> = Parser.suspend(() => tripleExpressionDef);
+const extendsShapeOr: P<AnyShapeExpr> = Parser.suspend(() => extendsShapeOrDef);
+const inlineShapeExpression: P<AnyShapeExpr> = Parser.suspend(() => inlineShapeExpressionDef);
+
+const parenthesised: P<Atom> = Parser.delimited(
+  anyToken,
+  Parser.cut(shapeExpressionBody),
+  Parser.cut(tok(')')),
+).pipe(Parser.map((e) => ({ e, nested: true })));
+
+const empty: P<Atom> = anyToken.pipe(Parser.as(plain(EMPTY)));
+
+type Qualifier =
+  | { readonly _tag: 'Extends'; readonly e: AnyShapeExpr }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'Extra'; readonly predicates: Array<string> }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'Closed' };
+
+const inlineShapeDefinition: P<ShExJ.Shape> = Parser.seq(
+  Parser.repeat(
+    select<Qualifier>('a shape qualifier', [
+      [
+        ['EXTENDS', '&'],
+        Parser.preceded(anyToken, Parser.cut(extendsShapeOr)).pipe(
+          Parser.map((e): Qualifier => ({ _tag: 'Extends', e })),
+        ),
+      ],
+      [
+        ['EXTRA'],
+        Parser.preceded(anyToken, Parser.cut(Parser.repeat(predicate, { min: 1 }))).pipe(
+          Parser.map((predicates): Qualifier => ({ _tag: 'Extra', predicates })),
+        ),
+      ],
+      [['CLOSED'], anyToken.pipe(Parser.as<Qualifier>({ _tag: 'Closed' }))],
+    ]),
+  ),
+  Parser.delimited(
+    Parser.cut(tok('{')),
+    select(
+      'a triple expression',
+      [[['}'], Parser.succeed(Option.none<ShExJ.TripleExprOrRef>())]],
+      Parser.cut(tripleExpression).pipe(Parser.map(Option.some)),
+    ),
+    Parser.cut(tok('}')),
+  ),
+).pipe(
+  Parser.map(([qualifiers, expression]): ShExJ.Shape => {
+    if (Option.isNone(expression) && Arr.isReadonlyArrayEmpty(qualifiers)) return EMPTY;
+    const extendsList = Arr.filterMap(qualifiers, (q) =>
+      Predicate.isTagged(q, 'Extends') ? Result.succeed(q.e) : Result.failVoid,
+    );
+    const extra = Arr.flatMap(qualifiers, (q) =>
+      Predicate.isTagged(q, 'Extra') ? q.predicates : [],
+    );
+    const shape: Mutable<ShExJ.Shape> = { type: 'Shape' };
+    if (Option.isSome(expression)) shape.expression = expression.value;
+    if (Arr.isReadonlyArrayNonEmpty(extendsList)) shape.extends = extendsList;
+    if (Arr.some(qualifiers, (q) => Predicate.isTagged(q, 'Extra'))) shape.extra = extra;
+    if (Arr.some(qualifiers, (q) => Predicate.isTagged(q, 'Closed'))) shape.closed = true;
+    return shape;
+  }),
+);
+
+const shapeDefinition: P<AnyShapeExpr> = Parser.seq(
+  inlineShapeDefinition,
+  annotations,
+  semanticActions,
+).pipe(
+  Parser.map(([def, annots, semActs]) => {
+    const out: Mutable<ShExJ.Shape> = def === EMPTY ? { type: 'Shape' } : def;
+    if (Arr.isReadonlyArrayNonEmpty(annots)) out.annotations = annots;
+    if (Option.isSome(semActs)) out.semActs = semActs.value;
+    return out;
+  }),
+);
+
+const shapeOrRef: P<AnyShapeExpr> = select(
+  'a shape definition or reference',
+  [[REF_KINDS, shapeRef]],
+  shapeDefinition,
+);
+
+const inlineShapeOrRef: P<AnyShapeExpr> = select(
+  'a shape definition or reference',
+  [[REF_KINDS, shapeRef]],
+  inlineShapeDefinition,
+);
+
+/** A shape definition or reference, if one starts here. */
+const shapeOrRefOpt = (p: P<AnyShapeExpr>): P<Option.Option<AnyShapeExpr>> =>
+  Parser.opt(
+    select('a shape definition or reference', [
+      [[...SHAPE_DEF_KINDS, ...REF_KINDS], Parser.cut(p)],
+    ]),
+  );
+
+/** A node constraint, conjoined with the shape definition or reference after it if any. */
+const andRef = (nc: ShExJ.NodeConstraint, ref: Option.Option<AnyShapeExpr>): AnyShapeExpr =>
+  Option.isSome(ref) ? { type: 'ShapeAnd', shapeExprs: [{ ...nc }, ref.value] } : nc;
+
+/** shapeAtom (with `allowRef`) and shapeAtomNoRef. */
+const shapeAtom = (allowRef: boolean): P<Atom> =>
+  select('a shape expression', [
+    [
+      NON_LIT_KINDS,
+      Parser.cut(
+        Parser.seq(withAnnotations(nonLitInlineNodeConstraint), shapeOrRefOpt(shapeOrRef)).pipe(
+          Parser.map(([nc, ref]) => plain(andRef(nc, ref))),
+        ),
+      ),
+    ],
+    [LIT_KINDS, Parser.cut(withAnnotations(litInlineNodeConstraint)).pipe(Parser.map(plain))],
+    [
+      allowRef ? [...SHAPE_DEF_KINDS, ...REF_KINDS] : SHAPE_DEF_KINDS,
+      Parser.cut(
+        Parser.seq(shapeOrRef, annotatedNonLitNodeConstraintOpt).pipe(
+          Parser.map(([sor, nc]) =>
+            plain(
+              Option.match(nc, {
+                onNone: () => sor,
+                onSome: (c) => junction('ShapeAnd', plain(sor), [c]),
+              }),
+            ),
+          ),
+        ),
+      ),
+    ],
+    [['('], parenthesised],
+    [['.'], empty],
+  ]);
+
+const shapeNot: P<Atom> = select(
+  'a shape expression',
+  [
+    [
+      ['NOT'],
+      Parser.preceded(anyToken, Parser.cut(shapeAtom(true))).pipe(
+        Parser.map((a) => plain({ type: 'ShapeNot', shapeExpr: a.e })),
+      ),
+    ],
+  ],
+  shapeAtom(true),
+);
+
+const shapeAnd: P<AnyShapeExpr> = Parser.seq(
+  shapeNot,
+  Parser.repeat(Parser.preceded(tok('AND'), Parser.cut(shapeNot))),
+).pipe(
+  Parser.map(([first, rest]) =>
+    junction(
+      'ShapeAnd',
+      first,
+      rest.map((a) => a.e),
+    ),
+  ),
+);
+
+const ors = Parser.repeat(Parser.preceded(tok('OR'), Parser.cut(shapeAnd)));
+
+const shapeOrRest: P<Rest> = select("'AND' or 'OR'", [
+  [['OR'], ors.pipe(Parser.map((operands): Rest => ({ _tag: 'Or', ors: operands })))],
+  [
+    ['AND'],
+    Parser.seq(Parser.repeat(Parser.preceded(tok('AND'), Parser.cut(shapeNot))), ors).pipe(
+      Parser.map(([conjuncts, operands]): Rest => ({
+        _tag: 'And',
+        ands: Arr.flatMap(conjuncts, (c) =>
+          !Predicate.isString(c.e) && c.e.type === 'ShapeAnd' && !c.nested ? c.e.shapeExprs : [c.e],
+        ),
+        ors: operands,
+      })),
+    ),
+  ],
+]);
+
+/**
+ * shapeExpression ::= NOT? shapeAtomNoRef shapeOr? | NOT shapeRef shapeOr? | shapeRef shapeOr
+ */
+const shapeExpressionBodyDef: P<AnyShapeExpr> = select(
+  'a shape expression',
+  [
+    [
+      ['NOT'],
+      Parser.preceded(
+        anyToken,
+        Parser.cut(
+          select(
+            'a shape expression',
+            [
+              [
+                REF_KINDS,
+                Parser.seq(shapeRef, Parser.opt(shapeOrRest)).pipe(
+                  Parser.map(([ref, rest]) =>
+                    prependAtom(plain({ type: 'ShapeNot', shapeExpr: ref }), rest),
+                  ),
+                ),
+              ],
+            ],
+            Parser.seq(shapeAtom(false), Parser.opt(shapeOrRest)).pipe(
+              Parser.map(([a, rest]) =>
+                prependAtom(plain({ type: 'ShapeNot', shapeExpr: a.e }), rest),
+              ),
+            ),
+          ),
+        ),
+      ),
+    ],
+    [
+      REF_KINDS,
+      Parser.seq(shapeRef, Parser.cut(shapeOrRest)).pipe(
+        Parser.map(([ref, rest]) => prepend(rest, [ref])),
+      ),
+    ],
+  ],
+  Parser.seq(shapeAtom(false), Parser.opt(shapeOrRest)).pipe(
+    Parser.map(([a, rest]) => prependAtom(a, rest)),
+  ),
+);
+
+// Inline shape expressions -----------------------------------------------------
+
+/** The atoms of inline and EXTENDS shape expressions, which differ in one case. */
+const inlineAtom = (extendsAtom: boolean): P<Atom> =>
+  select('a shape expression', [
+    [
+      NON_LIT_KINDS,
+      Parser.cut(
+        extendsAtom
+          ? Parser.seq(nonLitInlineNodeConstraint, inlineShapeOrRef).pipe(
+              Parser.map(([nc, ref]) => plain({ type: 'ShapeAnd', shapeExprs: [{ ...nc }, ref] })),
+            )
+          : Parser.seq(nonLitInlineNodeConstraint, shapeOrRefOpt(inlineShapeOrRef)).pipe(
+              Parser.map(([nc, ref]) => plain(andRef(nc, ref))),
+            ),
+      ),
+    ],
+    [LIT_KINDS, Parser.cut(litInlineNodeConstraint).pipe(Parser.map(plain))],
+    [
+      [...SHAPE_DEF_KINDS, ...REF_KINDS],
+      Parser.cut(
+        Parser.seq(inlineShapeOrRef, nonLitNodeConstraintOpt).pipe(
+          Parser.map(([sor, nc]) =>
+            plain(
+              Option.match(nc, {
+                onNone: () => sor,
+                onSome: (c): AnyShapeExpr => ({ type: 'ShapeAnd', shapeExprs: [sor, c] }),
+              }),
+            ),
+          ),
+        ),
+      ),
+    ],
+    [['('], parenthesised],
+    [['.'], empty],
+  ]);
+
+const junctions = (atom: P<Atom>) => {
+  const not: P<Atom> = select(
+    'a shape expression',
+    [
+      [
+        ['NOT'],
+        Parser.preceded(anyToken, Parser.cut(atom)).pipe(
+          Parser.map((a) => plain({ type: 'ShapeNot', shapeExpr: a.e })),
+        ),
+      ],
+    ],
+    atom,
+  );
+  const and: P<AnyShapeExpr> = Parser.seq(
+    not,
+    Parser.repeat(Parser.preceded(tok('AND'), Parser.cut(not))),
+  ).pipe(
+    Parser.map(([first, rest]) =>
+      junction(
+        'ShapeAnd',
+        first,
+        rest.map((a) => a.e),
+      ),
+    ),
+  );
+  return Parser.seq(and, Parser.repeat(Parser.preceded(tok('OR'), Parser.cut(and)))).pipe(
+    Parser.map(([first, rest]) => junction('ShapeOr', plain(first), rest)),
+  );
+};
+
+const inlineShapeExpressionDef: P<AnyShapeExpr> = junctions(inlineAtom(false));
+const extendsShapeOrDef: P<AnyShapeExpr> = junctions(inlineAtom(true));
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Triple expressions
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** The token index of the label of each labelled triple expression. */
+const labelAt = new WeakMap<object, number>();
+
+const tripleConstraint: P<ShExJ.TripleConstraint> = Parser.seq(
+  accept('^'),
+  predicate,
+  inlineShapeExpression,
+  cardinality,
+  annotations,
+  semanticActions,
+).pipe(
+  Parser.map(([inverse, pred, valueExpr, card, annots, semActs]) => {
+    const tc: Mutable<ShExJ.TripleConstraint> = inverse
+      ? { type: 'TripleConstraint', inverse: true, predicate: pred }
+      : { type: 'TripleConstraint', predicate: pred };
+    if (valueExpr !== EMPTY) tc.valueExpr = valueExpr;
+    if (Option.isSome(card)) {
+      tc.min = card.value.min;
+      tc.max = card.value.max;
+    }
+    if (Option.isSome(semActs)) tc.semActs = semActs.value;
+    if (Arr.isReadonlyArrayNonEmpty(annots)) tc.annotations = annots;
+    return tc;
+  }),
+);
+
+const bracketedTripleExpr: P<ShExJ.TripleExprOrRef> = Parser.seq(
+  Parser.location,
+  Parser.delimited(anyToken, Parser.cut(tripleExpression), Parser.cut(tok(')'))),
+  cardinality,
+  annotations,
+  semanticActions,
+).pipe(
+  Parser.tryMap(([at, expr, card, annots, semActs]) => {
+    if (Option.isNone(card) && Arr.isReadonlyArrayEmpty(annots) && Option.isNone(semActs)) {
+      return Result.succeed(expr);
+    }
+    if (Predicate.isString(expr)) {
+      return failAt<ShExJ.TripleExprOrRef>(
+        `a group containing only the inclusion &<${expr}> can't take a cardinality, an annotation or a semantic action`,
+        at,
+      );
+    }
+    const out: Mutable<ShExJ.TripleExpr> =
+      Option.isSome(card) &&
+      expr.type === 'TripleConstraint' &&
+      (expr.min !== undefined || expr.max !== undefined)
+        ? { type: 'EachOf', expressions: [expr] }
+        : expr;
+    if (Option.isSome(card)) {
+      out.min = card.value.min;
+      out.max = card.value.max;
+    }
+    if (Arr.isReadonlyArrayNonEmpty(annots)) out.annotations = annots;
+    if (Option.isSome(semActs)) out.semActs = [...(out.semActs ?? []), ...semActs.value];
+    return Result.succeed<ShExJ.TripleExprOrRef>(out);
+  }),
+  Parser.cut,
+);
+
+const bracketedOrConstraint: P<ShExJ.TripleExprOrRef> = select(
+  'a triple expression',
+  [[['('], bracketedTripleExpr]],
+  tripleConstraint,
+);
+
+const UNARY_KINDS = ['$', '&', '(', '^', 'a', ...IRI_KINDS];
+
+const unaryTripleExpr: P<ShExJ.TripleExprOrRef> = select('a triple expression', [
+  [['&'], Parser.preceded(anyToken, Parser.cut(label))],
+  [
+    ['$'],
+    Parser.seq(
+      Parser.preceded(anyToken, Parser.cut(Parser.seq(Parser.location, label))),
+      Parser.cut(bracketedOrConstraint),
+    ).pipe(
+      Parser.tryMap(([[at, id], expr]) => {
+        if (Predicate.isString(expr)) {
+          return failAt<ShExJ.TripleExprOrRef>(
+            `a group containing only the inclusion &<${expr}> can't take a label`,
+            at,
+          );
+        }
+        const labelled = { id, ...expr };
+        labelAt.set(labelled, at);
+        return Result.succeed<ShExJ.TripleExprOrRef>(labelled);
+      }),
+      Parser.cut,
+    ),
+  ],
+  [['(', '^', 'a', ...IRI_KINDS], Parser.cut(bracketedOrConstraint)],
+]);
+
+const separator = select('; or ,', [[[';', ','], anyToken]]);
+
+const groupTripleExpr: P<ShExJ.TripleExprOrRef> = Parser.terminated(
+  Parser.seq(
+    unaryTripleExpr,
+    Parser.repeat(
+      Parser.preceded(separator, select('a triple expression', [[UNARY_KINDS, unaryTripleExpr]])),
+    ),
+  ),
+  Parser.opt(separator),
+).pipe(
+  Parser.map(([first, rest]) =>
+    Arr.isReadonlyArrayEmpty(rest) ? first : { type: 'EachOf', expressions: [first, ...rest] },
+  ),
+);
+
+const tripleExpressionDef: P<ShExJ.TripleExprOrRef> = Parser.seq(
+  groupTripleExpr,
+  Parser.repeat(Parser.preceded(tok('|'), Parser.cut(groupTripleExpr))),
+).pipe(
+  Parser.map(([first, rest]) =>
+    Arr.isReadonlyArrayEmpty(rest) ? first : { type: 'OneOf', expressions: [first, ...rest] },
+  ),
+);
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Document
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type Statement =
+  | { readonly _tag: 'Import'; readonly iri: string }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'Start'; readonly expr: AnyShapeExpr; readonly at: number }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'Decl'; readonly decl: ShExJ.ShapeDecl; readonly at: number };
+
+const noStatement = Option.none<Statement>();
+
+const directiveCases: ReadonlyArray<readonly [ReadonlyArray<string>, P<Option.Option<Statement>>]> =
+  [
+    [
+      ['BASE'],
+      Parser.preceded(anyToken, Parser.cut(tok('IRIREF', 'an IRI reference'))).pipe(
+        Parser.as(noStatement),
+      ),
+    ],
+    [
+      ['PREFIX'],
+      Parser.preceded(
+        anyToken,
+        Parser.cut(
+          Parser.seq(
+            Token.oneOf<ReadonlyArray<Tok>>((t) => t.type === 'PNAME' && t.iri === '').pipe(
+              Parser.expected('a prefix name'),
+            ),
+            iri,
+          ),
+        ),
+      ).pipe(Parser.as(noStatement)),
+    ],
+    [
+      ['IMPORT'],
+      Parser.preceded(anyToken, Parser.cut(iri)).pipe(
+        Parser.map((base) => Option.some<Statement>({ _tag: 'Import', iri: base })),
+      ),
+    ],
+  ];
+
+const directive: P<Option.Option<Statement>> = select('a directive', directiveCases);
+
+const startDecl: P<Statement> = Parser.seq(
+  Parser.location,
+  Parser.preceded(anyToken, Parser.cut(Parser.preceded(tok('='), Parser.seq(shapeAnd, ors)))),
+).pipe(
+  Parser.map(([at, [first, rest]]): Statement => ({
+    _tag: 'Start',
+    expr: junction('ShapeOr', plain(first), rest),
+    at,
+  })),
+);
+
+const shapeExprDecl: P<Statement> = Parser.seq(
+  accept('ABSTRACT'),
+  Parser.location,
+  label,
+  Parser.repeat(
+    Parser.preceded(
+      select("'RESTRICTS' or '-'", [[['RESTRICTS', '-'], anyToken]]),
+      Parser.cut(shapeOrRef),
+    ),
+  ),
+  select(
+    'a shape expression',
+    [
+      [['EXTERNAL'], anyToken.pipe(Parser.as<AnyShapeExpr>({ type: 'ShapeExternal' }))],
+      [
+        REF_KINDS,
+        Parser.seq(shapeRef, Parser.opt(shapeOrRest)).pipe(
+          Parser.map(([ref, rest]) =>
+            Option.match(rest, { onNone: () => ref, onSome: (r) => prepend(r, [ref]) }),
+          ),
+        ),
+      ],
+    ],
+    shapeExpressionBody,
+  ),
+).pipe(
+  Parser.map(([abstract, at, name, restricts, body]): Statement => {
+    const shapeExpr = body === EMPTY ? { type: 'Shape' as const } : body;
+    const decl: Mutable<ShExJ.ShapeDecl> = { type: 'ShapeDecl', id: name, shapeExpr };
+    if (abstract) decl.abstract = true;
+    if (Arr.isReadonlyArrayNonEmpty(restricts)) decl.restricts = restricts;
+    return { _tag: 'Decl', decl, at };
+  }),
+);
+
+const statement: P<Option.Option<Statement>> = select('a directive or shape declaration', [
+  ...directiveCases,
+  [['START'], startDecl.pipe(Parser.map(Option.some))],
+  [
+    ['ABSTRACT', 'BLANK_NODE_LABEL', ...IRI_KINDS],
+    Parser.cut(shapeExprDecl).pipe(Parser.map(Option.some)),
+  ],
+]);
+
+const document = Compiler.jit(
+  Parser.terminated(
+    Parser.seq(Parser.repeat(directive), Parser.opt(codeDecls), Parser.repeat(statement)),
+    Parser.eof,
+  ),
+);
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Checks in document order
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type Visit = (t: ShExJ.TripleExpr, id: string) => void;
+
+const labelledShape = (s: AnyShapeExpr, f: Visit): void => {
+  if (!Predicate.isString(s)) labelledShapeExpr(s, f);
+};
+
+const labelledTriple = (t: ShExJ.TripleExprOrRef, f: Visit): void => {
+  if (Predicate.isString(t)) return;
+  if (t.type === 'TripleConstraint') {
+    if (t.valueExpr !== undefined) labelledShape(t.valueExpr, f);
+  } else t.expressions.forEach((e) => labelledTriple(e, f));
+  if (t.id !== undefined) f(t, t.id);
+};
+
+// Built once: it runs for every shape expression of every declaration.
+const labelledShapeExpr: (s: ShExJ.ShapeExpr, f: Visit) => void = Match.fn(
+  (s: ShExJ.ShapeExpr, _f: Visit) => s,
+).pipe(
+  Match.when({ type: Match.is('ShapeOr', 'ShapeAnd') }, (s, _s, f) =>
+    s.shapeExprs.forEach((e) => labelledShape(e, f)),
+  ),
+  Match.when({ type: 'ShapeNot' }, (s, _s, f) => labelledShape(s.shapeExpr, f)),
+  Match.when({ type: 'Shape' }, (s, _s, f) => {
+    s.extends?.forEach((e) => labelledShape(e, f));
+    if (s.expression !== undefined) labelledTriple(s.expression, f);
+  }),
+  Match.orElse(() => undefined),
+);
+
+/**
+ * Calls `f` on each labelled triple expression of a shape expression, in
+ * document order (each after the labelled expressions it contains).
+ */
+const eachLabelled = (e: AnyShapeExpr, f: Visit): void => labelledShape(e, f);
+
+const assemble = (
+  statements: ReadonlyArray<Statement>,
+  startActs: Option.Option<ReadonlyArray<ShExJ.SemAct>>,
+): Result.Result<ShExJ.Schema, SemanticError> => {
+  const imports: Array<string> = [];
+  // In document order, which the schema keeps.
+  const shapes: Array<ShExJ.ShapeDecl> = [];
+  const shapeIds = MutableHashSet.empty<string>();
+  const productions = MutableHashSet.empty<string>();
+  let error = Option.none<SemanticError>();
+  const production: Visit = (t, id) => {
+    if (Option.isSome(error)) return;
+    const at = labelAt.get(t) ?? 0;
+    if (MutableHashSet.has(shapeIds, id))
+      error = Option.some({ message: `${id} is a shape expression`, at });
+    else if (MutableHashSet.has(productions, id))
+      error = Option.some({ message: `${id} already defined`, at });
+    else MutableHashSet.add(productions, id);
+  };
+  const step = (
+    start: Option.Option<AnyShapeExpr>,
+    s: Statement,
+  ): Result.Result<Option.Option<AnyShapeExpr>, SemanticError> => {
+    if (Predicate.isTagged(s, 'Import')) {
+      imports.push(s.iri);
+      return Result.succeed(start);
+    }
+    if (Predicate.isTagged(s, 'Start')) {
+      if (Option.isSome(start)) return failAt('start already defined', s.at);
+      eachLabelled(s.expr, production);
+      return Option.isSome(error) ? Result.fail(error.value) : Result.succeed(Option.some(s.expr));
+    }
+    const { decl, at } = s;
+    decl.restricts?.forEach((r) => eachLabelled(r, production));
+    eachLabelled(decl.shapeExpr, production);
+    if (Option.isSome(error)) return Result.fail(error.value);
+    if (MutableHashSet.has(productions, decl.id))
+      return failAt(`${decl.id} is a triple expression`, at);
+    if (MutableHashSet.has(shapeIds, decl.id)) return failAt(`${decl.id} already defined`, at);
+    MutableHashSet.add(shapeIds, decl.id);
+    shapes.push(decl);
+    return Result.succeed(start);
+  };
+  const noStart: Result.Result<Option.Option<AnyShapeExpr>, SemanticError> = Result.succeed(
+    Option.none(),
+  );
+  return Arr.reduce(statements, noStart, (acc, s) =>
+    Result.flatMap(acc, (start) => step(start, s)),
+  ).pipe(
+    Result.map((start) => {
+      const schema: Mutable<ShExJ.Schema> = { type: 'Schema' };
+      if (Arr.isReadonlyArrayNonEmpty(imports)) schema.imports = imports;
+      if (Option.isSome(startActs)) schema.startActs = startActs.value;
+      if (Option.isSome(start)) schema.start = start.value;
+      if (Arr.isReadonlyArrayNonEmpty(shapes)) schema.shapes = shapes;
+      return schema;
+    }),
+  );
+};
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Entry point
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const offsetOf = (tokens: ReadonlyArray<Tok>, input: string, at: number): number =>
+  tokens[at]?.start ?? input.length;
+
+const grammarError = (
+  input: string,
+  tokens: ReadonlyArray<Tok>,
+  error: ParseError.ParseError<SemanticError>,
+): ShExCError => {
+  if (error.cause !== undefined) {
+    return { message: error.cause.message, offset: offsetOf(tokens, input, error.cause.at) };
+  }
+  const t = tokens[error.offset];
+  if (t?.type === 'ERROR') return { message: t.text, offset: t.start };
+  const found = t === undefined ? 'end of input' : quote(input.slice(t.start, t.end));
+  const expected = ParseError.formatExpected(error.expected);
+  return {
+    message: expected === '' ? `unexpected ${found}` : `expected ${expected}, found ${found}`,
+    offset: offsetOf(tokens, input, error.offset),
+  };
+};
+
+/** Parses a ShExC document. Errors carry the character offset. */
+export const parseShExC = (
+  input: string,
+  options: ParserOptions,
+): Result.Result<ParserResult, ShExCError> => {
+  const tokens = tokenize(input);
+  const resolved = resolve(tokens, options.baseIri, options.prefixes);
+  const parsed = Parser.parse(document, tokens);
+  if (Result.isFailure(parsed)) return Result.fail(grammarError(input, tokens, parsed.failure));
+  const [directives, startActs, statements] = parsed.success;
+  const schema = assemble(Arr.getSomes([...directives, ...statements]), startActs);
+  if (Result.isFailure(schema)) {
+    return Result.fail({
+      message: schema.failure.message,
+      offset: offsetOf(tokens, input, schema.failure.at),
+    });
+  }
+  return Result.succeed({
+    schema: schema.success,
+    prefixes: resolved.prefixes,
+    baseIri: resolved.baseIri,
+  });
+};