@thomasfosterau/effect-rdf 0.0.0 → 0.1.0

package/src/shacl/Shapes.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,913 @@
+/**
+ * Shapes graphs: parsing an RDF shapes graph into a typed, validated model of
+ * node shapes and property shapes with their targets and constraints
+ * (SHACL Core §2–§4, plus the SHACL-SPARQL constructs needed to delegate to a
+ * `Sparql.SparqlConstraintEvaluator`).
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Effect } from "effect"
+ * import { Shapes } from "@thomasfosterau/effect-rdf/shacl"
+ *
+ * const program = Effect.gen(function* () {
+ *   const shapes = yield* Shapes.parse(shapesDataset)
+ *   for (const shape of shapes.shapes) console.log(shape._tag, shape.id.key)
+ * })
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+import { Dataset, Rdfs, Term, Vocab, Xsd } from '../index.ts';
+import * as Arr from 'effect/Array';
+import * as Effect from 'effect/Effect';
+import * as Match from 'effect/Match';
+import * as MutableHashMap from 'effect/MutableHashMap';
+import * as MutableHashSet from 'effect/MutableHashSet';
+import * as Option from 'effect/Option';
+import * as Predicate from 'effect/Predicate';
+import * as Record from 'effect/Record';
+import * as Result from 'effect/Result';
+import * as Schema from 'effect/Schema';
+import * as Regex from './internal/regex.ts';
+import * as Path from './Path.ts';
+import { SH, sh } from './Vocabulary.ts';
+
+const { rdfs, xsd } = Vocab;
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Errors
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * The shapes graph is ill-formed (§3.4.1 "ill-formed shapes graph"), so it
+ * cannot be used for validation.
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category errors
+ */
+export class ShapesGraphError extends Schema.TaggedError<ShapesGraphError>()('ShapesGraphError', {
+  message: Schema.String,
+  /** The N-Triples form of the offending node, when known. */
+  node: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+}) {}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Models
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * The identifier of a shape: an IRI or a blank node of the shapes graph.
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category models
+ */
+export type ShapeId = Term.NamedNode | Term.BlankNode;
+
+/**
+ * A target declaration (§2.1.3).
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category models
+ */
+export type Target =
+  | { readonly _tag: 'TargetNode'; readonly node: Term.GroundTerm }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'TargetClass'; readonly class: Term.Resource; readonly implicit: boolean }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'TargetSubjectsOf'; readonly predicate: Term.NamedNode }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'TargetObjectsOf'; readonly predicate: Term.NamedNode }
+  | {
+      /** A SPARQL-based target or custom target type (`sh:target`). */
+      readonly _tag: 'SparqlTarget';
+      readonly node: Term.GroundTerm;
+    };
+
+/**
+ * The node kinds of `sh:nodeKind`.
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category models
+ */
+export type NodeKind =
+  | 'BlankNode'
+  | 'IRI'
+  | 'Literal'
+  | 'BlankNodeOrIRI'
+  | 'BlankNodeOrLiteral'
+  | 'IRIOrLiteral';
+
+/**
+ * A constraint on a value node set, i.e. an instance of a constraint
+ * component with its parameter values (§2.2, §4).
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category models
+ */
+export type Constraint =
+  | { readonly _tag: 'Class'; readonly class: Term.Resource }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'Datatype'; readonly datatype: Term.NamedNode }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'NodeKind'; readonly nodeKind: NodeKind }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'MinCount'; readonly minCount: number }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'MaxCount'; readonly maxCount: number }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'MinExclusive'; readonly value: Term.GroundTerm }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'MinInclusive'; readonly value: Term.GroundTerm }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'MaxExclusive'; readonly value: Term.GroundTerm }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'MaxInclusive'; readonly value: Term.GroundTerm }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'MinLength'; readonly minLength: number }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'MaxLength'; readonly maxLength: number }
+  | {
+      readonly _tag: 'Pattern';
+      readonly pattern: string;
+      readonly flags: string;
+      readonly regex: RegExp;
+    }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'LanguageIn'; readonly languages: ReadonlyArray<string> }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'UniqueLang' }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'Equals'; readonly predicate: Term.NamedNode }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'Disjoint'; readonly predicate: Term.NamedNode }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'LessThan'; readonly predicate: Term.NamedNode }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'LessThanOrEquals'; readonly predicate: Term.NamedNode }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'Not'; readonly shape: ShapeId }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'And'; readonly shapes: ReadonlyArray<ShapeId> }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'Or'; readonly shapes: ReadonlyArray<ShapeId> }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'Xone'; readonly shapes: ReadonlyArray<ShapeId> }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'Node'; readonly shape: ShapeId }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'Property'; readonly shape: ShapeId }
+  | {
+      readonly _tag: 'QualifiedMinCount';
+      readonly shape: ShapeId;
+      readonly count: number;
+      readonly disjoint: boolean;
+      /** Sibling qualified value shapes (only used when `disjoint`). */
+      readonly siblings: ReadonlyArray<ShapeId>;
+    }
+  | {
+      readonly _tag: 'QualifiedMaxCount';
+      readonly shape: ShapeId;
+      readonly count: number;
+      readonly disjoint: boolean;
+      readonly siblings: ReadonlyArray<ShapeId>;
+    }
+  | {
+      readonly _tag: 'Closed';
+      readonly ignoredProperties: ReadonlyArray<Term.NamedNode>;
+      /** Predicates allowed by `sh:property` predicate paths and `sh:ignoredProperties`. */
+      readonly allowedProperties: ReadonlyArray<Term.NamedNode>;
+    }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'HasValue'; readonly value: Term.GroundTerm }
+  | { readonly _tag: 'In'; readonly values: ReadonlyArray<Term.GroundTerm> }
+  | SparqlConstraint
+  | ComponentConstraint;
+
+/**
+ * A SHACL-SPARQL constraint (`sh:sparql`), evaluated by a
+ * `Sparql.SparqlConstraintEvaluator`.
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category models
+ */
+export interface SparqlConstraint {
+  readonly _tag: 'Sparql';
+  /** The `sh:SPARQLConstraint` node in the shapes graph. */
+  readonly node: Term.NamedNode | Term.BlankNode;
+}
+
+/**
+ * An instance of a custom (SPARQL-based) constraint component declared in the
+ * shapes graph, evaluated by a `Sparql.SparqlConstraintEvaluator`.
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category models
+ */
+export interface ComponentConstraint {
+  readonly _tag: 'Component';
+  readonly component: Term.NamedNode | Term.BlankNode;
+  /** The parameter bindings of this constraint, keyed by parameter path. */
+  readonly parameters: ReadonlyArray<{
+    readonly path: Term.NamedNode;
+    readonly value: Term.GroundTerm;
+  }>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The tags of all constraint kinds.
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category models
+ */
+export type ConstraintTag = Constraint['_tag'];
+
+interface ShapeBase {
+  readonly id: ShapeId;
+  readonly targets: ReadonlyArray<Target>;
+  readonly constraints: ReadonlyArray<Constraint>;
+  /** `sh:severity`, defaulting to `sh:Violation`. */
+  readonly severity: Term.NamedNode;
+  /** `sh:message` values. */
+  readonly messages: ReadonlyArray<Term.Literal>;
+  /** `sh:deactivated true`. */
+  readonly deactivated: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A node shape (§2.2): its constraints apply to the focus node itself.
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category models
+ */
+export interface NodeShape extends ShapeBase {
+  readonly _tag: 'NodeShape';
+}
+
+/**
+ * A property shape (§2.3): its constraints apply to the values reachable
+ * from the focus node via `path`.
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category models
+ */
+export interface PropertyShape extends ShapeBase {
+  readonly _tag: 'PropertyShape';
+  readonly path: Path.Path;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category models
+ */
+export type Shape = NodeShape | PropertyShape;
+
+/**
+ * A parsed shapes graph.
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category models
+ */
+export interface ShapesGraph {
+  readonly _tag: 'ShapesGraph';
+  /** The RDF shapes graph this model was parsed from. */
+  readonly dataset: Dataset.Dataset;
+  /** Every shape of the shapes graph, in a deterministic order. */
+  readonly shapes: ReadonlyArray<Shape>;
+  /** Shapes indexed by the N-Triples form of their identifier. */
+  readonly index: ReadonlyMap<string, Shape>;
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Accessors
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category guards
+ */
+export const isShapesGraph = (u: unknown): u is ShapesGraph => Predicate.isTagged(u, 'ShapesGraph');
+
+/**
+ * Looks up a shape by its identifier.
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category accessors
+ */
+export const get = (self: ShapesGraph, id: Term.Term): Option.Option<Shape> =>
+  Option.fromNullishOr(self.index.get(id.key));
+
+/**
+ * The shapes that declare at least one target and are not deactivated.
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category accessors
+ */
+export const targetedShapes = (self: ShapesGraph): ReadonlyArray<Shape> =>
+  self.shapes.filter((s) => !s.deactivated && Arr.isReadonlyArrayNonEmpty(s.targets));
+
+/**
+ * Whether the shapes graph uses SHACL-SPARQL features (SPARQL constraints,
+ * SPARQL-based constraint components or SPARQL-based targets).
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category accessors
+ */
+export const usesSparql = (self: ShapesGraph): boolean =>
+  self.shapes.some(
+    (s) =>
+      s.targets.some(Predicate.isTagged('SparqlTarget')) ||
+      s.constraints.some(
+        (c) => Predicate.isTagged(c, 'Sparql') || Predicate.isTagged(c, 'Component'),
+      ),
+  );
+
+const componentNames: Record.ReadonlyRecord<
+  Exclude<ConstraintTag, 'Sparql' | 'Component'>,
+  string
+> = {
+  Class: 'ClassConstraintComponent',
+  Datatype: 'DatatypeConstraintComponent',
+  NodeKind: 'NodeKindConstraintComponent',
+  MinCount: 'MinCountConstraintComponent',
+  MaxCount: 'MaxCountConstraintComponent',
+  MinExclusive: 'MinExclusiveConstraintComponent',
+  MinInclusive: 'MinInclusiveConstraintComponent',
+  MaxExclusive: 'MaxExclusiveConstraintComponent',
+  MaxInclusive: 'MaxInclusiveConstraintComponent',
+  MinLength: 'MinLengthConstraintComponent',
+  MaxLength: 'MaxLengthConstraintComponent',
+  Pattern: 'PatternConstraintComponent',
+  LanguageIn: 'LanguageInConstraintComponent',
+  UniqueLang: 'UniqueLangConstraintComponent',
+  Equals: 'EqualsConstraintComponent',
+  Disjoint: 'DisjointConstraintComponent',
+  LessThan: 'LessThanConstraintComponent',
+  LessThanOrEquals: 'LessThanOrEqualsConstraintComponent',
+  Not: 'NotConstraintComponent',
+  And: 'AndConstraintComponent',
+  Or: 'OrConstraintComponent',
+  Xone: 'XoneConstraintComponent',
+  Node: 'NodeConstraintComponent',
+  Property: 'PropertyConstraintComponent',
+  QualifiedMinCount: 'QualifiedMinCountConstraintComponent',
+  QualifiedMaxCount: 'QualifiedMaxCountConstraintComponent',
+  Closed: 'ClosedConstraintComponent',
+  HasValue: 'HasValueConstraintComponent',
+  In: 'InConstraintComponent',
+};
+
+/**
+ * The constraint component IRI of a constraint (e.g.
+ * `sh:MinCountConstraintComponent`).
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category accessors
+ */
+export const componentOf = (constraint: Constraint): Term.NamedNode | Term.BlankNode => {
+  return Match.value(constraint).pipe(
+    Match.tag('Sparql', () => sh.SPARQLConstraintComponent),
+    Match.tag('Component', (custom) => custom.component),
+    Match.orElse((core) => Term.namedNode(SH + componentNames[core._tag])),
+  );
+};
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Parsing
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class ParseFailure {
+  readonly message: string;
+  readonly node: Option.Option<Term.Term>;
+  constructor(message: string, node: Option.Option<Term.Term>) {
+    this.message = message;
+    this.node = node;
+  }
+}
+
+const TRUE = Term.literal('true', xsd.boolean).key;
+
+const nodeKinds: Record.ReadonlyRecord<string, NodeKind> = Record.fromEntries(
+  Arr.map(
+    [
+      'BlankNode',
+      'IRI',
+      'Literal',
+      'BlankNodeOrIRI',
+      'BlankNodeOrLiteral',
+      'IRIOrLiteral',
+    ] as const,
+    (k) => [SH + k, k] as const,
+  ),
+);
+
+/** Parameters of the core constraint components (§4). */
+const coreParameters: ReadonlyArray<Term.NamedNode> = [
+  sh.class,
+  sh.datatype,
+  sh.nodeKind,
+  sh.minCount,
+  sh.maxCount,
+  sh.minExclusive,
+  sh.minInclusive,
+  sh.maxExclusive,
+  sh.maxInclusive,
+  sh.minLength,
+  sh.maxLength,
+  sh.pattern,
+  sh.flags,
+  sh.languageIn,
+  sh.uniqueLang,
+  sh.equals,
+  sh.disjoint,
+  sh.lessThan,
+  sh.lessThanOrEquals,
+  sh.not,
+  sh.and,
+  sh.or,
+  sh.xone,
+  sh.node,
+  sh.property,
+  sh.qualifiedValueShape,
+  sh.qualifiedValueShapesDisjoint,
+  sh.qualifiedMinCount,
+  sh.qualifiedMaxCount,
+  sh.closed,
+  sh.ignoredProperties,
+  sh.hasValue,
+  sh.in,
+  sh.sparql,
+];
+
+const targetPredicates: ReadonlyArray<Term.NamedNode> = [
+  sh.targetNode,
+  sh.targetClass,
+  sh.targetSubjectsOf,
+  sh.targetObjectsOf,
+  sh.target,
+];
+
+const rangeParameters = [
+  [sh.minExclusive, 'MinExclusive'],
+  [sh.minInclusive, 'MinInclusive'],
+  [sh.maxExclusive, 'MaxExclusive'],
+  [sh.maxInclusive, 'MaxInclusive'],
+] as const;
+
+const pairParameters = [
+  [sh.equals, 'Equals'],
+  [sh.disjoint, 'Disjoint'],
+  [sh.lessThan, 'LessThan'],
+  [sh.lessThanOrEquals, 'LessThanOrEquals'],
+] as const;
+
+const logicalParameters = [
+  [sh.and, 'And'],
+  [sh.or, 'Or'],
+  [sh.xone, 'Xone'],
+] as const;
+
+interface ComponentDeclaration {
+  readonly component: Term.NamedNode | Term.BlankNode;
+  readonly mandatory: ReadonlyArray<Term.NamedNode>;
+  readonly optional: ReadonlyArray<Term.NamedNode>;
+}
+
+type ComponentParameter = ComponentConstraint['parameters'][number];
+
+const isShapeId: (t: Term.Term) => t is ShapeId = Term.isResource;
+
+/**
+ * Parses a shapes graph synchronously, returning a `Result`.
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category parsing
+ */
+export const parseResult = (
+  dataset: Dataset.Dataset,
+): Result.Result<ShapesGraph, ShapesGraphError> =>
+  Result.try({
+    try: () => parseUnsafe(dataset),
+    catch: (e) => {
+      if (e instanceof ParseFailure) {
+        return new ShapesGraphError(
+          Option.match(e.node, {
+            onNone: () => ({ message: e.message }),
+            onSome: (node) => ({ message: e.message, node: node.key }),
+          }),
+        );
+      }
+      throw e;
+    },
+  });
+
+/**
+ * Parses a shapes graph into a typed model. Fails with a `ShapesGraphError`
+ * when the shapes graph is ill-formed (e.g. malformed paths or lists,
+ * parameters with values of the wrong kind, or invalid regular expressions).
+ *
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ * @category parsing
+ */
+export const parse = (dataset: Dataset.Dataset): Effect.Effect<ShapesGraph, ShapesGraphError> =>
+  Effect.suspend(() => {
+    const result = parseResult(dataset);
+    return Result.isSuccess(result) ? Effect.succeed(result.success) : Effect.fail(result.failure);
+  });
+
+const failShapes = (message: string, node?: Term.Term): never => {
+  throw new ParseFailure(message, Option.fromUndefinedOr(node));
+};
+
+const isTrue = (t: Term.Term): boolean => t.key === TRUE;
+
+const isTrueOption = (t: Option.Option<Term.Term>): boolean => Option.exists(t, isTrue);
+
+const shapeRef = (owner: Term.Term, p: Term.NamedNode, t: Term.Term): ShapeId =>
+  isShapeId(t)
+    ? t
+    : failShapes(`the value of ${p.key} on ${owner.key} must be an IRI or blank node`, owner);
+
+const resourceOf = (owner: Term.Term, t: Term.Term, message: string): Term.Resource =>
+  Term.isResource(t) ? t : failShapes(message, owner);
+
+const iriOf = (owner: Term.Term, p: Term.NamedNode, t: Term.Term): Term.NamedNode =>
+  Term.isNamedNode(t)
+    ? t
+    : failShapes(`the value of ${p.key} on ${owner.key} must be an IRI`, owner);
+
+const nonNegativeInteger = (owner: Term.Term, p: Term.NamedNode, t: Term.Term): number => {
+  if (Term.isLiteral(t) && Xsd.isIntegerDatatype(t.datatype.value) && Xsd.isWellFormed(t)) {
+    const n = Number(t.value);
+    if (n >= 0) return n;
+  }
+  return failShapes(
+    `the value of ${p.key} on ${owner.key} must be a non-negative xsd:integer`,
+    owner,
+  );
+};
+
+/** Reads values from the shapes graph, failing on ill-formed lists and repeated values. */
+interface Reader {
+  readonly g: Dataset.Dataset;
+  readonly objects: (s: Term.Term, p: Term.NamedNode) => ReadonlyArray<Term.GroundTerm>;
+  readonly list: (
+    owner: Term.Term,
+    head: Term.Term,
+    p: Term.NamedNode,
+  ) => ReadonlyArray<Term.GroundTerm>;
+  readonly single: (s: Term.Term, p: Term.NamedNode) => Option.Option<Term.GroundTerm>;
+}
+
+const makeReader = (g: Dataset.Dataset): Reader => {
+  const objects = (s: Term.Term, p: Term.NamedNode): ReadonlyArray<Term.GroundTerm> =>
+    isShapeId(s) ? Dataset.objectsOf(g, s, p) : [];
+  const list = (
+    owner: Term.Term,
+    head: Term.Term,
+    p: Term.NamedNode,
+  ): ReadonlyArray<Term.GroundTerm> => {
+    const items = Term.isObject(head) ? Dataset.list(g, head) : Option.none();
+    if (Option.isNone(items))
+      return failShapes(
+        `the value of ${p.key} on ${owner.key} must be a well-formed RDF list`,
+        owner,
+      );
+    return items.value;
+  };
+  const single = (s: Term.Term, p: Term.NamedNode): Option.Option<Term.GroundTerm> => {
+    const vs = objects(s, p);
+    if (vs.length > 1) failShapes(`${s.key} has more than one value for ${p.key}`, s);
+    return Arr.head(vs);
+  };
+  return { g, objects, list, single };
+};
+
+// --- Custom constraint components -------------------------------------------
+
+const parameterPath = (r: Reader, c: Term.Term, param: Term.GroundTerm): Term.NamedNode =>
+  Option.getOrElse(Option.filter(r.single(param, sh.path), Term.isNamedNode), () =>
+    failShapes(`parameter ${param.key} of ${c.key} must have an IRI sh:path`, param),
+  );
+
+const componentDeclarations = (r: Reader): ReadonlyArray<ComponentDeclaration> =>
+  Arr.flatMap(Rdfs.instancesOf(r.g, sh.ConstraintComponent), (c) => {
+    if (!isShapeId(c) || (Term.isNamedNode(c) && c.value.startsWith(SH))) return [];
+    const parameters = Arr.map(r.objects(c, sh.parameter), (param) => {
+      const path = parameterPath(r, c, param);
+      return { path, optional: isTrueOption(r.single(param, sh.optional)) };
+    });
+    const mandatory = Arr.map(
+      Arr.filter(parameters, (p) => !p.optional),
+      (p) => p.path,
+    );
+    const optional = Arr.map(
+      Arr.filter(parameters, (p) => p.optional),
+      (p) => p.path,
+    );
+    return Arr.isReadonlyArrayNonEmpty(mandatory) ? [{ component: c, mandatory, optional }] : [];
+  });
+
+// --- Collect shapes (§2.1) --------------------------------------------------
+
+const collectCandidates = (
+  r: Reader,
+  components: ReadonlyArray<ComponentDeclaration>,
+): ReadonlyArray<ShapeId> => {
+  const candidates = MutableHashMap.empty<string, ShapeId>();
+  const addCandidate = (t: Term.Term, reason: string) => {
+    if (!isShapeId(t)) failShapes(`${t.key} cannot be a shape (${reason})`, t);
+    else if (!MutableHashMap.has(candidates, t.key)) MutableHashMap.set(candidates, t.key, t);
+  };
+  Arr.forEach([sh.NodeShape, sh.PropertyShape], (cls) =>
+    Arr.forEach(Rdfs.instancesOf(r.g, cls), (s) => addCandidate(s, `instance of ${cls.key}`)),
+  );
+  const subjectTriggers = [
+    ...targetPredicates,
+    ...coreParameters,
+    ...components.flatMap((c) => c.mandatory),
+  ];
+  Arr.forEach(subjectTriggers, (p) =>
+    Arr.forEach(Dataset.match(r.g, { predicate: p }), (q) => {
+      if (!Term.isTriple(q.subject)) addCandidate(q.subject, `subject of ${p.key}`);
+    }),
+  );
+  Arr.forEach([sh.node, sh.property, sh.qualifiedValueShape, sh.not], (p) =>
+    Arr.forEach(Dataset.match(r.g, { predicate: p }), (q) =>
+      addCandidate(q.object, `value of ${p.key}`),
+    ),
+  );
+  Arr.forEach([sh.and, sh.or, sh.xone], (p) =>
+    Arr.forEach(Dataset.match(r.g, { predicate: p }), (q) =>
+      Arr.forEach(r.list(q.subject, q.object, p), (member) =>
+        addCandidate(member, `member of ${p.key}`),
+      ),
+    ),
+  );
+  return Arr.sort(MutableHashMap.values(candidates), Term.compare);
+};
+
+// --- Parse each shape -------------------------------------------------------
+
+const parseTargets = (
+  r: Reader,
+  id: ShapeId,
+  classInstances: MutableHashSet.MutableHashSet<string>,
+): ReadonlyArray<Target> => [
+  ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.targetNode), (node): Target => ({ _tag: 'TargetNode', node })),
+  ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.targetClass), (c): Target => ({
+    _tag: 'TargetClass',
+    class: resourceOf(id, c, `the value of sh:targetClass on ${id.key} must be an IRI`),
+    implicit: false,
+  })),
+  ...(Term.isNamedNode(id) && MutableHashSet.has(classInstances, id.key)
+    ? [{ _tag: 'TargetClass', class: id, implicit: true } satisfies Target]
+    : []),
+  ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.targetSubjectsOf), (p): Target => ({
+    _tag: 'TargetSubjectsOf',
+    predicate: iriOf(id, sh.targetSubjectsOf, p),
+  })),
+  ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.targetObjectsOf), (p): Target => ({
+    _tag: 'TargetObjectsOf',
+    predicate: iriOf(id, sh.targetObjectsOf, p),
+  })),
+  ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.target), (node): Target => ({ _tag: 'SparqlTarget', node })),
+];
+
+const objects = (r: Reader, s: Term.Term, p: Term.NamedNode) => r.objects(s, p);
+
+const valueConstraints = (r: Reader, id: ShapeId): ReadonlyArray<Constraint> => [
+  ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.class), (c): Constraint => ({
+    _tag: 'Class',
+    class: resourceOf(id, c, `the value of sh:class on ${id.key} must be an IRI`),
+  })),
+  ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.datatype), (d): Constraint => ({
+    _tag: 'Datatype',
+    datatype: iriOf(id, sh.datatype, d),
+  })),
+  ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.nodeKind), (k): Constraint => ({
+    _tag: 'NodeKind',
+    nodeKind: Option.getOrElse(Record.get(nodeKinds, Term.isNamedNode(k) ? k.value : ''), () =>
+      failShapes(`${k.key} is not a valid sh:nodeKind`, id),
+    ),
+  })),
+  ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.minCount), (n): Constraint => ({
+    _tag: 'MinCount',
+    minCount: nonNegativeInteger(id, sh.minCount, n),
+  })),
+  ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.maxCount), (n): Constraint => ({
+    _tag: 'MaxCount',
+    maxCount: nonNegativeInteger(id, sh.maxCount, n),
+  })),
+  ...Arr.flatMap(rangeParameters, ([p, tag]) =>
+    Arr.map(objects(r, id, p), (v): Constraint =>
+      Term.isLiteral(v)
+        ? { _tag: tag, value: v }
+        : failShapes(`the value of ${p.key} on ${id.key} must be a literal`, id),
+    ),
+  ),
+  ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.minLength), (n): Constraint => ({
+    _tag: 'MinLength',
+    minLength: nonNegativeInteger(id, sh.minLength, n),
+  })),
+  ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.maxLength), (n): Constraint => ({
+    _tag: 'MaxLength',
+    maxLength: nonNegativeInteger(id, sh.maxLength, n),
+  })),
+  ...patternConstraints(r, id),
+  ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.languageIn), (l): Constraint => ({
+    _tag: 'LanguageIn',
+    languages: Arr.map(r.list(id, l, sh.languageIn), (t) =>
+      Term.isLiteral(t)
+        ? t.value
+        : failShapes(`sh:languageIn members of ${id.key} must be literals`, id),
+    ),
+  })),
+  ...Arr.flatMap(objects(r, id, sh.uniqueLang), (u): ReadonlyArray<Constraint> =>
+    isTrue(u) ? [{ _tag: 'UniqueLang' }] : [],
+  ),
+  ...Arr.flatMap(pairParameters, ([p, tag]) =>
+    Arr.map(objects(r, id, p), (v): Constraint => ({ _tag: tag, predicate: iriOf(id, p, v) })),
+  ),
+];
+
+const patternConstraints = (r: Reader, id: ShapeId): ReadonlyArray<Constraint> => {
+  const patterns = objects(r, id, sh.pattern);
+  if (Arr.isReadonlyArrayEmpty(patterns)) return [];
+  const flags = Option.match(r.single(id, sh.flags), {
+    onNone: () => '',
+    onSome: (f) =>
+      Term.isLiteral(f)
+        ? f.value
+        : failShapes(`the value of sh:flags on ${id.key} must be a literal`, id),
+  });
+  return Arr.map(patterns, (p): Constraint => {
+    if (!Term.isLiteral(p))
+      return failShapes(`the value of sh:pattern on ${id.key} must be a literal`, id);
+    return Result.match(Regex.compile(p.value, flags), {
+      onFailure: (error) => failShapes(`${error} (sh:pattern on ${id.key})`, id),
+      onSuccess: (regex) => ({ _tag: 'Pattern', pattern: p.value, flags, regex }),
+    });
+  });
+};
+
+const shapeConstraints = (r: Reader, id: ShapeId): ReadonlyArray<Constraint> => [
+  ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.not), (s): Constraint => ({
+    _tag: 'Not',
+    shape: shapeRef(id, sh.not, s),
+  })),
+  ...Arr.flatMap(logicalParameters, ([p, tag]) =>
+    Arr.map(objects(r, id, p), (l): Constraint => ({
+      _tag: tag,
+      shapes: r.list(id, l, p).map((m) => shapeRef(id, p, m)),
+    })),
+  ),
+  ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.node), (s): Constraint => ({
+    _tag: 'Node',
+    shape: shapeRef(id, sh.node, s),
+  })),
+  ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.property), (s): Constraint => ({
+    _tag: 'Property',
+    shape: shapeRef(id, sh.property, s),
+  })),
+];
+
+/** The other qualified value shapes of the property shapes beside `id`. */
+const siblingShapes = (r: Reader, id: ShapeId, q: ShapeId): ReadonlyArray<ShapeId> => {
+  const siblings = MutableHashMap.empty<string, ShapeId>();
+  Arr.forEach(Dataset.subjectsOf(r.g, sh.property, id), (parent) =>
+    Arr.forEach(objects(r, parent, sh.property), (sibling) =>
+      Arr.forEach(objects(r, sibling, sh.qualifiedValueShape), (sq) => {
+        if (sq.key !== q.key && isShapeId(sq)) MutableHashMap.set(siblings, sq.key, sq);
+      }),
+    ),
+  );
+  return Arr.fromIterable(MutableHashMap.values(siblings));
+};
+
+const qualifiedConstraints = (r: Reader, id: ShapeId): ReadonlyArray<Constraint> => {
+  const qualifiedShapes = objects(r, id, sh.qualifiedValueShape);
+  if (Arr.isReadonlyArrayEmpty(qualifiedShapes)) return [];
+  const minNode = r.single(id, sh.qualifiedMinCount);
+  const maxNode = r.single(id, sh.qualifiedMaxCount);
+  const disjoint = isTrueOption(r.single(id, sh.qualifiedValueShapesDisjoint));
+  return Arr.flatMap(qualifiedShapes, (qNode) => {
+    const q = shapeRef(id, sh.qualifiedValueShape, qNode);
+    const common = { shape: q, disjoint, siblings: disjoint ? siblingShapes(r, id, q) : [] };
+    return [
+      ...Option.toArray(
+        Option.map(minNode, (n): Constraint => ({
+          _tag: 'QualifiedMinCount',
+          count: nonNegativeInteger(id, sh.qualifiedMinCount, n),
+          ...common,
+        })),
+      ),
+      ...Option.toArray(
+        Option.map(maxNode, (n): Constraint => ({
+          _tag: 'QualifiedMaxCount',
+          count: nonNegativeInteger(id, sh.qualifiedMaxCount, n),
+          ...common,
+        })),
+      ),
+    ];
+  });
+};
+
+const closedConstraints = (r: Reader, id: ShapeId): ReadonlyArray<Constraint> => {
+  if (!isTrueOption(r.single(id, sh.closed))) return [];
+  const ignoredProperties = Option.match(r.single(id, sh.ignoredProperties), {
+    onNone: (): ReadonlyArray<Term.NamedNode> => [],
+    onSome: (node) =>
+      Arr.map(r.list(id, node, sh.ignoredProperties), (t) => iriOf(id, sh.ignoredProperties, t)),
+  });
+  const allowed = MutableHashMap.empty<string, Term.NamedNode>();
+  Arr.forEach(objects(r, id, sh.property), (p) =>
+    Arr.forEach(objects(r, p, sh.path), (path) => {
+      if (Term.isNamedNode(path)) MutableHashMap.set(allowed, path.key, path);
+    }),
+  );
+  Arr.forEach(ignoredProperties, (p) => {
+    MutableHashMap.set(allowed, p.key, p);
+  });
+  return [
+    {
+      _tag: 'Closed',
+      ignoredProperties,
+      allowedProperties: Arr.fromIterable(MutableHashMap.values(allowed)),
+    },
+  ];
+};
+
+const sparqlConstraints = (r: Reader, id: ShapeId): ReadonlyArray<Constraint> =>
+  Arr.flatMap(objects(r, id, sh.sparql), (s): ReadonlyArray<Constraint> => {
+    if (!isShapeId(s))
+      return failShapes(`the value of sh:sparql on ${id.key} must be an IRI or blank node`, id);
+    return isTrueOption(r.single(s, sh.deactivated)) ? [] : [{ _tag: 'Sparql', node: s }];
+  });
+
+const noParameters: ReadonlyArray<ReadonlyArray<ComponentParameter>> = [[]];
+
+const componentConstraints = (
+  r: Reader,
+  id: ShapeId,
+  components: ReadonlyArray<ComponentDeclaration>,
+): ReadonlyArray<Constraint> =>
+  Arr.flatMap(components, (decl): ReadonlyArray<Constraint> => {
+    const bindings = Arr.map(
+      [...decl.mandatory, ...decl.optional],
+      (p) => [p, objects(r, id, p)] as const,
+    );
+    if (decl.mandatory.some((p) => Arr.isReadonlyArrayEmpty(objects(r, id, p)))) return [];
+    // One constraint per combination of parameter values.
+    const combos = Arr.reduce(bindings, noParameters, (acc, [path, values]) =>
+      Arr.isReadonlyArrayEmpty(values)
+        ? acc
+        : Arr.flatMap(acc, (combo) => values.map((value) => Arr.append(combo, { path, value }))),
+    );
+    return Arr.map(combos, (parameters): Constraint => ({
+      _tag: 'Component',
+      component: decl.component,
+      parameters,
+    }));
+  });
+
+const parseShape = (
+  r: Reader,
+  components: ReadonlyArray<ComponentDeclaration>,
+  classInstances: MutableHashSet.MutableHashSet<string>,
+  id: ShapeId,
+): Shape => {
+  const targets = parseTargets(r, id, classInstances);
+
+  // Shape characteristics
+  const severity = Option.match(r.single(id, sh.severity), {
+    onNone: () => sh.Violation,
+    onSome: (node) => iriOf(id, sh.severity, node),
+  });
+  const messages = objects(r, id, sh.message).filter(Term.isLiteral);
+  const deactivated = isTrueOption(r.single(id, sh.deactivated));
+
+  const constraints: ReadonlyArray<Constraint> = [
+    ...valueConstraints(r, id),
+    ...shapeConstraints(r, id),
+    ...qualifiedConstraints(r, id),
+    ...closedConstraints(r, id),
+    ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.hasValue), (v): Constraint => ({ _tag: 'HasValue', value: v })),
+    ...Arr.map(objects(r, id, sh.in), (l): Constraint => ({
+      _tag: 'In',
+      values: r.list(id, l, sh.in),
+    })),
+    ...sparqlConstraints(r, id),
+    ...componentConstraints(r, id, components),
+  ];
+
+  // Property shape?
+  return Option.match(r.single(id, sh.path), {
+    onNone: (): Shape => ({
+      _tag: 'NodeShape',
+      id,
+      targets,
+      constraints,
+      severity,
+      messages,
+      deactivated,
+    }),
+    onSome: (pathNode): Shape => ({
+      _tag: 'PropertyShape',
+      id,
+      path: Result.getOrElse(Path.fromRdf(r.g, pathNode), (failure) =>
+        failShapes(`ill-formed sh:path of ${id.key}: ${failure.message}`, id),
+      ),
+      targets,
+      constraints,
+      severity,
+      messages,
+      deactivated,
+    }),
+  });
+};
+
+const parseUnsafe = (g: Dataset.Dataset): ShapesGraph => {
+  const r = makeReader(g);
+  const components = componentDeclarations(r);
+  const candidates = collectCandidates(r, components);
+  const classInstances = MutableHashSet.fromIterable(
+    Arr.map(Rdfs.instancesOf(g, rdfs.Class), (c) => c.key),
+  );
+  const shapes = Arr.map(candidates, (id) => parseShape(r, components, classInstances, id));
+  // The public `index` is a `ReadonlyMap`.
+  const index = new Map(shapes.map((s) => [s.id.key, s]));
+  return { _tag: 'ShapesGraph', dataset: g, shapes, index };
+};