@theia/core 1.45.0 → 1.46.0-next.72

package/src/electron-main/electron-main-application.ts

@@ -1,685 +1,685 @@
-// *****************************************************************************
-// Copyright (C) 2020 Ericsson and others.
-//
-// This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the
-// terms of the Eclipse Public License v. 2.0 which is available at
-// http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-2.0.
-//
-// This Source Code may also be made available under the following Secondary
-// Licenses when the conditions for such availability set forth in the Eclipse
-// Public License v. 2.0 are satisfied: GNU General Public License, version 2
-// with the GNU Classpath Exception which is available at
-// https://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/license.html.
-//
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: EPL-2.0 OR GPL-2.0-only WITH Classpath-exception-2.0
-// *****************************************************************************
-
-import { inject, injectable, named } from 'inversify';
-import { screen, app, BrowserWindow, WebContents, Event as ElectronEvent, BrowserWindowConstructorOptions, nativeImage, nativeTheme } from '../../electron-shared/electron';
-import * as path from 'path';
-import { Argv } from 'yargs';
-import { AddressInfo } from 'net';
-import { promises as fs } from 'fs';
-import { existsSync, mkdirSync } from 'fs-extra';
-import { fork, ForkOptions } from 'child_process';
-import { DefaultTheme, FrontendApplicationConfig } from '@theia/application-package/lib/application-props';
-import URI from '../common/uri';
-import { FileUri } from '../node/file-uri';
-import { Deferred } from '../common/promise-util';
-import { MaybePromise } from '../common/types';
-import { ContributionProvider } from '../common/contribution-provider';
-import { ElectronSecurityTokenService } from './electron-security-token-service';
-import { ElectronSecurityToken } from '../electron-common/electron-token';
-import Storage = require('electron-store');
-import { Disposable, DisposableCollection, isOSX, isWindows } from '../common';
-import { DEFAULT_WINDOW_HASH, WindowSearchParams } from '../common/window';
-import { TheiaBrowserWindowOptions, TheiaElectronWindow, TheiaElectronWindowFactory } from './theia-electron-window';
-import { ElectronMainApplicationGlobals } from './electron-main-constants';
-import { createDisposableListener } from './event-utils';
-import { TheiaRendererAPI } from './electron-api-main';
-import { StopReason } from '../common/frontend-application-state';
-import { dynamicRequire } from '../node/dynamic-require';
-
-export { ElectronMainApplicationGlobals };
-
-const createYargs: (argv?: string[], cwd?: string) => Argv = require('yargs/yargs');
-
-/**
- * Options passed to the main/default command handler.
- */
-export interface ElectronMainCommandOptions {
-
-    /**
-     * By default, the first positional argument. Should be either a relative or absolute file-system path pointing to a file or a folder.
-     */
-    readonly file?: string;
-
-    readonly cwd: string;
-
-    /**
-     * If the app is launched for the first time, `secondInstance` is false.
-     * If the app is already running but user relaunches it, `secondInstance` is true.
-     */
-    readonly secondInstance: boolean;
-}
-
-/**
- * The default entrypoint will handle a very rudimentary CLI to open workspaces by doing `app path/to/workspace`. To override this behavior, you can extend and rebind the
- * `ElectronMainApplication` class and overriding the `launch` method.
- * A JSON-RPC communication between the Electron Main Process and the Renderer Processes is available: You can bind services using the `ElectronConnectionHandler` and
- * `ElectronIpcConnectionProvider` APIs, example:
- *
- * From an `electron-main` module:
- *
- *     bind(ElectronConnectionHandler).toDynamicValue(context =>
- *          new RpcConnectionHandler(electronMainWindowServicePath,
- *          () => context.container.get(ElectronMainWindowService))
- *     ).inSingletonScope();
- *
- * And from the `electron-browser` module:
- *
- *     bind(ElectronMainWindowService).toDynamicValue(context =>
- *          ElectronIpcConnectionProvider.createProxy(context.container, electronMainWindowServicePath)
- *     ).inSingletonScope();
- */
-export const ElectronMainApplicationContribution = Symbol('ElectronMainApplicationContribution');
-export interface ElectronMainApplicationContribution {
-    /**
-     * The application is ready and is starting. This is the time to initialize
-     * services global to this process.
-     *
-     * Invoked when the electron-main process starts for the first time.
-     */
-    onStart?(application: ElectronMainApplication): MaybePromise<void>;
-    /**
-     * The application is stopping. Contributions must perform only synchronous operations.
-     */
-    onStop?(application: ElectronMainApplication): void;
-}
-
-// Extracted and modified the functionality from `yargs@15.4.0-beta.0`.
-// Based on https://github.com/yargs/yargs/blob/522b019c9a50924605986a1e6e0cb716d47bcbca/lib/process-argv.ts
-@injectable()
-export class ElectronMainProcessArgv {
-
-    protected get processArgvBinIndex(): number {
-        // The binary name is the first command line argument for:
-        // - bundled Electron apps: bin argv1 argv2 ... argvn
-        if (this.isBundledElectronApp) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        // or the second one (default) for:
-        // - standard node apps: node bin.js argv1 argv2 ... argvn
-        // - unbundled Electron apps: electron bin.js argv1 arg2 ... argvn
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    protected get isBundledElectronApp(): boolean {
-        // process.defaultApp is either set by electron in an electron unbundled app, or undefined
-        // see https://github.com/electron/electron/blob/master/docs/api/process.md#processdefaultapp-readonly
-        return this.isElectronApp && !(process as ElectronMainProcessArgv.ElectronMainProcess).defaultApp;
-    }
-
-    protected get isElectronApp(): boolean {
-        // process.versions.electron is either set by electron, or undefined
-        // see https://github.com/electron/electron/blob/master/docs/api/process.md#processversionselectron-readonly
-        return !!(process as ElectronMainProcessArgv.ElectronMainProcess).versions.electron;
-    }
-
-    getProcessArgvWithoutBin(argv = process.argv): Array<string> {
-        return argv.slice(this.processArgvBinIndex + 1);
-    }
-
-    getProcessArgvBin(argv = process.argv): string {
-        return argv[this.processArgvBinIndex];
-    }
-
-}
-
-export namespace ElectronMainProcessArgv {
-    export interface ElectronMainProcess extends NodeJS.Process {
-        readonly defaultApp: boolean;
-        readonly versions: NodeJS.ProcessVersions & {
-            readonly electron: string;
-        };
-    }
-}
-
-@injectable()
-export class ElectronMainApplication {
-    @inject(ContributionProvider)
-    @named(ElectronMainApplicationContribution)
-    protected readonly contributions: ContributionProvider<ElectronMainApplicationContribution>;
-
-    @inject(ElectronMainApplicationGlobals)
-    protected readonly globals: ElectronMainApplicationGlobals;
-
-    @inject(ElectronMainProcessArgv)
-    protected processArgv: ElectronMainProcessArgv;
-
-    @inject(ElectronSecurityTokenService)
-    protected electronSecurityTokenService: ElectronSecurityTokenService;
-
-    @inject(ElectronSecurityToken)
-    protected readonly electronSecurityToken: ElectronSecurityToken;
-
-    @inject(TheiaElectronWindowFactory)
-    protected readonly windowFactory: TheiaElectronWindowFactory;
-
-    protected isPortable = this.makePortable();
-
-    protected readonly electronStore = new Storage<{
-        windowstate?: TheiaBrowserWindowOptions
-    }>();
-
-    protected readonly _backendPort = new Deferred<number>();
-    readonly backendPort = this._backendPort.promise;
-
-    protected _config: FrontendApplicationConfig | undefined;
-    protected useNativeWindowFrame: boolean = true;
-    protected customBackgroundColor?: string;
-    protected didUseNativeWindowFrameOnStart = new Map<number, boolean>();
-    protected windows = new Map<number, TheiaElectronWindow>();
-    protected restarting = false;
-
-    protected initialWindow?: BrowserWindow;
-
-    get config(): FrontendApplicationConfig {
-        if (!this._config) {
-            throw new Error('You have to start the application first.');
-        }
-        return this._config;
-    }
-
-    protected makePortable(): boolean {
-        const dataFolderPath = path.join(app.getAppPath(), 'data');
-        const appDataPath = path.join(dataFolderPath, 'app-data');
-        if (existsSync(dataFolderPath)) {
-            if (!existsSync(appDataPath)) {
-                mkdirSync(appDataPath);
-            }
-            app.setPath('userData', appDataPath);
-            return true;
-        } else {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    async start(config: FrontendApplicationConfig): Promise<void> {
-        const argv = this.processArgv.getProcessArgvWithoutBin(process.argv);
-        createYargs(argv, process.cwd())
-            .command('$0 [file]', false,
-                cmd => cmd
-                    .option('electronUserData', {
-                        type: 'string',
-                        describe: 'The area where the electron main process puts its data'
-                    })
-                    .positional('file', { type: 'string' }),
-                async args => {
-                    if (args.electronUserData) {
-                        console.info(`using electron user data area : '${args.electronUserData}'`);
-                        await fs.mkdir(args.electronUserData, { recursive: true });
-                        app.setPath('userData', args.electronUserData);
-                    }
-                    this.useNativeWindowFrame = this.getTitleBarStyle(config) === 'native';
-                    this._config = config;
-                    this.hookApplicationEvents();
-                    this.showInitialWindow();
-                    const port = await this.startBackend();
-                    this._backendPort.resolve(port);
-                    await app.whenReady();
-                    await this.attachElectronSecurityToken(port);
-                    await this.startContributions();
-
-                    this.handleMainCommand({
-                        file: args.file,
-                        cwd: process.cwd(),
-                        secondInstance: false
-                    });
-                },
-            ).parse();
-    }
-
-    protected getTitleBarStyle(config: FrontendApplicationConfig): 'native' | 'custom' {
-        if ('THEIA_ELECTRON_DISABLE_NATIVE_ELEMENTS' in process.env && process.env.THEIA_ELECTRON_DISABLE_NATIVE_ELEMENTS === '1') {
-            return 'custom';
-        }
-        if (isOSX) {
-            return 'native';
-        }
-        const storedFrame = this.electronStore.get('windowstate')?.frame;
-        if (storedFrame !== undefined) {
-            return !!storedFrame ? 'native' : 'custom';
-        }
-        if (config.preferences && config.preferences['window.titleBarStyle']) {
-            const titleBarStyle = config.preferences['window.titleBarStyle'];
-            if (titleBarStyle === 'native' || titleBarStyle === 'custom') {
-                return titleBarStyle;
-            }
-        }
-        return isWindows ? 'custom' : 'native';
-    }
-
-    public setTitleBarStyle(webContents: WebContents, style: string): void {
-        this.useNativeWindowFrame = isOSX || style === 'native';
-        this.saveState(webContents);
-    }
-
-    setBackgroundColor(webContents: WebContents, backgroundColor: string): void {
-        this.customBackgroundColor = backgroundColor;
-        this.saveState(webContents);
-    }
-
-    protected saveState(webContents: Electron.WebContents): void {
-        const browserWindow = BrowserWindow.fromWebContents(webContents);
-        if (browserWindow) {
-            this.saveWindowState(browserWindow);
-        } else {
-            console.warn(`no BrowserWindow with id: ${webContents.id}`);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param id the id of the WebContents of the BrowserWindow in question
-     * @returns 'native' or 'custom'
-     */
-    getTitleBarStyleAtStartup(webContents: WebContents): 'native' | 'custom' {
-        return this.didUseNativeWindowFrameOnStart.get(webContents.id) ? 'native' : 'custom';
-    }
-
-    protected showInitialWindow(): void {
-        if (this.config.electron.showWindowEarly &&
-            !('THEIA_ELECTRON_NO_EARLY_WINDOW' in process.env && process.env.THEIA_ELECTRON_NO_EARLY_WINDOW === '1')) {
-            console.log('Showing main window early');
-            app.whenReady().then(async () => {
-                const options = await this.getLastWindowOptions();
-                this.initialWindow = await this.createWindow({ ...options });
-                this.initialWindow.show();
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Use this rather than creating `BrowserWindow` instances from scratch, since some security parameters need to be set, this method will do it.
-     *
-     * @param options
-     */
-    async createWindow(asyncOptions: MaybePromise<TheiaBrowserWindowOptions> = this.getDefaultTheiaWindowOptions()): Promise<BrowserWindow> {
-        let options = await asyncOptions;
-        options = this.avoidOverlap(options);
-        const electronWindow = this.windowFactory(options, this.config);
-        const id = electronWindow.window.webContents.id;
-        this.windows.set(id, electronWindow);
-        electronWindow.onDidClose(() => this.windows.delete(id));
-        electronWindow.window.on('maximize', () => TheiaRendererAPI.sendWindowEvent(electronWindow.window.webContents, 'maximize'));
-        electronWindow.window.on('unmaximize', () => TheiaRendererAPI.sendWindowEvent(electronWindow.window.webContents, 'unmaximize'));
-        electronWindow.window.on('focus', () => TheiaRendererAPI.sendWindowEvent(electronWindow.window.webContents, 'focus'));
-        this.attachSaveWindowState(electronWindow.window);
-        this.configureNativeSecondaryWindowCreation(electronWindow.window);
-        return electronWindow.window;
-    }
-
-    async getLastWindowOptions(): Promise<TheiaBrowserWindowOptions> {
-        const previousWindowState: TheiaBrowserWindowOptions | undefined = this.electronStore.get('windowstate');
-        const windowState = previousWindowState?.screenLayout === this.getCurrentScreenLayout()
-            ? previousWindowState
-            : this.getDefaultTheiaWindowOptions();
-        return {
-            frame: this.useNativeWindowFrame,
-            ...this.getDefaultOptions(),
-            ...windowState
-        };
-    }
-
-    protected avoidOverlap(options: TheiaBrowserWindowOptions): TheiaBrowserWindowOptions {
-        const existingWindowsBounds = BrowserWindow.getAllWindows().map(window => window.getBounds());
-        if (existingWindowsBounds.length > 0) {
-            while (existingWindowsBounds.some(window => window.x === options.x || window.y === options.y)) {
-                // if the window is maximized or in fullscreen, use the default window options.
-                if (options.isMaximized || options.isFullScreen) {
-                    options = this.getDefaultTheiaWindowOptions();
-                }
-                options.x = options.x! + 30;
-                options.y = options.y! + 30;
-
-            }
-        }
-        return options;
-    }
-
-    protected getDefaultOptions(): TheiaBrowserWindowOptions {
-        return {
-            show: false,
-            title: this.config.applicationName,
-            backgroundColor: DefaultTheme.defaultBackgroundColor(this.config.electron.windowOptions?.darkTheme || nativeTheme.shouldUseDarkColors),
-            minWidth: 200,
-            minHeight: 120,
-            webPreferences: {
-                // `global` is undefined when `true`.
-                contextIsolation: true,
-                sandbox: false,
-                nodeIntegration: false,
-                // Setting the following option to `true` causes some features to break, somehow.
-                // Issue: https://github.com/eclipse-theia/theia/issues/8577
-                nodeIntegrationInWorker: false,
-                preload: path.resolve(this.globals.THEIA_APP_PROJECT_PATH, 'lib', 'frontend', 'preload.js').toString()
-            },
-            ...this.config.electron?.windowOptions || {},
-        };
-    }
-
-    async openDefaultWindow(params?: WindowSearchParams): Promise<BrowserWindow> {
-        const options = this.getDefaultTheiaWindowOptions();
-        const [uri, electronWindow] = await Promise.all([this.createWindowUri(params), this.reuseOrCreateWindow(options)]);
-        electronWindow.loadURL(uri.withFragment(DEFAULT_WINDOW_HASH).toString(true));
-        return electronWindow;
-    }
-
-    protected async openWindowWithWorkspace(workspacePath: string): Promise<BrowserWindow> {
-        const options = await this.getLastWindowOptions();
-        const [uri, electronWindow] = await Promise.all([this.createWindowUri(), this.reuseOrCreateWindow(options)]);
-        electronWindow.loadURL(uri.withFragment(encodeURI(workspacePath)).toString(true));
-        return electronWindow;
-    }
-
-    protected async reuseOrCreateWindow(asyncOptions: MaybePromise<TheiaBrowserWindowOptions>): Promise<BrowserWindow> {
-        if (!this.initialWindow) {
-            return this.createWindow(asyncOptions);
-        }
-        // reset initial window after having it re-used once
-        const window = this.initialWindow;
-        this.initialWindow = undefined;
-        return window;
-    }
-
-    /** Configures native window creation, i.e. using window.open or links with target "_blank" in the frontend. */
-    protected configureNativeSecondaryWindowCreation(electronWindow: BrowserWindow): void {
-        electronWindow.webContents.setWindowOpenHandler(() => {
-            const { minWidth, minHeight } = this.getDefaultOptions();
-            const options: BrowserWindowConstructorOptions = {
-                ...this.getDefaultTheiaSecondaryWindowBounds(),
-                // We always need the native window frame for now because the secondary window does not have Theia's title bar by default.
-                // In 'custom' title bar mode this would leave the window without any window controls (close, min, max)
-                // TODO set to this.useNativeWindowFrame when secondary windows support a custom title bar.
-                frame: true,
-                minWidth,
-                minHeight
-            };
-            if (!this.useNativeWindowFrame) {
-                // If the main window does not have a native window frame, do not show  an icon in the secondary window's native title bar.
-                // The data url is a 1x1 transparent png
-                options.icon = nativeImage.createFromDataURL('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAAC0lEQVQI12P4DwQACfsD/WMmxY8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=');
-            }
-            return {
-                action: 'allow',
-                overrideBrowserWindowOptions: options,
-            };
-        });
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * "Gently" close all windows, application will not stop if a `beforeunload` handler returns `false`.
-     */
-    requestStop(): void {
-        app.quit();
-    }
-
-    protected async handleMainCommand(options: ElectronMainCommandOptions): Promise<void> {
-        if (options.secondInstance === false) {
-            await this.openWindowWithWorkspace(''); // restore previous workspace.
-        } else if (options.file === undefined) {
-            await this.openDefaultWindow();
-        } else {
-            let workspacePath: string | undefined;
-            try {
-                workspacePath = await fs.realpath(path.resolve(options.cwd, options.file));
-            } catch {
-                console.error(`Could not resolve the workspace path. "${options.file}" is not a valid 'file' option. Falling back to the default workspace location.`);
-            }
-            if (workspacePath === undefined) {
-                await this.openDefaultWindow();
-            } else {
-                await this.openWindowWithWorkspace(workspacePath);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    protected async createWindowUri(params: WindowSearchParams = {}): Promise<URI> {
-        if (!('port' in params)) {
-            params.port = (await this.backendPort).toString();
-        }
-        const query = Object.entries(params).map(([name, value]) => `${name}=${value}`).join('&');
-        return FileUri.create(this.globals.THEIA_FRONTEND_HTML_PATH)
-            .withQuery(query);
-    }
-
-    protected getDefaultTheiaWindowOptions(): TheiaBrowserWindowOptions {
-        return {
-            frame: this.useNativeWindowFrame,
-            isFullScreen: false,
-            isMaximized: false,
-            ...this.getDefaultTheiaWindowBounds(),
-            ...this.getDefaultOptions()
-        };
-    }
-
-    protected getDefaultTheiaSecondaryWindowBounds(): TheiaBrowserWindowOptions {
-        return {};
-    }
-
-    protected getDefaultTheiaWindowBounds(): TheiaBrowserWindowOptions {
-        // The `screen` API must be required when the application is ready.
-        // See: https://electronjs.org/docs/api/screen#screen
-        // We must center by hand because `browserWindow.center()` fails on multi-screen setups
-        // See: https://github.com/electron/electron/issues/3490
-        const { bounds } = screen.getDisplayNearestPoint(screen.getCursorScreenPoint());
-        const height = Math.round(bounds.height * (2 / 3));
-        const width = Math.round(bounds.width * (2 / 3));
-        const y = Math.round(bounds.y + (bounds.height - height) / 2);
-        const x = Math.round(bounds.x + (bounds.width - width) / 2);
-        return {
-            width,
-            height,
-            x,
-            y
-        };
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Save the window geometry state on every change.
-     */
-    protected attachSaveWindowState(electronWindow: BrowserWindow): void {
-        const windowStateListeners = new DisposableCollection();
-        let delayedSaveTimeout: NodeJS.Timeout | undefined;
-        const saveWindowStateDelayed = () => {
-            if (delayedSaveTimeout) {
-                clearTimeout(delayedSaveTimeout);
-            }
-            delayedSaveTimeout = setTimeout(() => this.saveWindowState(electronWindow), 1000);
-        };
-        createDisposableListener(electronWindow, 'close', () => {
-            this.saveWindowState(electronWindow);
-        }, windowStateListeners);
-        createDisposableListener(electronWindow, 'resize', saveWindowStateDelayed, windowStateListeners);
-        createDisposableListener(electronWindow, 'move', saveWindowStateDelayed, windowStateListeners);
-        windowStateListeners.push(Disposable.create(() => { try { this.didUseNativeWindowFrameOnStart.delete(electronWindow.webContents.id); } catch { } }));
-        this.didUseNativeWindowFrameOnStart.set(electronWindow.webContents.id, this.useNativeWindowFrame);
-        electronWindow.once('closed', () => windowStateListeners.dispose());
-    }
-
-    protected saveWindowState(electronWindow: BrowserWindow): void {
-        // In some circumstances the `electronWindow` can be `null`
-        if (!electronWindow) {
-            return;
-        }
-        try {
-            const bounds = electronWindow.getBounds();
-            const options: TheiaBrowserWindowOptions = {
-                isFullScreen: electronWindow.isFullScreen(),
-                isMaximized: electronWindow.isMaximized(),
-                width: bounds.width,
-                height: bounds.height,
-                x: bounds.x,
-                y: bounds.y,
-                frame: this.useNativeWindowFrame,
-                screenLayout: this.getCurrentScreenLayout(),
-                backgroundColor: this.customBackgroundColor
-            };
-            this.electronStore.set('windowstate', options);
-        } catch (e) {
-            console.error('Error while saving window state:', e);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Return a string unique to the current display layout.
-     */
-    protected getCurrentScreenLayout(): string {
-        return screen.getAllDisplays().map(
-            display => `${display.bounds.x}:${display.bounds.y}:${display.bounds.width}:${display.bounds.height}`
-        ).sort().join('-');
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Start the NodeJS backend server.
-     *
-     * @return Running server's port promise.
-     */
-    protected async startBackend(): Promise<number> {
-        // Check if we should run everything as one process.
-        const noBackendFork = process.argv.indexOf('--no-cluster') !== -1;
-        // We cannot use the `process.cwd()` as the application project path (the location of the `package.json` in other words)
-        // in a bundled electron application because it depends on the way we start it. For instance, on OS X, these are a differences:
-        // https://github.com/eclipse-theia/theia/issues/3297#issuecomment-439172274
-        process.env.THEIA_APP_PROJECT_PATH = this.globals.THEIA_APP_PROJECT_PATH;
-        // Set the electron version for both the dev and the production mode. (https://github.com/eclipse-theia/theia/issues/3254)
-        // Otherwise, the forked backend processes will not know that they're serving the electron frontend.
-        process.env.THEIA_ELECTRON_VERSION = process.versions.electron;
-        if (noBackendFork) {
-            process.env[ElectronSecurityToken] = JSON.stringify(this.electronSecurityToken);
-            // The backend server main file is supposed to export a promise resolving with the port used by the http(s) server.
-            dynamicRequire(this.globals.THEIA_BACKEND_MAIN_PATH);
-            // @ts-expect-error
-            const address: AddressInfo = await globalThis.serverAddress;
-            return address.port;
-        } else {
-            const backendProcess = fork(
-                this.globals.THEIA_BACKEND_MAIN_PATH,
-                this.processArgv.getProcessArgvWithoutBin(),
-                await this.getForkOptions(),
-            );
-            return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-                // The backend server main file is also supposed to send the resolved http(s) server port via IPC.
-                backendProcess.on('message', (address: AddressInfo) => {
-                    resolve(address.port);
-                });
-                backendProcess.on('error', error => {
-                    reject(error);
-                });
-                backendProcess.on('exit', code => {
-                    reject(code);
-                });
-                app.on('quit', () => {
-                    // Only issue a kill signal if the backend process is running.
-                    // eslint-disable-next-line no-null/no-null
-                    if (backendProcess.exitCode === null && backendProcess.signalCode === null) {
-                        try {
-                            // If we forked the process for the clusters, we need to manually terminate it.
-                            // See: https://github.com/eclipse-theia/theia/issues/835
-                            if (backendProcess.pid) {
-                                process.kill(backendProcess.pid);
-                            }
-                        } catch (error) {
-                            // See https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/kill.2.html#ERRORS
-                            if (error.code === 'ESRCH') {
-                                return;
-                            }
-                            throw error;
-                        }
-                    }
-                });
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
-    protected async getForkOptions(): Promise<ForkOptions> {
-        return {
-            // The backend must be a process group leader on UNIX in order to kill the tree later.
-            // See https://nodejs.org/api/child_process.html#child_process_options_detached
-            detached: process.platform !== 'win32',
-            env: {
-                ...process.env,
-                [ElectronSecurityToken]: JSON.stringify(this.electronSecurityToken),
-            },
-        };
-    }
-
-    protected async attachElectronSecurityToken(port: number): Promise<void> {
-        await this.electronSecurityTokenService.setElectronSecurityTokenCookie(`http://localhost:${port}`);
-    }
-
-    protected hookApplicationEvents(): void {
-        app.on('will-quit', this.onWillQuit.bind(this));
-        app.on('second-instance', this.onSecondInstance.bind(this));
-        app.on('window-all-closed', this.onWindowAllClosed.bind(this));
-    }
-
-    protected onWillQuit(event: ElectronEvent): void {
-        this.stopContributions();
-    }
-
-    protected async onSecondInstance(event: ElectronEvent, argv: string[], cwd: string): Promise<void> {
-        const electronWindows = BrowserWindow.getAllWindows();
-        if (electronWindows.length > 0) {
-            const electronWindow = electronWindows[0];
-            if (electronWindow.isMinimized()) {
-                electronWindow.restore();
-            }
-            electronWindow.focus();
-        }
-    }
-
-    protected onWindowAllClosed(event: ElectronEvent): void {
-        if (!this.restarting) {
-            this.requestStop();
-        }
-    }
-
-    public async restart(webContents: WebContents): Promise<void> {
-        this.restarting = true;
-        const wrapper = this.windows.get(webContents.id);
-        if (wrapper) {
-            const listener = wrapper.onDidClose(async () => {
-                listener.dispose();
-                await this.handleMainCommand({
-                    secondInstance: false,
-                    cwd: process.cwd()
-                });
-                this.restarting = false;
-            });
-            // If close failed or was cancelled on this occasion, don't keep listening for it.
-            if (!await wrapper.close(StopReason.Restart)) {
-                listener.dispose();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    protected async startContributions(): Promise<void> {
-        const promises = [];
-        for (const contribution of this.contributions.getContributions()) {
-            if (contribution.onStart) {
-                promises.push(contribution.onStart(this));
-            }
-        }
-        await Promise.all(promises);
-    }
-
-    protected stopContributions(): void {
-        for (const contribution of this.contributions.getContributions()) {
-            if (contribution.onStop) {
-                contribution.onStop(this);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-}
+// *****************************************************************************
+// Copyright (C) 2020 Ericsson and others.
+//
+// This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the
+// terms of the Eclipse Public License v. 2.0 which is available at
+// http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-2.0.
+//
+// This Source Code may also be made available under the following Secondary
+// Licenses when the conditions for such availability set forth in the Eclipse
+// Public License v. 2.0 are satisfied: GNU General Public License, version 2
+// with the GNU Classpath Exception which is available at
+// https://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/license.html.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: EPL-2.0 OR GPL-2.0-only WITH Classpath-exception-2.0
+// *****************************************************************************
+
+import { inject, injectable, named } from 'inversify';
+import { screen, app, BrowserWindow, WebContents, Event as ElectronEvent, BrowserWindowConstructorOptions, nativeImage, nativeTheme } from '../../electron-shared/electron';
+import * as path from 'path';
+import { Argv } from 'yargs';
+import { AddressInfo } from 'net';
+import { promises as fs } from 'fs';
+import { existsSync, mkdirSync } from 'fs-extra';
+import { fork, ForkOptions } from 'child_process';
+import { DefaultTheme, FrontendApplicationConfig } from '@theia/application-package/lib/application-props';
+import URI from '../common/uri';
+import { FileUri } from '../common/file-uri';
+import { Deferred } from '../common/promise-util';
+import { MaybePromise } from '../common/types';
+import { ContributionProvider } from '../common/contribution-provider';
+import { ElectronSecurityTokenService } from './electron-security-token-service';
+import { ElectronSecurityToken } from '../electron-common/electron-token';
+import Storage = require('electron-store');
+import { Disposable, DisposableCollection, isOSX, isWindows } from '../common';
+import { DEFAULT_WINDOW_HASH, WindowSearchParams } from '../common/window';
+import { TheiaBrowserWindowOptions, TheiaElectronWindow, TheiaElectronWindowFactory } from './theia-electron-window';
+import { ElectronMainApplicationGlobals } from './electron-main-constants';
+import { createDisposableListener } from './event-utils';
+import { TheiaRendererAPI } from './electron-api-main';
+import { StopReason } from '../common/frontend-application-state';
+import { dynamicRequire } from '../node/dynamic-require';
+
+export { ElectronMainApplicationGlobals };
+
+const createYargs: (argv?: string[], cwd?: string) => Argv = require('yargs/yargs');
+
+/**
+ * Options passed to the main/default command handler.
+ */
+export interface ElectronMainCommandOptions {
+
+    /**
+     * By default, the first positional argument. Should be either a relative or absolute file-system path pointing to a file or a folder.
+     */
+    readonly file?: string;
+
+    readonly cwd: string;
+
+    /**
+     * If the app is launched for the first time, `secondInstance` is false.
+     * If the app is already running but user relaunches it, `secondInstance` is true.
+     */
+    readonly secondInstance: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The default entrypoint will handle a very rudimentary CLI to open workspaces by doing `app path/to/workspace`. To override this behavior, you can extend and rebind the
+ * `ElectronMainApplication` class and overriding the `launch` method.
+ * A JSON-RPC communication between the Electron Main Process and the Renderer Processes is available: You can bind services using the `ElectronConnectionHandler` and
+ * `ElectronIpcConnectionProvider` APIs, example:
+ *
+ * From an `electron-main` module:
+ *
+ *     bind(ElectronConnectionHandler).toDynamicValue(context =>
+ *          new RpcConnectionHandler(electronMainWindowServicePath,
+ *          () => context.container.get(ElectronMainWindowService))
+ *     ).inSingletonScope();
+ *
+ * And from the `electron-browser` module:
+ *
+ *     bind(ElectronMainWindowService).toDynamicValue(context =>
+ *          ElectronIpcConnectionProvider.createProxy(context.container, electronMainWindowServicePath)
+ *     ).inSingletonScope();
+ */
+export const ElectronMainApplicationContribution = Symbol('ElectronMainApplicationContribution');
+export interface ElectronMainApplicationContribution {
+    /**
+     * The application is ready and is starting. This is the time to initialize
+     * services global to this process.
+     *
+     * Invoked when the electron-main process starts for the first time.
+     */
+    onStart?(application: ElectronMainApplication): MaybePromise<void>;
+    /**
+     * The application is stopping. Contributions must perform only synchronous operations.
+     */
+    onStop?(application: ElectronMainApplication): void;
+}
+
+// Extracted and modified the functionality from `yargs@15.4.0-beta.0`.
+// Based on https://github.com/yargs/yargs/blob/522b019c9a50924605986a1e6e0cb716d47bcbca/lib/process-argv.ts
+@injectable()
+export class ElectronMainProcessArgv {
+
+    protected get processArgvBinIndex(): number {
+        // The binary name is the first command line argument for:
+        // - bundled Electron apps: bin argv1 argv2 ... argvn
+        if (this.isBundledElectronApp) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        // or the second one (default) for:
+        // - standard node apps: node bin.js argv1 argv2 ... argvn
+        // - unbundled Electron apps: electron bin.js argv1 arg2 ... argvn
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    protected get isBundledElectronApp(): boolean {
+        // process.defaultApp is either set by electron in an electron unbundled app, or undefined
+        // see https://github.com/electron/electron/blob/master/docs/api/process.md#processdefaultapp-readonly
+        return this.isElectronApp && !(process as ElectronMainProcessArgv.ElectronMainProcess).defaultApp;
+    }
+
+    protected get isElectronApp(): boolean {
+        // process.versions.electron is either set by electron, or undefined
+        // see https://github.com/electron/electron/blob/master/docs/api/process.md#processversionselectron-readonly
+        return !!(process as ElectronMainProcessArgv.ElectronMainProcess).versions.electron;
+    }
+
+    getProcessArgvWithoutBin(argv = process.argv): Array<string> {
+        return argv.slice(this.processArgvBinIndex + 1);
+    }
+
+    getProcessArgvBin(argv = process.argv): string {
+        return argv[this.processArgvBinIndex];
+    }
+
+}
+
+export namespace ElectronMainProcessArgv {
+    export interface ElectronMainProcess extends NodeJS.Process {
+        readonly defaultApp: boolean;
+        readonly versions: NodeJS.ProcessVersions & {
+            readonly electron: string;
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+@injectable()
+export class ElectronMainApplication {
+    @inject(ContributionProvider)
+    @named(ElectronMainApplicationContribution)
+    protected readonly contributions: ContributionProvider<ElectronMainApplicationContribution>;
+
+    @inject(ElectronMainApplicationGlobals)
+    protected readonly globals: ElectronMainApplicationGlobals;
+
+    @inject(ElectronMainProcessArgv)
+    protected processArgv: ElectronMainProcessArgv;
+
+    @inject(ElectronSecurityTokenService)
+    protected electronSecurityTokenService: ElectronSecurityTokenService;
+
+    @inject(ElectronSecurityToken)
+    protected readonly electronSecurityToken: ElectronSecurityToken;
+
+    @inject(TheiaElectronWindowFactory)
+    protected readonly windowFactory: TheiaElectronWindowFactory;
+
+    protected isPortable = this.makePortable();
+
+    protected readonly electronStore = new Storage<{
+        windowstate?: TheiaBrowserWindowOptions
+    }>();
+
+    protected readonly _backendPort = new Deferred<number>();
+    readonly backendPort = this._backendPort.promise;
+
+    protected _config: FrontendApplicationConfig | undefined;
+    protected useNativeWindowFrame: boolean = true;
+    protected customBackgroundColor?: string;
+    protected didUseNativeWindowFrameOnStart = new Map<number, boolean>();
+    protected windows = new Map<number, TheiaElectronWindow>();
+    protected restarting = false;
+
+    protected initialWindow?: BrowserWindow;
+
+    get config(): FrontendApplicationConfig {
+        if (!this._config) {
+            throw new Error('You have to start the application first.');
+        }
+        return this._config;
+    }
+
+    protected makePortable(): boolean {
+        const dataFolderPath = path.join(app.getAppPath(), 'data');
+        const appDataPath = path.join(dataFolderPath, 'app-data');
+        if (existsSync(dataFolderPath)) {
+            if (!existsSync(appDataPath)) {
+                mkdirSync(appDataPath);
+            }
+            app.setPath('userData', appDataPath);
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    async start(config: FrontendApplicationConfig): Promise<void> {
+        const argv = this.processArgv.getProcessArgvWithoutBin(process.argv);
+        createYargs(argv, process.cwd())
+            .command('$0 [file]', false,
+                cmd => cmd
+                    .option('electronUserData', {
+                        type: 'string',
+                        describe: 'The area where the electron main process puts its data'
+                    })
+                    .positional('file', { type: 'string' }),
+                async args => {
+                    if (args.electronUserData) {
+                        console.info(`using electron user data area : '${args.electronUserData}'`);
+                        await fs.mkdir(args.electronUserData, { recursive: true });
+                        app.setPath('userData', args.electronUserData);
+                    }
+                    this.useNativeWindowFrame = this.getTitleBarStyle(config) === 'native';
+                    this._config = config;
+                    this.hookApplicationEvents();
+                    this.showInitialWindow();
+                    const port = await this.startBackend();
+                    this._backendPort.resolve(port);
+                    await app.whenReady();
+                    await this.attachElectronSecurityToken(port);
+                    await this.startContributions();
+
+                    this.handleMainCommand({
+                        file: args.file,
+                        cwd: process.cwd(),
+                        secondInstance: false
+                    });
+                },
+            ).parse();
+    }
+
+    protected getTitleBarStyle(config: FrontendApplicationConfig): 'native' | 'custom' {
+        if ('THEIA_ELECTRON_DISABLE_NATIVE_ELEMENTS' in process.env && process.env.THEIA_ELECTRON_DISABLE_NATIVE_ELEMENTS === '1') {
+            return 'custom';
+        }
+        if (isOSX) {
+            return 'native';
+        }
+        const storedFrame = this.electronStore.get('windowstate')?.frame;
+        if (storedFrame !== undefined) {
+            return !!storedFrame ? 'native' : 'custom';
+        }
+        if (config.preferences && config.preferences['window.titleBarStyle']) {
+            const titleBarStyle = config.preferences['window.titleBarStyle'];
+            if (titleBarStyle === 'native' || titleBarStyle === 'custom') {
+                return titleBarStyle;
+            }
+        }
+        return isWindows ? 'custom' : 'native';
+    }
+
+    public setTitleBarStyle(webContents: WebContents, style: string): void {
+        this.useNativeWindowFrame = isOSX || style === 'native';
+        this.saveState(webContents);
+    }
+
+    setBackgroundColor(webContents: WebContents, backgroundColor: string): void {
+        this.customBackgroundColor = backgroundColor;
+        this.saveState(webContents);
+    }
+
+    protected saveState(webContents: Electron.WebContents): void {
+        const browserWindow = BrowserWindow.fromWebContents(webContents);
+        if (browserWindow) {
+            this.saveWindowState(browserWindow);
+        } else {
+            console.warn(`no BrowserWindow with id: ${webContents.id}`);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param id the id of the WebContents of the BrowserWindow in question
+     * @returns 'native' or 'custom'
+     */
+    getTitleBarStyleAtStartup(webContents: WebContents): 'native' | 'custom' {
+        return this.didUseNativeWindowFrameOnStart.get(webContents.id) ? 'native' : 'custom';
+    }
+
+    protected showInitialWindow(): void {
+        if (this.config.electron.showWindowEarly &&
+            !('THEIA_ELECTRON_NO_EARLY_WINDOW' in process.env && process.env.THEIA_ELECTRON_NO_EARLY_WINDOW === '1')) {
+            console.log('Showing main window early');
+            app.whenReady().then(async () => {
+                const options = await this.getLastWindowOptions();
+                this.initialWindow = await this.createWindow({ ...options });
+                this.initialWindow.show();
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Use this rather than creating `BrowserWindow` instances from scratch, since some security parameters need to be set, this method will do it.
+     *
+     * @param options
+     */
+    async createWindow(asyncOptions: MaybePromise<TheiaBrowserWindowOptions> = this.getDefaultTheiaWindowOptions()): Promise<BrowserWindow> {
+        let options = await asyncOptions;
+        options = this.avoidOverlap(options);
+        const electronWindow = this.windowFactory(options, this.config);
+        const id = electronWindow.window.webContents.id;
+        this.windows.set(id, electronWindow);
+        electronWindow.onDidClose(() => this.windows.delete(id));
+        electronWindow.window.on('maximize', () => TheiaRendererAPI.sendWindowEvent(electronWindow.window.webContents, 'maximize'));
+        electronWindow.window.on('unmaximize', () => TheiaRendererAPI.sendWindowEvent(electronWindow.window.webContents, 'unmaximize'));
+        electronWindow.window.on('focus', () => TheiaRendererAPI.sendWindowEvent(electronWindow.window.webContents, 'focus'));
+        this.attachSaveWindowState(electronWindow.window);
+        this.configureNativeSecondaryWindowCreation(electronWindow.window);
+        return electronWindow.window;
+    }
+
+    async getLastWindowOptions(): Promise<TheiaBrowserWindowOptions> {
+        const previousWindowState: TheiaBrowserWindowOptions | undefined = this.electronStore.get('windowstate');
+        const windowState = previousWindowState?.screenLayout === this.getCurrentScreenLayout()
+            ? previousWindowState
+            : this.getDefaultTheiaWindowOptions();
+        return {
+            frame: this.useNativeWindowFrame,
+            ...this.getDefaultOptions(),
+            ...windowState
+        };
+    }
+
+    protected avoidOverlap(options: TheiaBrowserWindowOptions): TheiaBrowserWindowOptions {
+        const existingWindowsBounds = BrowserWindow.getAllWindows().map(window => window.getBounds());
+        if (existingWindowsBounds.length > 0) {
+            while (existingWindowsBounds.some(window => window.x === options.x || window.y === options.y)) {
+                // if the window is maximized or in fullscreen, use the default window options.
+                if (options.isMaximized || options.isFullScreen) {
+                    options = this.getDefaultTheiaWindowOptions();
+                }
+                options.x = options.x! + 30;
+                options.y = options.y! + 30;
+
+            }
+        }
+        return options;
+    }
+
+    protected getDefaultOptions(): TheiaBrowserWindowOptions {
+        return {
+            show: false,
+            title: this.config.applicationName,
+            backgroundColor: DefaultTheme.defaultBackgroundColor(this.config.electron.windowOptions?.darkTheme || nativeTheme.shouldUseDarkColors),
+            minWidth: 200,
+            minHeight: 120,
+            webPreferences: {
+                // `global` is undefined when `true`.
+                contextIsolation: true,
+                sandbox: false,
+                nodeIntegration: false,
+                // Setting the following option to `true` causes some features to break, somehow.
+                // Issue: https://github.com/eclipse-theia/theia/issues/8577
+                nodeIntegrationInWorker: false,
+                preload: path.resolve(this.globals.THEIA_APP_PROJECT_PATH, 'lib', 'frontend', 'preload.js').toString()
+            },
+            ...this.config.electron?.windowOptions || {},
+        };
+    }
+
+    async openDefaultWindow(params?: WindowSearchParams): Promise<BrowserWindow> {
+        const options = this.getDefaultTheiaWindowOptions();
+        const [uri, electronWindow] = await Promise.all([this.createWindowUri(params), this.reuseOrCreateWindow(options)]);
+        electronWindow.loadURL(uri.withFragment(DEFAULT_WINDOW_HASH).toString(true));
+        return electronWindow;
+    }
+
+    protected async openWindowWithWorkspace(workspacePath: string): Promise<BrowserWindow> {
+        const options = await this.getLastWindowOptions();
+        const [uri, electronWindow] = await Promise.all([this.createWindowUri(), this.reuseOrCreateWindow(options)]);
+        electronWindow.loadURL(uri.withFragment(encodeURI(workspacePath)).toString(true));
+        return electronWindow;
+    }
+
+    protected async reuseOrCreateWindow(asyncOptions: MaybePromise<TheiaBrowserWindowOptions>): Promise<BrowserWindow> {
+        if (!this.initialWindow) {
+            return this.createWindow(asyncOptions);
+        }
+        // reset initial window after having it re-used once
+        const window = this.initialWindow;
+        this.initialWindow = undefined;
+        return window;
+    }
+
+    /** Configures native window creation, i.e. using window.open or links with target "_blank" in the frontend. */
+    protected configureNativeSecondaryWindowCreation(electronWindow: BrowserWindow): void {
+        electronWindow.webContents.setWindowOpenHandler(() => {
+            const { minWidth, minHeight } = this.getDefaultOptions();
+            const options: BrowserWindowConstructorOptions = {
+                ...this.getDefaultTheiaSecondaryWindowBounds(),
+                // We always need the native window frame for now because the secondary window does not have Theia's title bar by default.
+                // In 'custom' title bar mode this would leave the window without any window controls (close, min, max)
+                // TODO set to this.useNativeWindowFrame when secondary windows support a custom title bar.
+                frame: true,
+                minWidth,
+                minHeight
+            };
+            if (!this.useNativeWindowFrame) {
+                // If the main window does not have a native window frame, do not show  an icon in the secondary window's native title bar.
+                // The data url is a 1x1 transparent png
+                options.icon = nativeImage.createFromDataURL('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAAC0lEQVQI12P4DwQACfsD/WMmxY8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=');
+            }
+            return {
+                action: 'allow',
+                overrideBrowserWindowOptions: options,
+            };
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * "Gently" close all windows, application will not stop if a `beforeunload` handler returns `false`.
+     */
+    requestStop(): void {
+        app.quit();
+    }
+
+    protected async handleMainCommand(options: ElectronMainCommandOptions): Promise<void> {
+        if (options.secondInstance === false) {
+            await this.openWindowWithWorkspace(''); // restore previous workspace.
+        } else if (options.file === undefined) {
+            await this.openDefaultWindow();
+        } else {
+            let workspacePath: string | undefined;
+            try {
+                workspacePath = await fs.realpath(path.resolve(options.cwd, options.file));
+            } catch {
+                console.error(`Could not resolve the workspace path. "${options.file}" is not a valid 'file' option. Falling back to the default workspace location.`);
+            }
+            if (workspacePath === undefined) {
+                await this.openDefaultWindow();
+            } else {
+                await this.openWindowWithWorkspace(workspacePath);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected async createWindowUri(params: WindowSearchParams = {}): Promise<URI> {
+        if (!('port' in params)) {
+            params.port = (await this.backendPort).toString();
+        }
+        const query = Object.entries(params).map(([name, value]) => `${name}=${value}`).join('&');
+        return FileUri.create(this.globals.THEIA_FRONTEND_HTML_PATH)
+            .withQuery(query);
+    }
+
+    protected getDefaultTheiaWindowOptions(): TheiaBrowserWindowOptions {
+        return {
+            frame: this.useNativeWindowFrame,
+            isFullScreen: false,
+            isMaximized: false,
+            ...this.getDefaultTheiaWindowBounds(),
+            ...this.getDefaultOptions()
+        };
+    }
+
+    protected getDefaultTheiaSecondaryWindowBounds(): TheiaBrowserWindowOptions {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    protected getDefaultTheiaWindowBounds(): TheiaBrowserWindowOptions {
+        // The `screen` API must be required when the application is ready.
+        // See: https://electronjs.org/docs/api/screen#screen
+        // We must center by hand because `browserWindow.center()` fails on multi-screen setups
+        // See: https://github.com/electron/electron/issues/3490
+        const { bounds } = screen.getDisplayNearestPoint(screen.getCursorScreenPoint());
+        const height = Math.round(bounds.height * (2 / 3));
+        const width = Math.round(bounds.width * (2 / 3));
+        const y = Math.round(bounds.y + (bounds.height - height) / 2);
+        const x = Math.round(bounds.x + (bounds.width - width) / 2);
+        return {
+            width,
+            height,
+            x,
+            y
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Save the window geometry state on every change.
+     */
+    protected attachSaveWindowState(electronWindow: BrowserWindow): void {
+        const windowStateListeners = new DisposableCollection();
+        let delayedSaveTimeout: NodeJS.Timeout | undefined;
+        const saveWindowStateDelayed = () => {
+            if (delayedSaveTimeout) {
+                clearTimeout(delayedSaveTimeout);
+            }
+            delayedSaveTimeout = setTimeout(() => this.saveWindowState(electronWindow), 1000);
+        };
+        createDisposableListener(electronWindow, 'close', () => {
+            this.saveWindowState(electronWindow);
+        }, windowStateListeners);
+        createDisposableListener(electronWindow, 'resize', saveWindowStateDelayed, windowStateListeners);
+        createDisposableListener(electronWindow, 'move', saveWindowStateDelayed, windowStateListeners);
+        windowStateListeners.push(Disposable.create(() => { try { this.didUseNativeWindowFrameOnStart.delete(electronWindow.webContents.id); } catch { } }));
+        this.didUseNativeWindowFrameOnStart.set(electronWindow.webContents.id, this.useNativeWindowFrame);
+        electronWindow.once('closed', () => windowStateListeners.dispose());
+    }
+
+    protected saveWindowState(electronWindow: BrowserWindow): void {
+        // In some circumstances the `electronWindow` can be `null`
+        if (!electronWindow) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            const bounds = electronWindow.getBounds();
+            const options: TheiaBrowserWindowOptions = {
+                isFullScreen: electronWindow.isFullScreen(),
+                isMaximized: electronWindow.isMaximized(),
+                width: bounds.width,
+                height: bounds.height,
+                x: bounds.x,
+                y: bounds.y,
+                frame: this.useNativeWindowFrame,
+                screenLayout: this.getCurrentScreenLayout(),
+                backgroundColor: this.customBackgroundColor
+            };
+            this.electronStore.set('windowstate', options);
+        } catch (e) {
+            console.error('Error while saving window state:', e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return a string unique to the current display layout.
+     */
+    protected getCurrentScreenLayout(): string {
+        return screen.getAllDisplays().map(
+            display => `${display.bounds.x}:${display.bounds.y}:${display.bounds.width}:${display.bounds.height}`
+        ).sort().join('-');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start the NodeJS backend server.
+     *
+     * @return Running server's port promise.
+     */
+    protected async startBackend(): Promise<number> {
+        // Check if we should run everything as one process.
+        const noBackendFork = process.argv.indexOf('--no-cluster') !== -1;
+        // We cannot use the `process.cwd()` as the application project path (the location of the `package.json` in other words)
+        // in a bundled electron application because it depends on the way we start it. For instance, on OS X, these are a differences:
+        // https://github.com/eclipse-theia/theia/issues/3297#issuecomment-439172274
+        process.env.THEIA_APP_PROJECT_PATH = this.globals.THEIA_APP_PROJECT_PATH;
+        // Set the electron version for both the dev and the production mode. (https://github.com/eclipse-theia/theia/issues/3254)
+        // Otherwise, the forked backend processes will not know that they're serving the electron frontend.
+        process.env.THEIA_ELECTRON_VERSION = process.versions.electron;
+        if (noBackendFork) {
+            process.env[ElectronSecurityToken] = JSON.stringify(this.electronSecurityToken);
+            // The backend server main file is supposed to export a promise resolving with the port used by the http(s) server.
+            dynamicRequire(this.globals.THEIA_BACKEND_MAIN_PATH);
+            // @ts-expect-error
+            const address: AddressInfo = await globalThis.serverAddress;
+            return address.port;
+        } else {
+            const backendProcess = fork(
+                this.globals.THEIA_BACKEND_MAIN_PATH,
+                this.processArgv.getProcessArgvWithoutBin(),
+                await this.getForkOptions(),
+            );
+            return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+                // The backend server main file is also supposed to send the resolved http(s) server port via IPC.
+                backendProcess.on('message', (address: AddressInfo) => {
+                    resolve(address.port);
+                });
+                backendProcess.on('error', error => {
+                    reject(error);
+                });
+                backendProcess.on('exit', code => {
+                    reject(code);
+                });
+                app.on('quit', () => {
+                    // Only issue a kill signal if the backend process is running.
+                    // eslint-disable-next-line no-null/no-null
+                    if (backendProcess.exitCode === null && backendProcess.signalCode === null) {
+                        try {
+                            // If we forked the process for the clusters, we need to manually terminate it.
+                            // See: https://github.com/eclipse-theia/theia/issues/835
+                            if (backendProcess.pid) {
+                                process.kill(backendProcess.pid);
+                            }
+                        } catch (error) {
+                            // See https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/kill.2.html#ERRORS
+                            if (error.code === 'ESRCH') {
+                                return;
+                            }
+                            throw error;
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected async getForkOptions(): Promise<ForkOptions> {
+        return {
+            // The backend must be a process group leader on UNIX in order to kill the tree later.
+            // See https://nodejs.org/api/child_process.html#child_process_options_detached
+            detached: process.platform !== 'win32',
+            env: {
+                ...process.env,
+                [ElectronSecurityToken]: JSON.stringify(this.electronSecurityToken),
+            },
+        };
+    }
+
+    protected async attachElectronSecurityToken(port: number): Promise<void> {
+        await this.electronSecurityTokenService.setElectronSecurityTokenCookie(`http://localhost:${port}`);
+    }
+
+    protected hookApplicationEvents(): void {
+        app.on('will-quit', this.onWillQuit.bind(this));
+        app.on('second-instance', this.onSecondInstance.bind(this));
+        app.on('window-all-closed', this.onWindowAllClosed.bind(this));
+    }
+
+    protected onWillQuit(event: ElectronEvent): void {
+        this.stopContributions();
+    }
+
+    protected async onSecondInstance(event: ElectronEvent, argv: string[], cwd: string): Promise<void> {
+        const electronWindows = BrowserWindow.getAllWindows();
+        if (electronWindows.length > 0) {
+            const electronWindow = electronWindows[0];
+            if (electronWindow.isMinimized()) {
+                electronWindow.restore();
+            }
+            electronWindow.focus();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected onWindowAllClosed(event: ElectronEvent): void {
+        if (!this.restarting) {
+            this.requestStop();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public async restart(webContents: WebContents): Promise<void> {
+        this.restarting = true;
+        const wrapper = this.windows.get(webContents.id);
+        if (wrapper) {
+            const listener = wrapper.onDidClose(async () => {
+                listener.dispose();
+                await this.handleMainCommand({
+                    secondInstance: false,
+                    cwd: process.cwd()
+                });
+                this.restarting = false;
+            });
+            // If close failed or was cancelled on this occasion, don't keep listening for it.
+            if (!await wrapper.close(StopReason.Restart)) {
+                listener.dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected async startContributions(): Promise<void> {
+        const promises = [];
+        for (const contribution of this.contributions.getContributions()) {
+            if (contribution.onStart) {
+                promises.push(contribution.onStart(this));
+            }
+        }
+        await Promise.all(promises);
+    }
+
+    protected stopContributions(): void {
+        for (const contribution of this.contributions.getContributions()) {
+            if (contribution.onStop) {
+                contribution.onStop(this);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}