@theerapat-s28/ts-structural-eng-tools 2.3.0 → 3.0.0

package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/dkq-plate.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import { type Matrix } from "../../../../utils/matrix";
+import { type Vec2 } from "./quad-geometry";
+import { type RigidityModifiers } from "./rigidity";
+/** Material and thickness of a plate: E in MPa, ν, t in mm. */
+export interface PlateProperties {
+    E: number;
+    nu: number;
+    t: number;
+    /** Stiffness modifiers on the 11, 22 and 12 components of the rigidity (default all 1). */
+    modifiers?: RigidityModifiers;
+}
+/** Curvature rows of the DKQ plate at one point, over the 12 DOFs `[w₁ θx₁ θy₁ … w₄ θx₄ θy₄]`. */
+export interface PlateCurvatureRows {
+    /** Rows of κx = βx,x, κy = βy,y and κxy = βx,y + βy,x (1/mm² for w, 1/mm per rad). */
+    B: Matrix;
+    detJ: number;
+}
+/**
+ * Curvature–displacement rows of the discrete Kirchhoff quadrilateral (DKQ) at (ξ, η).
+ *
+ * The rotations of the normal βx, βy (with u = z·βx, v = z·βy) are interpolated over the 8
+ * serendipity nodes; the Kirchhoff condition at the corners (βx = −w,x, βy = −w,y), a cubic w
+ * along each edge with ∫(w,s + βs) ds = 0, and a normal rotation linear along each edge
+ * eliminate the mid-side values (Batoz & Ben Tahar 1982). The geometry map stays bilinear.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm), counter-clockwise
+ * @param xi - Natural coordinate ξ
+ * @param eta - Natural coordinate η
+ */
+export declare const dkqCurvatureRows: (corners: readonly Vec2[], xi: number, eta: number) => PlateCurvatureRows;
+/**
+ * Plate bending rigidity `E·t³/(12(1 − ν²))·[[1, ν, 0], [ν, 1, 0], [0, 0, (1 − ν)/2]]`
+ * (N·mm), with the stiffness modifiers applied (see `isotropicRigidity`).
+ */
+export declare const plateRigidity: ({ E, nu, t, modifiers }: PlateProperties) => Matrix;
+/**
+ * Local stiffness of the discrete Kirchhoff quadrilateral (DKQ, Batoz & Ben Tahar 1982), a thin
+ * plate element without transverse shear deformation, integrated with 2×2 Gauss points.
+ *
+ * The DOFs are `[w₁ θx₁ θy₁ … w₄ θx₄ θy₄]`: the deflection along the element normal and the
+ * right-handed rotations about the element's x and y axes (θx = w,y, θy = −w,x), at corners listed
+ * counter-clockwise about the normal. The quad must be convex (det J > 0 throughout), which
+ * validation guarantees.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm)
+ * @param properties - E (MPa), ν and thickness t (mm)
+ * @returns The symmetric 12×12 stiffness in N and mm (N/mm, N, N·mm/rad); exactly three
+ *   zero-energy modes, the out-of-plane rigid-body motions
+ */
+export declare const dkqPlateStiffness: (corners: readonly Vec2[], properties: PlateProperties) => Matrix;

package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/dkq-plate.js

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+"use strict";
+Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
+exports.dkqPlateStiffness = exports.plateRigidity = exports.dkqCurvatureRows = void 0;
+const matrix_1 = require("../../../../utils/matrix");
+const quad_geometry_1 = require("./quad-geometry");
+const rigidity_1 = require("./rigidity");
+const edgeCoefficients = (corners) => [0, 1, 2, 3].map((k) => {
+    const [xi, yi] = corners[k];
+    const [xj, yj] = corners[(k + 1) % 4];
+    const x = xi - xj;
+    const y = yi - yj;
+    const l2 = x * x + y * y;
+    return {
+        a: -x / l2,
+        b: (0.75 * x * y) / l2,
+        c: (0.25 * x * x - 0.5 * y * y) / l2,
+        d: -y / l2,
+        e: (0.25 * y * y - 0.5 * x * x) / l2,
+    };
+});
+/**
+ * The rotations of the normal `βx = Hxᵀ·U`, `βy = Hyᵀ·U` (or a derivative of them), given the
+ * eight serendipity values `F` (or the same derivative of them): corners in `F[0…3]`, mid-sides
+ * of edges 1→2, 2→3, 3→4, 4→1 in `F[4…7]`.
+ */
+const rotationRows = (edges, F) => {
+    const Hx = new Array(12).fill(0);
+    const Hy = new Array(12).fill(0);
+    for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+        // m: the edge that starts at corner i; k: the edge that ends at it
+        const m = i;
+        const k = (i + 3) % 4;
+        const Fm = F[4 + m];
+        const Fk = F[4 + k];
+        const em = edges[m];
+        const ek = edges[k];
+        Hx[3 * i] = 1.5 * (em.a * Fm - ek.a * Fk);
+        Hx[3 * i + 1] = em.b * Fm + ek.b * Fk;
+        Hx[3 * i + 2] = F[i] - em.c * Fm - ek.c * Fk;
+        Hy[3 * i] = 1.5 * (em.d * Fm - ek.d * Fk);
+        Hy[3 * i + 1] = -F[i] + em.e * Fm + ek.e * Fk;
+        Hy[3 * i + 2] = -Hx[3 * i + 1];
+    }
+    return { Hx, Hy };
+};
+/**
+ * Curvature–displacement rows of the discrete Kirchhoff quadrilateral (DKQ) at (ξ, η).
+ *
+ * The rotations of the normal βx, βy (with u = z·βx, v = z·βy) are interpolated over the 8
+ * serendipity nodes; the Kirchhoff condition at the corners (βx = −w,x, βy = −w,y), a cubic w
+ * along each edge with ∫(w,s + βs) ds = 0, and a normal rotation linear along each edge
+ * eliminate the mid-side values (Batoz & Ben Tahar 1982). The geometry map stays bilinear.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm), counter-clockwise
+ * @param xi - Natural coordinate ξ
+ * @param eta - Natural coordinate η
+ */
+const dkqCurvatureRows = (corners, xi, eta) => {
+    const jacobian = (0, quad_geometry_1.quadJacobian)(corners, xi, eta);
+    const shape = (0, quad_geometry_1.serendipityShape)(xi, eta);
+    const edges = edgeCoefficients(corners);
+    const dXi = rotationRows(edges, shape.dXi);
+    const dEta = rotationRows(edges, shape.dEta);
+    const [[j11, j12], [j21, j22]] = jacobian.inverse;
+    const B = [[], [], []];
+    for (let p = 0; p < 12; p++) {
+        const HxX = j11 * dXi.Hx[p] + j12 * dEta.Hx[p];
+        const HxY = j21 * dXi.Hx[p] + j22 * dEta.Hx[p];
+        const HyX = j11 * dXi.Hy[p] + j12 * dEta.Hy[p];
+        const HyY = j21 * dXi.Hy[p] + j22 * dEta.Hy[p];
+        B[0].push(HxX);
+        B[1].push(HyY);
+        B[2].push(HxY + HyX);
+    }
+    return { B, detJ: jacobian.detJ };
+};
+exports.dkqCurvatureRows = dkqCurvatureRows;
+/**
+ * Plate bending rigidity `E·t³/(12(1 − ν²))·[[1, ν, 0], [ν, 1, 0], [0, 0, (1 − ν)/2]]`
+ * (N·mm), with the stiffness modifiers applied (see `isotropicRigidity`).
+ */
+const plateRigidity = ({ E, nu, t, modifiers }) => (0, rigidity_1.isotropicRigidity)((E * t ** 3) / (12 * (1 - nu * nu)), nu, modifiers);
+exports.plateRigidity = plateRigidity;
+/**
+ * Local stiffness of the discrete Kirchhoff quadrilateral (DKQ, Batoz & Ben Tahar 1982), a thin
+ * plate element without transverse shear deformation, integrated with 2×2 Gauss points.
+ *
+ * The DOFs are `[w₁ θx₁ θy₁ … w₄ θx₄ θy₄]`: the deflection along the element normal and the
+ * right-handed rotations about the element's x and y axes (θx = w,y, θy = −w,x), at corners listed
+ * counter-clockwise about the normal. The quad must be convex (det J > 0 throughout), which
+ * validation guarantees.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm)
+ * @param properties - E (MPa), ν and thickness t (mm)
+ * @returns The symmetric 12×12 stiffness in N and mm (N/mm, N, N·mm/rad); exactly three
+ *   zero-energy modes, the out-of-plane rigid-body motions
+ */
+const dkqPlateStiffness = (corners, properties) => {
+    const D = (0, exports.plateRigidity)(properties);
+    const k = (0, matrix_1.zeros)(12, 12);
+    for (const { xi, eta, weight } of quad_geometry_1.GAUSS_2X2) {
+        const { B, detJ } = (0, exports.dkqCurvatureRows)(corners, xi, eta);
+        const scale = detJ * weight;
+        // Bᵀ·D·B via D·B
+        const DB = D.map((row) => B[0].map((_, a) => row[0] * B[0][a] + row[1] * B[1][a] + row[2] * B[2][a]));
+        for (let a = 0; a < 12; a++) {
+            for (let b = 0; b < 12; b++) {
+                k[a][b] += (B[0][a] * DB[0][b] + B[1][a] * DB[1][b] + B[2][a] * DB[2][b]) * scale;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return k;
+};
+exports.dkqPlateStiffness = dkqPlateStiffness;
+//# sourceMappingURL=dkq-plate.js.map

package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/dkq-plate.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/flat-shell.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+import { type Matrix } from "../../../../utils/matrix";
+import type { Vec2 } from "./quad-geometry";
+import type { RigidityModifiers } from "./rigidity";
+import { type ShellAxes, type Vec3 } from "./shell-axes";
+/** How a shell element carries load: in its plane, in bending, or both. */
+export type ShellType = "shell" | "membrane" | "plate";
+/** Material, thickness and behaviour of a flat shell element. */
+export interface FlatShellProperties {
+    E: number;
+    nu: number;
+    t: number;
+    type: ShellType;
+    /** Membrane stiffness modifiers f11, f22, f12 along local 1 and 2 (default all 1). */
+    membraneModifiers?: RigidityModifiers;
+    /** Bending stiffness modifiers m11, m22, m12 along local 1 and 2 (default all 1). */
+    bendingModifiers?: RigidityModifiers;
+}
+/** A flat shell element ready for assembly. */
+export interface FlatShellElement {
+    axes: ShellAxes;
+    /** Per corner, global DOFs at the real node → local DOFs at its projection (6×6). */
+    transforms: Matrix[];
+    /** 24×24 stiffness over the local DOFs `[u₁ u₂ u₃ r₁ r₂ r₃]` of the projected corners. */
+    kLocal: Matrix;
+    /** 24×24 stiffness over the global DOFs `[ux uy uz rx ry rz]` of the real corners. */
+    kGlobal: Matrix;
+}
+/**
+ * Local stiffness of a flat four-node shell: the drilling membrane (`membraneQuadStiffness`) on
+ * u₁, u₂, r₃ and the DKQ plate (`dkqPlateStiffness`) on u₃, r₁, r₂ of every corner. For a flat
+ * element of uniform section the two do not couple. `"membrane"` and `"plate"` keep only their
+ * own part, leaving the other DOFs without stiffness.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm), counter-clockwise
+ * @param properties - Material, thickness, type and stiffness modifiers
+ * @returns The 24×24 stiffness over `[u₁ u₂ u₃ r₁ r₂ r₃]` per corner (N and mm)
+ */
+export declare const flatShellLocalStiffness: (corners: readonly Vec2[], properties: FlatShellProperties) => Matrix;
+/**
+ * Per corner, the 6×6 transformation from the global DOFs at the real node to the local DOFs at
+ * its projection on the mean plane: the direction cosines λ on translations and rotations, plus
+ * a rigid link across the offset h along local 3, `u_proj = u + θ × (−h·e₃)`, which adds
+ * `−h·r₂` to u₁ and `+h·r₁` to u₂. For a flat element it is just λ.
+ */
+export declare const shellNodeTransforms: ({ lambda, offsets }: ShellAxes) => Matrix[];
+/**
+ * Transforms a 24×24 local shell stiffness to global DOFs block by block,
+ * `k_ab = T_aᵀ·k_local,ab·T_b`, without forming the 24×24 transformation.
+ *
+ * @param kLocal - Stiffness over the local DOFs of the projected corners
+ * @param transforms - The four corner transformations from `shellNodeTransforms`
+ */
+export declare const shellGlobalStiffness: (kLocal: Matrix, transforms: Matrix[]) => Matrix;
+/**
+ * A flat four-node shell element (drilling membrane plus DKQ plate) built on the mean plane of
+ * its corners, linked rigidly to the real corners when they are not coplanar.
+ *
+ * @param points - The four corners in global axes (mm), in order around the element; local 3
+ *   follows the right-hand rule around them
+ * @param properties - Material, thickness, type and stiffness modifiers
+ * @param angle - Rotation of local 1 and 2 about local 3 in rad (default 0)
+ */
+export declare const flatShellElement: (points: readonly Vec3[], properties: FlatShellProperties, angle?: number) => FlatShellElement;

package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/flat-shell.js

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+"use strict";
+Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
+exports.flatShellElement = exports.shellGlobalStiffness = exports.shellNodeTransforms = exports.flatShellLocalStiffness = void 0;
+const matrix_1 = require("../../../../utils/matrix");
+const dkq_plate_1 = require("./dkq-plate");
+const membrane_quad_1 = require("./membrane-quad");
+const shell_axes_1 = require("./shell-axes");
+/** Positions of the membrane DOFs [u, v, θz] and the plate DOFs [w, θx, θy] among a node's six. */
+const MEMBRANE_DOFS = [0, 1, 5];
+const PLATE_DOFS = [2, 3, 4];
+/**
+ * Local stiffness of a flat four-node shell: the drilling membrane (`membraneQuadStiffness`) on
+ * u₁, u₂, r₃ and the DKQ plate (`dkqPlateStiffness`) on u₃, r₁, r₂ of every corner. For a flat
+ * element of uniform section the two do not couple. `"membrane"` and `"plate"` keep only their
+ * own part, leaving the other DOFs without stiffness.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm), counter-clockwise
+ * @param properties - Material, thickness, type and stiffness modifiers
+ * @returns The 24×24 stiffness over `[u₁ u₂ u₃ r₁ r₂ r₃]` per corner (N and mm)
+ */
+const flatShellLocalStiffness = (corners, properties) => {
+    const { E, nu, t, type } = properties;
+    const k = (0, matrix_1.zeros)(24, 24);
+    const scatter = (part, dofs) => {
+        for (let a = 0; a < 12; a++) {
+            const i = 6 * Math.floor(a / 3) + dofs[a % 3];
+            for (let b = 0; b < 12; b++)
+                k[i][6 * Math.floor(b / 3) + dofs[b % 3]] += part[a][b];
+        }
+    };
+    if (type !== "plate") {
+        const membrane = { E, nu, t, modifiers: properties.membraneModifiers };
+        scatter((0, membrane_quad_1.membraneQuadStiffness)(corners, membrane), MEMBRANE_DOFS);
+    }
+    if (type !== "membrane") {
+        const plate = { E, nu, t, modifiers: properties.bendingModifiers };
+        scatter((0, dkq_plate_1.dkqPlateStiffness)(corners, plate), PLATE_DOFS);
+    }
+    return k;
+};
+exports.flatShellLocalStiffness = flatShellLocalStiffness;
+/**
+ * Per corner, the 6×6 transformation from the global DOFs at the real node to the local DOFs at
+ * its projection on the mean plane: the direction cosines λ on translations and rotations, plus
+ * a rigid link across the offset h along local 3, `u_proj = u + θ × (−h·e₃)`, which adds
+ * `−h·r₂` to u₁ and `+h·r₁` to u₂. For a flat element it is just λ.
+ */
+const shellNodeTransforms = ({ lambda, offsets }) => offsets.map((h) => {
+    const T = (0, matrix_1.zeros)(6, 6);
+    for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+        for (let j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
+            T[i][j] = lambda[i][j];
+            T[3 + i][3 + j] = lambda[i][j];
+        }
+    }
+    for (let j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
+        T[0][3 + j] = -h * lambda[1][j];
+        T[1][3 + j] = h * lambda[0][j];
+    }
+    return T;
+});
+exports.shellNodeTransforms = shellNodeTransforms;
+/**
+ * Transforms a 24×24 local shell stiffness to global DOFs block by block,
+ * `k_ab = T_aᵀ·k_local,ab·T_b`, without forming the 24×24 transformation.
+ *
+ * @param kLocal - Stiffness over the local DOFs of the projected corners
+ * @param transforms - The four corner transformations from `shellNodeTransforms`
+ */
+const shellGlobalStiffness = (kLocal, transforms) => {
+    const k = (0, matrix_1.zeros)(24, 24);
+    for (let a = 0; a < 4; a++) {
+        for (let b = 0; b < 4; b++) {
+            const Ta = transforms[a];
+            const Tb = transforms[b];
+            // block·T_b
+            const right = (0, matrix_1.zeros)(6, 6);
+            for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
+                for (let m = 0; m < 6; m++) {
+                    const v = kLocal[6 * a + i][6 * b + m];
+                    if (v === 0)
+                        continue;
+                    for (let j = 0; j < 6; j++)
+                        right[i][j] += v * Tb[m][j];
+                }
+            }
+            // T_aᵀ·(block·T_b)
+            for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
+                for (let m = 0; m < 6; m++) {
+                    const v = Ta[m][i];
+                    if (v === 0)
+                        continue;
+                    for (let j = 0; j < 6; j++)
+                        k[6 * a + i][6 * b + j] += v * right[m][j];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return k;
+};
+exports.shellGlobalStiffness = shellGlobalStiffness;
+/**
+ * A flat four-node shell element (drilling membrane plus DKQ plate) built on the mean plane of
+ * its corners, linked rigidly to the real corners when they are not coplanar.
+ *
+ * @param points - The four corners in global axes (mm), in order around the element; local 3
+ *   follows the right-hand rule around them
+ * @param properties - Material, thickness, type and stiffness modifiers
+ * @param angle - Rotation of local 1 and 2 about local 3 in rad (default 0)
+ */
+const flatShellElement = (points, properties, angle = 0) => {
+    const axes = (0, shell_axes_1.shellAxes)(points, angle);
+    const transforms = (0, exports.shellNodeTransforms)(axes);
+    const kLocal = (0, exports.flatShellLocalStiffness)(axes.corners, properties);
+    return { axes, transforms, kLocal, kGlobal: (0, exports.shellGlobalStiffness)(kLocal, transforms) };
+};
+exports.flatShellElement = flatShellElement;
+//# sourceMappingURL=flat-shell.js.map

package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/flat-shell.js.map

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package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/membrane-quad.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import { type Matrix } from "../../../../utils/matrix";
+import { type Vec2 } from "./quad-geometry";
+import { type RigidityModifiers } from "./rigidity";
+/** Material and thickness of a membrane: E in MPa, ν, t in mm. */
+export interface MembraneProperties {
+    E: number;
+    nu: number;
+    t: number;
+    /** Stiffness modifiers on the 11, 22 and 12 components of the rigidity (default all 1). */
+    modifiers?: RigidityModifiers;
+}
+/** Strain rows of the drilling membrane at one point, over the 12 DOFs `[u₁ v₁ θ₁ … u₄ v₄ θ₄]`. */
+export interface MembraneStrainRows {
+    /** Rows of εx, εy and γxy (1/mm, or 1/mm per rad for the θ columns). */
+    B: Matrix;
+    /** Row of θ − ω, the drilling rotation minus the material rotation ω = ½(v,x − u,y). */
+    rotation: number[];
+    detJ: number;
+}
+/**
+ * Strain–displacement rows of the four-node membrane with drilling rotations at (ξ, η).
+ *
+ * Displacements are bilinear plus Allman-type edge terms: for the edge from corner i to corner
+ * j (counter-clockwise) with mid-side function N_k,
+ * `u += N_k·(y_j − y_i)/8·(θ_j − θ_i)` and `v += N_k·(x_i − x_j)/8·(θ_j − θ_i)`, a quadratic
+ * bulge along the edge's outward normal that matches the difference of the corner rotations.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm), counter-clockwise
+ * @param xi - Natural coordinate ξ
+ * @param eta - Natural coordinate η
+ */
+export declare const membraneStrainRows: (corners: readonly Vec2[], xi: number, eta: number) => MembraneStrainRows;
+/**
+ * Plane-stress membrane rigidity `E·t/(1 − ν²)·[[1, ν, 0], [ν, 1, 0], [0, 0, (1 − ν)/2]]`
+ * (N/mm), with the stiffness modifiers applied (see `isotropicRigidity`).
+ */
+export declare const membraneRigidity: ({ E, nu, t, modifiers }: MembraneProperties) => Matrix;
+/**
+ * Local stiffness of the four-node membrane with drilling rotations (after Ibrahimbegovic,
+ * Taylor & Wilson 1990): bilinear displacements plus Allman-type edge terms, and the
+ * Hughes–Brezzi penalty `½·γ·t·∫(θ − ω)² dA` with `γ = penaltyRatio · G`.
+ *
+ * - The strain energy is integrated with 3×3 Gauss points. With 2×2 the edge terms leave a
+ *   spurious zero-energy mode in rectangular elements (alternating corner rotations whose
+ *   normal strains vanish exactly at the 2×2 points).
+ * - The penalty is integrated at the centre (one point). With 2×2 it over-constrains distorted
+ *   elements and they lock as γ grows; at the centre it only ties the element's mean rotation
+ *   to the material, so results hardly change with γ.
+ * - Stiffness modifiers scale the rigidity only; the penalty keeps the unmodified G.
+ *
+ * The DOFs are `[u₁ v₁ θ₁ … u₄ v₄ θ₄]`: in-plane displacements along the element's x and y and
+ * the rotation about its normal, right-handed, at corners listed counter-clockwise about that
+ * normal. The quad must be convex (det J > 0 throughout), which validation guarantees.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm)
+ * @param properties - E (MPa), ν and thickness t (mm)
+ * @param penaltyRatio - γ / G (default `DRILLING_PENALTY_RATIO`)
+ * @returns The symmetric 12×12 stiffness in N and mm (N/mm, N, N·mm/rad); exactly three
+ *   zero-energy modes, the in-plane rigid-body motions
+ */
+export declare const membraneQuadStiffness: (corners: readonly Vec2[], properties: MembraneProperties, penaltyRatio?: number) => Matrix;

package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/membrane-quad.js

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+"use strict";
+Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
+exports.membraneQuadStiffness = exports.membraneRigidity = exports.membraneStrainRows = void 0;
+const frame_constant_1 = require("../../../../core/constants/frame.constant");
+const matrix_1 = require("../../../../utils/matrix");
+const quad_geometry_1 = require("./quad-geometry");
+const rigidity_1 = require("./rigidity");
+/**
+ * Strain–displacement rows of the four-node membrane with drilling rotations at (ξ, η).
+ *
+ * Displacements are bilinear plus Allman-type edge terms: for the edge from corner i to corner
+ * j (counter-clockwise) with mid-side function N_k,
+ * `u += N_k·(y_j − y_i)/8·(θ_j − θ_i)` and `v += N_k·(x_i − x_j)/8·(θ_j − θ_i)`, a quadratic
+ * bulge along the edge's outward normal that matches the difference of the corner rotations.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm), counter-clockwise
+ * @param xi - Natural coordinate ξ
+ * @param eta - Natural coordinate η
+ */
+const membraneStrainRows = (corners, xi, eta) => {
+    const jacobian = (0, quad_geometry_1.quadJacobian)(corners, xi, eta);
+    const corner = (0, quad_geometry_1.bilinearShape)(xi, eta);
+    const cornerD = (0, quad_geometry_1.cartesianDerivatives)(jacobian, corner);
+    const edgeD = (0, quad_geometry_1.cartesianDerivatives)(jacobian, (0, quad_geometry_1.midsideShape)(xi, eta));
+    // u,x  u,y  v,x  v,y over the 12 DOFs
+    const ux = new Array(12).fill(0);
+    const uy = new Array(12).fill(0);
+    const vx = new Array(12).fill(0);
+    const vy = new Array(12).fill(0);
+    const rotation = new Array(12).fill(0);
+    for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+        ux[3 * i] = cornerD.dX[i];
+        uy[3 * i] = cornerD.dY[i];
+        vx[3 * i + 1] = cornerD.dX[i];
+        vy[3 * i + 1] = cornerD.dY[i];
+        rotation[3 * i + 2] = corner.N[i];
+    }
+    for (let k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
+        const i = k;
+        const j = (k + 1) % 4;
+        // (y_j − y_i, x_i − x_j) is the edge length times its outward normal
+        const cu = (corners[j][1] - corners[i][1]) / 8;
+        const cv = (corners[i][0] - corners[j][0]) / 8;
+        for (const [node, sign] of [
+            [j, 1],
+            [i, -1],
+        ]) {
+            const theta = 3 * node + 2;
+            ux[theta] += sign * cu * edgeD.dX[k];
+            uy[theta] += sign * cu * edgeD.dY[k];
+            vx[theta] += sign * cv * edgeD.dX[k];
+            vy[theta] += sign * cv * edgeD.dY[k];
+        }
+    }
+    for (let a = 0; a < 12; a++)
+        rotation[a] -= 0.5 * (vx[a] - uy[a]);
+    return { B: [ux, vy, uy.map((v, a) => v + vx[a])], rotation, detJ: jacobian.detJ };
+};
+exports.membraneStrainRows = membraneStrainRows;
+/**
+ * Plane-stress membrane rigidity `E·t/(1 − ν²)·[[1, ν, 0], [ν, 1, 0], [0, 0, (1 − ν)/2]]`
+ * (N/mm), with the stiffness modifiers applied (see `isotropicRigidity`).
+ */
+const membraneRigidity = ({ E, nu, t, modifiers }) => (0, rigidity_1.isotropicRigidity)((E * t) / (1 - nu * nu), nu, modifiers);
+exports.membraneRigidity = membraneRigidity;
+/**
+ * Local stiffness of the four-node membrane with drilling rotations (after Ibrahimbegovic,
+ * Taylor & Wilson 1990): bilinear displacements plus Allman-type edge terms, and the
+ * Hughes–Brezzi penalty `½·γ·t·∫(θ − ω)² dA` with `γ = penaltyRatio · G`.
+ *
+ * - The strain energy is integrated with 3×3 Gauss points. With 2×2 the edge terms leave a
+ *   spurious zero-energy mode in rectangular elements (alternating corner rotations whose
+ *   normal strains vanish exactly at the 2×2 points).
+ * - The penalty is integrated at the centre (one point). With 2×2 it over-constrains distorted
+ *   elements and they lock as γ grows; at the centre it only ties the element's mean rotation
+ *   to the material, so results hardly change with γ.
+ * - Stiffness modifiers scale the rigidity only; the penalty keeps the unmodified G.
+ *
+ * The DOFs are `[u₁ v₁ θ₁ … u₄ v₄ θ₄]`: in-plane displacements along the element's x and y and
+ * the rotation about its normal, right-handed, at corners listed counter-clockwise about that
+ * normal. The quad must be convex (det J > 0 throughout), which validation guarantees.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm)
+ * @param properties - E (MPa), ν and thickness t (mm)
+ * @param penaltyRatio - γ / G (default `DRILLING_PENALTY_RATIO`)
+ * @returns The symmetric 12×12 stiffness in N and mm (N/mm, N, N·mm/rad); exactly three
+ *   zero-energy modes, the in-plane rigid-body motions
+ */
+const membraneQuadStiffness = (corners, properties, penaltyRatio = frame_constant_1.DRILLING_PENALTY_RATIO) => {
+    const D = (0, exports.membraneRigidity)(properties);
+    const k = (0, matrix_1.zeros)(12, 12);
+    for (const { xi, eta, weight } of quad_geometry_1.GAUSS_3X3) {
+        const { B, detJ } = (0, exports.membraneStrainRows)(corners, xi, eta);
+        const scale = detJ * weight;
+        // Bᵀ·D·B via D·B
+        const DB = D.map((row) => B[0].map((_, a) => row[0] * B[0][a] + row[1] * B[1][a] + row[2] * B[2][a]));
+        for (let a = 0; a < 12; a++) {
+            for (let b = 0; b < 12; b++) {
+                k[a][b] += (B[0][a] * DB[0][b] + B[1][a] * DB[1][b] + B[2][a] * DB[2][b]) * scale;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // one-point rule at the centre: weight 4
+    const { rotation, detJ } = (0, exports.membraneStrainRows)(corners, 0, 0);
+    const penalty = ((penaltyRatio * properties.E * properties.t) / (2 * (1 + properties.nu))) * detJ * 4;
+    for (let a = 0; a < 12; a++) {
+        for (let b = 0; b < 12; b++)
+            k[a][b] += penalty * rotation[a] * rotation[b];
+    }
+    return k;
+};
+exports.membraneQuadStiffness = membraneQuadStiffness;
+//# sourceMappingURL=membrane-quad.js.map

package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/membrane-quad.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/quad-geometry.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/** A point in an element's own plane: local x, y in mm. */
+export type Vec2 = [number, number];
+/**
+ * 2×2 Gauss rule over the parent square −1 ≤ ξ, η ≤ 1: points (±1/√3, ±1/√3), weight 1 each.
+ * Exact for polynomials up to cubic in each of ξ and η.
+ */
+export declare const GAUSS_2X2: readonly {
+    xi: number;
+    eta: number;
+    weight: number;
+}[];
+/**
+ * 3×3 Gauss rule over the parent square: points 0 and ±√0.6 in each direction, weights the
+ * products of 5/9, 8/9, 5/9. Exact for polynomials up to quintic in each of ξ and η.
+ */
+export declare const GAUSS_3X3: readonly {
+    xi: number;
+    eta: number;
+    weight: number;
+}[];
+/** Shape-function values and their derivatives with respect to ξ and η at one point. */
+export interface ShapeValues {
+    N: number[];
+    dXi: number[];
+    dEta: number[];
+}
+/** Bilinear corner functions `Nᵢ = ¼(1 + ξᵢξ)(1 + ηᵢη)`, i = 1…4. */
+export declare const bilinearShape: (xi: number, eta: number) => ShapeValues;
+/**
+ * Mid-side functions N₅…N₈, one per edge 1→2, 2→3, 3→4, 4→1 (index k = edge from corner k to
+ * corner k + 1): 1 at the edge's midpoint and 0 at every corner and every other midpoint.
+ */
+export declare const midsideShape: (xi: number, eta: number) => ShapeValues;
+/**
+ * 8-node serendipity functions: the corner functions
+ * `Nᵢ = ¼(1 + ξᵢξ)(1 + ηᵢη)(ξᵢξ + ηᵢη − 1)`, i = 1…4, followed by the mid-side functions
+ * N₅…N₈ of `midsideShape`. Each is 1 at its own node and 0 at the other seven.
+ */
+export declare const serendipityShape: (xi: number, eta: number) => ShapeValues;
+/** The bilinear map's Jacobian at one point, as needed to turn ξ, η derivatives into x, y ones. */
+export interface QuadJacobian {
+    detJ: number;
+    inverse: [Vec2, Vec2];
+}
+/**
+ * Jacobian of the bilinear map from the parent square to a quadrilateral.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm), counter-clockwise
+ * @param xi - Natural coordinate ξ
+ * @param eta - Natural coordinate η
+ * @returns `det J` and `J⁻¹`; `det J > 0` everywhere for a convex, counter-clockwise quad
+ */
+export declare const quadJacobian: (corners: readonly Vec2[], xi: number, eta: number) => QuadJacobian;
+/**
+ * Converts ξ, η derivatives of shape functions to x, y derivatives: `[N,x; N,y] = J⁻¹·[N,ξ; N,η]`.
+ *
+ * @returns `dX[i]` and `dY[i]` for every function i of `shape`
+ */
+export declare const cartesianDerivatives: ({ inverse }: QuadJacobian, shape: Pick<ShapeValues, "dXi" | "dEta">) => {
+    dX: number[];
+    dY: number[];
+};
+/**
+ * Integrals `∫ Nᵢ dA` of the bilinear corner functions over a quad (2×2 Gauss, exact): the
+ * share of a uniform surface load each corner takes. They sum to the quad's area; each is
+ * A/4 for a parallelogram.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm), counter-clockwise
+ * @returns Four areas in mm²
+ */
+export declare const cornerAreas: (corners: readonly Vec2[]) => number[];