@theerapat-s28/ts-structural-eng-tools 2.3.0 → 3.0.0

package/dist/esm/fea/frame/post/shell-forces.js

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+import { roundToDecimalPlaces } from "../../../utils/math.js";
+import { matVec } from "../../../utils/matrix.js";
+import { dkqCurvatureRows, plateRigidity } from "../elements/shell/dkq-plate.js";
+import { membraneRigidity, membraneStrainRows } from "../elements/shell/membrane-quad.js";
+import { bilinearShape, cartesianDerivatives, GAUSS_2X2, quadJacobian, } from "../elements/shell/quad-geometry.js";
+import { elementDofs } from "../solver/global-assembly.js";
+/** Raw components per corner: F11 F22 F12 (N/mm), M11 M22 M12 (N·mm/mm), V13 V23 (N/mm). */
+export const SHELL_FORCE_COMPONENTS = 8;
+const FORCE_DECIMALS = 4;
+const ROOT3 = Math.sqrt(3);
+const CORNERS = [
+    [-1, -1],
+    [1, -1],
+    [1, 1],
+    [-1, 1],
+];
+/**
+ * Bilinear functions through the 2×2 Gauss points (in `GAUSS_2X2` order), evaluated at each
+ * corner: the corner is at ±√3 in the Gauss points' own coordinates, ξ' = √3·ξ.
+ */
+const atCorners = CORNERS.map(([xi, eta]) => bilinearShape(ROOT3 * xi, ROOT3 * eta));
+/**
+ * Unrounded forces per unit width at the four corners of a shell, in its local axes 1, 2, from
+ * the global displacements `U` (N and mm): 8 values per corner in `nodeIds` order.
+ *
+ * - Membrane forces `n = D_m·ε` and moments are evaluated at the 2×2 Gauss points and
+ *   extrapolated bilinearly to the corners.
+ * - Moments follow the member convention: M11 is positive when it puts the −3 face in tension
+ *   (sagging with local 3 up), so M = −∫ z·σ dz.
+ * - The plate has no shear strain, so V13, V23 come from moment equilibrium,
+ *   `V13 = −(∂M11/∂x₁ + ∂M12/∂x₂)` and `V23 = −(∂M12/∂x₁ + ∂M22/∂x₂)` (as V2 = −dM3/dx for a
+ *   member), on the bilinear field through the Gauss-point moments. They are coarser than the
+ *   moments.
+ *
+ * Everything is linear in `U`, so load combinations superpose it.
+ */
+export const shellRawForces = (shell, U) => {
+    const { element, type, section, modifiers: m } = shell;
+    const dofs = elementDofs(shell.nodeIndices);
+    // local DOFs [u₁ u₂ u₃ r₁ r₂ r₃] of each projected corner
+    const local = element.transforms.map((T, i) => matVec(T, dofs.slice(6 * i, 6 * i + 6).map((d) => U[d])));
+    const { corners } = element.axes;
+    const properties = { E: section.E, nu: section.nu, t: section.thickness };
+    const out = new Array(4 * SHELL_FORCE_COMPONENTS).fill(0);
+    const extrapolate = (atGauss, first) => {
+        atCorners.forEach(({ N }, c) => {
+            for (let k = 0; k < 3; k++) {
+                out[SHELL_FORCE_COMPONENTS * c + first + k] = N.reduce((sum, w, g) => sum + w * atGauss[g][k], 0);
+            }
+        });
+    };
+    if (type !== "plate") {
+        const D = membraneRigidity({ ...properties, modifiers: [m.f11 ?? 1, m.f22 ?? 1, m.f12 ?? 1] });
+        const u = local.flatMap((d) => [d[0], d[1], d[5]]);
+        extrapolate(GAUSS_2X2.map(({ xi, eta }) => matVec(D, matVec(membraneStrainRows(corners, xi, eta).B, u))), 0);
+    }
+    if (type !== "membrane") {
+        const D = plateRigidity({ ...properties, modifiers: [m.m11 ?? 1, m.m22 ?? 1, m.m12 ?? 1] });
+        const w = local.flatMap((d) => [d[2], d[3], d[4]]);
+        const moments = GAUSS_2X2.map(({ xi, eta }) => matVec(D, matVec(dkqCurvatureRows(corners, xi, eta).B, w)).map((v) => -v));
+        extrapolate(moments, 3);
+        CORNERS.forEach(([xi, eta], c) => {
+            const { dXi, dEta } = atCorners[c];
+            const { dX, dY } = cartesianDerivatives(quadJacobian(corners, xi, eta), {
+                dXi: dXi.map((v) => ROOT3 * v),
+                dEta: dEta.map((v) => ROOT3 * v),
+            });
+            const d = (weights, k) => weights.reduce((sum, v, g) => sum + v * moments[g][k], 0);
+            out[SHELL_FORCE_COMPONENTS * c + 6] = -(d(dX, 0) + d(dY, 2));
+            out[SHELL_FORCE_COMPONENTS * c + 7] = -(d(dX, 2) + d(dY, 1));
+        });
+    }
+    return out;
+};
+const round = (value) => roundToDecimalPlaces(value, FORCE_DECIMALS) + 0; // + 0: no −0
+/**
+ * The presented forces of one shell: kN/m, kN·m/m and kN/m per corner, with the face stresses
+ * `σ = F/t ∓ 6M/t²` in MPa (top = +3 face).
+ *
+ * @param raw - From `shellRawForces`, or a factored sum of them
+ */
+export const presentShellForces = (shell, nodeIds, raw) => {
+    const t = shell.section.thickness;
+    return {
+        shellId: shell.id,
+        areaId: shell.areaId,
+        corners: nodeIds.map((nodeId, c) => {
+            const [F11, F22, F12, M11, M22, M12, V13, V23] = raw.slice(SHELL_FORCE_COMPONENTS * c, SHELL_FORCE_COMPONENTS * (c + 1));
+            // N/mm ÷ mm and N·mm/mm ÷ mm² are MPa
+            const face = (F, M, side) => round(F / t - (side * 6 * M) / t ** 2);
+            return {
+                nodeId,
+                F11: round(F11), // N/mm = kN/m
+                F22: round(F22),
+                F12: round(F12),
+                M11: round(M11 * 1e-3), // N·mm/mm = 10⁻³ kN·m/m
+                M22: round(M22 * 1e-3),
+                M12: round(M12 * 1e-3),
+                V13: round(V13),
+                V23: round(V23),
+                S11Top: face(F11, M11, 1),
+                S22Top: face(F22, M22, 1),
+                S12Top: face(F12, M12, 1),
+                S11Bot: face(F11, M11, -1),
+                S22Bot: face(F22, M22, -1),
+                S12Bot: face(F12, M12, -1),
+            };
+        }),
+    };
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=shell-forces.js.map

package/dist/esm/fea/frame/post/shell-forces.js.map

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package/dist/esm/fea/frame/solver/analyze-frame.js

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { areaMemberLoads } from "../area/distribute-area-loads.js";
 import { buildEnvelope } from "../post/envelope.js";
 import { presentMemberDiagram, presentState } from "../post/present-state.js";
 import { throwIssues, validateFrameModel } from "../validation/validate-model.js";
+import { expandModel } from "../mesh/expand-model.js";
 import { resolveCombinations } from "./combinations.js";
 import { prepareFrameSystem } from "./frame-system.js";
 import { combineStates, solveLoadCase } from "./load-case-solver.js";
@@ -38,14 +39,16 @@ const groupByCase = (loads = []) => {
  *   null areas, and combinations
  * @param options - Diagram station count and detail
  * @returns `{ result, memberDiagram }`
- * @throws {FrameAnalysisError} 301–317 for an invalid model (with `details` and every problem in
- *   `issues`), 304 for an unstable structure
+ * @throws {FrameAnalysisError} 301–317, 326 and 327 for an invalid model (with `details` and
+ *   every problem in `issues`), 328 for a translation nothing resists at a node connected only
+ *   to shells, 304 for an unstable structure
  */
 export const createFrameAnalysis = (model, options = {}) => {
     const issues = validateFrameModel(model);
     if (issues.length > 0)
         throwIssues(issues);
-    const system = prepareFrameSystem(model);
+    const expanded = expandModel(model);
+    const system = prepareFrameSystem(expanded.model);
     const combinations = model.combinations ?? [];
     const resolved = resolveCombinations(combinations, new Set(model.loadCases.map((c) => c.id)));
     const withStations = (options.diagrams ?? "full") === "full";
@@ -57,10 +60,13 @@ export const createFrameAnalysis = (model, options = {}) => {
         ...(model.memberLoads ?? []),
         ...fromAreas.memberLoads,
     ]);
+    // area loads on shells load the shell elements; those on null areas became member loads
+    const shellByCase = groupByCase((model.areaLoads ?? []).filter((load) => system.shellsByArea.has(load.areaId)));
     for (const loadCase of model.loadCases) {
         const state = solveLoadCase(system, loadCase, {
             nodalLoads: nodalByCase.get(loadCase.id) ?? [],
             memberLoads: memberByCase.get(loadCase.id) ?? [],
+            shellLoads: shellByCase.get(loadCase.id) ?? [],
         });
         states.set(loadCase.id, state);
         cases[loadCase.id] = presentState(system, state, { id: loadCase.id, kind: "case", name: loadCase.name, type: loadCase.type }, { stations: options.stations, withStations });
@@ -76,6 +82,7 @@ export const createFrameAnalysis = (model, options = {}) => {
     }
     const warnings = [
         ...fromAreas.warnings,
+        ...expanded.warnings,
         ...[...Object.values(cases), ...Object.values(combinationResults)].flatMap((r) => r.warnings.map((w) => ({
             ...w,
             message: `${r.kind === "case" ? "Load case" : "Load combination"} "${r.id}": ${w.message}`,
@@ -86,9 +93,11 @@ export const createFrameAnalysis = (model, options = {}) => {
         cases,
         combinations: combinationResults,
         envelope: combinationList.length > 0 ? buildEnvelope(combinationList) : undefined,
+        ...(expanded.mesh ? { mesh: expanded.mesh } : {}),
         calculationDetails: {
             nodeCount: system.nodes.length,
-            memberCount: system.members.length,
+            memberCount: system.memberGroups.length,
+            shellCount: system.shells.length,
             dofCount: system.dofCount,
             freeDofCount: system.free.length,
             profileSize: system.profileSize,
@@ -96,7 +105,15 @@ export const createFrameAnalysis = (model, options = {}) => {
             combinationCount: combinations.length,
             autoRestrainedDofs: autoRestrainedDofs(system),
         },
-        units: { force: "kN", moment: "kN·m", length: "mm", rotation: "rad" },
+        units: {
+            force: "kN",
+            moment: "kN·m",
+            length: "mm",
+            rotation: "rad",
+            forcePerLength: "kN/m",
+            momentPerLength: "kN·m/m",
+            stress: "MPa",
+        },
         warnings,
     };
     return {
@@ -129,6 +146,8 @@ export const createFrameAnalysis = (model, options = {}) => {
  *
  * Area loads on null areas (`areas`, `areaLoads`) are first turned into member loads on the
  * members along each area's edges (see `distributeAreaLoads`); the areas add no stiffness.
+ * Shell areas (`shells`) are four-node flat shell elements with their own stiffness; area loads
+ * and self-weight on them act as forces at their corners.
  *
  * Model and result are plain data (JSON-serialisable), so the analysis can run in a Web Worker.
  *
@@ -137,8 +156,9 @@ export const createFrameAnalysis = (model, options = {}) => {
  * @param options - Diagram station count and detail
  * @returns `cases` and `combinations` keyed by id, `envelope` over the combinations,
  *   `calculationDetails`, `units` and `warnings`
- * @throws {FrameAnalysisError} 301–317 for an invalid model (with `details` and every problem in
- *   `issues`), 304 for an unstable structure
+ * @throws {FrameAnalysisError} 301–317, 326 and 327 for an invalid model (with `details` and
+ *   every problem in `issues`), 328 for a translation nothing resists at a node connected only
+ *   to shells, 304 for an unstable structure
  */
 export const analyzeFrame = (model, options = {}) => createFrameAnalysis(model, options).result;
 //# sourceMappingURL=analyze-frame.js.map

package/dist/esm/fea/frame/solver/analyze-frame.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/esm/fea/frame/solver/auto-restraint.js

@@ -52,26 +52,27 @@ const symmetricEigen = (M) => {
  * Finds the joint rotations that nothing resists, so they can be held instead of making the
  * stiffness singular — e.g. a truss joint where every member releases its end moments.
  *
- * For each node with members, the free rotational block `B` (3×3, global) of the assembled
- * member stiffness plus rotational springs is decomposed; every eigenvector whose eigenvalue
+ * For each node with elements, the free rotational block `B` (3×3, global) of the assembled
+ * element stiffness plus rotational springs is decomposed; every eigenvector whose eigenvalue
  * is below `SINGULARITY_TOLERANCE` times the block's largest diagonal is a null direction `n`.
- * Each member's global stiffness is positive semi-definite, so `nᵀ·B·n = 0` makes the whole
+ * Each element's global stiffness is positive semi-definite, so `nᵀ·B·n = 0` makes the whole
  * stiffness column of `n` zero: the rotation along `n` is decoupled from every other DOF, and a
  * spring `k·n·nᵀ` there carries no force unless a load has a moment component along `n`.
  *
  * @param nodeCount - Number of nodes
- * @param members - Node indices and global 12×12 stiffness of every member (N and mm)
+ * @param elements - Node indices and global stiffness (6 DOFs per node) of every element, members
+ *   included (N and mm)
  * @param boundary - Fixed DOFs and spring stiffnesses
  */
-export const findAutoRestraints = (nodeCount, members, boundary) => {
+export const findAutoRestraints = (nodeCount, elements, boundary) => {
     const blocks = new Array(nodeCount).fill(null);
-    for (const m of members) {
-        [m.startIndex, m.endIndex].forEach((node, end) => {
+    for (const element of elements) {
+        element.nodes.forEach((node, position) => {
             const block = (blocks[node] ?? (blocks[node] = [0, 1, 2].map(() => [0, 0, 0])));
-            const base = 6 * end + 3;
+            const base = 6 * position + 3;
             for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                 for (let j = 0; j < 3; j++)
-                    block[i][j] += m.kGlobal[base + i][base + j];
+                    block[i][j] += element.kGlobal[base + i][base + j];
             }
         });
     }
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ export const findAutoRestraints = (nodeCount, members, boundary) => {
     const restraints = [];
     blocks.forEach((block, node) => {
         if (!block)
-            return; // a node without members is a mechanism, left for the factorisation
+            return; // a node without elements is a mechanism, left for the factorisation
         const free = [0, 1, 2].filter((i) => !boundary.fixed[6 * node + 3 + i]);
         if (free.length === 0)
             return;
@@ -101,4 +102,51 @@ export const findAutoRestraints = (nodeCount, members, boundary) => {
     });
     return restraints;
 };
+/**
+ * Finds the translations that nothing resists at the given nodes: the null directions of each
+ * node's free translational block (3×3, global) of the assembled element stiffness plus
+ * translational springs, by the same eigen-decomposition as `findAutoRestraints`. Such a
+ * direction is decoupled from every other DOF, so the structure is a mechanism there.
+ *
+ * @param nodes - Node indices to check, e.g. nodes connected only to shells
+ * @param elements - Node indices and global stiffness (6 DOFs per node) of every element
+ * @param boundary - Fixed DOFs and spring stiffnesses
+ */
+export const findUnresistedTranslations = (nodes, elements, boundary) => {
+    const blocks = new Map();
+    for (const node of nodes)
+        blocks.set(node, [0, 1, 2].map(() => [0, 0, 0]));
+    for (const element of elements) {
+        element.nodes.forEach((node, position) => {
+            const block = blocks.get(node);
+            if (!block)
+                return;
+            const base = 6 * position;
+            for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+                for (let j = 0; j < 3; j++)
+                    block[i][j] += element.kGlobal[base + i][base + j];
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    const unresisted = [];
+    blocks.forEach((block, node) => {
+        const free = [0, 1, 2].filter((i) => !boundary.fixed[6 * node + i]);
+        if (free.length === 0)
+            return;
+        const sub = free.map((i) => free.map((j) => block[i][j] + (i === j ? boundary.spring[6 * node + i] : 0)));
+        const scale = Math.max(...sub.map((row, i) => Math.abs(row[i])));
+        const { values, vectors } = symmetricEigen(sub);
+        values.forEach((value, e) => {
+            if (scale > 0 && value > SINGULARITY_TOLERANCE * scale)
+                return;
+            const axis = [0, 0, 0];
+            free.forEach((i, k) => (axis[i] = vectors[e][k]));
+            const lead = axis.reduce((best, c, i) => (Math.abs(c) > Math.abs(axis[best]) ? i : best), 0);
+            if (axis[lead] < 0)
+                axis.forEach((c, i) => (axis[i] = -c));
+            unresisted.push({ node, axis });
+        });
+    });
+    return unresisted;
+};
 //# sourceMappingURL=auto-restraint.js.map

package/dist/esm/fea/frame/solver/auto-restraint.js.map

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package/dist/esm/fea/frame/solver/frame-system.js

@@ -3,54 +3,162 @@ import { FrameErrors } from "../../../core/errors/frame-analysis.error.js";
 import { createSkyline, reverseCuthillMcKee, skylineAdd, skylineFactor, skylineSize, } from "../../../utils/skyline.js";
 import { beam3dLocalStiffnessRightHanded } from "../elements/beam-3d-stiffness.js";
 import { memberEndReleases } from "../elements/end-releases.js";
+import { flatShellElement } from "../elements/shell/flat-shell.js";
+import { cornerAreas } from "../elements/shell/quad-geometry.js";
 import { condenseMember } from "../elements/static-condensation.js";
 import { memberAxes, transformationMatrix } from "../transformation/coordinate-transform.js";
 import { frameIssue, throwIssues } from "../validation/validate-model.js";
-import { findAutoRestraints } from "./auto-restraint.js";
+import { findAutoRestraints, findUnresistedTranslations, } from "./auto-restraint.js";
 import { buildBoundaryConditions } from "./boundary-conditions.js";
-import { memberDofs, memberGlobalStiffness } from "./global-assembly.js";
+import { elementDofs, memberGlobalStiffness, } from "./global-assembly.js";
 const DOF_NAMES = ["ux", "uy", "uz", "rx", "ry", "rz"];
 /**
- * Builds the member matrices of a model that passed `validateFrameModel`, assembles the free
- * stiffness in skyline storage with nodes in reverse Cuthill–McKee order, and factorises it
- * once for all load cases. Joint rotations that no member resists (e.g. at truss joints) are
- * held by a spring along each null direction, which carries no force.
+ * Builds the member and shell matrices of a model that passed `validateFrameModel`, assembles
+ * the free stiffness in skyline storage with nodes in reverse Cuthill–McKee order, and
+ * factorises it once for all load cases. Joint rotations that nothing resists (e.g. at truss
+ * joints) are held by a spring along each null direction, which carries no force.
  *
- * @throws {FrameAnalysisError} 304 if the structure is a mechanism; `details` names a node and
- *   a DOF involved in it
+ * @throws {FrameAnalysisError} 328 if a node connected only to shells has a translation that
+ *   nothing resists (a membrane's out-of-plane or a plate's in-plane direction), with `nodeId`,
+ *   `shellId` and `dof`; 304 if the structure is a mechanism; `details` names a node and a DOF
+ *   involved in it
  */
 export const prepareFrameSystem = (model) => {
     const { nodes, members, restraints } = model;
+    // shell elements: after `expandModel` they carry their area's id
+    const shells = (model.shells ?? []);
     const nodeIndex = new Map(nodes.map((n, i) => [n.id, i]));
     const memberIndex = new Map(members.map((m, i) => [m.id, i]));
+    const shellIndex = new Map(shells.map((sh, i) => [sh.id, i]));
     const dofCount = 6 * nodes.length;
     const boundary = buildBoundaryConditions(restraints, nodeIndex, dofCount);
-    const systemMembers = members.map((member) => {
-        const start = nodes[nodeIndex.get(member.startNodeId)];
-        const end = nodes[nodeIndex.get(member.endNodeId)];
-        const { length, lambda } = memberAxes([start.x, start.y, start.z], [end.x, end.y, end.z], member.angle ?? 0);
+    const point = (id) => {
+        const n = nodes[nodeIndex.get(id)];
+        return [n.x, n.y, n.z];
+    };
+    const systemMembers = [];
+    const memberGroups = members.map((member) => {
+        // pieces between the member's ends and the mesh nodes inside it (see `expandModel`)
+        const chain = [member.startNodeId, ...(member.through ?? []), member.endNodeId];
+        const whole = memberAxes(point(member.startNodeId), point(member.endNodeId), member.angle ?? 0);
         const { E, G, A, I22, I33, J } = member.section;
-        const releases = memberEndReleases(member.releases);
-        const condensed = condenseMember(beam3dLocalStiffnessRightHanded(E, G, A, I22, I33, J, length), releases);
+        const pieces = [];
+        let offset = 0;
+        for (let k = 0; k + 1 < chain.length; k++) {
+            const { length, lambda } = chain.length === 2
+                ? whole
+                : memberAxes(point(chain[k]), point(chain[k + 1]), member.angle ?? 0);
+            // releases only at the member's own ends
+            const releases = memberEndReleases({
+                start: k === 0 ? member.releases?.start : undefined,
+                end: k === chain.length - 2 ? member.releases?.end : undefined,
+            });
+            const condensed = condenseMember(beam3dLocalStiffnessRightHanded(E, G, A, I22, I33, J, length), releases);
+            pieces.push(systemMembers.length);
+            systemMembers.push({
+                id: member.id,
+                offset,
+                section: member.section,
+                startIndex: nodeIndex.get(chain[k]),
+                endIndex: nodeIndex.get(chain[k + 1]),
+                T: transformationMatrix(lambda),
+                k: condensed.k,
+                hasReleases: releases.length > 0,
+                condenseFixedEndForces: condensed.condenseFixedEndForces,
+                memberEndDisplacements: condensed.memberEndDisplacements,
+                length,
+                lambda,
+            });
+            offset += length;
+        }
         return {
             id: member.id,
+            pieces,
             section: member.section,
-            startIndex: nodeIndex.get(member.startNodeId),
-            endIndex: nodeIndex.get(member.endNodeId),
-            T: transformationMatrix(lambda),
-            k: condensed.k,
-            hasReleases: releases.length > 0,
-            condenseFixedEndForces: condensed.condenseFixedEndForces,
-            memberEndDisplacements: condensed.memberEndDisplacements,
-            length,
-            lambda,
+            length: whole.length,
+            lambda: whole.lambda,
+        };
+    });
+    const systemShells = shells.map((shell) => {
+        const nodeIndices = shell.nodeIds.map((id) => nodeIndex.get(id));
+        const points = nodeIndices.map((n) => [nodes[n].x, nodes[n].y, nodes[n].z]);
+        const { thickness, E, nu } = shell.section;
+        const m = shell.modifiers ?? {};
+        const type = shell.type ?? "shell";
+        const element = flatShellElement(points, {
+            E,
+            nu,
+            t: thickness,
+            type,
+            membraneModifiers: [m.f11 ?? 1, m.f22 ?? 1, m.f12 ?? 1],
+            bendingModifiers: [m.m11 ?? 1, m.m22 ?? 1, m.m12 ?? 1],
+        }, shell.angle ?? 0);
+        return {
+            id: shell.id,
+            areaId: shell.areaId ?? shell.id,
+            nodeIndices,
+            type,
+            section: shell.section,
+            modifiers: m,
+            element,
+            cornerAreas: cornerAreas(element.axes.corners),
         };
     });
+    const shellsByArea = new Map();
+    systemShells.forEach((sh, s) => {
+        const list = shellsByArea.get(sh.areaId);
+        if (list)
+            list.push(s);
+        else
+            shellsByArea.set(sh.areaId, [s]);
+    });
+    // Everything that adds stiffness, as elements over 6 DOFs per node; members have 2 nodes
+    const memberElements = systemMembers.map((m) => ({
+        nodes: [m.startIndex, m.endIndex],
+        kGlobal: memberGlobalStiffness(m),
+    }));
+    const shellElements = systemShells.map((sh) => ({
+        nodes: sh.nodeIndices,
+        kGlobal: sh.element.kGlobal,
+    }));
+    const elements = [...memberElements, ...shellElements];
+    // ---- Translations no shell resists at nodes without members (membrane / plate only) --
+    const memberNodes = new Set(systemMembers.flatMap((m) => [m.startIndex, m.endIndex]));
+    const shellOnlyNodes = new Set(systemShells.flatMap((sh) => sh.nodeIndices).filter((n) => !memberNodes.has(n)));
+    const unresisted = findUnresistedTranslations([...shellOnlyNodes].sort((a, b) => a - b), // issues in model order
+    shellElements, boundary);
+    if (unresisted.length > 0) {
+        throwIssues(unresisted.map(({ node, axis }) => {
+            const lead = axis.reduce((best, c, i) => (Math.abs(c) > Math.abs(axis[best]) ? i : best), 0);
+            return frameIssue(FrameErrors.SHELL_DOF_UNSUPPORTED, {
+                nodeId: nodes[node].id,
+                shellId: systemShells.find((sh) => sh.nodeIndices.includes(node))?.id,
+                dof: DOF_NAMES[lead],
+            });
+        }));
+    }
     // ---- Equation numbering: nodes in RCM order, fixed DOFs skipped ------------------
     const adjacency = nodes.map(() => []);
-    for (const m of systemMembers) {
-        adjacency[m.startIndex].push(m.endIndex);
-        adjacency[m.endIndex].push(m.startIndex);
+    for (const element of memberElements) {
+        for (const a of element.nodes) {
+            for (const b of element.nodes)
+                if (a !== b)
+                    adjacency[a].push(b);
+        }
+    }
+    // shells share edges: add each neighbour once (members keep their own order unchanged)
+    if (shellElements.length > 0) {
+        const known = adjacency.map((list) => new Set(list));
+        for (const element of shellElements) {
+            for (const a of element.nodes) {
+                for (const b of element.nodes) {
+                    if (a !== b && !known[a].has(b)) {
+                        known[a].add(b);
+                        adjacency[a].push(b);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
     const equation = new Int32Array(dofCount).fill(-1);
     const free = [];
@@ -63,18 +171,13 @@ export const prepareFrameSystem = (model) => {
             }
         }
     }
-    const kGlobal = systemMembers.map(memberGlobalStiffness);
-    const autoRestraints = findAutoRestraints(nodes.length, systemMembers.map((m, i) => ({
-        startIndex: m.startIndex,
-        endIndex: m.endIndex,
-        kGlobal: kGlobal[i],
-    })), boundary);
+    const autoRestraints = findAutoRestraints(nodes.length, elements, boundary);
     // ---- Profile, assembly and factorisation -----------------------------------------
     let factor = null;
     if (free.length > 0) {
         const first = free.map((_, e) => e);
-        const memberEquations = systemMembers.map((m) => memberDofs(m).map((d) => equation[d]));
-        for (const eqs of memberEquations) {
+        const elementEquations = elements.map((el) => elementDofs(el.nodes).map((d) => equation[d]));
+        for (const eqs of elementEquations) {
             const active = eqs.filter((e) => e >= 0);
             const low = Math.min(...active);
             for (const e of active)
@@ -82,14 +185,15 @@ export const prepareFrameSystem = (model) => {
                     first[e] = low;
         }
         const K = createSkyline(first);
-        memberEquations.forEach((eqs, index) => {
-            // a member's 12 DOFs are distinct, so each unordered pair and each diagonal is added once
-            for (let a = 0; a < 12; a++) {
+        elementEquations.forEach((eqs, index) => {
+            // an element's nodes, hence its DOFs, are distinct: each pair and diagonal is added once
+            const k = elements[index].kGlobal;
+            for (let a = 0; a < eqs.length; a++) {
                 if (eqs[a] < 0)
                     continue;
-                for (let b = 0; b < 12; b++) {
+                for (let b = 0; b < eqs.length; b++) {
                     if (eqs[b] >= eqs[a])
-                        skylineAdd(K, eqs[a], eqs[b], kGlobal[index][a][b]);
+                        skylineAdd(K, eqs[a], eqs[b], k[a][b]);
                 }
             }
         });
@@ -97,7 +201,7 @@ export const prepareFrameSystem = (model) => {
             if (boundary.spring[dof] > 0)
                 skylineAdd(K, e, e, boundary.spring[dof]);
         });
-        // k·n·nᵀ on the node's free rotations, inside the profile: its members span all 6 node DOFs
+        // k·n·nᵀ on the node's free rotations, inside the profile: its elements span all 6 node DOFs
         for (const { node, axis, stiffness } of autoRestraints) {
             for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                 const ei = equation[6 * node + 3 + i];
@@ -126,7 +230,11 @@ export const prepareFrameSystem = (model) => {
         nodes,
         nodeIndex,
         memberIndex,
+        memberGroups,
         members: systemMembers,
+        shellIndex,
+        shellsByArea,
+        shells: systemShells,
         dofCount,
         boundary,
         equation,