@steerable/runtime-darwin-arm64 0.0.0-stage → 0.9.0

package/python-runtime/python/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_generate_schema.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3053 @@
+"""Convert python types to pydantic-core schema."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import collections.abc
+import dataclasses
+import datetime
+import inspect
+import os
+import pathlib
+import re
+import sys
+import typing
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Callable, Generator, Iterable, Iterator, Mapping
+from copy import copy
+from decimal import Decimal
+from enum import Enum
+from fractions import Fraction
+from functools import partial
+from inspect import Parameter, _ParameterKind
+from ipaddress import IPv4Address, IPv4Interface, IPv4Network, IPv6Address, IPv6Interface, IPv6Network
+from itertools import chain
+from operator import attrgetter
+from types import EllipsisType, FunctionType, GenericAlias, LambdaType, MethodType, NoneType
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    ClassVar,
+    ForwardRef,
+    Literal,
+    TypeAlias,
+    TypeVar,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+from uuid import UUID
+from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo
+
+import typing_extensions
+from pydantic_core import (
+    MISSING,
+    CoreSchema,
+    MultiHostUrl,
+    PydanticCustomError,
+    PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue,
+    PydanticUndefined,
+    Url,
+    core_schema,
+    to_jsonable_python,
+)
+from typing_extensions import (  # noqa: UP035 (for `get_args` and `get_origin`)
+    TypeAliasType,
+    get_args,
+    get_origin,
+    is_typeddict,
+)
+from typing_inspection import typing_objects
+from typing_inspection.introspection import AnnotationSource, get_literal_values, is_union_origin
+
+from ..aliases import AliasChoices, AliasPath
+from ..annotated_handlers import GetCoreSchemaHandler, GetJsonSchemaHandler
+from ..config import ConfigDict, JsonDict, JsonEncoder, JsonSchemaExtraCallable
+from ..errors import (
+    PydanticForbiddenQualifier,
+    PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema,
+    PydanticSchemaGenerationError,
+    PydanticUndefinedAnnotation,
+    PydanticUserError,
+)
+from ..functional_validators import AfterValidator, BeforeValidator, FieldValidatorModes, PlainValidator, WrapValidator
+from ..json_schema import JsonSchemaValue
+from ..version import version_short
+from ..warnings import (
+    ArbitraryTypeWarning,
+    PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+    TypedDictExtraConfigWarning,
+    UnsupportedFieldAttributeWarning,
+)
+from . import _decorators, _discriminated_union, _known_annotated_metadata, _repr, _type_refs, _typing_extra
+from ._config import ConfigWrapper, ConfigWrapperStack
+from ._contextlib import contextmanager
+from ._core_metadata import CoreMetadata, update_core_metadata
+from ._core_utils import (
+    get_ref,
+    is_list_like_schema_with_items_schema,
+)
+from ._decorators import (
+    Decorator,
+    DecoratorInfos,
+    FieldSerializerDecoratorInfo,
+    FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo,
+    ModelSerializerDecoratorInfo,
+    ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo,
+    RootValidatorDecoratorInfo,
+    ValidatorDecoratorInfo,
+    get_attribute_from_bases,
+    inspect_field_serializer,
+    inspect_model_serializer,
+    inspect_validator,
+    mro,
+)
+from ._docs_extraction import extract_docstrings_from_cls
+from ._fields import (
+    collect_dataclass_fields,
+    rebuild_dataclass_fields,
+    rebuild_model_fields,
+    takes_validated_data_argument,
+    update_field_from_config,
+)
+from ._forward_ref import PydanticRecursiveRef
+from ._generics import get_model_typevars_map, get_standard_typevars_map, replace_types
+from ._import_utils import import_cached_base_model, import_cached_field_info
+from ._mock_val_ser import MockCoreSchema
+from ._namespace_utils import NamespacesTuple, NsResolver
+from ._schema_gather import MissingDefinitionError, gather_schemas_for_cleaning
+from ._schema_generation_shared import CallbackGetCoreSchemaHandler
+from ._utils import lenient_issubclass, smart_deepcopy
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..fields import ComputedFieldInfo, FieldInfo
+    from ..main import BaseModel
+    from ..types import Discriminator
+    from ._dataclasses import StandardDataclass
+    from ._schema_generation_shared import GetJsonSchemaFunction
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 15):
+    from builtins import frozendict
+
+_SUPPORTS_TYPEDDICT = sys.version_info >= (3, 12)
+
+FieldDecoratorInfo: TypeAlias = ValidatorDecoratorInfo | FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo | FieldSerializerDecoratorInfo
+FieldDecoratorInfoType = TypeVar('FieldDecoratorInfoType', bound=FieldDecoratorInfo)
+AnyFieldDecorator = (
+    Decorator[ValidatorDecoratorInfo] | Decorator[FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo] | Decorator[FieldSerializerDecoratorInfo]
+)
+
+ModifyCoreSchemaWrapHandler: TypeAlias = GetCoreSchemaHandler
+GetCoreSchemaFunction: TypeAlias = Callable[[Any, ModifyCoreSchemaWrapHandler], core_schema.CoreSchema]
+ParametersCallback: TypeAlias = Callable[[int, str, Any], Literal['skip'] | None]
+
+TUPLE_TYPES: list[type] = [typing.Tuple, tuple]  # noqa: UP006
+_NONE_SCHEMA = core_schema.none_schema()
+_CALLABLE_SCHEMA = core_schema.callable_schema()
+
+
+_SIMPLE_SCHEMA_TYPES: frozenset[type[Any]] = frozenset(
+    {
+        str,
+        int,
+        bool,
+        float,
+        bytes,
+        complex,
+        NoneType,
+        object,
+        type,
+        EllipsisType,
+        re.Pattern,
+        datetime.datetime,
+        datetime.date,
+        datetime.time,
+        datetime.timedelta,
+        Decimal,
+        ZoneInfo,
+    }
+)
+"""Exact types handled directly, without checking for `__get_pydantic_core_schema__()`/`__get_pydantic_json_schema__()` methods."""
+
+
+def _is_simple_schema_type(obj: Any) -> bool:
+    return obj is None or (type(obj) is type and obj in _SIMPLE_SCHEMA_TYPES)
+
+
+def _copy_schema_handler(schema: CoreSchema) -> Callable[[GenerateSchema, Any], CoreSchema]:
+    """Return fresh copies of a fixed schema made only of immutable values."""
+
+    def handler(self: GenerateSchema, obj: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        return schema.copy()
+
+    return handler
+
+
+# Note: This does not play very well with type checkers. For example,
+# `a: LambdaType = lambda x: x` will raise a type error by Pyright.
+ValidateCallSupportedTypes: TypeAlias = LambdaType | FunctionType | MethodType | partial
+
+
+VALIDATE_CALL_SUPPORTED_TYPES = get_args(ValidateCallSupportedTypes)
+UNSUPPORTED_STANDALONE_FIELDINFO_ATTRIBUTES: list[tuple[str, Any]] = [
+    ('alias', None),
+    ('validation_alias', None),
+    ('serialization_alias', None),
+    # will be set if any alias is set, so disable it to avoid double warnings:
+    # 'alias_priority',
+    ('default', PydanticUndefined),
+    ('default_factory', None),
+    ('exclude', None),
+    ('deprecated', None),
+    ('repr', True),
+    ('validate_default', None),
+    ('frozen', None),
+    ('init', None),
+    ('init_var', None),
+    ('kw_only', None),
+]
+"""`FieldInfo` attributes (and their default value) that can't be used outside of a model (e.g. in a type adapter or a PEP 695 type alias)."""
+
+_mode_to_validator: dict[
+    FieldValidatorModes, type[BeforeValidator | AfterValidator | PlainValidator | WrapValidator]
+] = {'before': BeforeValidator, 'after': AfterValidator, 'plain': PlainValidator, 'wrap': WrapValidator}
+
+
+def check_validator_fields_against_field_name(
+    info: FieldDecoratorInfo,
+    field: str,
+) -> bool:
+    """Check if field name is in validator fields.
+
+    Args:
+        info: The field info.
+        field: The field name to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        `True` if field name is in validator fields, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    fields = info.fields
+    return '*' in fields or field in fields
+
+
+def check_decorator_fields_exist(decorators: Iterable[AnyFieldDecorator], fields: Iterable[str]) -> None:
+    """Check if the defined fields in decorators exist in `fields` param.
+
+    It ignores the check for a decorator if the decorator has `*` as field or `check_fields=False`.
+
+    Args:
+        decorators: An iterable of decorators.
+        fields: An iterable of fields name.
+
+    Raises:
+        PydanticUserError: If one of the field names does not exist in `fields` param.
+    """
+    fields = set(fields)
+    for dec in decorators:
+        if '*' in dec.info.fields:
+            continue
+        if dec.info.check_fields is False:
+            continue
+        for field in dec.info.fields:
+            if field not in fields:
+                raise PydanticUserError(
+                    f'Decorators defined with incorrect fields: {dec.cls_ref}.{dec.cls_var_name}'
+                    " (use check_fields=False if you're inheriting from the model and intended this)",
+                    code='decorator-missing-field',
+                )
+
+
+def filter_field_decorator_info_by_field(
+    validator_functions: Iterable[Decorator[FieldDecoratorInfoType]], field: str
+) -> list[Decorator[FieldDecoratorInfoType]]:
+    return [dec for dec in validator_functions if check_validator_fields_against_field_name(dec.info, field)]
+
+
+def apply_each_item_validators(
+    schema: core_schema.CoreSchema,
+    each_item_validators: list[Decorator[ValidatorDecoratorInfo]],
+) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+    # This V1 compatibility shim should eventually be removed
+
+    # fail early if each_item_validators is empty
+    if not each_item_validators:
+        return schema
+
+    # push down any `each_item=True` validators
+    # note that this won't work for any Annotated types that get wrapped by a function validator
+    # but that's okay because that didn't exist in V1
+    if schema['type'] == 'nullable':
+        schema['schema'] = apply_each_item_validators(schema['schema'], each_item_validators)
+        return schema
+    elif schema['type'] == 'missing-sentinel' and 'schema' in schema:
+        schema['schema'] = apply_each_item_validators(schema['schema'], each_item_validators)
+        return schema
+    elif schema['type'] == 'tuple':
+        if (variadic_item_index := schema.get('variadic_item_index')) is not None:
+            schema['items_schema'][variadic_item_index] = apply_validators(
+                schema['items_schema'][variadic_item_index],
+                each_item_validators,
+            )
+    elif is_list_like_schema_with_items_schema(schema):
+        inner_schema = schema.get('items_schema', core_schema.any_schema())
+        schema['items_schema'] = apply_validators(inner_schema, each_item_validators)
+    elif schema['type'] == 'dict':
+        inner_schema = schema.get('values_schema', core_schema.any_schema())
+        schema['values_schema'] = apply_validators(inner_schema, each_item_validators)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(
+            f'`@validator(..., each_item=True)` cannot be applied to fields with a schema of {schema["type"]}'
+        )
+    return schema
+
+
+def _extract_json_schema_info_from_field_info(
+    info: FieldInfo | ComputedFieldInfo,
+) -> tuple[JsonDict | None, JsonDict | JsonSchemaExtraCallable | None]:
+    json_schema_updates = {
+        'title': info.title,
+        'description': info.description,
+        'deprecated': bool(info.deprecated) or info.deprecated == '' or None,
+        'examples': to_jsonable_python(info.examples),
+    }
+    json_schema_updates = {k: v for k, v in json_schema_updates.items() if v is not None}
+    return (json_schema_updates or None, info.json_schema_extra)
+
+
+JsonEncoders = dict[type[Any], JsonEncoder]
+
+
+def _add_custom_serialization_from_json_encoders(
+    json_encoders: JsonEncoders | None, tp: Any, schema: CoreSchema
+) -> CoreSchema:
+    """Iterate over the json_encoders and add the first matching encoder to the schema.
+
+    Args:
+        json_encoders: A dictionary of types and their encoder functions.
+        tp: The type to check for a matching encoder.
+        schema: The schema to add the encoder to.
+    """
+    if not json_encoders:
+        return schema
+    if 'serialization' in schema:
+        return schema
+    # Check the class type and its superclasses for a matching encoder
+    # Decimal.__class__.__mro__ (and probably other cases) doesn't include Decimal itself
+    # if the type is a GenericAlias (e.g. from list[int]) we need to use __class__ instead of .__mro__
+    for base in (tp, *getattr(tp, '__mro__', tp.__class__.__mro__)[:-1]):
+        encoder = json_encoders.get(base)
+        if encoder is None:
+            continue
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            f'`json_encoders` is deprecated. See https://pydantic.dev/docs/validation/{version_short()}/concepts/serialization/#custom-serializers for alternatives',
+            PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+        )
+
+        # TODO: in theory we should check that the schema accepts a serialization key
+        schema['serialization'] = core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(encoder, when_used='json')
+        return schema
+
+    return schema
+
+
+GENERATE_SCHEMA_ERRORS = (
+    PydanticForbiddenQualifier,
+    PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema,
+    PydanticSchemaGenerationError,
+    PydanticUndefinedAnnotation,
+)
+"""Errors raised during core schema generation. This does *not* include `InvalidSchemaError`, which is raised during schema cleaning."""
+
+
+def _get_typed_dict_extra_items(typed_dict_cls: type[Any]) -> tuple[bool, Any, bool]:
+    """Return whether the TypedDict class is closed, the type of its extra items and whether
+    they are read-only (as per PEP 728).
+
+    The `__closed__` and `__extra_items__` attributes only reflect the arguments passed to the class itself,
+    so the first class in the (virtual) MRO explicitly specifying one of them is used.
+    `extra_items=Never` is normalized to `closed=True`, and the `ReadOnly` qualifier is stripped.
+    """
+    for base in mro(typed_dict_cls):
+        # `__closed__` is `None` when not specified:
+        closed = base.__dict__.get('__closed__')
+        extra_items = base.__dict__.get('__extra_items__', typing_extensions.NoExtraItems)
+        if closed is not None or not typing_objects.is_noextraitems(extra_items):
+            break
+    else:
+        return False, typing_extensions.NoExtraItems, False
+
+    if closed is not None:
+        # `closed` and `extra_items` can't be used together:
+        return closed, typing_extensions.NoExtraItems, False
+
+    readonly = typing_objects.is_readonly(get_origin(extra_items))
+    if readonly:
+        extra_items = get_args(extra_items)[0]
+    # TODO: `Never` wrapped in a type alias (e.g. `type NoExtras = Never`) or in `Annotated` isn't detected here,
+    # and fails during schema generation. Unwrapping should only apply to this check (to preserve alias handling).
+    if typing_objects.is_never(extra_items):
+        return True, typing_extensions.NoExtraItems, False
+    return False, extra_items, readonly
+
+
+class InvalidSchemaError(Exception):
+    """The core schema is invalid."""
+
+
+class GenerateSchema:
+    """Generate core schema for a Pydantic model, dataclass and types like `str`, `datetime`, ... ."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        '_config_wrapper_stack',
+        '_ns_resolver',
+        '_typevars_map',
+        'field_name_stack',
+        'model_type_stack',
+        'defs',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config_wrapper: ConfigWrapper,
+        ns_resolver: NsResolver | None = None,
+        typevars_map: Mapping[TypeVar, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        # we need a stack for recursing into nested models
+        self._config_wrapper_stack = ConfigWrapperStack(config_wrapper)
+        self._ns_resolver = ns_resolver or NsResolver()
+        self._typevars_map = typevars_map
+        self.field_name_stack = _FieldNameStack()
+        self.model_type_stack = _ModelTypeStack()
+        self.defs = _Definitions()
+
+    # The handler lambdas take the `GenerateSchema` instance as their first argument, so that
+    # the dicts can be built once at class creation time and shared by all instances:
+    _handlers: ClassVar[dict[Any, Callable[[GenerateSchema, Any], core_schema.CoreSchema]]] = {
+        str: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.str_schema()),
+        bytes: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.bytes_schema()),
+        int: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.int_schema()),
+        float: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.float_schema()),
+        bool: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.bool_schema()),
+        complex: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.complex_schema()),
+        object: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.any_schema()),
+        datetime.date: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.date_schema()),
+        datetime.datetime: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.datetime_schema()),
+        datetime.time: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.time_schema()),
+        datetime.timedelta: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.timedelta_schema()),
+        Decimal: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.decimal_schema()),
+        UUID: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.uuid_schema()),
+        Url: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.url_schema()),
+        Fraction: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.fraction_schema()),
+        MultiHostUrl: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.multi_host_url_schema()),
+        None: _copy_schema_handler(_NONE_SCHEMA),
+        NoneType: _copy_schema_handler(_NONE_SCHEMA),
+        MISSING: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.missing_sentinel_schema()),
+        EllipsisType: _copy_schema_handler(core_schema.ellipsis_schema()),
+        type: lambda self, obj: self._type_schema(),
+        dict: lambda self, obj: self._dict_schema(Any, Any),
+        tuple: lambda self, obj: self._tuple_schema(obj),
+        list: lambda self, obj: self._list_schema(Any),
+        set: lambda self, obj: self._set_schema(Any),
+        collections.abc.MutableSet: lambda self, obj: self._set_schema(Any),
+        frozenset: lambda self, obj: self._frozenset_schema(Any),
+        collections.abc.Set: lambda self, obj: self._frozenset_schema(Any),
+        collections.abc.MutableSequence: lambda self, obj: self._list_schema(Any),
+        collections.abc.Sequence: lambda self, obj: self._sequence_schema(Any),
+        collections.deque: lambda self, obj: self._deque_schema(Any),
+        collections.abc.Iterable: lambda self, obj: self._iterable_schema(obj),
+        collections.abc.Generator: lambda self, obj: self._iterable_schema(obj),
+        collections.abc.Mapping: lambda self, obj: self._mapping_schema(obj, Any, Any),
+        collections.abc.MutableMapping: lambda self, obj: self._mapping_schema(obj, Any, Any),
+        collections.OrderedDict: lambda self, obj: self._ordered_dict_schema(Any, Any),
+        collections.defaultdict: lambda self, obj: self._mapping_schema(obj, Any, Any),
+        collections.Counter: lambda self, obj: self._counter_schema(Any),
+        collections.abc.Callable: _copy_schema_handler(_CALLABLE_SCHEMA),
+        collections.abc.Hashable: lambda self, obj: self._hashable_schema(),
+        IPv4Address: lambda self, obj: self._ip_schema(obj),
+        IPv4Interface: lambda self, obj: self._ip_schema(obj),
+        IPv4Network: lambda self, obj: self._ip_schema(obj),
+        IPv6Address: lambda self, obj: self._ip_schema(obj),
+        IPv6Interface: lambda self, obj: self._ip_schema(obj),
+        IPv6Network: lambda self, obj: self._ip_schema(obj),
+        os.PathLike: lambda self, obj: self._path_schema(obj, Any),
+        pathlib.Path: lambda self, obj: self._path_schema(obj, Any),
+        pathlib.PurePath: lambda self, obj: self._path_schema(obj, Any),
+        pathlib.PosixPath: lambda self, obj: self._path_schema(obj, Any),
+        pathlib.WindowsPath: lambda self, obj: self._path_schema(obj, Any),
+        pathlib.PurePosixPath: lambda self, obj: self._path_schema(obj, Any),
+        pathlib.PureWindowsPath: lambda self, obj: self._path_schema(obj, Any),
+        re.Pattern: lambda self, obj: self._pattern_schema(obj),
+        ZoneInfo: lambda self, obj: self._zoneinfo_schema(),
+    }
+
+    _generic_handlers: ClassVar[dict[Any, Callable[[GenerateSchema, Any], core_schema.CoreSchema]]] = {
+        tuple: lambda self, obj: self._tuple_schema(obj),
+        list: lambda self, obj: self._list_schema(self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj)),
+        dict: lambda self, obj: self._dict_schema(*self._get_first_two_args_or_any(obj)),
+        set: lambda self, obj: self._set_schema(self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj)),
+        frozenset: lambda self, obj: self._frozenset_schema(self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj)),
+        type: lambda self, obj: self._subclass_schema(obj),
+        collections.abc.MutableSequence: lambda self, obj: self._list_schema(self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj)),
+        collections.abc.MutableSet: lambda self, obj: self._set_schema(self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj)),
+        collections.abc.Set: lambda self, obj: self._frozenset_schema(self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj)),
+        collections.deque: lambda self, obj: self._deque_schema(self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj)),
+        collections.abc.Mapping: lambda self, obj: self._mapping_schema(
+            collections.abc.Mapping, *self._get_first_two_args_or_any(obj)
+        ),
+        collections.abc.MutableMapping: lambda self, obj: self._mapping_schema(
+            collections.abc.MutableMapping, *self._get_first_two_args_or_any(obj)
+        ),
+        collections.OrderedDict: lambda self, obj: self._ordered_dict_schema(*self._get_first_two_args_or_any(obj)),
+        collections.defaultdict: lambda self, obj: self._mapping_schema(
+            collections.defaultdict, *self._get_first_two_args_or_any(obj)
+        ),
+        collections.Counter: lambda self, obj: self._counter_schema(self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj)),
+        os.PathLike: lambda self, obj: self._path_schema(os.PathLike, self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj)),
+        pathlib.Path: lambda self, obj: self._path_schema(pathlib.Path, self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj)),
+        pathlib.PurePath: lambda self, obj: self._path_schema(pathlib.PurePath, self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj)),
+        pathlib.PosixPath: lambda self, obj: self._path_schema(pathlib.PosixPath, self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj)),
+        pathlib.WindowsPath: lambda self, obj: self._path_schema(pathlib.WindowsPath, self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj)),
+        pathlib.PurePosixPath: lambda self, obj: self._path_schema(
+            pathlib.PurePosixPath, self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj)
+        ),
+        pathlib.PureWindowsPath: lambda self, obj: self._path_schema(
+            pathlib.PureWindowsPath, self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj)
+        ),
+        collections.abc.Sequence: lambda self, obj: self._sequence_schema(self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj)),
+        collections.abc.Iterable: lambda self, obj: self._iterable_schema(obj),
+        collections.abc.Generator: lambda self, obj: self._iterable_schema(obj),
+        re.Pattern: lambda self, obj: self._pattern_schema(obj),
+        collections.abc.Callable: _copy_schema_handler(_CALLABLE_SCHEMA),
+    }
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 15):
+        _handlers[frozendict] = lambda self, obj: self._frozendict_schema(Any, Any)
+        _generic_handlers[frozendict] = lambda self, obj: self._frozendict_schema(*self._get_first_two_args_or_any(obj))
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        super().__init_subclass__()
+        warnings.warn(
+            'Subclassing `GenerateSchema` is not supported. The API is highly subject to change in minor versions.',
+            UserWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _config_wrapper(self) -> ConfigWrapper:
+        return self._config_wrapper_stack.tail
+
+    @property
+    def _types_namespace(self) -> NamespacesTuple:
+        return self._ns_resolver.types_namespace
+
+    @property
+    def _arbitrary_types(self) -> bool:
+        return self._config_wrapper.arbitrary_types_allowed
+
+    # the following methods can be overridden but should be considered
+    # unstable / private APIs
+    def _list_schema(self, items_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.list_schema(self.generate_schema(items_type))
+
+    def _dict_schema(self, keys_type: Any, values_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.dict_schema(self.generate_schema(keys_type), self.generate_schema(values_type))
+
+    def _frozendict_schema(self, keys_type: Any, values_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.frozendict_schema(self.generate_schema(keys_type), self.generate_schema(values_type))
+
+    def _ordered_dict_schema(self, keys_type: Any, values_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.ordered_dict_schema(self.generate_schema(keys_type), self.generate_schema(values_type))
+
+    def _counter_schema(self, keys_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.counter_schema(self.generate_schema(keys_type), core_schema.int_schema())
+
+    def _set_schema(self, items_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.set_schema(self.generate_schema(items_type))
+
+    def _frozenset_schema(self, items_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.frozenset_schema(self.generate_schema(items_type))
+
+    def _enum_schema(self, enum_type: type[Enum]) -> CoreSchema:
+        cases: list[Any] = list(enum_type.__members__.values())
+
+        enum_ref = _type_refs.enum_type_ref(enum_type)
+        description = None if not enum_type.__doc__ else inspect.cleandoc(enum_type.__doc__)
+        if (
+            description == 'An enumeration.'
+        ):  # This is the default value provided by enum.EnumMeta.__new__; don't use it
+            description = None
+        js_updates = {'title': enum_type.__name__, 'description': description}
+        js_updates = {k: v for k, v in js_updates.items() if v is not None}
+
+        sub_type: Literal['str', 'int', 'float'] | None = None
+        if issubclass(enum_type, int):
+            sub_type = 'int'
+            value_ser_type: core_schema.SerSchema = core_schema.simple_ser_schema('int')
+        elif issubclass(enum_type, str):
+            # this handles `StrEnum` (3.11 only), and also `Foobar(str, Enum)`
+            sub_type = 'str'
+            value_ser_type = core_schema.simple_ser_schema('str')
+        elif issubclass(enum_type, float):
+            sub_type = 'float'
+            value_ser_type = core_schema.simple_ser_schema('float')
+        else:
+            # TODO this is an ugly hack, how do we trigger an Any schema for serialization?
+            value_ser_type = core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(lambda x: x)
+
+        if cases:
+
+            def get_json_schema(schema: CoreSchema, handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+                json_schema = handler(schema)
+                original_schema = handler.resolve_ref_schema(json_schema)
+                original_schema.update(js_updates)
+                return json_schema
+
+            enum_schema = core_schema.enum_schema(
+                enum_type,
+                cases,
+                sub_type=sub_type,
+                ref=enum_ref,
+                metadata={'pydantic_js_functions': [get_json_schema]},
+            )
+
+            if self._config_wrapper.use_enum_values:
+                enum_schema = core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(
+                    attrgetter('value'), enum_schema, serialization=value_ser_type
+                )
+
+            return enum_schema
+
+        else:
+
+            def get_json_schema_no_cases(_, handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+                json_schema = handler(core_schema.enum_schema(enum_type, cases, sub_type=sub_type, ref=enum_ref))
+                original_schema = handler.resolve_ref_schema(json_schema)
+                original_schema.update(js_updates)
+                return json_schema
+
+            # Use an isinstance check for enums with no cases.
+            # The most important use case for this is creating TypeVar bounds for generics that should
+            # be restricted to enums. This is more consistent than it might seem at first, since you can only
+            # subclass enum.Enum (or subclasses of enum.Enum) if all parent classes have no cases.
+            # We use the get_json_schema function when an Enum subclass has been declared with no cases
+            # so that we can still generate a valid json schema.
+            return core_schema.is_instance_schema(
+                enum_type,
+                metadata={'pydantic_js_functions': [get_json_schema_no_cases]},
+            )
+
+    def _ip_schema(self, tp: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        from ._validators import IP_VALIDATOR_LOOKUP, IpType
+
+        ip_type_json_schema_format: dict[type[IpType], str] = {
+            IPv4Address: 'ipv4',
+            IPv4Network: 'ipv4network',
+            IPv4Interface: 'ipv4interface',
+            IPv6Address: 'ipv6',
+            IPv6Network: 'ipv6network',
+            IPv6Interface: 'ipv6interface',
+        }
+
+        def ser_ip(ip: Any, info: core_schema.SerializationInfo) -> str | IpType:
+            if not isinstance(ip, (tp, str)):
+                raise PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue(
+                    f"Expected `{tp}` but got `{type(ip)}` with value `'{ip}'` - serialized value may not be as expected."
+                )
+            if info.mode == 'python':
+                return ip
+            return str(ip)
+
+        return core_schema.lax_or_strict_schema(
+            lax_schema=core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(IP_VALIDATOR_LOOKUP[tp]),
+            strict_schema=core_schema.json_or_python_schema(
+                json_schema=core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(tp, core_schema.str_schema()),
+                python_schema=core_schema.is_instance_schema(tp),
+            ),
+            serialization=core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(ser_ip, info_arg=True, when_used='always'),
+            metadata={
+                'pydantic_js_functions': [lambda _1, _2: {'type': 'string', 'format': ip_type_json_schema_format[tp]}]
+            },
+        )
+
+    def _path_schema(self, tp: Any, path_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        if tp is os.PathLike and (path_type not in {str, bytes} and not typing_objects.is_any(path_type)):
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                '`os.PathLike` can only be used with `str`, `bytes` or `Any`', code='schema-for-unknown-type'
+            )
+
+        path_constructor = pathlib.PurePath if tp is os.PathLike else tp
+        strict_inner_schema = (
+            core_schema.bytes_schema(strict=True) if (path_type is bytes) else core_schema.str_schema(strict=True)
+        )
+        lax_inner_schema = core_schema.bytes_schema() if (path_type is bytes) else core_schema.str_schema()
+
+        def path_validator(input_value: str | bytes) -> os.PathLike[Any]:  # type: ignore
+            try:
+                if path_type is bytes:
+                    if isinstance(input_value, bytes):
+                        try:
+                            input_value = input_value.decode()
+                        except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
+                            raise PydanticCustomError('bytes_type', 'Input must be valid bytes') from e
+                    else:
+                        raise PydanticCustomError('bytes_type', 'Input must be bytes')
+                elif not isinstance(input_value, str):
+                    raise PydanticCustomError('path_type', 'Input is not a valid path')
+
+                return path_constructor(input_value)  # type: ignore
+            except TypeError as e:
+                raise PydanticCustomError('path_type', 'Input is not a valid path') from e
+
+        def ser_path(path: Any, info: core_schema.SerializationInfo) -> str | os.PathLike[Any]:
+            if not isinstance(path, (tp, str)):
+                raise PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue(
+                    f"Expected `{tp}` but got `{type(path)}` with value `'{path}'` - serialized value may not be as expected."
+                )
+            if info.mode == 'python':
+                return path
+            return str(path)
+
+        instance_schema = core_schema.json_or_python_schema(
+            json_schema=core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(path_validator, lax_inner_schema),
+            python_schema=core_schema.is_instance_schema(tp),
+        )
+
+        schema = core_schema.lax_or_strict_schema(
+            lax_schema=core_schema.union_schema(
+                [
+                    instance_schema,
+                    core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(path_validator, strict_inner_schema),
+                ],
+                custom_error_type='path_type',
+                custom_error_message=f'Input is not a valid path for {tp}',
+            ),
+            strict_schema=instance_schema,
+            serialization=core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(ser_path, info_arg=True, when_used='always'),
+            metadata={'pydantic_js_functions': [lambda source, handler: {**handler(source), 'format': 'path'}]},
+        )
+        return schema
+
+    def _deque_schema(self, items_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.deque_schema(self.generate_schema(items_type))
+
+    def _mapping_schema(self, tp: Any, keys_type: Any, values_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        from ._validators import MAPPING_ORIGIN_MAP, defaultdict_validator, get_defaultdict_default_default_factory
+
+        mapped_origin = MAPPING_ORIGIN_MAP[tp]
+        keys_schema = self.generate_schema(keys_type)
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            # We kind of abused `Field()` default factories to be able to specify
+            # the `defaultdict`'s `default_factory`. As a consequence, we get warnings
+            # as normally `FieldInfo.default_factory` is unsupported in the context where
+            # `Field()` is used and our only solution is to ignore them (note that this might
+            # wrongfully ignore valid warnings, e.g. if the `value_type` is a PEP 695 type alias
+            # with unsupported metadata).
+            warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=UnsupportedFieldAttributeWarning)
+            values_schema = self.generate_schema(values_type)
+        dict_schema = core_schema.dict_schema(keys_schema, values_schema, strict=False)
+
+        if mapped_origin is dict:
+            schema = dict_schema
+        else:
+            check_instance = core_schema.json_or_python_schema(
+                json_schema=dict_schema,
+                python_schema=core_schema.is_instance_schema(mapped_origin),
+            )
+
+            if tp is collections.defaultdict:
+                default_default_factory = get_defaultdict_default_default_factory(values_type)
+                coerce_instance_wrap = partial(
+                    core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function,
+                    partial(defaultdict_validator, default_default_factory=default_default_factory),
+                )
+            else:
+                coerce_instance_wrap = partial(core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function, mapped_origin)
+
+            lax_schema = coerce_instance_wrap(dict_schema)
+            strict_schema = core_schema.chain_schema([check_instance, lax_schema])
+
+            schema = core_schema.lax_or_strict_schema(
+                lax_schema=lax_schema,
+                strict_schema=strict_schema,
+                serialization=core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                    lambda v, h: h(v), schema=dict_schema, info_arg=False
+                ),
+            )
+
+        return schema
+
+    def _arbitrary_type_schema(self, tp: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        if not isinstance(tp, type):
+            warnings.warn(
+                f'{tp!r} is not a Python type (it may be an instance of an object),'
+                ' Pydantic will allow any object with no validation since we cannot even'
+                ' enforce that the input is an instance of the given type.'
+                ' To get rid of this error wrap the type with `pydantic.SkipValidation`.',
+                ArbitraryTypeWarning,
+            )
+            return core_schema.any_schema()
+        return core_schema.is_instance_schema(tp)
+
+    def _unknown_type_schema(self, obj: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        raise PydanticSchemaGenerationError(
+            f'Unable to generate pydantic-core schema for {obj!r}. '
+            'Set `arbitrary_types_allowed=True` in the model_config to ignore this error'
+            ' or implement `__get_pydantic_core_schema__` on your type to fully support it.'
+            '\n\nIf you got this error by calling handler(<some type>) within'
+            ' `__get_pydantic_core_schema__` then you likely need to call'
+            ' `handler.generate_schema(<some type>)` since we do not call'
+            ' `__get_pydantic_core_schema__` on `<some type>` otherwise to avoid infinite recursion.'
+        )
+
+    def _apply_discriminator_to_union(
+        self, schema: CoreSchema, discriminator: str | Discriminator | None
+    ) -> CoreSchema:
+        if discriminator is None:
+            return schema
+        try:
+            return _discriminated_union.apply_discriminator(
+                schema,
+                discriminator,
+                self.defs._definitions,
+            )
+        except _discriminated_union.MissingDefinitionForUnionRef:
+            # defer until defs are resolved
+            _discriminated_union.set_discriminator_in_metadata(
+                schema,
+                discriminator,
+            )
+            return schema
+
+    def clean_schema(self, schema: CoreSchema) -> CoreSchema:
+        return self.defs.finalize_schema(schema)
+
+    def _add_js_function(self, metadata_schema: CoreSchema, js_function: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
+        metadata = metadata_schema.get('metadata', {})
+        pydantic_js_functions = metadata.setdefault('pydantic_js_functions', [])
+        # because of how we generate core schemas for nested generic models
+        # we can end up adding `BaseModel.__get_pydantic_json_schema__` multiple times
+        # this check may fail to catch duplicates if the function is a `functools.partial`
+        # or something like that, but if it does it'll fail by inserting the duplicate
+        if js_function not in pydantic_js_functions:
+            pydantic_js_functions.append(js_function)
+        metadata_schema['metadata'] = metadata
+
+    def generate_schema(
+        self,
+        obj: Any,
+    ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate core schema.
+
+        Args:
+            obj: The object to generate core schema for.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated core schema.
+
+        Raises:
+            PydanticUndefinedAnnotation:
+                If it is not possible to evaluate forward reference.
+            PydanticSchemaGenerationError:
+                If it is not possible to generate pydantic-core schema.
+            TypeError:
+                - If `alias_generator` returns a disallowed type (must be str, AliasPath or AliasChoices).
+                - If V1 style validator with `each_item=True` applied on a wrong field.
+            PydanticUserError:
+                - If `typing.TypedDict` is used instead of `typing_extensions.TypedDict` on Python < 3.12.
+                - If `__modify_schema__` method is used instead of `__get_pydantic_json_schema__`.
+        """
+        if _is_simple_schema_type(obj):
+            return _add_custom_serialization_from_json_encoders(
+                self._config_wrapper.json_encoders, obj, self._handlers[obj](self, obj)
+            )
+
+        origin = get_origin(obj)
+        schema: CoreSchema | None = None
+        if origin is None:
+            # If the type has an origin, it is guaranteed to *not* be an ordinary class that could have
+            # a `__get_pydantic_core_schema__()` method:
+            schema = self._generate_schema_from_get_schema_method(obj, obj)
+
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self._generate_schema_inner(obj, origin)
+
+        # `__get_pydantic_json_schema__()` is checked on the origin if it exists:
+        metadata_js_function = _extract_get_pydantic_json_schema(origin if origin is not None else obj)
+        if metadata_js_function is not None:
+            metadata_schema = resolve_original_schema(schema, self.defs)
+            if metadata_schema:
+                self._add_js_function(metadata_schema, metadata_js_function)
+
+        schema = _add_custom_serialization_from_json_encoders(self._config_wrapper.json_encoders, obj, schema)
+
+        return schema
+
+    def _model_schema(self, cls: type[BaseModel]) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a Pydantic model."""
+        BaseModel_ = import_cached_base_model()
+
+        model_ref = _type_refs.model_type_ref(cls)
+        with self.defs.get_definition_ref_schema(ref=model_ref) as maybe_schema:
+            if maybe_schema is not None:
+                return maybe_schema
+
+            schema = cls.__dict__.get('__pydantic_core_schema__')
+            if schema is not None and not isinstance(schema, MockCoreSchema):
+                if schema['type'] == 'definitions':
+                    schema = self.defs.unpack_definitions(schema)
+                ref = get_ref(schema)
+                if ref:
+                    return self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+                else:
+                    return schema
+
+            config_wrapper = ConfigWrapper(cls.model_config, check=False)
+
+            with self._config_wrapper_stack.push(config_wrapper), self._ns_resolver.push(cls):
+                core_config = self._config_wrapper.core_config(title=cls.__name__)
+
+                if cls.__pydantic_fields_complete__ or cls is BaseModel_:
+                    fields = getattr(cls, '__pydantic_fields__', {})
+                    extra_info = getattr(cls, '__pydantic_extra_info__', None)
+                else:
+                    if '__pydantic_fields__' not in cls.__dict__:
+                        # This happens when we have a loop in the schema generation:
+                        # class Base[T](BaseModel):
+                        #     t: T
+                        #
+                        # class Other(BaseModel):
+                        #     b: 'Base[Other]'
+                        # When we build fields for `Other`, we evaluate the forward annotation.
+                        # At this point, `Other` doesn't have the model fields set. We create
+                        # `Base[Other]`; model fields are successfully built, and we try to generate
+                        # a schema for `t: Other`. As `Other.__pydantic_fields__` aren't set, we abort.
+                        raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation(
+                            name=cls.__name__,
+                            message=f'Class {cls.__name__!r} is not defined',
+                        )
+                    try:
+                        fields, extra_info = rebuild_model_fields(
+                            cls,
+                            config_wrapper=self._config_wrapper,
+                            ns_resolver=self._ns_resolver,
+                            typevars_map=get_model_typevars_map(cls),
+                        )
+                    except NameError as e:
+                        raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+
+                decorators = cls.__pydantic_decorators__
+                computed_fields = decorators.computed_fields
+                if decorators.field_validators or decorators.field_serializers or decorators.validators:
+                    check_decorator_fields_exist(
+                        chain(
+                            decorators.field_validators.values(),
+                            decorators.field_serializers.values(),
+                            decorators.validators.values(),
+                        ),
+                        {*fields.keys(), *computed_fields.keys()},
+                    )
+
+                model_validators = decorators.model_validators.values()
+
+                extras_schema = None
+                extras_keys_schema = None
+                if core_config.get('extra_fields_behavior') == 'allow' and extra_info is not None:
+                    tp = get_origin(extra_info.annotation)
+                    if tp is not dict:
+                        raise PydanticSchemaGenerationError(
+                            'The type annotation for `__pydantic_extra__` must be `dict[str, ...]`'
+                        )
+                    # See the comments in `_get_args_resolving_forward_refs()` for why we need
+                    # to re-evaluate the annotation:
+                    extra_keys_type, extra_items_type = self._get_args_resolving_forward_refs(
+                        extra_info.annotation,
+                        required=True,
+                    )
+                    if extra_keys_type is not str:
+                        extras_keys_schema = self.generate_schema(extra_keys_type)
+                    if not typing_objects.is_any(extra_items_type):
+                        extras_schema = self.generate_schema(extra_items_type)
+
+                generic_origin: type[BaseModel] | None = getattr(cls, '__pydantic_generic_metadata__', {}).get('origin')
+
+                if cls.__pydantic_root_model__:
+                    inner_schema, metadata = self._common_field_schema('root', fields['root'], decorators)
+                    if cls.__doc__ and metadata.get('pydantic_js_updates', {}).get('description'):
+                        # This is a bit of a leaky abstraction, but as the model docstring takes priority
+                        # over the root field's description, we need to override it here. This can't be done
+                        # in the JSON Schema generation logic because the metadata's `pydantic_js_updates` are
+                        # applied last, and overrides any value previously set (so the description set from the
+                        # docstring in `GenerateJsonSchema._update_class_schema()` is overridden):
+                        update_core_metadata(
+                            metadata, pydantic_js_updates={'description': inspect.cleandoc(cls.__doc__)}
+                        )
+
+                    inner_schema = apply_model_validators(inner_schema, model_validators, 'inner')
+                    model_schema = core_schema.model_schema(
+                        cls,
+                        inner_schema,
+                        generic_origin=generic_origin,
+                        custom_init=getattr(cls, '__pydantic_custom_init__', None),
+                        root_model=True,
+                        post_init=getattr(cls, '__pydantic_post_init__', None),
+                        config=core_config,
+                        ref=model_ref,
+                        metadata=metadata,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    fields_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema = core_schema.model_fields_schema(
+                        {k: self._generate_md_field_schema(k, v, decorators) for k, v in fields.items()},
+                        computed_fields=[
+                            self._computed_field_schema(d, decorators.field_serializers)
+                            for d in computed_fields.values()
+                        ],
+                        extras_schema=extras_schema,
+                        extras_keys_schema=extras_keys_schema,
+                        model_name=cls.__name__,
+                    )
+                    inner_schema = apply_validators(fields_schema, decorators.root_validators.values())
+                    inner_schema = apply_model_validators(inner_schema, model_validators, 'inner')
+
+                    model_schema = core_schema.model_schema(
+                        cls,
+                        inner_schema,
+                        generic_origin=generic_origin,
+                        custom_init=getattr(cls, '__pydantic_custom_init__', None),
+                        root_model=False,
+                        post_init=getattr(cls, '__pydantic_post_init__', None),
+                        config=core_config,
+                        ref=model_ref,
+                    )
+
+                schema = self._apply_model_serializers(model_schema, decorators.model_serializers.values())
+                schema = apply_model_validators(schema, model_validators, 'outer')
+                return self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+
+    def _resolve_self_type(self, obj: Any) -> Any:
+        obj = self.model_type_stack.get()
+        if obj is None:
+            raise PydanticUserError('`typing.Self` is invalid in this context', code='invalid-self-type')
+        return obj
+
+    def _generate_schema_from_get_schema_method(self, obj: Any, source: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema | None:
+        BaseModel_ = import_cached_base_model()
+
+        get_schema = getattr(obj, '__get_pydantic_core_schema__', None)
+
+        if (
+            get_schema is not None
+            # BaseModel.__get_pydantic_core_schema__ is defined for backwards compatibility,
+            # to allow existing code to call `super().__get_pydantic_core_schema__` in Pydantic
+            # model that overrides `__get_pydantic_core_schema__`. However, it raises a deprecation
+            # warning stating that the method will be removed, and during the core schema gen we actually
+            # don't call the method:
+            and getattr(get_schema, '__func__', None) is not BaseModel_.__get_pydantic_core_schema__.__func__  # pyright: ignore[reportFunctionMemberAccess]
+        ):
+            # Some referenceable types might have a `__get_pydantic_core_schema__` method
+            # defined on it by users (e.g. on a dataclass). This generally doesn't play well
+            # as these types are already recognized by the `GenerateSchema` class and isn't ideal
+            # as we might end up calling `any_type_ref()` (relatively expensive) on types that are actually
+            # not referenceable:
+            with self.defs.get_definition_ref_schema(ref=_type_refs.any_type_ref(obj, get_origin(obj))) as maybe_schema:
+                if maybe_schema is not None:
+                    return maybe_schema
+
+            if obj is source:
+                ref_mode = 'unpack'
+            else:
+                ref_mode = 'to-def'
+            schema = get_schema(
+                source, CallbackGetCoreSchemaHandler(self._generate_schema_inner, self, ref_mode=ref_mode)
+            )
+            if schema['type'] == 'definitions':
+                schema = self.defs.unpack_definitions(schema)
+
+            ref = get_ref(schema)
+            if ref:
+                return self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+
+            # Note: if schema is of type `'definition-ref'`, we might want to copy it as a
+            # safety measure (because these are inlined in place -- i.e. mutated directly)
+            return schema
+
+        if get_schema is None and (validators := getattr(obj, '__get_validators__', None)) is not None:
+            from pydantic.v1 import BaseModel as BaseModelV1
+
+            if issubclass(obj, BaseModelV1):
+                warnings.warn(
+                    f'Mixing V1 models and V2 models (or constructs, like `TypeAdapter`) is not supported. Please upgrade `{obj.__name__}` to V2.',
+                    UserWarning,
+                )
+            else:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    '`__get_validators__` is deprecated and will be removed, use `__get_pydantic_core_schema__` instead.',
+                    PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+                )
+            return core_schema.chain_schema([core_schema.with_info_plain_validator_function(v) for v in validators()])
+
+    def _resolve_forward_ref(self, obj: Any) -> Any:
+        # we assume that types_namespace has the target of forward references in its scope,
+        # but this could fail, for example, if calling Validator on an imported type which contains
+        # forward references to other types only defined in the module from which it was imported
+        # `Validator(SomeImportedTypeAliasWithAForwardReference)`
+        # or the equivalent for BaseModel
+        # class Model(BaseModel):
+        #   x: SomeImportedTypeAliasWithAForwardReference
+        try:
+            obj = _typing_extra.eval_type(obj, *self._types_namespace)
+        except NameError as e:
+            raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+
+        # if obj is still a ForwardRef, it means we can't evaluate it, raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation
+        if isinstance(obj, ForwardRef):
+            raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation(obj.__forward_arg__, f'Unable to evaluate forward reference {obj}')
+
+        if self._typevars_map:
+            obj = replace_types(obj, self._typevars_map)
+
+        return obj
+
+    @overload
+    def _get_args_resolving_forward_refs(self, obj: Any, required: Literal[True]) -> tuple[Any, ...]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _get_args_resolving_forward_refs(self, obj: Any) -> tuple[Any, ...] | None: ...
+
+    def _get_args_resolving_forward_refs(self, obj: Any, required: bool = False) -> tuple[Any, ...] | None:
+        args = get_args(obj)
+        if args:
+            if isinstance(obj, GenericAlias):
+                # PEP 585 generic aliases don't convert args to ForwardRefs, unlike `typing.List/Dict` etc.
+                # This was fixed in https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/30900 (Python 3.11).
+                # TODO: this shouldn't be necessary (probably even this `_get_args_resolving_forward_refs()` function)
+                # once we drop support for Python 3.10 *or* if we implement our own `typing._eval_type()` implementation.
+                args = (ForwardRef(a) if isinstance(a, str) else a for a in args)
+            args = tuple(self._resolve_forward_ref(a) if isinstance(a, ForwardRef) else a for a in args)
+        elif required:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise TypeError(f'Expected {obj} to have generic parameters but it had none')
+        return args
+
+    def _get_first_arg_or_any(self, obj: Any) -> Any:
+        args = self._get_args_resolving_forward_refs(obj)
+        if not args:
+            return Any
+        return args[0]
+
+    def _get_first_two_args_or_any(self, obj: Any) -> tuple[Any, Any]:
+        args = self._get_args_resolving_forward_refs(obj)
+        if not args:
+            return (Any, Any)
+        if len(args) < 2:
+            origin = get_origin(obj)
+            raise TypeError(f'Expected two type arguments for {origin}, got 1')
+        return args[0], args[1]
+
+    def _generate_schema_inner(self, obj: Any, origin: Any | None = PydanticUndefined) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        if typing_objects.is_self(obj):
+            obj = self._resolve_self_type(obj)
+            # The resolved type can be a parametrized generic (e.g. `GenericDataclass[int]`),
+            # so the origin provided by the caller (computed on `Self`) is stale:
+            origin = get_origin(obj)
+
+        origin = origin if origin is not PydanticUndefined else get_origin(obj)
+
+        if is_union_origin(origin):
+            return self._direct_union_schema(obj)
+
+        if typing_objects.is_annotated(origin):
+            return self._annotated_schema(obj)
+
+        if typing_objects.is_literal(origin):
+            return self._literal_schema(obj)
+
+        if isinstance(obj, dict):
+            # we assume this is already a valid schema
+            return obj  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+        if isinstance(obj, str):
+            obj = ForwardRef(obj)
+
+        if isinstance(obj, ForwardRef):
+            return self.generate_schema(self._resolve_forward_ref(obj))
+
+        BaseModel = import_cached_base_model()
+
+        if lenient_issubclass(obj, BaseModel):
+            with self.model_type_stack.push(obj):
+                return self._model_schema(obj)
+
+        if isinstance(obj, PydanticRecursiveRef):
+            return core_schema.definition_reference_schema(schema_ref=obj.type_ref)
+
+        return self.match_type(obj, origin)
+
+    def match_type(self, obj: Any, origin: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:  # noqa: C901
+        """Main mapping of types to schemas.
+
+        The general structure is a series of if statements starting with the simple cases
+        (non-generic primitive types) and then handling generics and other more complex cases.
+
+        Each case either generates a schema directly, calls into a public user-overridable method
+        (like `GenerateSchema.tuple_variable_schema`) or calls into a private method that handles some
+        boilerplate before calling into the user-facing method (e.g. `GenerateSchema._tuple_schema`).
+
+        The idea is that we'll evolve this into adding more and more user facing methods over time
+        as they get requested and we figure out what the right API for them is.
+        """
+        if typing_objects.is_any(obj) or typing_objects.is_final(obj):
+            # TODO: I'm not sure obj can be `Final` here, we call `typing_inspection.introspection.inspect_annotation()`
+            # early for model-like fields, which handles it already.
+            return core_schema.any_schema()
+
+        if origin is not None and (aliased_obj := typing_objects.DEPRECATED_ALIASES_IDS.get(id(obj))):
+            # See https://typing-inspection.pydantic.dev/dev/usage/#inspecting-the-type-expression:
+            obj = aliased_obj
+            origin = None
+
+        if origin is None:
+            # Thanks to the checks before this point, no origin means `obj` is a
+            # simple type (not a generic alias, a union, an `Annotated` form).
+            # examples: int, str, list, dict, collections.abc.Mapping, a `TypeAliasType` instance.
+            try:
+                handler = self._handlers.get(obj)
+            except TypeError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if handler is not None:
+                    return handler(self, obj)
+
+            if typing_objects.is_typealiastype(obj):
+                return self._type_alias_type_schema(obj)
+            elif is_typeddict(obj):
+                return self._typed_dict_schema(obj, None)
+            elif inspect.isclass(obj) and issubclass(obj, Enum):
+                # NOTE: this must come before the `is_namedtuple()` check as enums values
+                # can be namedtuples:
+                return self._enum_schema(obj)
+            elif _typing_extra.is_namedtuple(obj):
+                return self._namedtuple_schema(obj, None)
+            elif typing_objects.is_newtype(obj):
+                return self.generate_schema(obj.__supertype__)
+            elif isinstance(obj, typing.TypeVar):
+                return self._unsubstituted_typevar_schema(obj)
+            elif isinstance(obj, VALIDATE_CALL_SUPPORTED_TYPES):
+                return self._call_schema(obj)  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+            # dataclasses.is_dataclass coerces dc instances to types, but we only handle
+            # the case of a dc type here
+            elif dataclasses.is_dataclass(obj):
+                return self._dataclass_schema(obj, None)  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+
+        if origin is not None:
+            return self._match_generic_type(obj, origin)
+
+        if self._arbitrary_types:
+            return self._arbitrary_type_schema(obj)
+        return self._unknown_type_schema(obj)
+
+    def _match_generic_type(self, obj: Any, origin: Any) -> CoreSchema:  # noqa: C901
+        # Need to handle generic dataclasses before looking for the schema properties because attribute accesses
+        # on _GenericAlias delegate to the origin type, so lose the information about the concrete parametrization
+        # As a result, currently, there is no way to cache the schema for generic dataclasses. This may be possible
+        # to resolve by modifying the value returned by `Generic.__class_getitem__`, but that is a dangerous game.
+        if dataclasses.is_dataclass(origin):
+            return self._dataclass_schema(obj, origin)  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+        elif _typing_extra.is_namedtuple(origin):
+            return self._namedtuple_schema(obj, origin)
+        elif typing_objects.is_final(origin):
+            # TODO: I'm not sure obj can be `Final` here, we call `typing_inspection.introspection.inspect_annotation()`
+            # early for model-like fields, which handles it already.
+            return self.generate_schema(self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj))
+
+        schema = self._generate_schema_from_get_schema_method(origin, obj)
+        if schema is not None:
+            return schema
+
+        try:
+            handler = self._generic_handlers.get(origin)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if handler is not None:
+                return handler(self, obj)
+
+        if typing_objects.is_typealiastype(origin):
+            return self._type_alias_type_schema(obj)
+        elif is_typeddict(origin):
+            return self._typed_dict_schema(obj, origin)
+
+        if self._arbitrary_types:
+            return self._arbitrary_type_schema(origin)
+        return self._unknown_type_schema(obj)
+
+    def _generate_td_field_schema(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        field_info: FieldInfo,
+        decorators: DecoratorInfos,
+        *,
+        required: bool = True,
+    ) -> core_schema.TypedDictField:
+        """Prepare a TypedDictField to represent a model or typeddict field."""
+        schema, metadata = self._common_field_schema(name, field_info, decorators)
+        return core_schema.typed_dict_field(
+            schema,
+            required=False if not field_info.is_required() else required,
+            serialization_exclude=field_info.exclude,
+            validation_alias=_convert_to_aliases(field_info.validation_alias),
+            serialization_alias=field_info.serialization_alias,
+            serialization_exclude_if=field_info.exclude_if,
+            metadata=metadata,
+        )
+
+    def _generate_md_field_schema(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        field_info: FieldInfo,
+        decorators: DecoratorInfos,
+    ) -> core_schema.ModelField:
+        """Prepare a ModelField to represent a model field."""
+        schema, metadata = self._common_field_schema(name, field_info, decorators)
+        return core_schema.model_field(
+            schema,
+            serialization_exclude=field_info.exclude,
+            validation_alias=_convert_to_aliases(field_info.validation_alias),
+            serialization_alias=field_info.serialization_alias,
+            serialization_exclude_if=field_info.exclude_if,
+            frozen=field_info.frozen,
+            metadata=metadata,
+        )
+
+    def _generate_dc_field_schema(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        field_info: FieldInfo,
+        decorators: DecoratorInfos,
+    ) -> core_schema.DataclassField:
+        """Prepare a DataclassField to represent the parameter/field, of a dataclass."""
+        schema, metadata = self._common_field_schema(name, field_info, decorators)
+        return core_schema.dataclass_field(
+            name,
+            schema,
+            init=field_info.init,
+            init_only=field_info.init_var or None,
+            kw_only=None if field_info.kw_only else False,
+            serialization_exclude=field_info.exclude,
+            validation_alias=_convert_to_aliases(field_info.validation_alias),
+            serialization_alias=field_info.serialization_alias,
+            serialization_exclude_if=field_info.exclude_if,
+            frozen=field_info.frozen,
+            metadata=metadata,
+        )
+
+    def _common_field_schema(  # C901
+        self, name: str, field_info: FieldInfo, decorators: DecoratorInfos
+    ) -> tuple[CoreSchema, dict[str, Any]]:
+        source_type, annotations = field_info.annotation, field_info.metadata
+
+        def set_discriminator(schema: CoreSchema) -> CoreSchema:
+            schema = self._apply_discriminator_to_union(schema, field_info.discriminator)
+            return schema
+
+        # Convert `@field_validator` decorators to `Before/After/Plain/WrapValidator` instances:
+        if decorators.field_validators:
+            validators_from_decorators = [
+                _mode_to_validator[decorator.info.mode]._from_decorator(decorator)
+                for decorator in filter_field_decorator_info_by_field(decorators.field_validators.values(), name)
+            ]
+        else:
+            validators_from_decorators = []
+
+        with self.field_name_stack.push(name):
+            if field_info.discriminator is not None:
+                schema = self._apply_annotations(
+                    source_type, annotations + validators_from_decorators, transform_inner_schema=set_discriminator
+                )
+            else:
+                schema = self._apply_annotations(
+                    source_type,
+                    annotations + validators_from_decorators,
+                )
+
+        if decorators.validators:
+            # This V1 compatibility shim should eventually be removed
+            # push down any `each_item=True` validators
+            # note that this won't work for any Annotated types that get wrapped by a function validator
+            # but that's okay because that didn't exist in V1
+            this_field_validators = filter_field_decorator_info_by_field(decorators.validators.values(), name)
+            if _validators_require_validate_default(this_field_validators):
+                field_info.validate_default = True
+            each_item_validators = [v for v in this_field_validators if v.info.each_item is True]
+            this_field_validators = [v for v in this_field_validators if v not in each_item_validators]
+            schema = apply_each_item_validators(schema, each_item_validators)
+
+            schema = apply_validators(schema, this_field_validators)
+
+        # the default validator needs to go outside of any other validators
+        # so that it is the topmost validator for the field validator
+        # which uses it to check if the field has a default value or not
+        if not field_info.is_required():
+            schema = wrap_default(field_info, schema)
+
+        if decorators.field_serializers:
+            schema = self._apply_field_serializers(
+                schema, filter_field_decorator_info_by_field(decorators.field_serializers.values(), name)
+            )
+
+        pydantic_js_updates, pydantic_js_extra = _extract_json_schema_info_from_field_info(field_info)
+        core_metadata: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        update_core_metadata(
+            core_metadata, pydantic_js_updates=pydantic_js_updates, pydantic_js_extra=pydantic_js_extra
+        )
+
+        return schema, core_metadata
+
+    def _direct_union_schema(self, obj: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        """Generate the optimized union schema without enlarging general dispatch frames."""
+        if not self._config_wrapper.json_encoders:
+            args = get_args(obj)
+            # These exact simple types cannot attach hooks or union tags. Field-level
+            # metadata and validators still process the fresh schema normally.
+            if all(map(_is_simple_schema_type, args)):
+                choices = [self._handlers[arg](self, arg) for arg in args if arg is not NoneType]
+                if len(choices) == 1:
+                    schema = choices[0]
+                else:
+                    schema = cast(core_schema.UnionSchema, {'type': 'union', 'choices': choices})
+                if len(choices) < len(args):  # one of the args is NoneType, so we need to make the schema nullable
+                    return {'type': 'nullable', 'schema': schema}
+                else:
+                    return schema
+        return self._union_schema(obj)
+
+    def _union_schema(self, union_type: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a Union."""
+        args = self._get_args_resolving_forward_refs(union_type, required=True)
+        choices: list[CoreSchema] = []
+        nullable = False
+        allow_missing = False
+        for arg in args:
+            if arg is NoneType:
+                nullable = True
+            elif arg is MISSING:
+                allow_missing = True
+            else:
+                choices.append(self.generate_schema(arg))
+
+        if not choices:
+            # Only `None` and `MISSING` were present in the union (e.g. `None | MISSING`):
+            s = core_schema.none_schema()
+            nullable = False
+        elif len(choices) == 1:
+            s = choices[0]
+        else:
+            choices_with_tags: list[CoreSchema | tuple[CoreSchema, str]] = []
+            for choice in choices:
+                tag = cast(CoreMetadata, choice.get('metadata', {})).get('pydantic_internal_union_tag_key')
+                if tag is not None:
+                    choices_with_tags.append((choice, tag))
+                else:
+                    choices_with_tags.append(choice)
+            s = core_schema.union_schema(choices_with_tags)
+
+        if nullable:
+            s = core_schema.nullable_schema(s)
+        if allow_missing:
+            s = core_schema.missing_sentinel_schema(s)
+        return s
+
+    def _type_alias_type_schema(self, obj: TypeAliasType) -> CoreSchema:
+        ref = _type_refs.type_alias_type_ref(obj)
+        with self.defs.get_definition_ref_schema(ref=ref) as maybe_schema:
+            if maybe_schema is not None:
+                return maybe_schema
+
+            origin: TypeAliasType = get_origin(obj) or obj
+            typevars_map = get_standard_typevars_map(obj)
+
+            with self._ns_resolver.push(origin):
+                try:
+                    annotation = _typing_extra.eval_type(origin.__value__, *self._types_namespace)
+                except NameError as e:
+                    raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+                annotation = replace_types(annotation, typevars_map)
+                schema = self.generate_schema(annotation)
+                assert schema['type'] != 'definitions'
+                schema['ref'] = ref  # type: ignore
+            return self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+
+    def _literal_schema(self, literal_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a Literal."""
+        expected = list(get_literal_values(literal_type, type_check=False, unpack_type_aliases='eager'))
+        assert expected, f'literal "expected" cannot be empty, obj={literal_type}'
+        schema = core_schema.literal_schema(expected)
+
+        if self._config_wrapper.use_enum_values and any(isinstance(v, Enum) for v in expected):
+            schema = core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(
+                lambda v: v.value if isinstance(v, Enum) else v, schema
+            )
+
+        return schema
+
+    def _typed_dict_schema(self, typed_dict_cls: Any, origin: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate a core schema for a `TypedDict` class.
+
+        To be able to build a `DecoratorInfos` instance for the `TypedDict` class (which will include
+        validators, serializers, etc.), we need to have access to the original bases of the class
+        (see https://docs.python.org/3/library/types.html#types.get_original_bases).
+        However, the `__orig_bases__` attribute was only added in 3.12 (https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/103698).
+
+        For this reason, we require Python 3.12 (or using the `typing_extensions` backport).
+        """
+        FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+
+        typed_dict_ref = _type_refs.class_type_ref(typed_dict_cls, origin)
+        with (
+            self.model_type_stack.push(typed_dict_cls),
+            self.defs.get_definition_ref_schema(ref=typed_dict_ref) as maybe_schema,
+        ):
+            if maybe_schema is not None:
+                return maybe_schema
+
+            typevars_map = get_standard_typevars_map(typed_dict_cls)
+            if origin is not None:
+                typed_dict_cls = origin
+
+            if not _SUPPORTS_TYPEDDICT and type(typed_dict_cls).__module__ == 'typing':
+                raise PydanticUserError(
+                    'Please use `typing_extensions.TypedDict` instead of `typing.TypedDict` on Python < 3.12.',
+                    code='typed-dict-version',
+                )
+
+            try:
+                # if a typed dictionary class doesn't have config, we use the parent's config, hence a default of `None`
+                # see https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/10917
+                config: ConfigDict | None = get_attribute_from_bases(typed_dict_cls, '__pydantic_config__')
+            except AttributeError:
+                config = None
+
+            with self._config_wrapper_stack.push(config):
+                core_config = self._config_wrapper.core_config(title=typed_dict_cls.__name__)
+
+                required_keys: frozenset[str] = typed_dict_cls.__required_keys__
+
+                fields: dict[str, core_schema.TypedDictField] = {}
+
+                decorators = DecoratorInfos.build(typed_dict_cls, replace_wrapped_methods=False)
+                decorators.update_from_config(self._config_wrapper)
+
+                if self._config_wrapper.use_attribute_docstrings:
+                    field_docstrings = extract_docstrings_from_cls(typed_dict_cls, use_inspect=True)
+                else:
+                    field_docstrings = None
+
+                try:
+                    annotations = _typing_extra.get_cls_type_hints(typed_dict_cls, ns_resolver=self._ns_resolver)
+                except NameError as e:
+                    raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+
+                readonly_fields: list[str] = []
+
+                for field_name, annotation in annotations.items():
+                    field_info = FieldInfo.from_annotation(annotation, _source=AnnotationSource.TYPED_DICT)
+                    field_info.annotation = replace_types(field_info.annotation, typevars_map)
+
+                    required = (
+                        field_name in required_keys or 'required' in field_info._qualifiers
+                    ) and 'not_required' not in field_info._qualifiers
+                    if 'read_only' in field_info._qualifiers:
+                        readonly_fields.append(field_name)
+
+                    if (
+                        field_docstrings is not None
+                        and field_info.description is None
+                        and field_name in field_docstrings
+                    ):
+                        field_info.description = field_docstrings[field_name]
+                    update_field_from_config(self._config_wrapper, field_name, field_info)
+
+                    fields[field_name] = self._generate_td_field_schema(
+                        field_name, field_info, decorators, required=required
+                    )
+
+                if readonly_fields:
+                    fields_repr = ', '.join(repr(f) for f in readonly_fields)
+                    plural = len(readonly_fields) >= 2
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        f'Item{"s" if plural else ""} {fields_repr} on TypedDict class {typed_dict_cls.__name__!r} '
+                        f'{"are" if plural else "is"} using the `ReadOnly` qualifier. Pydantic will not protect items '
+                        'from any mutation on dictionary instances.',
+                        UserWarning,
+                    )
+
+                extra_behavior: core_schema.ExtraBehavior = 'ignore'
+                extras_schema: CoreSchema | None = None  # For 'allow', equivalent to `Any` - no validation performed.
+
+                is_closed, extra_items, extra_items_readonly = _get_typed_dict_extra_items(typed_dict_cls)
+                if is_closed:
+                    extra_behavior = 'forbid'
+                    extras_schema = None
+                elif not typing_objects.is_noextraitems(extra_items):
+                    extra_behavior = 'allow'
+                    extras_schema = self.generate_schema(replace_types(extra_items, typevars_map))
+
+                if extra_items_readonly:
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        f'Extra items on TypedDict class {typed_dict_cls.__name__!r} are using the `ReadOnly` qualifier. '
+                        'Pydantic will not protect items from any mutation on dictionary instances.',
+                        UserWarning,
+                    )
+
+                if (config_extra := self._config_wrapper.extra) in ('allow', 'forbid'):
+                    if is_closed and config_extra == 'allow':
+                        warnings.warn(
+                            f"TypedDict class {typed_dict_cls.__qualname__!r} is closed, but 'extra' configuration "
+                            "is set to `'allow'`. The 'extra' configuration value will be ignored.",
+                            category=TypedDictExtraConfigWarning,
+                        )
+                    elif not typing_objects.is_noextraitems(extra_items) and config_extra == 'forbid':
+                        warnings.warn(
+                            f"TypedDict class {typed_dict_cls.__qualname__!r} allows extra items, but 'extra' configuration "
+                            "is set to `'forbid'`. The 'extra' configuration value will be ignored.",
+                            category=TypedDictExtraConfigWarning,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        extra_behavior = config_extra
+
+                td_schema = core_schema.typed_dict_schema(
+                    fields,
+                    cls=typed_dict_cls,
+                    computed_fields=[
+                        self._computed_field_schema(d, decorators.field_serializers)
+                        for d in decorators.computed_fields.values()
+                    ],
+                    extra_behavior=extra_behavior,
+                    extras_schema=extras_schema,
+                    ref=typed_dict_ref,
+                    config=core_config,
+                )
+
+                schema = self._apply_model_serializers(td_schema, decorators.model_serializers.values())
+                schema = apply_model_validators(schema, decorators.model_validators.values(), 'all')
+                return self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+
+    def _namedtuple_schema(self, namedtuple_cls: Any, origin: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a NamedTuple."""
+        namedtuple_ref = _type_refs.class_type_ref(namedtuple_cls, origin)
+        with (
+            self.model_type_stack.push(namedtuple_cls),
+            self.defs.get_definition_ref_schema(ref=namedtuple_ref) as maybe_schema,
+        ):
+            if maybe_schema is not None:
+                return maybe_schema
+            typevars_map = get_standard_typevars_map(namedtuple_cls)
+            if origin is not None:
+                namedtuple_cls = origin
+
+            try:
+                annotations = _typing_extra.get_cls_type_hints(namedtuple_cls, ns_resolver=self._ns_resolver)
+            except NameError as e:
+                raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+
+            # Filter annotations to only include fields that are actually in the NamedTuple
+            # (as subclassing an existing NamedTuple is not supported yet - see https://github.com/python/typing/issues/427)
+            # and use `Any` if no annotation exist (i.e. when using `collections.namedtuple()`).
+            annotations = {field_name: annotations.get(field_name, Any) for field_name in namedtuple_cls._fields}
+
+            if typevars_map:
+                annotations = {
+                    field_name: replace_types(annotation, typevars_map)
+                    for field_name, annotation in annotations.items()
+                }
+
+            schema = core_schema.named_tuple_schema(
+                namedtuple_cls,
+                [
+                    self._generate_namedtuple_field_schema(
+                        field_name,
+                        annotation,
+                        default=namedtuple_cls._field_defaults.get(field_name, Parameter.empty),
+                    )
+                    for field_name, annotation in annotations.items()
+                ],
+                ref=namedtuple_ref,
+            )
+            return self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+
+    def _generate_namedtuple_field_schema(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        annotation: Any,
+        default: Any = Parameter.empty,
+    ) -> core_schema.NamedTupleField:
+        """Generate the definition of a field in a named tuple."""
+        FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+
+        if default is Parameter.empty:
+            field = FieldInfo.from_annotation(annotation, _source=AnnotationSource.NAMED_TUPLE)
+        else:
+            field = FieldInfo.from_annotated_attribute(annotation, default, _source=AnnotationSource.NAMED_TUPLE)
+
+        assert field.annotation is not None, 'field.annotation should not be None when generating a schema'
+        update_field_from_config(self._config_wrapper, name, field)
+
+        with self.field_name_stack.push(name):
+            schema = self._apply_annotations(
+                field.annotation,
+                [field],
+                # Because we pass `field` as metadata above (required for attributes relevant for
+                # JSON Scheme generation), we need to ignore the potential warnings about `FieldInfo`
+                # attributes that will not be used:
+                check_unsupported_field_info_attributes=False,
+            )
+
+        if not field.is_required():
+            schema = wrap_default(field, schema)
+
+        return core_schema.named_tuple_field(
+            name,
+            schema,
+            validation_alias=_convert_to_aliases(field.validation_alias),
+        )
+
+    def _generate_parameter_schema(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        annotation: type[Any],
+        source: AnnotationSource,
+        default: Any = Parameter.empty,
+        mode: Literal['positional_only', 'positional_or_keyword', 'keyword_only'] | None = None,
+    ) -> core_schema.ArgumentsParameter:
+        """Generate the definition of a parameter in a function signature.
+
+        This definition is meant to be used for the `'arguments'` core schema, which will be replaced
+        in V3 by the `'arguments-v3`'.
+        """
+        FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+
+        if default is Parameter.empty:
+            field = FieldInfo.from_annotation(annotation, _source=source)
+        else:
+            field = FieldInfo.from_annotated_attribute(annotation, default, _source=source)
+
+        assert field.annotation is not None, 'field.annotation should not be None when generating a schema'
+        update_field_from_config(self._config_wrapper, name, field)
+
+        with self.field_name_stack.push(name):
+            schema = self._apply_annotations(
+                field.annotation,
+                [field],
+                # Because we pass `field` as metadata above (required for attributes relevant for
+                # JSON Scheme generation), we need to ignore the potential warnings about `FieldInfo`
+                # attributes that will not be used:
+                check_unsupported_field_info_attributes=False,
+            )
+
+        if not field.is_required():
+            schema = wrap_default(field, schema)
+
+        parameter_schema = core_schema.arguments_parameter(
+            name,
+            schema,
+            mode=mode,
+            alias=_convert_to_aliases(field.validation_alias),
+        )
+
+        return parameter_schema
+
+    def _generate_parameter_v3_schema(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        annotation: Any,
+        source: AnnotationSource,
+        mode: Literal[
+            'positional_only',
+            'positional_or_keyword',
+            'keyword_only',
+            'var_args',
+            'var_kwargs_uniform',
+            'var_kwargs_unpacked_typed_dict',
+        ],
+        default: Any = Parameter.empty,
+    ) -> core_schema.ArgumentsV3Parameter:
+        """Generate the definition of a parameter in a function signature.
+
+        This definition is meant to be used for the `'arguments-v3'` core schema, which will replace
+        the `'arguments`' schema in V3.
+        """
+        FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+
+        if default is Parameter.empty:
+            field = FieldInfo.from_annotation(annotation, _source=source)
+        else:
+            field = FieldInfo.from_annotated_attribute(annotation, default, _source=source)
+        update_field_from_config(self._config_wrapper, name, field)
+
+        with self.field_name_stack.push(name):
+            schema = self._apply_annotations(
+                field.annotation,
+                [field],
+                # Because we pass `field` as metadata above (required for attributes relevant for
+                # JSON Scheme generation), we need to ignore the potential warnings about `FieldInfo`
+                # attributes that will not be used:
+                check_unsupported_field_info_attributes=False,
+            )
+
+        if not field.is_required():
+            schema = wrap_default(field, schema)
+
+        parameter_schema = core_schema.arguments_v3_parameter(
+            name=name,
+            schema=schema,
+            mode=mode,
+            alias=_convert_to_aliases(field.validation_alias),
+        )
+
+        return parameter_schema
+
+    def _tuple_schema(self, tuple_type: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a Tuple, e.g. `tuple[int, str]` or `tuple[int, ...]`."""
+        # TODO: do we really need to resolve type vars here?
+        typevars_map = get_standard_typevars_map(tuple_type)
+        params = self._get_args_resolving_forward_refs(tuple_type)
+
+        if typevars_map and params:
+            params = tuple(replace_types(param, typevars_map) for param in params)
+
+        # NOTE: subtle difference: `tuple[()]` gives `params=()`, whereas `typing.Tuple[()]` gives `params=((),)`
+        # This is only true for <3.11, on Python 3.11+ `typing.Tuple[()]` gives `params=()`
+        if not params:
+            if tuple_type in TUPLE_TYPES:
+                return core_schema.tuple_schema([core_schema.any_schema()], variadic_item_index=0)
+            else:
+                # special case for `tuple[()]` which means `tuple[]` - an empty tuple
+                return core_schema.tuple_schema([])
+        elif params[-1] is Ellipsis:
+            if len(params) == 2:
+                return core_schema.tuple_schema([self.generate_schema(params[0])], variadic_item_index=0)
+            else:
+                # TODO: something like https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/5952
+                raise ValueError('Variable tuples can only have one type')
+        elif len(params) == 1 and params[0] == ():
+            # special case for `tuple[()]` which means `tuple[]` - an empty tuple
+            # NOTE: This conditional can be removed when we drop support for Python 3.10.
+            return core_schema.tuple_schema([])
+        else:
+            return core_schema.tuple_schema([self.generate_schema(param) for param in params])
+
+    def _type_schema(self) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.custom_error_schema(
+            core_schema.is_instance_schema(type),
+            custom_error_type='is_type',
+            custom_error_message='Input should be a type',
+        )
+
+    def _zoneinfo_schema(self) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a zone_info.ZoneInfo object"""
+        from ._validators import validate_str_is_valid_iana_tz
+
+        metadata = {'pydantic_js_functions': [lambda _1, _2: {'type': 'string', 'format': 'zoneinfo'}]}
+        return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(
+            validate_str_is_valid_iana_tz,
+            serialization=core_schema.to_string_ser_schema(),
+            metadata=metadata,
+        )
+
+    def _union_is_subclass_schema(self, union_type: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for `type[Union[X, ...]]`."""
+        args = self._get_args_resolving_forward_refs(union_type, required=True)
+        return core_schema.union_schema([self.generate_schema(type[args]) for args in args])
+
+    def _subclass_schema(self, type_: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a type, e.g. `type[int]`."""
+        type_param = self._get_first_arg_or_any(type_)
+
+        # Assume `type[Annotated[<typ>, ...]]` is equivalent to `type[<typ>]`:
+        type_param = _typing_extra.annotated_type(type_param) or type_param
+
+        if typing_objects.is_any(type_param):
+            return self._type_schema()
+        elif typing_objects.is_typealiastype(type_param):
+            return self.generate_schema(type[type_param.__value__])
+        elif typing_objects.is_typevar(type_param):
+            if type_param.__bound__:
+                if is_union_origin(get_origin(type_param.__bound__)):
+                    return self._union_is_subclass_schema(type_param.__bound__)
+                return core_schema.is_subclass_schema(type_param.__bound__)
+            elif type_param.__constraints__:
+                return core_schema.union_schema([self.generate_schema(type[c]) for c in type_param.__constraints__])
+            else:
+                return self._type_schema()
+        elif is_union_origin(get_origin(type_param)):
+            return self._union_is_subclass_schema(type_param)
+        else:
+            if typing_objects.is_self(type_param):
+                type_param = self._resolve_self_type(type_param)
+            if _typing_extra.is_generic_alias(type_param):
+                raise PydanticUserError(
+                    'Subscripting `type[]` with an already parametrized type is not supported. '
+                    f'Instead of using type[{type_param!r}], use type[{_repr.display_as_type(get_origin(type_param))}].',
+                    code=None,
+                )
+            if not inspect.isclass(type_param):
+                # when using type[None], this doesn't type convert to type[NoneType], and None isn't a class
+                # so we handle it manually here
+                if type_param is None:
+                    return core_schema.is_subclass_schema(NoneType)
+                raise TypeError(f'Expected a class, got {type_param!r}')
+            return core_schema.is_subclass_schema(type_param)
+
+    def _sequence_schema(self, items_type: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a Sequence, e.g. `Sequence[int]`."""
+        from ._serializers import serialize_sequence_via_list
+
+        item_type_schema = self.generate_schema(items_type)
+        list_schema = core_schema.list_schema(item_type_schema)
+
+        json_schema = smart_deepcopy(list_schema)
+        python_schema = core_schema.is_instance_schema(typing.Sequence, cls_repr='Sequence')
+        if not typing_objects.is_any(items_type):
+            from ._validators import sequence_validator
+
+            python_schema = core_schema.chain_schema(
+                [python_schema, core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function(sequence_validator, list_schema)],
+            )
+
+        serialization = core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+            serialize_sequence_via_list, schema=item_type_schema, info_arg=True
+        )
+        return core_schema.json_or_python_schema(
+            json_schema=json_schema, python_schema=python_schema, serialization=serialization
+        )
+
+    def _iterable_schema(self, type_: Any) -> core_schema.GeneratorSchema:
+        """Generate a schema for an `Iterable`."""
+        item_type = self._get_first_arg_or_any(type_)
+
+        return core_schema.generator_schema(self.generate_schema(item_type))
+
+    def _pattern_schema(self, pattern_type: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        from . import _validators
+
+        metadata = {'pydantic_js_functions': [lambda _1, _2: {'type': 'string', 'format': 'regex'}]}
+        ser = core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+            attrgetter('pattern'), when_used='json', return_schema=core_schema.str_schema()
+        )
+        if pattern_type is typing.Pattern or pattern_type is re.Pattern:
+            # bare type
+            return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(
+                _validators.pattern_either_validator, serialization=ser, metadata=metadata
+            )
+
+        param = self._get_args_resolving_forward_refs(
+            pattern_type,
+            required=True,
+        )[0]
+        if param is str:
+            return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(
+                _validators.pattern_str_validator, serialization=ser, metadata=metadata
+            )
+        elif param is bytes:
+            return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(
+                _validators.pattern_bytes_validator, serialization=ser, metadata=metadata
+            )
+        else:
+            raise PydanticSchemaGenerationError(f'Unable to generate pydantic-core schema for {pattern_type!r}.')
+
+    def _hashable_schema(self) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.custom_error_schema(
+            schema=core_schema.json_or_python_schema(
+                json_schema=core_schema.chain_schema(
+                    [core_schema.any_schema(), core_schema.is_instance_schema(collections.abc.Hashable)]
+                ),
+                python_schema=core_schema.is_instance_schema(collections.abc.Hashable),
+            ),
+            custom_error_type='is_hashable',
+            custom_error_message='Input should be hashable',
+        )
+
+    def _dataclass_schema(
+        self, dataclass: type[StandardDataclass], origin: type[StandardDataclass] | None
+    ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a dataclass."""
+        dataclass_ref = _type_refs.class_type_ref(dataclass, origin)
+        with (
+            self.model_type_stack.push(dataclass),
+            self.defs.get_definition_ref_schema(ref=dataclass_ref) as maybe_schema,
+        ):
+            if maybe_schema is not None:
+                return maybe_schema
+
+            schema = dataclass.__dict__.get('__pydantic_core_schema__')
+            if schema is not None and not isinstance(schema, MockCoreSchema):
+                if schema['type'] == 'definitions':
+                    schema = self.defs.unpack_definitions(schema)
+                ref = get_ref(schema)
+                if ref:
+                    return self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+                else:
+                    return schema
+
+            typevars_map = get_standard_typevars_map(dataclass)
+            if origin is not None:
+                dataclass = origin
+
+            # if (plain) dataclass doesn't have config, we use the parent's config, hence a default of `None`
+            # (Pydantic dataclasses have an empty dict config by default).
+            # see https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/10917
+            config = getattr(dataclass, '__pydantic_config__', None)
+
+            from ..dataclasses import is_pydantic_dataclass
+
+            with self._ns_resolver.push(dataclass), self._config_wrapper_stack.push(config):
+                if is_pydantic_dataclass(dataclass):
+                    if dataclass.__pydantic_fields_complete__():
+                        # Copy the field info instances to avoid mutating the `FieldInfo` instances
+                        # of the generic dataclass generic origin (e.g. `apply_typevars_map` below).
+                        # Note that we don't apply `deepcopy` on `__pydantic_fields__` because we
+                        # don't want to copy the `FieldInfo` attributes:
+                        fields = {
+                            f_name: copy(field_info) for f_name, field_info in dataclass.__pydantic_fields__.items()
+                        }
+                        if typevars_map:
+                            for field in fields.values():
+                                field.apply_typevars_map(typevars_map, *self._types_namespace)
+                    else:
+                        try:
+                            fields = rebuild_dataclass_fields(
+                                dataclass,
+                                config_wrapper=self._config_wrapper,
+                                ns_resolver=self._ns_resolver,
+                                typevars_map=typevars_map or {},
+                            )
+                        except NameError as e:
+                            raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+                else:
+                    fields = collect_dataclass_fields(
+                        dataclass,
+                        typevars_map=typevars_map,
+                        config_wrapper=self._config_wrapper,
+                    )
+
+                if self._config_wrapper.extra == 'allow':
+                    # disallow combination of init=False on a dataclass field and extra='allow' on a dataclass
+                    for field_name, field in fields.items():
+                        if field.init is False:
+                            raise PydanticUserError(
+                                f'Field {field_name} has `init=False` and dataclass has config setting `extra="allow"`. '
+                                f'This combination is not allowed.',
+                                code='dataclass-init-false-extra-allow',
+                            )
+
+                decorators = dataclass.__dict__.get('__pydantic_decorators__')
+                if decorators is None:
+                    decorators = DecoratorInfos.build(dataclass, replace_wrapped_methods=False)
+                    decorators.update_from_config(self._config_wrapper)
+                # Move kw_only=False args to the start of the list, as this is how vanilla dataclasses work.
+                # Note that when kw_only is missing or None, it is treated as equivalent to kw_only=True
+                args = sorted(
+                    (self._generate_dc_field_schema(k, v, decorators) for k, v in fields.items()),
+                    key=lambda a: a.get('kw_only') is not False,
+                )
+                has_post_init = hasattr(dataclass, '__post_init__')
+                has_slots = hasattr(dataclass, '__slots__')
+
+                args_schema = core_schema.dataclass_args_schema(
+                    dataclass.__name__,
+                    args,
+                    computed_fields=[
+                        self._computed_field_schema(d, decorators.field_serializers)
+                        for d in decorators.computed_fields.values()
+                    ],
+                    collect_init_only=has_post_init,
+                )
+
+                inner_schema = apply_validators(args_schema, decorators.root_validators.values())
+
+                model_validators = decorators.model_validators.values()
+                inner_schema = apply_model_validators(inner_schema, model_validators, 'inner')
+
+                core_config = self._config_wrapper.core_config(title=dataclass.__name__)
+
+                dc_schema = core_schema.dataclass_schema(
+                    dataclass,
+                    inner_schema,
+                    generic_origin=origin,
+                    post_init=has_post_init,
+                    ref=dataclass_ref,
+                    fields=[field.name for field in dataclasses.fields(dataclass)],
+                    slots=has_slots,
+                    config=core_config,
+                    # we don't use a custom __setattr__ for dataclasses, so we must
+                    # pass along the frozen config setting to the pydantic-core schema
+                    frozen=self._config_wrapper_stack.tail.frozen,
+                )
+                schema = self._apply_model_serializers(dc_schema, decorators.model_serializers.values())
+                schema = apply_model_validators(schema, model_validators, 'outer')
+                return self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+
+    def _call_schema(self, function: ValidateCallSupportedTypes) -> core_schema.CallSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a Callable.
+
+        TODO support functional validators once we support them in Config
+        """
+        arguments_schema = self._arguments_schema(function)
+
+        return_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema | None = None
+        config_wrapper = self._config_wrapper
+        if config_wrapper.validate_return:
+            sig = _typing_extra.signature_no_eval(function)
+            return_hint = sig.return_annotation
+            if return_hint is not sig.empty:
+                globalns, localns = self._types_namespace
+                type_hints = _typing_extra.get_function_type_hints(
+                    function, globalns=globalns, localns=localns, include_keys={'return'}
+                )
+                return_schema = self.generate_schema(type_hints['return'])
+
+        return core_schema.call_schema(
+            arguments_schema,
+            function,
+            return_schema=return_schema,
+        )
+
+    def _arguments_schema(
+        self, function: ValidateCallSupportedTypes, parameters_callback: ParametersCallback | None = None
+    ) -> core_schema.ArgumentsSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a Signature."""
+        mode_lookup: dict[_ParameterKind, Literal['positional_only', 'positional_or_keyword', 'keyword_only']] = {
+            Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY: 'positional_only',
+            Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD: 'positional_or_keyword',
+            Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY: 'keyword_only',
+        }
+
+        sig = _typing_extra.signature_no_eval(function)
+        globalns, localns = self._types_namespace
+        type_hints = _typing_extra.get_function_type_hints(function, globalns=globalns, localns=localns)
+
+        arguments_list: list[core_schema.ArgumentsParameter] = []
+        var_args_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema | None = None
+        var_kwargs_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema | None = None
+        var_kwargs_mode: core_schema.VarKwargsMode | None = None
+
+        core_config = self._config_wrapper.core_config(title=None)
+
+        for i, (name, p) in enumerate(sig.parameters.items()):
+            if p.annotation is sig.empty:
+                annotation = typing.cast(Any, Any)
+            else:
+                annotation = type_hints[name]
+
+            if parameters_callback is not None:
+                result = parameters_callback(i, name, annotation)
+                if result == 'skip':
+                    continue
+
+            parameter_mode = mode_lookup.get(p.kind)
+            if parameter_mode is not None:
+                arg_schema = self._generate_parameter_schema(
+                    name, annotation, AnnotationSource.FUNCTION, p.default, parameter_mode
+                )
+                arguments_list.append(arg_schema)
+            elif p.kind == Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL:
+                var_args_schema = self.generate_schema(annotation)
+            else:
+                assert p.kind == Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD, p.kind
+
+                unpack_type = _typing_extra.unpack_type(annotation)
+                if unpack_type is not None:
+                    origin = get_origin(unpack_type) or unpack_type
+                    if not is_typeddict(origin):
+                        raise PydanticUserError(
+                            f'Expected a `TypedDict` class inside `Unpack[...]`, got {unpack_type!r}',
+                            code='unpack-typed-dict',
+                        )
+                    non_pos_only_param_names = {
+                        name for name, p in sig.parameters.items() if p.kind != Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY
+                    }
+                    overlapping_params = non_pos_only_param_names.intersection(origin.__annotations__)
+                    if overlapping_params:
+                        raise PydanticUserError(
+                            f'Typed dictionary {origin.__name__!r} overlaps with parameter'
+                            f'{"s" if len(overlapping_params) >= 2 else ""} '
+                            f'{", ".join(repr(p) for p in sorted(overlapping_params))}',
+                            code='overlapping-unpack-typed-dict',
+                        )
+
+                    var_kwargs_mode = 'unpacked-typed-dict'
+                    var_kwargs_schema = self._typed_dict_schema(unpack_type, get_origin(unpack_type))
+                else:
+                    var_kwargs_mode = 'uniform'
+                    var_kwargs_schema = self.generate_schema(annotation)
+
+        return core_schema.arguments_schema(
+            arguments_list,
+            var_args_schema=var_args_schema,
+            var_kwargs_mode=var_kwargs_mode,
+            var_kwargs_schema=var_kwargs_schema,
+            validate_by_name=core_config.get('validate_by_name'),
+        )
+
+    def _arguments_v3_schema(
+        self, function: ValidateCallSupportedTypes, parameters_callback: ParametersCallback | None = None
+    ) -> core_schema.ArgumentsV3Schema:
+        mode_lookup: dict[
+            _ParameterKind, Literal['positional_only', 'positional_or_keyword', 'var_args', 'keyword_only']
+        ] = {
+            Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY: 'positional_only',
+            Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD: 'positional_or_keyword',
+            Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL: 'var_args',
+            Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY: 'keyword_only',
+        }
+
+        sig = _typing_extra.signature_no_eval(function)
+        globalns, localns = self._types_namespace
+        type_hints = _typing_extra.get_function_type_hints(function, globalns=globalns, localns=localns)
+
+        parameters_list: list[core_schema.ArgumentsV3Parameter] = []
+        core_config = self._config_wrapper.core_config(title=None)
+
+        for i, (name, p) in enumerate(sig.parameters.items()):
+            if parameters_callback is not None:
+                result = parameters_callback(i, name, p.annotation)
+                if result == 'skip':
+                    continue
+
+            if p.annotation is Parameter.empty:
+                annotation = typing.cast(Any, Any)
+            else:
+                annotation = type_hints[name]
+
+            parameter_mode = mode_lookup.get(p.kind)
+            if parameter_mode is None:
+                assert p.kind == Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD, p.kind
+
+                unpack_type = _typing_extra.unpack_type(annotation)
+                if unpack_type is not None:
+                    origin = get_origin(unpack_type) or unpack_type
+                    if not is_typeddict(origin):
+                        raise PydanticUserError(
+                            f'Expected a `TypedDict` class inside `Unpack[...]`, got {unpack_type!r}',
+                            code='unpack-typed-dict',
+                        )
+                    non_pos_only_param_names = {
+                        name for name, p in sig.parameters.items() if p.kind != Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY
+                    }
+                    overlapping_params = non_pos_only_param_names.intersection(origin.__annotations__)
+                    if overlapping_params:
+                        raise PydanticUserError(
+                            f'Typed dictionary {origin.__name__!r} overlaps with parameter'
+                            f'{"s" if len(overlapping_params) >= 2 else ""} '
+                            f'{", ".join(repr(p) for p in sorted(overlapping_params))}',
+                            code='overlapping-unpack-typed-dict',
+                        )
+                    parameter_mode = 'var_kwargs_unpacked_typed_dict'
+                    annotation = unpack_type
+                else:
+                    parameter_mode = 'var_kwargs_uniform'
+
+            parameters_list.append(
+                self._generate_parameter_v3_schema(
+                    name, annotation, AnnotationSource.FUNCTION, parameter_mode, default=p.default
+                )
+            )
+
+        return core_schema.arguments_v3_schema(
+            parameters_list,
+            validate_by_name=core_config.get('validate_by_name'),
+        )
+
+    def _unsubstituted_typevar_schema(self, typevar: typing.TypeVar) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        try:
+            has_default = typevar.has_default()  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+        except AttributeError:
+            # Happens if using `typing.TypeVar` (and not `typing_extensions`) on Python < 3.13
+            pass
+        else:
+            if has_default:
+                return self.generate_schema(typevar.__default__)  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+
+        if constraints := typevar.__constraints__:
+            return self._union_schema(typing.Union[constraints])  # noqa: UP007
+
+        if bound := typevar.__bound__:
+            schema = self.generate_schema(bound)
+            schema['serialization'] = core_schema.simple_ser_schema('any')
+            return schema
+
+        return core_schema.any_schema()
+
+    def _computed_field_schema(
+        self,
+        d: Decorator[ComputedFieldInfo],
+        field_serializers: dict[str, Decorator[FieldSerializerDecoratorInfo]],
+    ) -> core_schema.ComputedField:
+        if d.info.return_type is not PydanticUndefined:
+            return_type = d.info.return_type
+        else:
+            try:
+                # Do not pass in globals as the function could be defined in a different module.
+                # Instead, let `get_callable_return_type` infer the globals to use, but still pass
+                # in locals that may contain a parent/rebuild namespace:
+                return_type = _decorators.get_callable_return_type(d.func, localns=self._types_namespace.locals)
+            except NameError as e:
+                raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+        if return_type is PydanticUndefined:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                'Computed field is missing return type annotation or specifying `return_type`'
+                ' to the `@computed_field` decorator (e.g. `@computed_field(return_type=int | str)`)',
+                code='model-field-missing-annotation',
+            )
+
+        return_type = replace_types(return_type, self._typevars_map)
+        # Create a new ComputedFieldInfo so that different type parametrizations of the same
+        # generic model's computed field can have different return types.
+        d.info = dataclasses.replace(d.info, return_type=return_type)
+        return_type_schema = self.generate_schema(return_type)
+        # Apply serializers to computed field if there exist
+        return_type_schema = self._apply_field_serializers(
+            return_type_schema,
+            filter_field_decorator_info_by_field(field_serializers.values(), d.cls_var_name),
+        )
+
+        pydantic_js_updates, pydantic_js_extra = _extract_json_schema_info_from_field_info(d.info)
+        core_metadata: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        update_core_metadata(
+            core_metadata,
+            pydantic_js_updates={'readOnly': True, **(pydantic_js_updates if pydantic_js_updates else {})},
+            pydantic_js_extra=pydantic_js_extra,
+        )
+        exclude_if = d.info.exclude_if
+        # TODO: Should we support exclude_if from annotations?
+        return core_schema.computed_field(
+            d.cls_var_name,
+            return_schema=return_type_schema,
+            alias=d.info.alias,
+            serialization_exclude_if=exclude_if,
+            metadata=core_metadata,
+        )
+
+    def _annotated_schema(self, annotated_type: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for an Annotated type, e.g. `Annotated[int, Field(...)]` or `Annotated[int, Gt(0)]`."""
+        FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+        source_type, *annotations = self._get_args_resolving_forward_refs(
+            annotated_type,
+            required=True,
+        )
+        schema = self._apply_annotations(source_type, annotations)
+        # put the default validator last so that TypeAdapter.get_default_value() works
+        # even if there are function validators involved
+        for annotation in annotations:
+            if isinstance(annotation, FieldInfo):
+                schema = wrap_default(annotation, schema)
+        return schema
+
+    def _apply_annotations(
+        self,
+        source_type: Any,
+        annotations: list[Any],
+        transform_inner_schema: Callable[[CoreSchema], CoreSchema] = lambda x: x,
+        check_unsupported_field_info_attributes: bool = True,
+    ) -> CoreSchema:
+        """Apply arguments from `Annotated` or from `FieldInfo` to a schema.
+
+        This gets called by `GenerateSchema._annotated_schema` but differs from it in that it does
+        not expect `source_type` to be an `Annotated` object, it expects it to be  the first argument of that
+        (in other words, `GenerateSchema._annotated_schema` just unpacks `Annotated`, this process it).
+        """
+
+        def inner_handler(obj: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+            if _is_simple_schema_type(obj):
+                return transform_inner_schema(self._handlers[obj](self, obj))
+
+            origin = get_origin(obj)
+            schema: CoreSchema | None = None
+            if origin is None:
+                # If the type has an origin, it is guaranteed to *not* be an ordinary class that could have
+                # a `__get_pydantic_core_schema__()` method:
+                schema = self._generate_schema_from_get_schema_method(obj, source_type)
+
+            if schema is None:
+                schema = self._generate_schema_inner(obj, origin)
+
+            # `__get_pydantic_json_schema__()` is checked on the origin if it exists:
+            metadata_js_function = _extract_get_pydantic_json_schema(origin if origin is not None else obj)
+            if metadata_js_function is not None:
+                metadata_schema = resolve_original_schema(schema, self.defs)
+                if metadata_schema is not None:
+                    self._add_js_function(metadata_schema, metadata_js_function)
+            return transform_inner_schema(schema)
+
+        if not annotations:
+            schema = inner_handler(source_type)
+            # Preserve the callback handler's reference conversion before applying encoders.
+            if schema.get('ref') is not None:
+                schema = self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+            return _add_custom_serialization_from_json_encoders(self._config_wrapper.json_encoders, source_type, schema)
+
+        annotations = list(_known_annotated_metadata.expand_grouped_metadata(annotations))
+        pydantic_js_annotation_functions: list[GetJsonSchemaFunction] = []
+        get_inner_schema = CallbackGetCoreSchemaHandler(inner_handler, self)
+
+        for annotation in annotations:
+            if annotation is None:
+                continue
+            get_inner_schema = self._get_wrapped_inner_schema(
+                get_inner_schema,
+                annotation,
+                pydantic_js_annotation_functions,
+                check_unsupported_field_info_attributes=check_unsupported_field_info_attributes,
+            )
+
+        schema = get_inner_schema(source_type)
+        if pydantic_js_annotation_functions:
+            core_metadata = schema.setdefault('metadata', {})
+            update_core_metadata(core_metadata, pydantic_js_annotation_functions=pydantic_js_annotation_functions)
+        return _add_custom_serialization_from_json_encoders(self._config_wrapper.json_encoders, source_type, schema)
+
+    def _apply_single_annotation(
+        self,
+        schema: core_schema.CoreSchema,
+        metadata: Any,
+        check_unsupported_field_info_attributes: bool = True,
+    ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+
+        if isinstance(metadata, FieldInfo):
+            if (
+                check_unsupported_field_info_attributes
+                # HACK: we don't want to emit the warning for `FieldInfo` subclasses, because FastAPI does weird manipulations
+                # with its subclasses and their annotations:
+                and type(metadata) is FieldInfo
+            ):
+                for attr, value in self._get_unsupported_field_info_attributes(metadata):
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        f'The {attr!r} attribute with value {value!r} was provided to the `Field()` function, '
+                        f'which has no effect in the context it was used. {attr!r} is field-specific metadata, '
+                        'and can only be attached to a model field using `Annotated` metadata or by assignment. '
+                        'This may have happened because an `Annotated` type alias using the `type` statement was '
+                        'used, or if the `Field()` function was attached to a single member of a union type.',
+                        category=UnsupportedFieldAttributeWarning,
+                    )
+
+                # Inside a model, a standalone `default_factory` is already reported as unsupported above:
+                if metadata.default_factory_takes_validated_data and self.model_type_stack.get() is None:
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        "A 'default_factory' taking validated data as an argument was provided to the `Field()` function, "
+                        'but no validated data is available in the context it was used.',
+                        category=UnsupportedFieldAttributeWarning,
+                    )
+
+            for field_metadata in metadata.metadata:
+                schema = self._apply_single_annotation(schema, field_metadata)
+
+            if metadata.discriminator is not None:
+                schema = self._apply_discriminator_to_union(schema, metadata.discriminator)
+            return schema
+
+        if schema['type'] == 'nullable':
+            # for nullable schemas, metadata is automatically applied to the inner schema
+            inner = schema.get('schema', core_schema.any_schema())
+            inner = self._apply_single_annotation(inner, metadata)
+            if inner:
+                schema['schema'] = inner
+            return schema
+
+        if schema['type'] == 'missing-sentinel' and (inner := schema.get('schema')) is not None:
+            # Same behavior as for nullable schemas: metadata is automatically applied to the inner schema
+            inner = self._apply_single_annotation(inner, metadata)
+            if inner:
+                schema['schema'] = inner
+            return schema
+
+        original_schema = schema
+        ref = schema.get('ref')
+        if ref is not None:
+            schema = schema.copy()
+            new_ref = ref + f'_{repr(metadata)}'
+            if (existing := self.defs.get_schema_from_ref(new_ref)) is not None:
+                return existing
+            schema['ref'] = new_ref  # pyright: ignore[reportGeneralTypeIssues]
+        elif schema['type'] == 'definition-ref':
+            ref = schema['schema_ref']
+            if (referenced_schema := self.defs.get_schema_from_ref(ref)) is not None:
+                schema = referenced_schema.copy()
+                new_ref = ref + f'_{repr(metadata)}'
+                if (existing := self.defs.get_schema_from_ref(new_ref)) is not None:
+                    return existing
+                schema['ref'] = new_ref  # pyright: ignore[reportGeneralTypeIssues]
+
+        maybe_updated_schema = _known_annotated_metadata.apply_known_metadata(metadata, schema)
+
+        if maybe_updated_schema is not None:
+            return maybe_updated_schema
+        return original_schema
+
+    def _apply_single_annotation_json_schema(
+        self, schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, metadata: Any
+    ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+
+        if isinstance(metadata, FieldInfo):
+            for field_metadata in metadata.metadata:
+                schema = self._apply_single_annotation_json_schema(schema, field_metadata)
+
+            pydantic_js_updates, pydantic_js_extra = _extract_json_schema_info_from_field_info(metadata)
+            core_metadata = schema.setdefault('metadata', {})
+            update_core_metadata(
+                core_metadata, pydantic_js_updates=pydantic_js_updates, pydantic_js_extra=pydantic_js_extra
+            )
+        return schema
+
+    def _get_unsupported_field_info_attributes(self, field_info: FieldInfo) -> list[tuple[str, Any]]:
+        """Get the list of unsupported `FieldInfo` attributes when not directly used in `Annotated` for field annotations."""
+        unused_metadata: list[tuple[str, Any]] = []
+        for unused_metadata_name, unset_value in UNSUPPORTED_STANDALONE_FIELDINFO_ATTRIBUTES:
+            if (
+                (unused_metadata_value := getattr(field_info, unused_metadata_name)) is not unset_value
+                # `default` and `default_factory` can still be used with a type adapter, so only include them
+                # if used with a model-like class:
+                and (
+                    unused_metadata_name not in ('default', 'default_factory')
+                    or self.model_type_stack.get() is not None
+                )
+                # Setting `alias` will set `validation/serialization_alias` as well, so we want to avoid duplicate warnings:
+                and (
+                    unused_metadata_name not in ('validation_alias', 'serialization_alias')
+                    or 'alias' not in field_info._attributes_set
+                )
+            ):
+                unused_metadata.append((unused_metadata_name, unused_metadata_value))
+
+        return unused_metadata
+
+    def _get_wrapped_inner_schema(
+        self,
+        get_inner_schema: GetCoreSchemaHandler,
+        annotation: Any,
+        pydantic_js_annotation_functions: list[GetJsonSchemaFunction],
+        check_unsupported_field_info_attributes: bool = False,
+    ) -> CallbackGetCoreSchemaHandler:
+        annotation_get_schema: GetCoreSchemaFunction | None = getattr(annotation, '__get_pydantic_core_schema__', None)
+
+        def new_handler(source: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            if annotation_get_schema is not None:
+                schema = annotation_get_schema(source, get_inner_schema)
+            else:
+                schema = get_inner_schema(source)
+                schema = self._apply_single_annotation(
+                    schema,
+                    annotation,
+                    check_unsupported_field_info_attributes=check_unsupported_field_info_attributes,
+                )
+                schema = self._apply_single_annotation_json_schema(schema, annotation)
+
+            metadata_js_function = _extract_get_pydantic_json_schema(annotation)
+            if metadata_js_function is not None:
+                pydantic_js_annotation_functions.append(metadata_js_function)
+            return schema
+
+        return CallbackGetCoreSchemaHandler(new_handler, self)
+
+    def _apply_field_serializers(
+        self,
+        schema: core_schema.CoreSchema,
+        serializers: list[Decorator[FieldSerializerDecoratorInfo]],
+    ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Apply field serializers to a schema."""
+        if serializers:
+            schema = copy(schema)
+            if schema['type'] == 'definitions':
+                inner_schema = schema['schema']
+                schema['schema'] = self._apply_field_serializers(inner_schema, serializers)
+                return schema
+            elif 'ref' in schema:
+                schema = self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+
+            # use the last serializer to make it easy to override a serializer set on a parent model
+            serializer = serializers[-1]
+            is_field_serializer, info_arg = inspect_field_serializer(serializer.func, serializer.info.mode)
+
+            if serializer.info.return_type is not PydanticUndefined:
+                return_type = serializer.info.return_type
+            else:
+                try:
+                    # Do not pass in globals as the function could be defined in a different module.
+                    # Instead, let `get_callable_return_type` infer the globals to use, but still pass
+                    # in locals that may contain a parent/rebuild namespace:
+                    return_type = _decorators.get_callable_return_type(
+                        serializer.func, localns=self._types_namespace.locals
+                    )
+                except NameError as e:
+                    raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+
+            if return_type is PydanticUndefined:
+                return_schema = None
+            else:
+                return_schema = self.generate_schema(return_type)
+
+            if serializer.info.mode == 'wrap':
+                schema['serialization'] = core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                    serializer.func,
+                    is_field_serializer=is_field_serializer,
+                    info_arg=info_arg,
+                    return_schema=return_schema,
+                    when_used=serializer.info.when_used,
+                )
+            else:
+                assert serializer.info.mode == 'plain'
+                schema['serialization'] = core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                    serializer.func,
+                    is_field_serializer=is_field_serializer,
+                    info_arg=info_arg,
+                    return_schema=return_schema,
+                    when_used=serializer.info.when_used,
+                )
+        return schema
+
+    def _apply_model_serializers(
+        self, schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, serializers: Iterable[Decorator[ModelSerializerDecoratorInfo]]
+    ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Apply model serializers to a schema."""
+        ref: str | None = schema.pop('ref', None)  # type: ignore
+        if serializers:
+            serializer = list(serializers)[-1]
+            info_arg = inspect_model_serializer(serializer.func, serializer.info.mode)
+
+            if serializer.info.return_type is not PydanticUndefined:
+                return_type = serializer.info.return_type
+            else:
+                try:
+                    # Do not pass in globals as the function could be defined in a different module.
+                    # Instead, let `get_callable_return_type` infer the globals to use, but still pass
+                    # in locals that may contain a parent/rebuild namespace:
+                    return_type = _decorators.get_callable_return_type(
+                        serializer.func, localns=self._types_namespace.locals
+                    )
+                except NameError as e:
+                    raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+
+            if return_type is PydanticUndefined:
+                return_schema = None
+            else:
+                return_schema = self.generate_schema(return_type)
+
+            if serializer.info.mode == 'wrap':
+                ser_schema: core_schema.SerSchema = core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                    serializer.func,
+                    info_arg=info_arg,
+                    return_schema=return_schema,
+                    when_used=serializer.info.when_used,
+                )
+            else:
+                # plain
+                ser_schema = core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                    serializer.func,
+                    info_arg=info_arg,
+                    return_schema=return_schema,
+                    when_used=serializer.info.when_used,
+                )
+            schema['serialization'] = ser_schema
+        if ref:
+            schema['ref'] = ref  # type: ignore
+        return schema
+
+
+_VALIDATOR_F_MATCH: Mapping[
+    tuple[FieldValidatorModes, Literal['no-info', 'with-info']],
+    Callable[[Callable[..., Any], core_schema.CoreSchema], core_schema.CoreSchema],
+] = {
+    ('before', 'no-info'): lambda f, schema: core_schema.no_info_before_validator_function(f, schema),
+    ('after', 'no-info'): lambda f, schema: core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(f, schema),
+    ('plain', 'no-info'): lambda f, _: core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(f),
+    ('wrap', 'no-info'): lambda f, schema: core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function(f, schema),
+    ('before', 'with-info'): lambda f, schema: core_schema.with_info_before_validator_function(f, schema),
+    ('after', 'with-info'): lambda f, schema: core_schema.with_info_after_validator_function(f, schema),
+    ('plain', 'with-info'): lambda f, _: core_schema.with_info_plain_validator_function(f),
+    ('wrap', 'with-info'): lambda f, schema: core_schema.with_info_wrap_validator_function(f, schema),
+}
+
+
+# TODO V3: this function is only used for deprecated decorators. It should
+# be removed once we drop support for those.
+def apply_validators(
+    schema: core_schema.CoreSchema,
+    validators: Iterable[Decorator[RootValidatorDecoratorInfo]]
+    | Iterable[Decorator[ValidatorDecoratorInfo]]
+    | Iterable[Decorator[FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo]],
+) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+    """Apply validators to a schema.
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The schema to apply validators on.
+        validators: An iterable of validators.
+
+    Returns:
+        The updated schema.
+    """
+    for validator in validators:
+        # Actually, type could be 'field' or 'model', but this is only used for deprecated
+        # decorators, so let's not worry about it.
+        info_arg = inspect_validator(validator.func, mode=validator.info.mode, type='field')
+        val_type = 'with-info' if info_arg else 'no-info'
+
+        schema = _VALIDATOR_F_MATCH[(validator.info.mode, val_type)](validator.func, schema)
+    return schema
+
+
+def _validators_require_validate_default(validators: Iterable[Decorator[ValidatorDecoratorInfo]]) -> bool:
+    """In v1, if any of the validators for a field had `always=True`, the default value would be validated.
+
+    This serves as an auxiliary function for re-implementing that logic, by looping over a provided
+    collection of (v1-style) ValidatorDecoratorInfo's and checking if any of them have `always=True`.
+
+    We should be able to drop this function and the associated logic calling it once we drop support
+    for v1-style validator decorators. (Or we can extend it and keep it if we add something equivalent
+    to the v1-validator `always` kwarg to `field_validator`.)
+    """
+    for validator in validators:
+        if validator.info.always:
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+def _convert_to_aliases(
+    alias: str | AliasChoices | AliasPath | None,
+) -> str | list[str | int] | list[list[str | int]] | None:
+    if isinstance(alias, (AliasChoices, AliasPath)):
+        return alias.convert_to_aliases()
+    else:
+        return alias
+
+
+def apply_model_validators(
+    schema: core_schema.CoreSchema,
+    validators: Iterable[Decorator[ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo]],
+    mode: Literal['inner', 'outer', 'all'],
+) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+    """Apply model validators to a schema.
+
+    If mode == 'inner', only "before" validators are applied
+    If mode == 'outer', validators other than "before" are applied
+    If mode == 'all', all validators are applied
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The schema to apply validators on.
+        validators: An iterable of validators.
+        mode: The validator mode.
+
+    Returns:
+        The updated schema.
+    """
+    ref: str | None = schema.pop('ref', None)  # type: ignore
+    for validator in validators:
+        if mode == 'inner' and validator.info.mode != 'before':
+            continue
+        if mode == 'outer' and validator.info.mode == 'before':
+            continue
+        info_arg = inspect_validator(validator.func, mode=validator.info.mode, type='model')
+        if validator.info.mode == 'wrap':
+            if info_arg:
+                schema = core_schema.with_info_wrap_validator_function(function=validator.func, schema=schema)
+            else:
+                schema = core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function(function=validator.func, schema=schema)
+        elif validator.info.mode == 'before':
+            if info_arg:
+                schema = core_schema.with_info_before_validator_function(function=validator.func, schema=schema)
+            else:
+                schema = core_schema.no_info_before_validator_function(function=validator.func, schema=schema)
+        else:
+            assert validator.info.mode == 'after'
+            if info_arg:
+                schema = core_schema.with_info_after_validator_function(function=validator.func, schema=schema)
+            else:
+                schema = core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(function=validator.func, schema=schema)
+    if ref:
+        schema['ref'] = ref  # type: ignore
+    return schema
+
+
+def wrap_default(field_info: FieldInfo, schema: core_schema.CoreSchema) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+    """Wrap schema with default schema if default value or `default_factory` are available.
+
+    Args:
+        field_info: The field info object.
+        schema: The schema to apply default on.
+
+    Returns:
+        Updated schema by default value or `default_factory`.
+    """
+    if field_info.default_factory:
+        return core_schema.with_default_schema(
+            schema,
+            default_factory=field_info.default_factory,
+            default_factory_takes_data=takes_validated_data_argument(field_info.default_factory),
+            validate_default=field_info.validate_default,
+        )
+    elif field_info.default is not PydanticUndefined:
+        return core_schema.with_default_schema(
+            schema, default=field_info.default, validate_default=field_info.validate_default
+        )
+    else:
+        return schema
+
+
+def _extract_get_pydantic_json_schema(tp: Any) -> GetJsonSchemaFunction | None:
+    """Extract `__get_pydantic_json_schema__` from a type, handling the deprecated `__modify_schema__`."""
+    js_modify_function = getattr(tp, '__get_pydantic_json_schema__', None)
+
+    if hasattr(tp, '__modify_schema__'):
+        BaseModel = import_cached_base_model()
+
+        has_custom_v2_modify_js_func = (
+            js_modify_function is not None
+            and BaseModel.__get_pydantic_json_schema__.__func__  # type: ignore
+            not in (js_modify_function, getattr(js_modify_function, '__func__', None))
+        )
+
+        if not has_custom_v2_modify_js_func:
+            cls_name = getattr(tp, '__name__', None)
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                f'The `__modify_schema__` method is not supported in Pydantic v2. '
+                f'Use `__get_pydantic_json_schema__` instead{f" in class `{cls_name}`" if cls_name else ""}.',
+                code='custom-json-schema',
+            )
+
+    if js_modify_function is None:
+        return None
+
+    return js_modify_function
+
+
+def resolve_original_schema(schema: CoreSchema, definitions: _Definitions) -> CoreSchema | None:
+    if schema['type'] == 'definition-ref':
+        return definitions.get_schema_from_ref(schema['schema_ref'])
+    elif schema['type'] == 'definitions':
+        return schema['schema']
+    else:
+        return schema
+
+
+def _inlining_behavior(
+    def_ref: core_schema.DefinitionReferenceSchema,
+) -> Literal['inline', 'keep', 'preserve_metadata']:
+    """Determine the inlining behavior of the `'definition-ref'` schema.
+
+    - If no `'serialization'` schema and no metadata is attached, the schema can safely be inlined.
+    - If it has metadata but only related to the deferred discriminator application, it can be inlined
+      provided that such metadata is kept.
+    - Otherwise, the schema should not be inlined. Doing so would remove the `'serialization'` schema or metadata.
+    """
+    if 'serialization' in def_ref:
+        return 'keep'
+    metadata = def_ref.get('metadata')
+    if not metadata:
+        return 'inline'
+    if len(metadata) == 1 and 'pydantic_internal_union_discriminator' in metadata:
+        return 'preserve_metadata'
+    return 'keep'
+
+
+class _Definitions:
+    """Keeps track of references and definitions."""
+
+    _recursively_seen: set[str]
+    """A set of recursively seen references.
+
+    When a referenceable type is encountered, the `get_schema_or_ref` context manager is
+    entered to compute the reference. If the type references itself by some way (e.g. for
+    a dataclass a Pydantic model, the class can be referenced as a field annotation),
+    entering the context manager again will yield a `'definition-ref'` schema that should
+    short-circuit the normal generation process, as the reference was already in this set.
+    """
+
+    _definitions: dict[str, core_schema.CoreSchema]
+    """A mapping of references to their corresponding schema.
+
+    When a schema for a referenceable type is generated, it is stored in this mapping. If the
+    same type is encountered again, the reference is yielded by the `get_schema_or_ref` context
+    manager.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._recursively_seen = set()
+        self._definitions = {}
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def get_definition_ref_schema(self, *, ref: str) -> Generator[core_schema.DefinitionReferenceSchema | None]:
+        """Get a `'definition-ref'` schema for `ref`, if the reference was already encountered (or if we are in a cycle).
+        Get a definition for `tp` if one exists.
+
+        This should be called for any type that can be identified by reference.
+        This includes any recursive types.
+
+        At present the following types can be named/recursive:
+
+        - Pydantic model
+        - Pydantic and stdlib dataclasses
+        - Typed dictionaries
+        - Named tuples
+        - `TypeAliasType` instances
+        - Enums
+        """
+        # return the reference if we're either (1) in a cycle or (2) it the reference was already encountered:
+        if ref in self._recursively_seen or ref in self._definitions:
+            yield core_schema.definition_reference_schema(ref)
+        else:
+            self._recursively_seen.add(ref)
+            try:
+                yield None
+            finally:
+                self._recursively_seen.discard(ref)
+
+    def get_schema_from_ref(self, ref: str) -> CoreSchema | None:
+        """Resolve the schema from the given reference."""
+        return self._definitions.get(ref)
+
+    def create_definition_reference_schema(self, schema: CoreSchema) -> core_schema.DefinitionReferenceSchema:
+        """Store the schema as a definition and return a `'definition-reference'` schema pointing to it.
+
+        The schema must have a reference attached to it.
+        """
+        ref = schema['ref']  # pyright: ignore
+        self._definitions[ref] = schema
+        return core_schema.definition_reference_schema(ref)
+
+    def unpack_definitions(self, schema: core_schema.DefinitionsSchema) -> CoreSchema:
+        """Store the definitions of the `'definitions'` core schema and return the inner core schema."""
+        for def_schema in schema['definitions']:
+            self._definitions[def_schema['ref']] = def_schema  # pyright: ignore
+        return schema['schema']
+
+    def finalize_schema(self, schema: CoreSchema) -> CoreSchema:
+        """Finalize the core schema.
+
+        This traverses the core schema and referenced definitions, replaces `'definition-ref'` schemas
+        by the referenced definition if possible, and applies deferred discriminators.
+        """
+        definitions = self._definitions
+        try:
+            gather_result = gather_schemas_for_cleaning(
+                schema,
+                definitions=definitions,
+            )
+        except MissingDefinitionError as e:
+            raise InvalidSchemaError from e
+
+        remaining_defs: dict[str, CoreSchema] = {}
+
+        # References that will be kept as actual definitions (i.e. not inlined). When resolving an
+        # "intermediate" `'definition-ref'` schema (see `_resolve_definition()`), we must not follow
+        # the reference chain through one of these definitions:
+        kept_refs = {
+            ref
+            for ref, inlinable_def_ref in gather_result['collected_references'].items()
+            if inlinable_def_ref is None or _inlining_behavior(inlinable_def_ref) == 'keep'
+        }
+
+        # Note: this logic doesn't play well when core schemas with deferred discriminator metadata
+        # and references are encountered. See the `test_deferred_discriminated_union_and_references()` test.
+        for ref, inlinable_def_ref in gather_result['collected_references'].items():
+            if inlinable_def_ref is not None and (inlining_behavior := _inlining_behavior(inlinable_def_ref)) != 'keep':
+                if inlining_behavior == 'inline':
+                    # `ref` was encountered, and only once:
+                    #  - `inlinable_def_ref` is a `'definition-ref'` schema and is guaranteed to be
+                    #    the only one. Transform it into the definition it points to.
+                    #  - Do not store the definition in the `remaining_defs`.
+                    inlinable_def_ref.clear()  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+                    inlinable_def_ref.update(self._resolve_definition(ref, definitions, kept_refs))  # pyright: ignore
+                elif inlining_behavior == 'preserve_metadata':
+                    # `ref` was encountered, and only once, but contains discriminator metadata.
+                    # We will do the same thing as if `inlining_behavior` was `'inline'`, but make
+                    # sure to keep the metadata for the deferred discriminator application logic below.
+                    meta = inlinable_def_ref.pop('metadata')
+                    inlinable_def_ref.clear()  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+                    inlinable_def_ref.update(self._resolve_definition(ref, definitions, kept_refs))  # pyright: ignore
+                    inlinable_def_ref['metadata'] = meta
+            else:
+                # `ref` was encountered, at least two times (or only once, but with metadata or a serialization schema):
+                # - Do not inline the `'definition-ref'` schemas (they are not provided in the gather result anyway).
+                # - Store the definition in the `remaining_defs`
+                remaining_defs[ref] = self._resolve_definition(ref, definitions, kept_refs)
+
+        for cs in gather_result['deferred_discriminator_schemas']:
+            discriminator: str | None = cs['metadata'].pop('pydantic_internal_union_discriminator', None)  # pyright: ignore[reportTypedDictNotRequiredAccess]
+            if discriminator is None:
+                # This can happen in rare scenarios, when a deferred schema is present multiple times in the
+                # gather result (e.g. when using the `Sequence` type -- see `test_sequence_discriminated_union()`).
+                # In this case, a previous loop iteration applied the discriminator and so we can just skip it here.
+                continue
+            applied = _discriminated_union.apply_discriminator(cs.copy(), discriminator, remaining_defs)
+            # Mutate the schema directly to have the discriminator applied
+            cs.clear()  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+            cs.update(applied)  # pyright: ignore
+
+        if remaining_defs:
+            schema = core_schema.definitions_schema(schema=schema, definitions=[*remaining_defs.values()])
+        return schema
+
+    def _resolve_definition(self, ref: str, definitions: dict[str, CoreSchema], kept_refs: set[str]) -> CoreSchema:
+        definition = definitions[ref]
+        if definition['type'] != 'definition-ref':
+            return definition
+
+        # Some `'definition-ref'` schemas might act as "intermediate" references (e.g. when using
+        # a PEP 695 type alias (which is referenceable) that references another PEP 695 type alias):
+        visited: set[str] = set()
+        while definition['type'] == 'definition-ref' and _inlining_behavior(definition) == 'inline':
+            schema_ref = definition['schema_ref']
+            if schema_ref in kept_refs and schema_ref != ref:
+                # The reference chain leads to a *different* definition that is kept on its own (e.g. a
+                # recursive model referenced through a PEP 695 type alias). Resolve to a reference
+                # pointing to it instead of following the chain and inlining a copy of that definition,
+                # which could otherwise introduce a reference cycle in the resulting schema.
+                # Note: when `schema_ref == ref`, the reference points back to itself, which is a genuine
+                # circular reference and is reported as an error by the `visited` logic below.
+                return {**definition, 'ref': ref}
+            if schema_ref in visited:
+                raise PydanticUserError(
+                    f'{ref} contains a circular reference to itself.', code='circular-reference-schema'
+                )
+            visited.add(schema_ref)
+            definition = definitions[schema_ref]
+        return {**definition, 'ref': ref}  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+
+
+class _FieldNameStack:
+    __slots__ = ('_stack',)
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._stack: list[str] = []
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def push(self, field_name: str) -> Iterator[None]:
+        self._stack.append(field_name)
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self._stack.pop()
+
+    def get(self) -> str | None:
+        if self._stack:
+            return self._stack[-1]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class _ModelTypeStack:
+    __slots__ = ('_stack',)
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._stack: list[type] = []
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def push(self, type_obj: type) -> Iterator[None]:
+        self._stack.append(type_obj)
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self._stack.pop()
+
+    def get(self) -> type | None:
+        if self._stack:
+            return self._stack[-1]
+        else:
+            return None