@shd101wyy/yo 0.0.2

package/vendor/mimalloc/src/heap.c

@@ -0,0 +1,733 @@
+/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Copyright (c) 2018-2021, Microsoft Research, Daan Leijen
+This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
+terms of the MIT license. A copy of the license can be found in the file
+"LICENSE" at the root of this distribution.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#include "mimalloc.h"
+#include "mimalloc/internal.h"
+#include "mimalloc/atomic.h"
+#include "mimalloc/prim.h"  // mi_prim_get_default_heap
+
+#include <string.h>  // memset, memcpy
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER < 1920)
+#pragma warning(disable:4204)  // non-constant aggregate initializer
+#endif
+
+/* -----------------------------------------------------------
+  Helpers
+----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+// return `true` if ok, `false` to break
+typedef bool (heap_page_visitor_fun)(mi_heap_t* heap, mi_page_queue_t* pq, mi_page_t* page, void* arg1, void* arg2);
+
+// Visit all pages in a heap; returns `false` if break was called.
+static bool mi_heap_visit_pages(mi_heap_t* heap, heap_page_visitor_fun* fn, void* arg1, void* arg2)
+{
+  if (heap==NULL || heap->page_count==0) return 0;
+
+  // visit all pages
+  #if MI_DEBUG>1
+  size_t total = heap->page_count;
+  size_t count = 0;
+  #endif
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i <= MI_BIN_FULL; i++) {
+    mi_page_queue_t* pq = &heap->pages[i];
+    mi_page_t* page = pq->first;
+    while(page != NULL) {
+      mi_page_t* next = page->next; // save next in case the page gets removed from the queue
+      mi_assert_internal(mi_page_heap(page) == heap);
+      #if MI_DEBUG>1
+      count++;
+      #endif
+      if (!fn(heap, pq, page, arg1, arg2)) return false;
+      page = next; // and continue
+    }
+  }
+  mi_assert_internal(count == total);
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+#if MI_DEBUG>=2
+static bool mi_heap_page_is_valid(mi_heap_t* heap, mi_page_queue_t* pq, mi_page_t* page, void* arg1, void* arg2) {
+  MI_UNUSED(arg1);
+  MI_UNUSED(arg2);
+  MI_UNUSED(pq);
+  mi_assert_internal(mi_page_heap(page) == heap);
+  mi_segment_t* segment = _mi_page_segment(page);
+  mi_assert_internal(mi_atomic_load_relaxed(&segment->thread_id) == heap->thread_id);
+  mi_assert_expensive(_mi_page_is_valid(page));
+  return true;
+}
+#endif
+#if MI_DEBUG>=3
+static bool mi_heap_is_valid(mi_heap_t* heap) {
+  mi_assert_internal(heap!=NULL);
+  mi_heap_visit_pages(heap, &mi_heap_page_is_valid, NULL, NULL);
+  return true;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+
+
+/* -----------------------------------------------------------
+  "Collect" pages by migrating `local_free` and `thread_free`
+  lists and freeing empty pages. This is done when a thread
+  stops (and in that case abandons pages if there are still
+  blocks alive)
+----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+typedef enum mi_collect_e {
+  MI_NORMAL,
+  MI_FORCE,
+  MI_ABANDON
+} mi_collect_t;
+
+
+static bool mi_heap_page_collect(mi_heap_t* heap, mi_page_queue_t* pq, mi_page_t* page, void* arg_collect, void* arg2 ) {
+  MI_UNUSED(arg2);
+  MI_UNUSED(heap);
+  mi_assert_internal(mi_heap_page_is_valid(heap, pq, page, NULL, NULL));
+  mi_collect_t collect = *((mi_collect_t*)arg_collect);
+  _mi_page_free_collect(page, collect >= MI_FORCE);
+  if (collect == MI_FORCE) {
+    // note: call before a potential `_mi_page_free` as the segment may be freed if this was the last used page in that segment.
+    mi_segment_t* segment = _mi_page_segment(page);
+    _mi_segment_collect(segment, true /* force? */);
+  }
+  if (mi_page_all_free(page)) {
+    // no more used blocks, free the page.
+    // note: this will free retired pages as well.
+    _mi_page_free(page, pq, collect >= MI_FORCE);
+  }
+  else if (collect == MI_ABANDON) {
+    // still used blocks but the thread is done; abandon the page
+    _mi_page_abandon(page, pq);
+  }
+  return true; // don't break
+}
+
+static bool mi_heap_page_never_delayed_free(mi_heap_t* heap, mi_page_queue_t* pq, mi_page_t* page, void* arg1, void* arg2) {
+  MI_UNUSED(arg1);
+  MI_UNUSED(arg2);
+  MI_UNUSED(heap);
+  MI_UNUSED(pq);
+  _mi_page_use_delayed_free(page, MI_NEVER_DELAYED_FREE, false);
+  return true; // don't break
+}
+
+static void mi_heap_collect_ex(mi_heap_t* heap, mi_collect_t collect)
+{
+  if (heap==NULL || !mi_heap_is_initialized(heap)) return;
+
+  const bool force = (collect >= MI_FORCE);
+  _mi_deferred_free(heap, force);
+
+  // python/cpython#112532: we may be called from a thread that is not the owner of the heap
+  const bool is_main_thread = (_mi_is_main_thread() && heap->thread_id == _mi_thread_id());
+
+  // note: never reclaim on collect but leave it to threads that need storage to reclaim
+  const bool force_main =
+    #ifdef NDEBUG
+      collect == MI_FORCE
+    #else
+      collect >= MI_FORCE
+    #endif
+      && is_main_thread && mi_heap_is_backing(heap) && !heap->no_reclaim;
+
+  if (force_main) {
+    // the main thread is abandoned (end-of-program), try to reclaim all abandoned segments.
+    // if all memory is freed by now, all segments should be freed.
+    // note: this only collects in the current subprocess
+    _mi_abandoned_reclaim_all(heap, &heap->tld->segments);
+  }
+
+  // if abandoning, mark all pages to no longer add to delayed_free
+  if (collect == MI_ABANDON) {
+    mi_heap_visit_pages(heap, &mi_heap_page_never_delayed_free, NULL, NULL);
+  }
+
+  // free all current thread delayed blocks.
+  // (if abandoning, after this there are no more thread-delayed references into the pages.)
+  _mi_heap_delayed_free_all(heap);
+
+  // collect retired pages
+  _mi_heap_collect_retired(heap, force);
+
+  // collect all pages owned by this thread
+  mi_heap_visit_pages(heap, &mi_heap_page_collect, &collect, NULL);
+  mi_assert_internal( collect != MI_ABANDON || mi_atomic_load_ptr_acquire(mi_block_t,&heap->thread_delayed_free) == NULL );
+
+  // collect abandoned segments (in particular, purge expired parts of segments in the abandoned segment list)
+  // note: forced purge can be quite expensive if many threads are created/destroyed so we do not force on abandonment
+  _mi_abandoned_collect(heap, collect == MI_FORCE /* force? */, &heap->tld->segments);
+
+  // if forced, collect thread data cache on program-exit (or shared library unload)
+  if (force && is_main_thread && mi_heap_is_backing(heap)) {
+    _mi_thread_data_collect();  // collect thread data cache
+  }
+
+  // collect arenas (this is program wide so don't force purges on abandonment of threads)
+  _mi_arenas_collect(collect == MI_FORCE /* force purge? */);
+
+  // merge statistics
+  if (collect <= MI_FORCE) { _mi_stats_merge_thread(heap->tld); }
+}
+
+void _mi_heap_collect_abandon(mi_heap_t* heap) {
+  mi_heap_collect_ex(heap, MI_ABANDON);
+}
+
+void mi_heap_collect(mi_heap_t* heap, bool force) mi_attr_noexcept {
+  mi_heap_collect_ex(heap, (force ? MI_FORCE : MI_NORMAL));
+}
+
+void mi_collect(bool force) mi_attr_noexcept {
+  mi_heap_collect(mi_prim_get_default_heap(), force);
+}
+
+
+/* -----------------------------------------------------------
+  Heap new
+----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+mi_heap_t* mi_heap_get_default(void) {
+  mi_thread_init();
+  return mi_prim_get_default_heap();
+}
+
+static bool mi_heap_is_default(const mi_heap_t* heap) {
+  return (heap == mi_prim_get_default_heap());
+}
+
+
+mi_heap_t* mi_heap_get_backing(void) {
+  mi_heap_t* heap = mi_heap_get_default();
+  mi_assert_internal(heap!=NULL);
+  mi_heap_t* bheap = heap->tld->heap_backing;
+  mi_assert_internal(bheap!=NULL);
+  mi_assert_internal(bheap->thread_id == _mi_thread_id());
+  return bheap;
+}
+
+void _mi_heap_init(mi_heap_t* heap, mi_tld_t* tld, mi_arena_id_t arena_id, bool noreclaim, uint8_t tag) {
+  _mi_memcpy_aligned(heap, &_mi_heap_empty, sizeof(mi_heap_t));
+  heap->tld = tld;
+  heap->thread_id  = _mi_thread_id();
+  heap->arena_id   = arena_id;
+  heap->no_reclaim = noreclaim;
+  heap->tag        = tag;
+  if (heap == tld->heap_backing) {
+    _mi_random_init(&heap->random);
+  }
+  else {
+    _mi_random_split(&tld->heap_backing->random, &heap->random);
+  }
+  heap->cookie  = _mi_heap_random_next(heap) | 1;
+  heap->keys[0] = _mi_heap_random_next(heap);
+  heap->keys[1] = _mi_heap_random_next(heap);
+  _mi_heap_guarded_init(heap);
+  // push on the thread local heaps list
+  heap->next = heap->tld->heaps;
+  heap->tld->heaps = heap;
+}
+
+mi_decl_nodiscard mi_heap_t* mi_heap_new_ex(int heap_tag, bool allow_destroy, mi_arena_id_t arena_id) {
+  mi_heap_t* bheap = mi_heap_get_backing();
+  mi_heap_t* heap = mi_heap_malloc_tp(bheap, mi_heap_t);  // todo: OS allocate in secure mode?
+  if (heap == NULL) return NULL;
+  mi_assert(heap_tag >= 0 && heap_tag < 256);
+  _mi_heap_init(heap, bheap->tld, arena_id, allow_destroy /* no reclaim? */, (uint8_t)heap_tag /* heap tag */);
+  return heap;
+}
+
+mi_decl_nodiscard mi_heap_t* mi_heap_new_in_arena(mi_arena_id_t arena_id) {
+  return mi_heap_new_ex(0 /* default heap tag */, false /* don't allow `mi_heap_destroy` */, arena_id);
+}
+
+mi_decl_nodiscard mi_heap_t* mi_heap_new(void) {
+  // don't reclaim abandoned memory or otherwise destroy is unsafe
+  return mi_heap_new_ex(0 /* default heap tag */, true /* no reclaim */, _mi_arena_id_none());
+}
+
+bool _mi_heap_memid_is_suitable(mi_heap_t* heap, mi_memid_t memid) {
+  return _mi_arena_memid_is_suitable(memid, heap->arena_id);
+}
+
+uintptr_t _mi_heap_random_next(mi_heap_t* heap) {
+  return _mi_random_next(&heap->random);
+}
+
+// zero out the page queues
+static void mi_heap_reset_pages(mi_heap_t* heap) {
+  mi_assert_internal(heap != NULL);
+  mi_assert_internal(mi_heap_is_initialized(heap));
+  // TODO: copy full empty heap instead?
+  memset(&heap->pages_free_direct, 0, sizeof(heap->pages_free_direct));
+  _mi_memcpy_aligned(&heap->pages, &_mi_heap_empty.pages, sizeof(heap->pages));
+  heap->thread_delayed_free = NULL;
+  heap->page_count = 0;
+}
+
+// called from `mi_heap_destroy` and `mi_heap_delete` to free the internal heap resources.
+static void mi_heap_free(mi_heap_t* heap) {
+  mi_assert(heap != NULL);
+  mi_assert_internal(mi_heap_is_initialized(heap));
+  if (heap==NULL || !mi_heap_is_initialized(heap)) return;
+  if (mi_heap_is_backing(heap)) return; // dont free the backing heap
+
+  // reset default
+  if (mi_heap_is_default(heap)) {
+    _mi_heap_set_default_direct(heap->tld->heap_backing);
+  }
+
+  // remove ourselves from the thread local heaps list
+  // linear search but we expect the number of heaps to be relatively small
+  mi_heap_t* prev = NULL;
+  mi_heap_t* curr = heap->tld->heaps;
+  while (curr != heap && curr != NULL) {
+    prev = curr;
+    curr = curr->next;
+  }
+  mi_assert_internal(curr == heap);
+  if (curr == heap) {
+    if (prev != NULL) { prev->next = heap->next; }
+                 else { heap->tld->heaps = heap->next; }
+  }
+  mi_assert_internal(heap->tld->heaps != NULL);
+
+  // and free the used memory
+  mi_free(heap);
+}
+
+// return a heap on the same thread as `heap` specialized for the specified tag (if it exists)
+mi_heap_t* _mi_heap_by_tag(mi_heap_t* heap, uint8_t tag) {
+  if (heap->tag == tag) {
+    return heap;
+  }
+  for (mi_heap_t *curr = heap->tld->heaps; curr != NULL; curr = curr->next) {
+    if (curr->tag == tag) {
+      return curr;
+    }
+  }
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+/* -----------------------------------------------------------
+  Heap destroy
+----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static bool _mi_heap_page_destroy(mi_heap_t* heap, mi_page_queue_t* pq, mi_page_t* page, void* arg1, void* arg2) {
+  MI_UNUSED(arg1);
+  MI_UNUSED(arg2);
+  MI_UNUSED(heap);
+  MI_UNUSED(pq);
+
+  // ensure no more thread_delayed_free will be added
+  _mi_page_use_delayed_free(page, MI_NEVER_DELAYED_FREE, false);
+
+  // stats
+  const size_t bsize = mi_page_block_size(page);
+  if (bsize > MI_MEDIUM_OBJ_SIZE_MAX) {
+    //if (bsize <= MI_LARGE_OBJ_SIZE_MAX) {
+    //  mi_heap_stat_decrease(heap, malloc_large, bsize);
+    //}
+    //else 
+    {
+      mi_heap_stat_decrease(heap, malloc_huge, bsize);
+    }
+  }
+  #if (MI_STAT>0)
+  _mi_page_free_collect(page, false);  // update used count
+  const size_t inuse = page->used;
+  if (bsize <= MI_LARGE_OBJ_SIZE_MAX) {
+    mi_heap_stat_decrease(heap, malloc_normal, bsize * inuse);
+    #if (MI_STAT>1)
+    mi_heap_stat_decrease(heap, malloc_bins[_mi_bin(bsize)], inuse);
+    #endif
+  }
+  // mi_heap_stat_decrease(heap, malloc_requested, bsize * inuse);  // todo: off for aligned blocks...
+  #endif
+
+  /// pretend it is all free now
+  mi_assert_internal(mi_page_thread_free(page) == NULL);
+  page->used = 0;
+
+  // and free the page
+  // mi_page_free(page,false);
+  page->next = NULL;
+  page->prev = NULL;
+  _mi_segment_page_free(page,false /* no force? */, &heap->tld->segments);
+
+  return true; // keep going
+}
+
+void _mi_heap_destroy_pages(mi_heap_t* heap) {
+  mi_heap_visit_pages(heap, &_mi_heap_page_destroy, NULL, NULL);
+  mi_heap_reset_pages(heap);
+}
+
+#if MI_TRACK_HEAP_DESTROY
+static bool mi_cdecl mi_heap_track_block_free(const mi_heap_t* heap, const mi_heap_area_t* area, void* block, size_t block_size, void* arg) {
+  MI_UNUSED(heap); MI_UNUSED(area);  MI_UNUSED(arg); MI_UNUSED(block_size);
+  mi_track_free_size(block,mi_usable_size(block));
+  return true;
+}
+#endif
+
+void mi_heap_destroy(mi_heap_t* heap) {
+  mi_assert(heap != NULL);
+  mi_assert(mi_heap_is_initialized(heap));
+  mi_assert(heap->no_reclaim);
+  mi_assert_expensive(mi_heap_is_valid(heap));
+  if (heap==NULL || !mi_heap_is_initialized(heap)) return;
+  #if MI_GUARDED
+  // _mi_warning_message("'mi_heap_destroy' called but MI_GUARDED is enabled -- using `mi_heap_delete` instead (heap at %p)\n", heap);
+  mi_heap_delete(heap);
+  return;
+  #else
+  if (!heap->no_reclaim) {
+    _mi_warning_message("'mi_heap_destroy' called but ignored as the heap was not created with 'allow_destroy' (heap at %p)\n", heap);
+    // don't free in case it may contain reclaimed pages
+    mi_heap_delete(heap);
+  }
+  else {
+    // track all blocks as freed
+    #if MI_TRACK_HEAP_DESTROY
+    mi_heap_visit_blocks(heap, true, mi_heap_track_block_free, NULL);
+    #endif
+    // free all pages
+    _mi_heap_destroy_pages(heap);
+    mi_heap_free(heap);
+  }
+  #endif
+}
+
+// forcefully destroy all heaps in the current thread
+void _mi_heap_unsafe_destroy_all(mi_heap_t* heap) {
+  mi_assert_internal(heap != NULL);
+  if (heap == NULL) return;
+  mi_heap_t* curr = heap->tld->heaps;
+  while (curr != NULL) {
+    mi_heap_t* next = curr->next;
+    if (curr->no_reclaim) {
+      mi_heap_destroy(curr);
+    }
+    else {
+      _mi_heap_destroy_pages(curr);
+    }
+    curr = next;
+  }
+}
+
+/* -----------------------------------------------------------
+  Safe Heap delete
+----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+// Transfer the pages from one heap to the other
+static void mi_heap_absorb(mi_heap_t* heap, mi_heap_t* from) {
+  mi_assert_internal(heap!=NULL);
+  if (from==NULL || from->page_count == 0) return;
+
+  // reduce the size of the delayed frees
+  _mi_heap_delayed_free_partial(from);
+
+  // transfer all pages by appending the queues; this will set a new heap field
+  // so threads may do delayed frees in either heap for a while.
+  // note: appending waits for each page to not be in the `MI_DELAYED_FREEING` state
+  // so after this only the new heap will get delayed frees
+  for (size_t i = 0; i <= MI_BIN_FULL; i++) {
+    mi_page_queue_t* pq = &heap->pages[i];
+    mi_page_queue_t* append = &from->pages[i];
+    size_t pcount = _mi_page_queue_append(heap, pq, append);
+    heap->page_count += pcount;
+    from->page_count -= pcount;
+  }
+  mi_assert_internal(from->page_count == 0);
+
+  // and do outstanding delayed frees in the `from` heap
+  // note: be careful here as the `heap` field in all those pages no longer point to `from`,
+  // turns out to be ok as `_mi_heap_delayed_free` only visits the list and calls a
+  // the regular `_mi_free_delayed_block` which is safe.
+  _mi_heap_delayed_free_all(from);
+  #if !defined(_MSC_VER) || (_MSC_VER > 1900) // somehow the following line gives an error in VS2015, issue #353
+  mi_assert_internal(mi_atomic_load_ptr_relaxed(mi_block_t,&from->thread_delayed_free) == NULL);
+  #endif
+
+  // and reset the `from` heap
+  mi_heap_reset_pages(from);
+}
+
+// are two heaps compatible with respect to heap-tag, exclusive arena etc.
+static bool mi_heaps_are_compatible(mi_heap_t* heap1, mi_heap_t* heap2) {
+  return (heap1->tag == heap2->tag &&                   // store same kind of objects
+          heap1->arena_id == heap2->arena_id);          // same arena preference
+}
+
+// Safe delete a heap without freeing any still allocated blocks in that heap.
+void mi_heap_delete(mi_heap_t* heap)
+{
+  mi_assert(heap != NULL);
+  mi_assert(mi_heap_is_initialized(heap));
+  mi_assert_expensive(mi_heap_is_valid(heap));
+  if (heap==NULL || !mi_heap_is_initialized(heap)) return;
+
+  mi_heap_t* bheap = heap->tld->heap_backing;
+  if (bheap != heap && mi_heaps_are_compatible(bheap,heap)) {
+    // transfer still used pages to the backing heap
+    mi_heap_absorb(bheap, heap);
+  }
+  else {
+    // the backing heap abandons its pages
+    _mi_heap_collect_abandon(heap);
+  }
+  mi_assert_internal(heap->page_count==0);
+  mi_heap_free(heap);
+}
+
+mi_heap_t* mi_heap_set_default(mi_heap_t* heap) {
+  mi_assert(heap != NULL);
+  mi_assert(mi_heap_is_initialized(heap));
+  if (heap==NULL || !mi_heap_is_initialized(heap)) return NULL;
+  mi_assert_expensive(mi_heap_is_valid(heap));
+  mi_heap_t* old = mi_prim_get_default_heap();
+  _mi_heap_set_default_direct(heap);
+  return old;
+}
+
+
+
+
+/* -----------------------------------------------------------
+  Analysis
+----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+// static since it is not thread safe to access heaps from other threads.
+static mi_heap_t* mi_heap_of_block(const void* p) {
+  if (p == NULL) return NULL;
+  mi_segment_t* segment = _mi_ptr_segment(p);
+  bool valid = (_mi_ptr_cookie(segment) == segment->cookie);
+  mi_assert_internal(valid);
+  if mi_unlikely(!valid) return NULL;
+  return mi_page_heap(_mi_segment_page_of(segment,p));
+}
+
+bool mi_heap_contains_block(mi_heap_t* heap, const void* p) {
+  mi_assert(heap != NULL);
+  if (heap==NULL || !mi_heap_is_initialized(heap)) return false;
+  return (heap == mi_heap_of_block(p));
+}
+
+
+static bool mi_heap_page_check_owned(mi_heap_t* heap, mi_page_queue_t* pq, mi_page_t* page, void* p, void* vfound) {
+  MI_UNUSED(heap);
+  MI_UNUSED(pq);
+  bool* found = (bool*)vfound;
+  void* start = mi_page_start(page);
+  void* end   = (uint8_t*)start + (page->capacity * mi_page_block_size(page));
+  *found = (p >= start && p < end);
+  return (!*found); // continue if not found
+}
+
+bool mi_heap_check_owned(mi_heap_t* heap, const void* p) {
+  mi_assert(heap != NULL);
+  if (heap==NULL || !mi_heap_is_initialized(heap)) return false;
+  if (((uintptr_t)p & (MI_INTPTR_SIZE - 1)) != 0) return false;  // only aligned pointers
+  bool found = false;
+  mi_heap_visit_pages(heap, &mi_heap_page_check_owned, (void*)p, &found);
+  return found;
+}
+
+bool mi_check_owned(const void* p) {
+  return mi_heap_check_owned(mi_prim_get_default_heap(), p);
+}
+
+/* -----------------------------------------------------------
+  Visit all heap blocks and areas
+  Todo: enable visiting abandoned pages, and
+        enable visiting all blocks of all heaps across threads
+----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void _mi_heap_area_init(mi_heap_area_t* area, mi_page_t* page) {
+  const size_t bsize = mi_page_block_size(page);
+  const size_t ubsize = mi_page_usable_block_size(page);
+  area->reserved = page->reserved * bsize;
+  area->committed = page->capacity * bsize;
+  area->blocks = mi_page_start(page);
+  area->used = page->used;   // number of blocks in use (#553)
+  area->block_size = ubsize;
+  area->full_block_size = bsize;
+  area->heap_tag = page->heap_tag;
+}
+
+
+static void mi_get_fast_divisor(size_t divisor, uint64_t* magic, size_t* shift) {
+  mi_assert_internal(divisor > 0 && divisor <= UINT32_MAX);
+  *shift = MI_SIZE_BITS - mi_clz(divisor - 1);
+  *magic = ((((uint64_t)1 << 32) * (((uint64_t)1 << *shift) - divisor)) / divisor + 1);
+}
+
+static size_t mi_fast_divide(size_t n, uint64_t magic, size_t shift) {
+  mi_assert_internal(n <= UINT32_MAX);
+  const uint64_t hi = ((uint64_t)n * magic) >> 32;
+  return (size_t)((hi + n) >> shift);
+}
+
+bool _mi_heap_area_visit_blocks(const mi_heap_area_t* area, mi_page_t* page, mi_block_visit_fun* visitor, void* arg) {
+  mi_assert(area != NULL);
+  if (area==NULL) return true;
+  mi_assert(page != NULL);
+  if (page == NULL) return true;
+
+  _mi_page_free_collect(page,true);              // collect both thread_delayed and local_free
+  mi_assert_internal(page->local_free == NULL);
+  if (page->used == 0) return true;
+
+  size_t psize;
+  uint8_t* const pstart = _mi_segment_page_start(_mi_page_segment(page), page, &psize);
+  mi_heap_t* const heap = mi_page_heap(page);
+  const size_t bsize    = mi_page_block_size(page);
+  const size_t ubsize   = mi_page_usable_block_size(page); // without padding
+
+  // optimize page with one block
+  if (page->capacity == 1) {
+    mi_assert_internal(page->used == 1 && page->free == NULL);
+    return visitor(mi_page_heap(page), area, pstart, ubsize, arg);
+  }
+  mi_assert(bsize <= UINT32_MAX);
+
+  // optimize full pages
+  if (page->used == page->capacity) {
+    uint8_t* block = pstart;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < page->capacity; i++) {
+      if (!visitor(heap, area, block, ubsize, arg)) return false;
+      block += bsize;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // create a bitmap of free blocks.
+  #define MI_MAX_BLOCKS   (MI_SMALL_PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(void*))
+  uintptr_t free_map[MI_MAX_BLOCKS / MI_INTPTR_BITS];
+  const uintptr_t bmapsize = _mi_divide_up(page->capacity, MI_INTPTR_BITS);
+  memset(free_map, 0, bmapsize * sizeof(intptr_t));
+  if (page->capacity % MI_INTPTR_BITS != 0) {
+    // mark left-over bits at the end as free
+    size_t shift   = (page->capacity % MI_INTPTR_BITS);
+    uintptr_t mask = (UINTPTR_MAX << shift);
+    free_map[bmapsize - 1] = mask;
+  }
+
+  // fast repeated division by the block size
+  uint64_t magic;
+  size_t   shift;
+  mi_get_fast_divisor(bsize, &magic, &shift);
+
+  #if MI_DEBUG>1
+  size_t free_count = 0;
+  #endif
+  for (mi_block_t* block = page->free; block != NULL; block = mi_block_next(page, block)) {
+    #if MI_DEBUG>1
+    free_count++;
+    #endif
+    mi_assert_internal((uint8_t*)block >= pstart && (uint8_t*)block < (pstart + psize));
+    size_t offset = (uint8_t*)block - pstart;
+    mi_assert_internal(offset % bsize == 0);
+    mi_assert_internal(offset <= UINT32_MAX);
+    size_t blockidx = mi_fast_divide(offset, magic, shift);
+    mi_assert_internal(blockidx == offset / bsize);
+    mi_assert_internal(blockidx < MI_MAX_BLOCKS);
+    size_t bitidx = (blockidx / MI_INTPTR_BITS);
+    size_t bit = blockidx - (bitidx * MI_INTPTR_BITS);
+    free_map[bitidx] |= ((uintptr_t)1 << bit);
+  }
+  mi_assert_internal(page->capacity == (free_count + page->used));
+
+  // walk through all blocks skipping the free ones
+  #if MI_DEBUG>1
+  size_t used_count = 0;
+  #endif
+  uint8_t* block = pstart;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < bmapsize; i++) {
+    if (free_map[i] == 0) {
+      // every block is in use
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < MI_INTPTR_BITS; j++) {
+        #if MI_DEBUG>1
+        used_count++;
+        #endif
+        if (!visitor(heap, area, block, ubsize, arg)) return false;
+        block += bsize;
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      // visit the used blocks in the mask
+      uintptr_t m = ~free_map[i];
+      while (m != 0) {
+        #if MI_DEBUG>1
+        used_count++;
+        #endif
+        size_t bitidx = mi_ctz(m);
+        if (!visitor(heap, area, block + (bitidx * bsize), ubsize, arg)) return false;
+        m &= m - 1;  // clear least significant bit
+      }
+      block += bsize * MI_INTPTR_BITS;
+    }
+  }
+  mi_assert_internal(page->used == used_count);
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+
+// Separate struct to keep `mi_page_t` out of the public interface
+typedef struct mi_heap_area_ex_s {
+  mi_heap_area_t area;
+  mi_page_t* page;
+} mi_heap_area_ex_t;
+
+typedef bool (mi_heap_area_visit_fun)(const mi_heap_t* heap, const mi_heap_area_ex_t* area, void* arg);
+
+static bool mi_heap_visit_areas_page(mi_heap_t* heap, mi_page_queue_t* pq, mi_page_t* page, void* vfun, void* arg) {
+  MI_UNUSED(heap);
+  MI_UNUSED(pq);
+  mi_heap_area_visit_fun* fun = (mi_heap_area_visit_fun*)vfun;
+  mi_heap_area_ex_t xarea;
+  xarea.page = page;
+  _mi_heap_area_init(&xarea.area, page);
+  return fun(heap, &xarea, arg);
+}
+
+// Visit all heap pages as areas
+static bool mi_heap_visit_areas(const mi_heap_t* heap, mi_heap_area_visit_fun* visitor, void* arg) {
+  if (visitor == NULL) return false;
+  return mi_heap_visit_pages((mi_heap_t*)heap, &mi_heap_visit_areas_page, (void*)(visitor), arg); // note: function pointer to void* :-{
+}
+
+// Just to pass arguments
+typedef struct mi_visit_blocks_args_s {
+  bool  visit_blocks;
+  mi_block_visit_fun* visitor;
+  void* arg;
+} mi_visit_blocks_args_t;
+
+static bool mi_heap_area_visitor(const mi_heap_t* heap, const mi_heap_area_ex_t* xarea, void* arg) {
+  mi_visit_blocks_args_t* args = (mi_visit_blocks_args_t*)arg;
+  if (!args->visitor(heap, &xarea->area, NULL, xarea->area.block_size, args->arg)) return false;
+  if (args->visit_blocks) {
+    return _mi_heap_area_visit_blocks(&xarea->area, xarea->page, args->visitor, args->arg);
+  }
+  else {
+    return true;
+  }
+}
+
+// Visit all blocks in a heap
+bool mi_heap_visit_blocks(const mi_heap_t* heap, bool visit_blocks, mi_block_visit_fun* visitor, void* arg) {
+  mi_visit_blocks_args_t args = { visit_blocks, visitor, arg };
+  return mi_heap_visit_areas(heap, &mi_heap_area_visitor, &args);
+}