@rangojs/router 0.0.0-experimental.15 → 0.0.0-experimental.151

package/src/vite/router-discovery.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2120 @@
+/**
+ * Router Discovery Plugin
+ *
+ * Vite plugin that discovers router instances at dev/build time via the RSC
+ * environment. Delegates to extracted modules for discovery, route types
+ * generation, virtual module codegen, and bundle post-processing.
+ */
+
+import type { Plugin } from "vite";
+import { createServer as createViteServer } from "vite";
+import { resolve } from "node:path";
+import { readFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import { createRequire, register } from "node:module";
+import { pathToFileURL } from "node:url";
+import {
+  formatNestedRouterConflictError,
+  findNestedRouterConflict,
+  findRouterFiles,
+  createScanFilter,
+} from "../build/generate-route-types.js";
+import { firstCodeMatchIndex } from "../build/route-types/source-scan.js";
+import {
+  DEV_SHELL_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  normalizeCaptureTimeout,
+} from "../rsc/shell-serve.js";
+import {
+  injectClientDebugFlag,
+  internalDebugNoCacheMiddleware,
+} from "./inject-client-debug.js";
+import { createVersionPlugin } from "./plugins/version-plugin.js";
+import { getVirtualEntrySSR, VIRTUAL_IDS } from "./plugins/virtual-entries.js";
+import { createVirtualStubPlugin } from "./plugins/virtual-stub-plugin.js";
+import {
+  BUILD_ENV_GLOBAL_KEY,
+  createCloudflareProtocolStubPlugin,
+} from "./plugins/cloudflare-protocol-stub.js";
+import {
+  exposeInternalIds,
+  exposeRouterId,
+} from "./plugins/expose-internal-ids.js";
+import { hashClientRefs } from "./plugins/client-ref-hashing.js";
+import { extractHandlerExportsFromChunk } from "./utils/bundle-analysis.js";
+import {
+  createDiscoveryState,
+  VIRTUAL_ROUTES_MANIFEST_ID,
+  type DiscoveryState,
+  type PluginOptions,
+} from "./discovery/state.js";
+import {
+  consumeSelfGenWrite,
+  peekSelfGenWrite,
+} from "./discovery/self-gen-tracking.js";
+import { discoverRouters } from "./discovery/discover-routers.js";
+import { runShellPrerenderPhase } from "./discovery/shell-prerender-phase.js";
+import { describeDiscoveryFailure } from "./discovery/discovery-errors.js";
+import {
+  createDevPrerenderCache,
+  devPrerenderCacheKey,
+  payloadBodiesFromResult,
+} from "./discovery/dev-prerender-cache.js";
+import {
+  writeCombinedRouteTypesWithTracking,
+  writeRouteTypesFiles,
+  supplementGenFilesWithRuntimeRoutes,
+} from "./discovery/route-types-writer.js";
+import {
+  generateRoutesManifestModule,
+  generatePerRouterModule,
+} from "./discovery/virtual-module-codegen.js";
+import { postprocessBundle } from "./discovery/bundle-postprocess.js";
+import { createDiscoveryGate } from "./discovery/gate-state.js";
+import { resetStagedBuildAssets } from "./utils/prerender-utils.js";
+import { resolveRscEntryFromConfig } from "./utils/shared-utils.js";
+import {
+  pickForwardedRunnerConfig,
+  selectForwardableResolvePlugins,
+} from "./utils/forward-user-plugins.js";
+import { createRangoDebugger, timed, timedSync, NS } from "./debug.js";
+
+const debugDiscovery = createRangoDebugger(NS.discovery);
+const debugRoutes = createRangoDebugger(NS.routes);
+const debugBuild = createRangoDebugger(NS.build);
+const debugDev = createRangoDebugger(NS.dev);
+
+export { VIRTUAL_ROUTES_MANIFEST_ID };
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Node ESM Loader Hook Registration
+// ============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Registers a Node ESM loader hook that resolves `cloudflare:*` specifiers
+ * to a data: URL stub. Defense-in-depth alongside the Vite transform in
+ * `cloudflare-protocol-stub.ts`:
+ *
+ * - The Vite transform catches `cloudflare:*` imports in modules that flow
+ *   through Vite's plugin pipeline. That's the vast majority of cases.
+ * - The Node loader catches imports in modules that Vite/Rollup externalize
+ *   (e.g. the `partyserver` package, which has a top-level
+ *   `import { DurableObject, env } from "cloudflare:workers"` and ships
+ *   shapes plugin-rsc marks as external). Externalized modules are loaded
+ *   via Node's native ESM loader, which rejects URL schemes.
+ *
+ * Registration is process-global and one-shot. The hook only intercepts
+ * `cloudflare:*` specifiers; everything else passes through via
+ * `nextResolve()`. It runs in a separate worker thread (Node ESM loader
+ * architecture), so it can't read the `globalThis[BUILD_ENV_GLOBAL_KEY]`
+ * bridge that the Vite transform uses — the stubs served here always
+ * return `env = {}`. That's fine because externalized libraries don't
+ * typically access `env` at module top level; user source (where real
+ * `env` matters at build time) flows through the Vite transform.
+ */
+let loaderHookRegistered = false;
+function ensureCloudflareProtocolLoaderRegistered(): void {
+  if (loaderHookRegistered) return;
+  loaderHookRegistered = true;
+  try {
+    register(
+      new URL("./plugins/cloudflare-protocol-loader-hook.mjs", import.meta.url),
+    );
+  } catch (err: any) {
+    // register() requires Node 18.19+ / 20.6+. Older Node still has the
+    // Vite transform as primary defense.
+    console.warn(
+      `[rango] Could not register Node ESM loader hook for cloudflare:* imports (${err?.message ?? err}). Falling back to Vite transform only.`,
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Temp Server Factory
+// ============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Outcome of getOrCreateTempServer. `env` is the temp RSC environment on
+ * success, else null with `error` carrying WHY the create/import failed — or
+ * null when createServer resolved cleanly but attached no runner (terminal, but
+ * not an exception). The dev /__rsc_shell endpoint runs `error` through the
+ * SAME reoptimization classifier the import sites use: only a transient Vite
+ * re-optimization is signalled NOT-READY (client re-polls); every terminal
+ * failure fails fast so the read-through MISSes immediately instead of
+ * re-polling a permanently-broken realm for the full readiness deadline
+ * (issue #719 P2).
+ */
+type TempServerResult = { env: any; error: unknown };
+
+/**
+ * Test-only one-shot boot-race injection (issue #719 P3). When
+ * RANGO_E2E_INJECT_SHELL_NOTREADY=1, the dev /__rsc_shell endpoint emits a
+ * single reoptimization-class NOT-READY per pathname before serving, so an e2e
+ * can drive the REAL endpoint + real client re-poll deterministically — a
+ * natural cold race settles too fast on quick machines to guard the regression.
+ * Keyed per pathname so the read-through's re-poll finds it already fired and
+ * gets the HIT. Never engaged without the env flag.
+ */
+const injectedShellNotReadyPaths = new Set<string>();
+
+/**
+ * Create a minimal Vite server for router discovery.
+ *
+ * Both dev-mode prerender and build-mode discovery need a temp RSC server
+ * to import user router files via module runner. This factory centralizes
+ * the shared config and the mode-specific differences:
+ * - Dev: path-based IDs (no forceBuild), separate cacheDir
+ * - Build: hashed IDs (forceBuild), hashClientRefs for production bundles
+ *
+ * Returns the ViteDevServer instance. Callers access .environments.rsc as needed.
+ */
+async function createTempRscServer(
+  state: DiscoveryState,
+  options: {
+    forceBuild?: boolean;
+    cacheDir?: string;
+    /**
+     * Serve the REAL rango SSR entry (getVirtualEntrySSR) for
+     * "virtual:entry-ssr" instead of the discovery stub, so the dev
+     * /__rsc_shell endpoint can drive captureShellHTML in this server's SSR
+     * realm. Dev-correct by construction: the entry's bootstrap resolves to
+     * plugin-rsc's stable virtual browser-entry URL, which the MAIN dev
+     * server serves to the browser. Loaded lazily — discovery never imports
+     * the SSR entry, so the temp server stays as light as before until a
+     * shell capture actually runs.
+     */
+    realSsrEntry?: boolean;
+  } = {},
+) {
+  // Install the Node ESM loader hook before any module evaluation so
+  // `cloudflare:*` specifiers in externalized/loader-delegated modules
+  // (e.g. packages plugin-rsc marks as external) resolve to stubs
+  // instead of crashing Node's native loader.
+  ensureCloudflareProtocolLoaderRegistered();
+  const { default: rsc } = await import("@vitejs/plugin-rsc");
+  // Mirror the user's resolution config + plugins so discovery (and the
+  // prerender/static rendering that shares this runner) resolves modules the
+  // same way the real environment does. Falls back to the legacy alias-only
+  // behavior if configResolved hasn't populated the parity slice yet.
+  const runnerConfig = state.userRunnerConfig;
+  const resolveConfig = runnerConfig?.resolve ?? {
+    alias: state.userResolveAlias,
+  };
+  const oxcConfig = runnerConfig?.oxc ?? {
+    jsx: { runtime: "automatic", importSource: "react" },
+  };
+  return createViteServer({
+    root: state.projectRoot,
+    configFile: false,
+    server: { middlewareMode: true },
+    appType: "custom",
+    logLevel: "silent",
+    resolve: resolveConfig,
+    ...(runnerConfig?.define ? { define: runnerConfig.define } : {}),
+    oxc: oxcConfig as any,
+    ...(options.cacheDir && { cacheDir: options.cacheDir }),
+    plugins: [
+      rsc({
+        entries: {
+          client: "virtual:entry-client",
+          ssr: "virtual:entry-ssr",
+          rsc: state.resolvedEntryPath!,
+        },
+      }),
+      // hashClientRefs only in build mode — production bundles need hashed refs
+      ...(options.forceBuild ? [hashClientRefs(state.projectRoot)] : []),
+      createVersionPlugin(),
+      // Before the stub plugin, so "virtual:entry-ssr" resolves to the real
+      // SSR entry when the shell endpoint needs it (see the option doc).
+      ...(options.realSsrEntry
+        ? [
+            {
+              name: "@rangojs/router:temp-real-ssr-entry",
+              enforce: "pre" as const,
+              resolveId(id: string) {
+                return id === "virtual:entry-ssr"
+                  ? "\0rango-temp-real-ssr-entry"
+                  : null;
+              },
+              load(id: string) {
+                return id === "\0rango-temp-real-ssr-entry"
+                  ? getVirtualEntrySSR(state.opts?.headScripts)
+                  : null;
+              },
+            } satisfies import("vite").Plugin,
+          ]
+        : []),
+      createVirtualStubPlugin(),
+      createCloudflareProtocolStubPlugin(),
+      // Dev prerender must use dev-mode IDs (path-based) to match the workerd
+      // runtime. forceBuild produces hashed IDs for production bundle consistency.
+      exposeInternalIds(options.forceBuild ? { forceBuild: true } : undefined),
+      exposeRouterId(),
+      // Forwarded user resolution plugins (e.g. vite-tsconfig-paths). Stripped
+      // to resolveId/load and placed last so framework resolution runs first;
+      // Vite re-sorts by `enforce`, so `enforce: "pre"` resolvers still lead.
+      ...state.userResolvePlugins,
+    ],
+  });
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Build-Time Env Resolution
+// ============================================================================
+
+import type {
+  BuildEnvOption,
+  BuildEnvFactoryContext,
+  BuildEnvResult,
+} from "./plugin-types.js";
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the buildEnv option into a concrete { env, dispose? } result.
+ * Handles all four input shapes: false, "auto", factory, plain object.
+ */
+async function resolveBuildEnv(
+  option: BuildEnvOption | undefined,
+  factoryCtx: BuildEnvFactoryContext,
+): Promise<BuildEnvResult | null> {
+  if (!option) return null;
+
+  if (option === "auto") {
+    if (factoryCtx.preset !== "cloudflare") {
+      throw new Error(
+        '[rango] buildEnv: "auto" is only supported with preset: "cloudflare". ' +
+          "Use a factory function or plain object for other presets.",
+      );
+    }
+    try {
+      // Resolve wrangler from the user's project root (not the router package)
+      const userRequire = createRequire(
+        resolve(factoryCtx.root, "package.json"),
+      );
+      const wranglerPath = userRequire.resolve("wrangler");
+      const { getPlatformProxy } = (await import(
+        pathToFileURL(wranglerPath).href
+      )) as {
+        getPlatformProxy: (opts?: any) => Promise<any>;
+      };
+      const proxy = await getPlatformProxy();
+      return {
+        env: proxy.env as Record<string, unknown>,
+        dispose: proxy.dispose,
+      };
+    } catch (err: any) {
+      throw new Error(
+        '[rango] buildEnv: "auto" requires wrangler to be installed.\n' +
+          `Install it with: pnpm add -D wrangler\n${err.message}`,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof option === "function") {
+    return await option(factoryCtx);
+  }
+
+  // Plain object
+  return { env: option };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Acquire build-time env bindings and store on discovery state.
+ * Returns true if env was acquired, false if buildEnv is disabled.
+ */
+async function acquireBuildEnv(
+  s: DiscoveryState,
+  command: "serve" | "build",
+  mode: string,
+): Promise<boolean> {
+  const option = s.opts?.buildEnv;
+  if (!option) return false;
+
+  const result = await resolveBuildEnv(option, {
+    root: s.projectRoot,
+    mode,
+    command,
+    preset: s.opts?.preset ?? "node",
+  });
+  if (!result) return false;
+
+  s.resolvedBuildEnv = result.env;
+  s.buildEnvDispose = result.dispose ?? null;
+  // Bridge the resolved env into `cloudflare:workers`'s stubbed `env`
+  // export so user code that does `import { env } from "cloudflare:workers"`
+  // sees the real bindings proxy during discovery + prerender instead of
+  // an empty object. The stub reads this global at module-evaluation time.
+  (globalThis as Record<string, unknown>)[BUILD_ENV_GLOBAL_KEY] = result.env;
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reset the per-build prerender collection state. A helper (not inline
+ * assignments in buildStart) so TS's property narrowing does not pin
+ * `s.shellCandidates` to `null` across the discovery call that repopulates
+ * it — the finally block re-reads it to decide the temp-server keep-alive.
+ */
+function resetPrerenderCollection(s: DiscoveryState): void {
+  s.prerenderManifestEntries = null;
+  s.staticManifestEntries = null;
+  s.shellCandidates = null;
+  s.prerenderPayloadValues = null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Release build-time env resources and clear state.
+ */
+async function releaseBuildEnv(s: DiscoveryState): Promise<void> {
+  if (s.buildEnvDispose) {
+    try {
+      await s.buildEnvDispose();
+    } catch (err: any) {
+      console.warn(`[rango] buildEnv dispose failed: ${err.message}`);
+    }
+    s.buildEnvDispose = null;
+  }
+  s.resolvedBuildEnv = undefined;
+  delete (globalThis as Record<string, unknown>)[BUILD_ENV_GLOBAL_KEY];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Plugin that discovers router instances at dev/build time via the RSC environment.
+ *
+ * Uses `server.environments.rsc.runner.import()` to load the user's router file
+ * with full TS/TSX compilation. This triggers `createRouter()` which populates
+ * the `RouterRegistry`. The plugin then generates manifests for each router.
+ *
+ * In dev mode, this runs in `configureServer` (post-middleware setup).
+ * In build mode, this will run in `buildStart` (future).
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export function createRouterDiscoveryPlugin(
+  entryPath: string | undefined,
+  opts?: PluginOptions,
+): Plugin {
+  const s = createDiscoveryState(entryPath, opts);
+  let viteCommand: "serve" | "build" = "build";
+  let viteMode = "production";
+
+  return {
+    name: "@rangojs/router:discovery",
+
+    // Make INTERNAL_RANGO_DEBUG reach the CLIENT debug logs by just setting the
+    // env var. See injectClientDebugFlag: bakes the resolved flag into the
+    // internal-debug module so FE debug no longer depends on Vite delivering the
+    // `__RANGO_DEBUG__` define to the client (which it does only as an injected
+    // global whose presence varies across consumer setups). Runs in dev and build.
+    transform(_code, id) {
+      return injectClientDebugFlag(id);
+    },
+
+    configResolved(config) {
+      s.projectRoot = config.root;
+      // Compile the optional discovery scan filter (glob include/exclude) now
+      // that the project root is known. findRouterFiles() below — and the
+      // build/HMR rediscovery paths — honor s.scanFilter.
+      s.scanFilter = opts?.discovery
+        ? createScanFilter(s.projectRoot, opts.discovery)
+        : undefined;
+      s.isBuildMode = config.command === "build";
+      viteCommand = config.command as "serve" | "build";
+      viteMode = config.mode;
+      // Capture user's resolve aliases for the temp server
+      s.userResolveAlias = config.resolve.alias;
+      // Capture the data-only resolution config (resolve.*, define, oxc) and
+      // the user's resolution plugins (resolveId/load) so the discovery temp
+      // server resolves modules the same way the real environment does.
+      // Without this, both flavors of user resolution are absent during
+      // discovery/prerender/static rendering even though they apply at request
+      // time: third-party resolvers (e.g. vite-tsconfig-paths, forwarded as
+      // plugins) and Vite 8's native resolve.tsconfigPaths (forwarded in the
+      // data slice). See utils/forward-user-plugins.ts.
+      s.userRunnerConfig = pickForwardedRunnerConfig(config);
+      s.userResolvePlugins = selectForwardableResolvePlugins(
+        config.plugins as any,
+      );
+      // Node preset: pick up auto-discovered router path from the config() hook.
+      // The auto-discover plugin runs in config() using Vite's resolved root,
+      // populating the mutable ref before configResolved fires.
+      if (!s.resolvedEntryPath && opts?.routerPathRef?.path) {
+        s.resolvedEntryPath = opts.routerPathRef.path;
+      }
+      // Cloudflare preset: entry comes from the resolved RSC env config.
+      if (!s.resolvedEntryPath) {
+        const entry = resolveRscEntryFromConfig(config);
+        if (entry) s.resolvedEntryPath = entry;
+      }
+      // Generate combined named-routes.gen.ts from static source parsing.
+      // Runs before the dev server starts so the gen file exists immediately for IDE.
+      // In build mode, the runtime discovery in buildStart produces the definitive
+      // named-routes.gen.ts (including dynamically generated routes).
+      // preserveIfLarger prevents overwriting a previously generated complete
+      // file with a partial one.
+      if (opts?.staticRouteTypesGeneration !== false) {
+        s.cachedRouterFiles = findRouterFiles(s.projectRoot, s.scanFilter);
+        writeCombinedRouteTypesWithTracking(s, { preserveIfLarger: true });
+      }
+      // Resolve prerenderHandlerModules and staticHandlerModules from the consolidated IDs plugin's API.
+      if (opts?.enableBuildPrerender) {
+        const idsPlugin = config.plugins.find(
+          (p: any) => p.name === "@rangojs/router:expose-internal-ids",
+        );
+        s.resolvedPrerenderModules = (
+          idsPlugin?.api as any
+        )?.prerenderHandlerModules;
+        s.resolvedStaticModules = (idsPlugin?.api as any)?.staticHandlerModules;
+      }
+    },
+
+    // Dev mode: discover routers and populate manifest in memory.
+    // Skipped in build mode (buildStart handles it).
+    configureServer(server) {
+      if (s.isBuildMode) return;
+      // Skip if this is a temp server created by buildStart
+      if ((globalThis as any).__rscRouterDiscoveryActive) return;
+      s.devServer = server;
+
+      // Serve the internal-debug module no-cache: consumers resolve it into
+      // node_modules, where dev's immutable `?v=` caching pinned browsers to a
+      // stale baked INTERNAL_RANGO_DEBUG. See internalDebugNoCacheMiddleware.
+      server.middlewares.use(internalDebugNoCacheMiddleware());
+
+      // Discovery promise that the handler can await if requests arrive
+      // before discovery completes
+      let resolveDiscovery: () => void;
+      const discoveryPromise = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+        resolveDiscovery = resolve;
+      });
+
+      // Manifest-readiness gate + rediscovery scheduler.
+      // The virtual:rsc-router/routes-manifest module's `load()` hook
+      // awaits `s.discoveryDone`; the gate is reset on each discovery
+      // cycle so workerd's HMR reloads block until the new gen file is
+      // written. State machine + transitions are extracted into
+      // ./discovery/gate-state.ts and unit-tested there — see the
+      // module's JSDoc for the four-flag contract.
+      const gate = createDiscoveryGate(s, debugDiscovery);
+      const beginDiscoveryGate = gate.beginGate;
+      const resolveDiscoveryGate = gate.resolveGate;
+
+      // Compute dev server origin from resolved URLs (preferred) or config port (fallback).
+      // Called after discovery (or in the load hook) when the server may be listening.
+      const getDevServerOrigin = () =>
+        server.resolvedUrls?.local?.[0]?.replace(/\/$/, "") ||
+        `http://localhost:${server.config.server.port || 5173}`;
+
+      // Shared temp server for Cloudflare dev (no module runner in workerd).
+      // Used by both discover() (route type generation) and the prerender
+      // middleware (on-demand prerender evaluation). Created lazily, closed on
+      // server shutdown.
+      let prerenderTempServer: any = null;
+      let prerenderNodeRegistry: Map<string, any> | null = null;
+
+      // Clean up the temporary server and build env when the dev server shuts down
+      server.httpServer?.on("close", () => {
+        if (prerenderTempServer) {
+          prerenderTempServer.close().catch(() => {});
+          prerenderTempServer = null;
+        }
+        releaseBuildEnv(s).catch(() => {});
+      });
+
+      // Mirror the build-path contract (the buildStart hook below, which sets
+      // __rscRouterDiscoveryActive before running user modules):
+      // set __rscRouterDiscoveryActive before running user modules so any
+      // module-level router.reverse() calls return a placeholder instead
+      // of throwing. The temp Vite server's module runner has its own
+      // module context; the flag must be on globalThis to cross that
+      // boundary. Cleared in finally so the dev request handlers run with
+      // strict reverse() semantics afterwards.
+      async function importEntryAndRegistry(tempRscEnv: any): Promise<void> {
+        const flagAlreadySet = !!(globalThis as any).__rscRouterDiscoveryActive;
+        if (!flagAlreadySet) {
+          (globalThis as any).__rscRouterDiscoveryActive = true;
+        }
+        try {
+          debugDiscovery?.(
+            "importEntryAndRegistry: importing entry (flag=%s)",
+            (globalThis as any).__rscRouterDiscoveryActive ?? false,
+          );
+          await tempRscEnv.runner.import(s.resolvedEntryPath!);
+          debugDiscovery?.(
+            "importEntryAndRegistry: entry import OK, fetching RouterRegistry",
+          );
+          const serverMod = await tempRscEnv.runner.import(
+            "@rangojs/router/server",
+          );
+          prerenderNodeRegistry = serverMod.RouterRegistry;
+          debugDiscovery?.(
+            "importEntryAndRegistry: registry size=%d",
+            prerenderNodeRegistry?.size ?? 0,
+          );
+        } finally {
+          if (!flagAlreadySet) {
+            delete (globalThis as any).__rscRouterDiscoveryActive;
+            debugDiscovery?.(
+              "importEntryAndRegistry: cleared __rscRouterDiscoveryActive",
+            );
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      async function getOrCreateTempServer(): Promise<TempServerResult> {
+        // Reuse path: if a temp server is already alive, prefer reusing
+        // it over orphaning the existing instance and spinning up a new
+        // one. This handles two cases:
+        //
+        //   1. Steady-state cache hit (cold-start completed, registry
+        //      cached) — return the env immediately.
+        //   2. Recovery from a failed refresh: refreshTempRscEnv() may
+        //      have invalidated and nulled the registry, then thrown
+        //      during importEntryAndRegistry. Without reuse, the next
+        //      call would `createTempRscServer` and overwrite the
+        //      handle, leaking the previous server. Try to re-import on
+        //      the existing runner first; only if THAT fails do we
+        //      close the orphan and create new.
+        if (prerenderTempServer) {
+          const existingEnv = (prerenderTempServer.environments as any)?.rsc;
+          if (existingEnv?.runner) {
+            if (prerenderNodeRegistry) {
+              debugDiscovery?.(
+                "getOrCreateTempServer: cached temp runner reused",
+              );
+              return { env: existingEnv, error: null };
+            }
+            // Server alive but registry missing — likely after a prior
+            // refresh's invalidate + import threw. Try to re-import.
+            debugDiscovery?.(
+              "getOrCreateTempServer: server alive but registry missing — re-importing",
+            );
+            try {
+              await importEntryAndRegistry(existingEnv);
+              return { env: existingEnv, error: null };
+            } catch (err: any) {
+              debugDiscovery?.(
+                "getOrCreateTempServer: reuse import failed (%s) — closing orphan and creating fresh",
+                err?.message ?? String(err),
+              );
+              await prerenderTempServer.close().catch(() => {});
+              prerenderTempServer = null;
+              prerenderNodeRegistry = null;
+              // Fall through to create-new path below.
+            }
+          } else {
+            // Server reference exists but its rsc env is unhealthy
+            // (no runner). Close and recreate.
+            debugDiscovery?.(
+              "getOrCreateTempServer: existing server has no rsc.runner — closing and recreating",
+            );
+            await prerenderTempServer.close().catch(() => {});
+            prerenderTempServer = null;
+            prerenderNodeRegistry = null;
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Create path: no existing temp server (or just nullified above).
+        debugDiscovery?.(
+          "getOrCreateTempServer: creating new temp server, entry=%s",
+          s.resolvedEntryPath ?? "(unset)",
+        );
+        // Surface the create/import cause to the caller (issue #719 P2): a
+        // transient re-optimization is re-pollable, a terminal fault is not. A
+        // clean createServer that yields no runner leaves this null — terminal,
+        // but not an exception.
+        let createError: unknown = null;
+        try {
+          prerenderTempServer = await createTempRscServer(s, {
+            cacheDir: "node_modules/.vite_prerender",
+            // The dev /__rsc_shell endpoint drives captureShellHTML in this
+            // server's SSR realm; the entry is only imported when a shell
+            // capture runs, so discovery cost is unchanged.
+            realSsrEntry: true,
+          });
+
+          const tempRscEnv = (prerenderTempServer.environments as any)?.rsc;
+          if (tempRscEnv?.runner) {
+            await importEntryAndRegistry(tempRscEnv);
+            return { env: tempRscEnv, error: null };
+          }
+          debugDiscovery?.(
+            "getOrCreateTempServer: tempRscEnv.runner unavailable",
+          );
+        } catch (err: any) {
+          createError = err;
+          debugDiscovery?.(
+            "getOrCreateTempServer: FAILED message=%s",
+            err.message,
+          );
+          console.warn(`[rango] Failed to create temp runner: ${err.message}`);
+        }
+        // Reached only on failure (runner unavailable, or create/import threw
+        // AFTER the server was created). Close the just-created server so a
+        // failed discovery does not leak it until the next call or dev shutdown,
+        // and null the refs so the reuse path above starts clean. Mirrors the
+        // close pattern used when an existing server is discarded (above).
+        await prerenderTempServer?.close().catch(() => {});
+        prerenderTempServer = null;
+        prerenderNodeRegistry = null;
+        return { env: null, error: createError };
+      }
+
+      // Clear the package-level singleton registries that survive a Vite
+      // moduleGraph.invalidateAll(). createRouter() / createHostRouter()
+      // call .set(id, ...) on these Maps; for "router removed" or
+      // "router id changed" edits, the OLD entry would persist after
+      // re-import without an explicit .clear(), leaving ghost routes
+      // in discoverRouters' output.
+      //
+      // We import the same module the runner imports, so the .clear()
+      // here mutates the same Map the freshly re-imported entry will
+      // populate.
+      async function clearTempRegistries(tempRscEnv: any): Promise<void> {
+        try {
+          const serverMod = await tempRscEnv.runner.import(
+            "@rangojs/router/server",
+          );
+          if (typeof serverMod?.RouterRegistry?.clear === "function") {
+            serverMod.RouterRegistry.clear();
+          }
+          if (typeof serverMod?.HostRouterRegistry?.clear === "function") {
+            serverMod.HostRouterRegistry.clear();
+          }
+          debugDiscovery?.(
+            "clearTempRegistries: cleared RouterRegistry + HostRouterRegistry",
+          );
+        } catch (err: any) {
+          // Non-fatal: if the import fails here, importEntryAndRegistry
+          // below will fail loudly with the same root cause and the
+          // caller will surface it.
+          debugDiscovery?.(
+            "clearTempRegistries: import @rangojs/router/server failed (%s)",
+            err?.message ?? String(err),
+          );
+        }
+      }
+
+      // HMR refresh: keep the temp Vite server alive across HMR cycles and
+      // invalidate its module graph instead of close+recreate. Closing the
+      // temp server during workerd's first post-cold-start module-fetch
+      // window disrupted the main dev server's transport — the user-visible
+      // symptom was a `transport was disconnected, cannot call "fetchModule"`
+      // error on the first urls.tsx edit (workerd's cache was cold, so its
+      // eval was still in flight when our close() ran). Module-graph
+      // invalidation is the architecturally cleaner refresh: same Vite
+      // instance, same transport, fresh source.
+      //
+      // Falls back to close+recreate when neither the env-level nor
+      // server-level moduleGraph exposes invalidateAll() (defensive — Vite
+      // versions / preset configurations may differ in which graph carries
+      // the module-runner cache).
+      async function refreshTempRscEnv(): Promise<any | null> {
+        const tempRscEnv = (await getOrCreateTempServer()).env;
+        if (!tempRscEnv) return null;
+
+        // Module-runner cache is on the per-environment graph in Vite 6+;
+        // older / non-environments setups carry it on the server graph.
+        // Try env first, server second.
+        const envGraph = (tempRscEnv as any).moduleGraph;
+        const serverGraph = (prerenderTempServer as any)?.moduleGraph;
+        const target = envGraph?.invalidateAll
+          ? envGraph
+          : serverGraph?.invalidateAll
+            ? serverGraph
+            : null;
+
+        if (!target) {
+          // No invalidate method available — fall back to close+recreate.
+          // This preserves the previous behavior in case a Vite version
+          // doesn't expose invalidateAll on either graph.
+          debugDiscovery?.(
+            "refreshTempRscEnv: invalidateAll unavailable on env+server graphs, falling back to close+recreate",
+          );
+          if (prerenderTempServer) {
+            await prerenderTempServer.close().catch(() => {});
+            prerenderTempServer = null;
+            prerenderNodeRegistry = null;
+          }
+          return (await getOrCreateTempServer()).env;
+        }
+
+        debugDiscovery?.(
+          "refreshTempRscEnv: invalidating module graph (%s)",
+          envGraph?.invalidateAll ? "env" : "server",
+        );
+        target.invalidateAll();
+        // Drop the cached registry so importEntryAndRegistry re-reads it
+        // through the now-invalidated module runner.
+        prerenderNodeRegistry = null;
+        // Clear singleton Maps that Vite's moduleGraph invalidation can't
+        // reach (RouterRegistry / HostRouterRegistry). Without this, an
+        // edit that REMOVES a createRouter() call or CHANGES a router id
+        // would leave the old entry in the registry, and discoverRouters
+        // would still emit its routes alongside whatever the new source
+        // declares.
+        await clearTempRegistries(tempRscEnv);
+        await importEntryAndRegistry(tempRscEnv);
+        return tempRscEnv;
+      }
+
+      // Surface a discovery failure on either dev path (Node RSC runner or the
+      // Cloudflare temp Node server). `hashBefore`/`hashAfter` are the discovering
+      // environment's dep-optimizer browserHash snapshots: a change across the
+      // attempt means a reload-causing re-optimization landed mid-flight, so an
+      // empty registry was the transient race (downgraded to a warning) rather
+      // than a genuine misconfig (loud, actionable error). Shared so both catch
+      // sites frame the same failure identically.
+      const emitDiscoveryFailure = (
+        err: unknown,
+        hashBefore: string | undefined,
+        hashAfter: string | undefined,
+      ): void => {
+        const reoptimizeObserved =
+          hashBefore !== undefined &&
+          hashAfter !== undefined &&
+          hashBefore !== hashAfter;
+        const report = describeDiscoveryFailure(err, { reoptimizeObserved });
+        if (report.level === "warn") {
+          console.warn(report.message);
+        } else {
+          console.error(report.message);
+        }
+      };
+
+      const discover = async () => {
+        const discoverStart = performance.now();
+        const rscEnv = (server.environments as any)?.rsc;
+        if (!rscEnv?.runner) {
+          // Cloudflare dev: no module runner available (workerd-based RSC env).
+          // Set devServerOrigin so the virtual module can inject __PRERENDER_DEV_URL
+          // for on-demand prerender via the /__rsc_prerender endpoint.
+          debugDiscovery?.(
+            "dev: cloudflare path start, __rscRouterDiscoveryActive=%s",
+            (globalThis as any).__rscRouterDiscoveryActive ?? false,
+          );
+          s.devServerOrigin = getDevServerOrigin();
+
+          // Create a temp Node.js server to run runtime discovery and generate
+          // named route types (static parser can't resolve factory calls).
+          // The temp server is a separate Vite instance with its own dep
+          // optimizer; snapshot ITS browserHash (hoisted so the catch can tell a
+          // transient re-optimization apart from a genuine empty registry, the
+          // same way the Node path below does).
+          let tempRscEnv: any;
+          let optimizerHashBefore: string | undefined;
+          try {
+            // Acquire build-time env bindings for dev prerender
+            await timed(debugDiscovery, "acquireBuildEnv", () =>
+              acquireBuildEnv(s, viteCommand, viteMode),
+            );
+
+            tempRscEnv = (
+              await timed(debugDiscovery, "getOrCreateTempServer", () =>
+                getOrCreateTempServer(),
+              )
+            ).env;
+            if (tempRscEnv) {
+              optimizerHashBefore =
+                tempRscEnv.depsOptimizer?.metadata?.browserHash;
+              await timed(debugDiscovery, "discoverRouters (cloudflare)", () =>
+                discoverRouters(s, tempRscEnv),
+              );
+              timedSync(debugDiscovery, "writeRouteTypesFiles", () =>
+                writeRouteTypesFiles(s),
+              );
+            }
+          } catch (err: any) {
+            emitDiscoveryFailure(
+              err,
+              optimizerHashBefore,
+              tempRscEnv?.depsOptimizer?.metadata?.browserHash,
+            );
+          }
+
+          debugDiscovery?.(
+            "dev discovery done (%sms)",
+            (performance.now() - discoverStart).toFixed(1),
+          );
+          resolveDiscovery!();
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // Snapshot the dep-optimizer hash before discovery so the catch can tell
+        // a transient re-optimization race apart from a genuine empty registry.
+        // A reload-causing re-optimization regenerates browserHash; if it changed
+        // across the attempt, an empty read was almost certainly the race below.
+        const optimizerHashBefore: string | undefined =
+          rscEnv.depsOptimizer?.metadata?.browserHash;
+
+        try {
+          // Acquire build-time env bindings for dev prerender (Node.js path)
+          debugDiscovery?.("dev: node path start");
+          await timed(debugDiscovery, "acquireBuildEnv", () =>
+            acquireBuildEnv(s, viteCommand, viteMode),
+          );
+
+          // Discover routers FIRST, then arm the manifest-readiness gate on the
+          // server module discovery actually read the registry from.
+          //
+          // We deliberately do NOT pre-import "@rangojs/router/server" before the
+          // entry to arm the gate early. During a Vite dependency re-optimization
+          // (dev boot after a lockfile change, or `vite dev --force`), a module
+          // imported here before the entry resolves to the pre-optimize copy of
+          // the runner's module graph, while discoverRouters' entry import — which
+          // awaits the in-flight re-optimization — resolves to the post-optimize
+          // copy. createRouter() then populates RouterRegistry on the fresh copy,
+          // but a stale pre-imported "@rangojs/router/server" reads the other
+          // copy's empty Map and discovery throws a spurious "No routers found"
+          // even though the app is configured correctly. discoverRouters imports
+          // the entry first and reads the registry off the same instance, keeping
+          // read and write on one copy. The virtual manifest module's own gate
+          // (s.discoveryDone, armed by beginDiscoveryGate) already blocks early
+          // requests during discovery on the Node path, so arming
+          // manifestReadyPromise after discovery is sufficient here.
+          const serverMod = await timed(debugDiscovery, "discoverRouters", () =>
+            discoverRouters(s, rscEnv),
+          );
+          if (serverMod?.setManifestReadyPromise) {
+            serverMod.setManifestReadyPromise(discoveryPromise);
+          }
+
+          // Store server origin for dev prerender endpoint (virtual module injection)
+          s.devServerOrigin = getDevServerOrigin();
+
+          // Update named-routes.gen.ts from runtime discovery.
+          // The runtime manifest is the source of truth: it evaluates dynamic
+          // routes (e.g. Array.from loops) that the static parser cannot see.
+          // writeRouteTypesFiles() only writes when content changes, so this
+          // won't cause unnecessary HMR triggers.
+          timedSync(debugDiscovery, "writeRouteTypesFiles", () =>
+            writeRouteTypesFiles(s),
+          );
+
+          // Populate the route map and per-router data in the RSC env
+          await timed(debugDiscovery, "propagateDiscoveryState", () =>
+            propagateDiscoveryState(rscEnv),
+          );
+        } catch (err: any) {
+          emitDiscoveryFailure(
+            err,
+            optimizerHashBefore,
+            rscEnv.depsOptimizer?.metadata?.browserHash,
+          );
+        } finally {
+          debugDiscovery?.(
+            "dev discovery done (%sms)",
+            (performance.now() - discoverStart).toFixed(1),
+          );
+          resolveDiscovery!();
+        }
+      };
+
+      // Schedule after all plugins have finished configureServer.
+      // The gate (s.discoveryDone) is reset via beginDiscoveryGate() and
+      // resolved when discover() finishes, so the virtual manifest module's
+      // load() awaits the populated state.
+      beginDiscoveryGate();
+      setTimeout(
+        () => discover().then(resolveDiscoveryGate, resolveDiscoveryGate),
+        0,
+      );
+
+      // Dev-mode on-demand prerender endpoint.
+      // When workerd hits a prerender route, it fetches this endpoint instead of
+      // trying to run node:fs-dependent handlers in the Cloudflare environment.
+      //
+      // Node.js preset: uses the main server's RSC environment directly (router
+      // instances are already discovered and have matchForPrerender).
+      // Cloudflare preset: lazily creates a Node.js temp server because the main
+      // RSC environment uses workerd where node:fs can't access the host filesystem.
+
+      // Registry from the main server's RSC environment (populated by discoverRouters)
+      let mainRegistry: Map<string, any> | null = null;
+
+      // Memoized /__rsc_prerender render results, keyed by router-instance
+      // identity (#654). The per-request entry re-import below is what makes
+      // identity a valid freshness key: an HMR-invalidated chain re-runs
+      // createRouter() and replaces the registry instance, so cached bodies
+      // for the old instance become unreachable; an untouched chain returns
+      // the same instance and the cached body is byte-identical to a fresh
+      // render. See dev-prerender-cache.ts for the full invariant.
+      const devPrerenderCache = createDevPrerenderCache();
+
+      // Push discovery state (manifest, trie, precomputed entries) to the
+      // server module so runtime request handling uses the current routes.
+      // Shared by initial discovery and HMR-triggered re-discovery.
+      const propagateDiscoveryState = async (rscEnv: any) => {
+        const serverMod = await rscEnv.runner.import("@rangojs/router/server");
+        if (!serverMod) return;
+        // Clear stale per-router and global route data before repopulating.
+        // Without this, removed routers/routes survive in the per-router maps
+        // and shrunk precomputed entries or tries are never purged.
+        if (serverMod.clearAllRouterData) {
+          serverMod.clearAllRouterData();
+        }
+        mainRegistry = serverMod.RouterRegistry ?? null;
+        if (s.mergedRouteManifest && serverMod.setCachedManifest) {
+          serverMod.setCachedManifest(s.mergedRouteManifest);
+        }
+        if (
+          s.mergedPrecomputedEntries &&
+          s.mergedPrecomputedEntries.length > 0 &&
+          serverMod.setPrecomputedEntries
+        ) {
+          serverMod.setPrecomputedEntries(s.mergedPrecomputedEntries);
+        }
+        if (s.mergedRouteTrie && serverMod.setRouteTrie) {
+          serverMod.setRouteTrie(s.mergedRouteTrie);
+        }
+        const perRouterSetters: Array<[Map<string, any>, string]> = [
+          [s.perRouterManifestDataMap, "setRouterManifest"],
+          [s.perRouterTrieMap, "setRouterTrie"],
+          [s.perRouterPrecomputedMap, "setRouterPrecomputedEntries"],
+        ];
+        for (const [map, fn] of perRouterSetters) {
+          const setter = serverMod[fn];
+          if (typeof setter !== "function") continue;
+          for (const [routerId, value] of map) setter(routerId, value);
+        }
+      };
+
+      server.middlewares.use("/__rsc_prerender", async (req: any, res: any) => {
+        const reqStart = debugDev ? performance.now() : 0;
+        const logResult = (status: number, note: string) => {
+          debugDev?.(
+            "/__rsc_prerender %s -> %d %s (%sms)",
+            req.url,
+            status,
+            note,
+            (performance.now() - reqStart).toFixed(1),
+          );
+        };
+
+        if (s.discoveryDone) await s.discoveryDone;
+
+        const url = new URL(req.url || "/", "http://localhost");
+        const pathname = url.searchParams.get("pathname");
+        if (!pathname) {
+          res.statusCode = 400;
+          res.end("Missing pathname");
+          logResult(400, "missing pathname");
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // Import the user's entry module to force re-evaluation of any
+        // HMR-invalidated modules in the chain (entry → router → urls → handlers).
+        // This ensures createRouter() re-runs with updated handler code before
+        // we read RouterRegistry. Without this, edits to prerender handler files
+        // produce stale content because the old router instance remains registered.
+        const rscEnv = (server.environments as any)?.rsc;
+        let registry: Map<string, any> | null = null;
+        if (rscEnv?.runner && s.resolvedEntryPath) {
+          try {
+            await rscEnv.runner.import(s.resolvedEntryPath);
+            const serverMod = await rscEnv.runner.import(
+              "@rangojs/router/server",
+            );
+            registry = serverMod.RouterRegistry ?? null;
+          } catch (err: any) {
+            console.warn(
+              `[rango] Dev prerender module refresh failed: ${err.message}`,
+            );
+            res.statusCode = 500;
+            res.end(`Prerender handler error: ${err.message}`);
+            logResult(500, "module refresh failed");
+            return;
+          }
+        } else {
+          registry = mainRegistry;
+        }
+
+        if (!registry) {
+          // No main registry: the RSC env has no module runner (Cloudflare dev).
+          // Lazily create a Node.js temp server for prerender evaluation, and
+          // re-import the entry through it on EVERY request — the temp server
+          // has its own file watcher, so a handler-only edit (a file without
+          // urls()/createRouter() that the main watcher's route-file sniff
+          // ignores) invalidates its module graph; the re-import re-evaluates
+          // exactly the dirty subgraph and re-registers fresh router
+          // instances. Before #654 the cached registry was only refreshed on
+          // route-file edits, so handler-only edits served stale prerender
+          // content on this path. Warm-cache re-imports are module-cache hits.
+          const tempRscEnv = (await getOrCreateTempServer()).env;
+          if (tempRscEnv) {
+            try {
+              await importEntryAndRegistry(tempRscEnv);
+            } catch (err: any) {
+              console.warn(
+                `[rango] Dev prerender module refresh failed: ${err.message}`,
+              );
+              res.statusCode = 500;
+              res.end(`Prerender handler error: ${err.message}`);
+              logResult(500, "temp module refresh failed");
+              return;
+            }
+          }
+          registry = prerenderNodeRegistry;
+        }
+
+        if (!registry || registry.size === 0) {
+          res.statusCode = 503;
+          res.end("Prerender runner not available");
+          logResult(503, "no registry");
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const wantIntercept = url.searchParams.get("intercept") === "1";
+        const wantRouteName = url.searchParams.get("routeName");
+        const wantPassthrough = url.searchParams.get("passthrough") === "1";
+
+        // One render warms BOTH variant keys (matchForPrerender computes the
+        // intercept segments unconditionally), so a route's main and modal
+        // variants cost a single render per HMR generation.
+        const variantDims = {
+          passthrough: wantPassthrough,
+          routeName: wantRouteName,
+        };
+        const keyMain = devPrerenderCacheKey(pathname, {
+          intercept: false,
+          ...variantDims,
+        });
+        const keyIntercept = devPrerenderCacheKey(pathname, {
+          intercept: true,
+          ...variantDims,
+        });
+        const requestedKey = wantIntercept ? keyIntercept : keyMain;
+
+        for (const [, routerInstance] of registry) {
+          if (!routerInstance.matchForPrerender) continue;
+          // Cache is consulted per router IN LOOP ORDER so multi-router
+          // fall-through semantics are identical to the uncached path: a
+          // router that never produced a payload for this key still runs
+          // its matchForPrerender (cheap trie miss / intentionally-uncached
+          // error retry) before the next router is considered.
+          const cached = devPrerenderCache.get(routerInstance, requestedKey);
+          if (cached !== undefined) {
+            res.setHeader("content-type", "application/json");
+            res.setHeader("x-rango-prerender-cache", "HIT");
+            res.end(cached);
+            logResult(200, "cache hit");
+            return;
+          }
+          try {
+            const result = await routerInstance.matchForPrerender(
+              pathname,
+              {},
+              undefined,
+              wantPassthrough,
+              s.resolvedBuildEnv,
+              true, // devMode: check getParams for passthrough routes
+            );
+            if (!result) continue;
+            if (result.passthrough) continue;
+            // When routeName is specified, only accept a match for that route.
+            // This prevents returning the wrong entry when multiple routers
+            // have prerenderable routes sharing the same pathname.
+            if (wantRouteName && result.routeName !== wantRouteName) continue;
+            // Pre-encoded MERGED handle string in the intercept body comes
+            // from the producer (handles are Flight-encoded so
+            // Promise/ReactNode values survive the wire).
+            const bodies = payloadBodiesFromResult(result);
+            devPrerenderCache.set(routerInstance, keyMain, bodies.main);
+            devPrerenderCache.set(
+              routerInstance,
+              keyIntercept,
+              bodies.intercept,
+            );
+            res.setHeader("content-type", "application/json");
+            res.setHeader("x-rango-prerender-cache", "MISS");
+            res.end(wantIntercept ? bodies.intercept : bodies.main);
+            logResult(200, `match ${result.routeName}`);
+            return;
+          } catch (err: any) {
+            // matchForPrerender now re-throws render failures instead of baking
+            // an error page (issue #587). In dev there is no frozen artifact, so
+            // we fall through (404 -> live handler). A `throw new Skip()` is the
+            // expected "skip this URL" signal, not a failure, so it stays quiet.
+            if (err?.name !== "Skip") {
+              console.warn(
+                `[rango] Dev prerender error for ${pathname} (serving live instead): ${err.message}`,
+              );
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        res.statusCode = 404;
+        res.end("No prerender match");
+        logResult(404, "no match");
+      });
+
+      // Dev on-demand PPR shell production (producer B, #699). There is no
+      // build manifest in dev, so the serve path's read-through
+      // (rsc/shell-build-manifest.ts) fetches the shell entry from here on a
+      // Prerender+ppr route's first request — dev serves x-rango-shell: HIT
+      // from request one, mirroring production. Memoized per router HMR
+      // generation AND per caller version (a client-module edit bumps the
+      // version without rotating the router instance; the stale entry would
+      // fail the serve gate forever). The endpoint is policy-free: the caller
+      // (the serve gate, which resolved the route's ppr option) sends
+      // ttl/swr/tags/version. Only prerender-backed routes produce entries —
+      // the /__rsc_prerender pre-flight below both warms the payload memo the
+      // capture's dev store fetch will hit AND refuses non-prerenderable
+      // routes (a live-handler render must never be served as a baked shell).
+      server.middlewares.use("/__rsc_shell", async (req: any, res: any) => {
+        await s.discoveryDone;
+        const url = new URL(req.url ?? "", "http://localhost");
+        const pathname = url.searchParams.get("pathname");
+        const routeName = url.searchParams.get("routeName");
+        const version = url.searchParams.get("version");
+        // ttl is required like the identifiers: the endpoint is policy-free
+        // (the serve gate resolved the route's ppr option and always sends
+        // it), so there is deliberately no default to drift from
+        // resolvePprConfig's.
+        const ttlRaw = url.searchParams.get("ttl");
+        if (!pathname || !routeName || !version || !ttlRaw) {
+          res.statusCode = 400;
+          res.end("Missing pathname/routeName/version/ttl");
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // Boot-race readiness signal (issue #719): the capture realm is stood
+        // up lazily on the first hit (temp server, registry import, and a Vite
+        // dep re-optimization the first shell-capture import can trigger). All
+        // are TRANSIENT — a retry seconds later succeeds. Tagging them 503 +
+        // x-rango-shell-dev: NOT-READY lets the read-through re-poll ONLY these
+        // (a bounded await of readiness) instead of mapping the boot window to
+        // a hard first-request MISS. Genuine negatives (404) stay untagged so a
+        // non-baked route never stalls the foreground.
+        const sendNotReady = (detail: string): void => {
+          res.statusCode = 503;
+          res.setHeader("x-rango-shell-dev", "NOT-READY");
+          res.end(detail);
+        };
+        // A Vite dependency re-optimization surfaces as ERR_OUTDATED_OPTIMIZED_DEP
+        // (import throws once, then re-imports clean) — retryable, unlike a real
+        // module fault (syntax error, missing export), which stays a hard 500.
+        // The message-regex fallback is NOT gratuitous: err.code is stripped when
+        // the error serializes across the module-runner/workerd RPC boundary (the
+        // message survives), so under the Cloudflare preset .code alone misses it.
+        const isReoptimizing = (err: any): boolean =>
+          err?.code === "ERR_OUTDATED_OPTIMIZED_DEP" ||
+          /Outdated Optimize Dep|optimized dependency|new dependencies optimized/i.test(
+            String(err?.message ?? ""),
+          );
+        // Fold the reoptimize-guard pasted at all three import/capture catch
+        // sites: emit NOT-READY + report handled for a transient re-optimization,
+        // else leave the caller to send its own terminal (500 for an entry
+        // import, 404 for a mid-capture failure that keeps runtime capture).
+        const handledAsReoptimizing = (err: any): boolean => {
+          if (!isReoptimizing(err)) return false;
+          sendNotReady(`Shell capture re-optimizing: ${err.message}`);
+          return true;
+        };
+        // Both entry-import sites (main-server rsc env, temp Node server) fail
+        // identically: reoptimize → NOT-READY, else → hard 500.
+        const handleShellImportError = (err: any): void => {
+          if (handledAsReoptimizing(err)) return;
+          res.statusCode = 500;
+          res.end(`Shell capture module refresh failed: ${err.message}`);
+        };
+        // Deterministic boot-race injection for e2e (issue #719 P3): fire ONE
+        // reopt-class NOT-READY per pathname through the REAL classifier so the
+        // read-through's re-poll path is exercised end-to-end (not just the
+        // unit-mocked fetch), then serve normally on the re-poll. Env-gated —
+        // inert in every non-test run.
+        if (
+          process.env.RANGO_E2E_INJECT_SHELL_NOTREADY === "1" &&
+          !injectedShellNotReadyPaths.has(pathname)
+        ) {
+          injectedShellNotReadyPaths.add(pathname);
+          const injected = Object.assign(
+            new Error("Outdated Optimize Dep (injected boot-race)"),
+            { code: "ERR_OUTDATED_OPTIMIZED_DEP" },
+          );
+          if (handledAsReoptimizing(injected)) return;
+        }
+        const ttl = Number(ttlRaw);
+        const swrRaw = url.searchParams.get("swr");
+        const swr = swrRaw === null ? undefined : Number(swrRaw);
+        const tagsRaw = url.searchParams.get("tags");
+        const tags = tagsRaw ? tagsRaw.split(",") : undefined;
+        const maxSnapshotBytesRaw = url.searchParams.get("maxSnapshotBytes");
+        const maxSnapshotBytes =
+          maxSnapshotBytesRaw === null
+            ? undefined
+            : Number(maxSnapshotBytesRaw);
+        // Boundary revalidation via the SHARED normalizer (shell-serve.ts):
+        // the param crossed an HTTP query string, and a garbage value must
+        // fall back to the capture default, never reach setTimeout as NaN
+        // (which Node clamps to ~1ms — an instant abort).
+        const captureTimeout = normalizeCaptureTimeout(
+          Number(url.searchParams.get("captureTimeout")),
+        );
+
+        // Resolve the capture realms: main-server envs (Node preset) or the
+        // shared temp Node server (Cloudflare preset — no main RSC runner).
+        // Entry re-import per request picks up HMR edits, exactly like the
+        // prerender endpoint above.
+        const rscEnvMain = (server.environments as any)?.rsc;
+        let rscRealm: any = null;
+        let ssrRealm: any = null;
+        let ssrEntryId: string;
+        // Why the temp-server path returned no runner, if it did: a transient
+        // re-optimization is re-pollable (NOT-READY), a terminal create/import
+        // fault is not. Carried from getOrCreateTempServer to the readiness
+        // check below so only reopt re-polls (issue #719 P2).
+        let tempServerError: unknown = null;
+        if (rscEnvMain?.runner && s.resolvedEntryPath) {
+          try {
+            await rscEnvMain.runner.import(s.resolvedEntryPath);
+          } catch (err: any) {
+            handleShellImportError(err);
+            return;
+          }
+          rscRealm = rscEnvMain;
+          ssrRealm = (server.environments as any)?.ssr;
+          ssrEntryId =
+            (server.environments as any)?.ssr?.config?.build?.rollupOptions
+              ?.input?.index ?? VIRTUAL_IDS.ssr;
+        } else {
+          const tempResult = await getOrCreateTempServer();
+          if (tempResult.env) {
+            try {
+              await importEntryAndRegistry(tempResult.env);
+            } catch (err: any) {
+              handleShellImportError(err);
+              return;
+            }
+          } else {
+            tempServerError = tempResult.error;
+          }
+          rscRealm = tempResult.env;
+          ssrRealm = (prerenderTempServer?.environments as any)?.ssr;
+          ssrEntryId = "virtual:entry-ssr";
+        }
+        if (!rscRealm?.runner || !ssrRealm?.runner) {
+          // Reoptimization is the ONLY transient class: re-poll it (NOT-READY).
+          // A terminal temp-server create/import fault, or an SSR runner absent
+          // after a clean createServer, fails fast with a plain 503 (no
+          // NOT-READY header) so the read-through MISSes on its first attempt
+          // instead of re-polling a permanently-broken realm for the full
+          // readiness deadline (issue #719 P2).
+          if (tempServerError && handledAsReoptimizing(tempServerError)) return;
+          res.statusCode = 503;
+          res.end("Shell capture runners not available");
+          return;
+        }
+        let registry: Map<string, any> | null = null;
+        let registryError: unknown = null;
+        try {
+          const serverMod = await rscRealm.runner.import(
+            "@rangojs/router/server",
+          );
+          registry = serverMod.RouterRegistry ?? null;
+        } catch (err: any) {
+          registryError = err;
+          registry = null;
+        }
+        if (!registry || registry.size === 0) {
+          // Same rule as the runner check: a re-optimization mid-import is
+          // re-pollable (NOT-READY); a terminal import fault or a genuinely
+          // empty registry (no routers registered) fails fast (issue #719 P2).
+          if (registryError && handledAsReoptimizing(registryError)) return;
+          res.statusCode = 503;
+          res.end("Shell capture registry not available");
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // Memo sweep FIRST: after request one the common case is a memo HIT
+        // (this fetch blocks a foreground document request), and the memoized
+        // body needs neither the pre-flight round-trip nor a capture. Keyed
+        // per router instance (= HMR generation) like the prerender memo.
+        const cacheKey = `shell|${pathname}|r=${routeName}|t=${ttl}|s=${swr ?? ""}|g=${(tags ?? []).join("+")}|c=${captureTimeout ?? ""}|v=${version}`;
+        for (const [, routerInstance] of registry) {
+          if (typeof routerInstance.match !== "function") continue;
+          const cached = devPrerenderCache.get(routerInstance, cacheKey);
+          if (cached !== undefined) {
+            res.setHeader("content-type", "application/json");
+            res.setHeader("x-rango-shell-dev", "HIT");
+            res.end(cached);
+            return;
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Pre-flight: the route must be prerender-backed. Warms the payload
+        // memo the capture's dev prerender store will fetch, and closes the
+        // live-handler-bake hole (a non-pr route 404s here).
+        if (s.devServerOrigin) {
+          try {
+            const probe = await fetch(
+              `${s.devServerOrigin}/__rsc_prerender?pathname=${encodeURIComponent(pathname)}&routeName=${encodeURIComponent(routeName)}`,
+              { signal: AbortSignal.timeout(DEV_SHELL_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS) },
+            );
+            if (!probe.ok) {
+              res.statusCode = 404;
+              res.end("Route is not prerenderable");
+              return;
+            }
+          } catch {
+            res.statusCode = 404;
+            res.end("Prerender pre-flight failed");
+            return;
+          }
+        }
+
+        for (const [, routerInstance] of registry) {
+          if (typeof routerInstance.match !== "function") continue;
+          try {
+            const ssrModule = await ssrRealm.runner.import(ssrEntryId);
+            if (typeof ssrModule?.captureShellHTML !== "function") {
+              res.statusCode = 404;
+              res.end("SSR entry has no captureShellHTML");
+              return;
+            }
+            const captureMod = await rscRealm.runner.import(
+              "@rangojs/router/build/shell-capture",
+            );
+            const result = await captureMod.captureShellForBuild({
+              router: routerInstance,
+              urlPath: pathname,
+              routeName,
+              key: `${pathname}:shell`,
+              ttl,
+              swr,
+              tags,
+              maxSnapshotBytes,
+              captureTimeout,
+              buildEnv: s.resolvedBuildEnv,
+              buildVersion: version,
+              captureShellHTML: ssrModule.captureShellHTML,
+              debug: !!debugDiscovery,
+            });
+            if (result.outcome === "route-mismatch") continue;
+            if (result.outcome !== "stored" || !result.entry) {
+              res.statusCode = 404;
+              res.end(`Shell capture ${result.outcome}`);
+              return;
+            }
+            const body = JSON.stringify({
+              entry: result.entry,
+              ttl,
+              swr,
+              tags: result.tags,
+              routeName,
+            });
+            devPrerenderCache.set(routerInstance, cacheKey, body);
+            res.setHeader("content-type", "application/json");
+            res.setHeader("x-rango-shell-dev", "MISS");
+            res.end(body);
+            return;
+          } catch (err: any) {
+            // A dep re-optimization mid-capture is a boot-race, not a capture
+            // failure: signal NOT-READY so the read-through re-polls instead of
+            // conceding a first-request MISS (issue #719).
+            if (handledAsReoptimizing(err)) return;
+            console.warn(
+              `[rango] Dev shell capture error for ${pathname} (route keeps runtime capture): ${err.message}`,
+            );
+            res.statusCode = 404;
+            res.end(`Shell capture error: ${err.message}`);
+            return;
+          }
+        }
+        res.statusCode = 404;
+        res.end("No router matched");
+      });
+
+      // Watch url module and router files for changes and regenerate named-routes.gen.ts.
+      // Process files containing urls( or createRouter( to update the combined route map.
+      if (opts?.staticRouteTypesGeneration !== false) {
+        const isGeneratedRouteFile = (filePath: string): boolean =>
+          filePath.endsWith(".gen.ts") &&
+          (filePath.includes("named-routes.gen.ts") ||
+            filePath.includes("urls.gen.ts"));
+
+        const regenerateGeneratedRouteFiles = () => {
+          if (s.perRouterManifests.length > 0) {
+            writeRouteTypesFiles(s);
+          } else {
+            writeCombinedRouteTypesWithTracking(s);
+          }
+        };
+
+        const maybeHandleGeneratedRouteFileMutation = (
+          filePath: string,
+        ): boolean => {
+          if (!isGeneratedRouteFile(filePath)) return false;
+          if (consumeSelfGenWrite(s, filePath)) return true;
+          // In Cloudflare dev (no module runner), perRouterManifests is never
+          // refreshed after HMR so regenerateGeneratedRouteFiles() would use
+          // stale data and revert user edits. Source files own route state;
+          // gen files are derived output. Skip regeneration and let the next
+          // source-file change rebuild them from the static parser.
+          const hasRunner = !!(server.environments as any)?.rsc?.runner;
+          if (!hasRunner) return true;
+          regenerateGeneratedRouteFiles();
+          return true;
+        };
+
+        // Debounce timer for batching rapid route-file changes (e.g. afterEach
+        // restoring two files in quick succession). The cheap checks (extension,
+        // scanFilter, content sniff) run synchronously to gate non-route files;
+        // only the expensive regeneration is debounced.
+        let routeChangeTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined;
+
+        // Re-run runtime discovery so factory-generated routes that the
+        // static parser cannot see are refreshed after source changes.
+        // The state-machine concerns (queued/pending/gatePending) are
+        // owned by the gate created above (./discovery/gate-state.ts).
+        // Here we provide just the env-specific work.
+        const refreshRuntimeDiscovery = async () => {
+          const rscEnv = (server.environments as any)?.rsc;
+          const hasMainRunner = !!rscEnv?.runner;
+          // Cloudflare HMR has no main RSC runner (workerd is a separate
+          // runtime). When we have a populated runtime manifest from cold
+          // start, we can re-discover via the temp Node runner — the same
+          // mechanism getOrCreateTempServer() uses at startup. Without a
+          // populated manifest there's nothing useful to do, so bail
+          // before involving the gate machine at all.
+          if (!hasMainRunner && s.perRouterManifests.length === 0) return;
+          await gate.runRefreshCycle(async () => {
+            const hmrStart = performance.now();
+            try {
+              if (hasMainRunner) {
+                await timed(debugDiscovery, "hmr discoverRouters", () =>
+                  discoverRouters(s, rscEnv),
+                );
+                timedSync(debugDiscovery, "hmr writeRouteTypesFiles", () =>
+                  writeRouteTypesFiles(s),
+                );
+                await timed(debugDiscovery, "hmr propagateDiscoveryState", () =>
+                  propagateDiscoveryState(rscEnv),
+                );
+              } else {
+                // Cloudflare HMR: invalidate the temp server's RSC module
+                // graph (or close+recreate as a fallback) so the runner
+                // re-reads the freshly edited source. Keeping the same
+                // Vite instance alive avoids disrupting workerd's transport
+                // during the first post-cold-start module-fetch window.
+                const tempRscEnv = await timed(
+                  debugDiscovery,
+                  "hmr refreshTempRscEnv (cloudflare)",
+                  () => refreshTempRscEnv(),
+                );
+                if (!tempRscEnv) {
+                  throw new Error(
+                    "temp runner unavailable for cloudflare HMR rediscovery",
+                  );
+                }
+                await timed(
+                  debugDiscovery,
+                  "hmr discoverRouters (cloudflare)",
+                  () => discoverRouters(s, tempRscEnv),
+                );
+                timedSync(debugDiscovery, "hmr writeRouteTypesFiles", () =>
+                  writeRouteTypesFiles(s),
+                );
+              }
+              if (s.lastDiscoveryError) {
+                debugDiscovery?.(
+                  "hmr: cleared lastDiscoveryError (%s) after successful rediscovery",
+                  s.lastDiscoveryError.message,
+                );
+                s.lastDiscoveryError = null;
+              }
+              // Cloudflare dev: on a successful cycle drop the workerd runner's
+              // cached worker-entry chain so the next request re-evaluates
+              // createRouter() with the new routes. Fired here in the work path
+              // (not the caller's .then()) so a queued follow-up cycle that
+              // succeeds after an earlier failed cycle still reloads:
+              // runRefreshCycle recurses queued work without awaiting it, so the
+              // original call already resolved on the failed cycle. A failed
+              // cycle throws above and never reaches here, so a broken edit
+              // never reloads the worker onto bad source.
+              if (rscEnv && !rscEnv.runner) forceCloudflareWorkerReload(rscEnv);
+            } catch (err: any) {
+              s.lastDiscoveryError = {
+                message: err?.message ?? String(err),
+                at: Date.now(),
+              };
+              console.warn(
+                `[rango] Runtime re-discovery failed: ${err.message}`,
+              );
+              debugDiscovery?.(
+                "hmr: lastDiscoveryError set (%s) — manifest preserved at last-good; recovery mode active (any in-scan source change will trigger rediscovery)",
+                err?.message,
+              );
+            } finally {
+              debugDiscovery?.(
+                "hmr re-discovery done (%sms)",
+                (performance.now() - hmrStart).toFixed(1),
+              );
+            }
+          });
+        };
+
+        // Cloudflare dev only. workerd serves every request through the
+        // runner-worker singleton, which re-resolves the worker entry per
+        // request via runner.import("virtual:cloudflare/worker-entry"). The
+        // route table lives in the user's createRouter() instance, captured
+        // when that entry chain (entry -> router -> urls) was last evaluated
+        // and then cached in the runner's evaluatedModules. The route-file
+        // watcher refreshes discovery + types on the Node side, but the worker
+        // keeps serving the cached (stale) router: route-definition modules
+        // have no import.meta.hot boundary, so Vite never sends the worker an
+        // HMR update for them and the entry chain is never evicted.
+        //
+        // Fix: after discovery completes, (1) invalidate the worker env's
+        // Node-side module graph, then (2) send a full-reload to the worker.
+        // Step (2) alone is insufficient: the full-reload handler clears the
+        // runner's evaluatedModules and re-imports entrypoints, but each
+        // re-import fetches the module back through this Node-side graph, which
+        // still holds the pre-edit transform of urls.tsx — so createRouter()
+        // rebuilds the stale route table and the new route 404s/hits the
+        // catch-all. Invalidating the graph forces a fresh transform on
+        // re-fetch (the same mechanism refreshTempRscEnv uses for discovery),
+        // so the re-import re-runs createRouter() with the new routes. This is
+        // the programmatic equivalent of the dev-server "r + enter" restart,
+        // scoped to the worker environment instead of tearing down the server.
+        const forceCloudflareWorkerReload = (rscEnv: any) => {
+          if (!rscEnv?.hot) return;
+          try {
+            const graph = rscEnv.moduleGraph;
+            if (graph?.invalidateAll) {
+              graph.invalidateAll();
+              debugDiscovery?.("hmr: invalidated workerd rsc module graph");
+            }
+            rscEnv.hot.send({ type: "full-reload" });
+            debugDiscovery?.(
+              "hmr: forced workerd rsc env reload (full-reload)",
+            );
+          } catch (err: any) {
+            debugDiscovery?.(
+              "hmr: workerd reload failed: %s",
+              err?.message ?? err,
+            );
+          }
+        };
+
+        const scheduleRouteRegeneration = () => {
+          clearTimeout(routeChangeTimer);
+          routeChangeTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+            routeChangeTimer = undefined;
+            const regenStart = debugDiscovery ? performance.now() : 0;
+            const rscEnv = (server.environments as any)?.rsc;
+            const skipStaticWrite =
+              !rscEnv?.runner && s.perRouterManifests.length > 0;
+            try {
+              // In cloudflare dev with a populated runtime manifest, the
+              // static parser produces a strictly smaller (and actively
+              // wrong) gen file — supplementGenFilesWithRuntimeRoutes can
+              // only restore factory-only prefixes, and apps with mixed
+              // static+factory routes under shared prefixes (cf-stress)
+              // collapse to the 19-route static view. Skip the static
+              // write entirely; runtime rediscovery below will overwrite
+              // the gen file with the authoritative manifest.
+              if (skipStaticWrite) {
+                debugDiscovery?.(
+                  "watcher: skipping static write (cloudflare HMR — runtime rediscovery owns gen file)",
+                );
+              } else {
+                writeCombinedRouteTypesWithTracking(s);
+                if (s.perRouterManifests.length > 0) {
+                  supplementGenFilesWithRuntimeRoutes(s);
+                }
+              }
+            } catch (err: any) {
+              console.error(`[rango] Route regeneration error: ${err.message}`);
+            }
+            debugDiscovery?.(
+              "watcher: regenerated gen files (%sms)",
+              (performance.now() - regenStart).toFixed(1),
+            );
+            // Async: re-run runtime discovery to refresh factory-generated
+            // routes that the static parser cannot resolve. Resolves the
+            // discovery gate when complete.
+            if (s.perRouterManifests.length > 0) {
+              // The cloudflare workerd reload fires inside refreshRuntimeDiscovery
+              // on the successful cycle (see forceCloudflareWorkerReload call
+              // there) so queued follow-up cycles also trigger it.
+              refreshRuntimeDiscovery().catch((err: any) => {
+                console.warn(
+                  `[rango] Runtime re-discovery error: ${err.message}`,
+                );
+                // Even on error, unblock the gate so workerd's reload doesn't
+                // hang indefinitely against the previous manifest.
+                resolveDiscoveryGate();
+              });
+            }
+          }, 100);
+        };
+
+        const handleRouteFileChange = (filePath: string) => {
+          if (maybeHandleGeneratedRouteFileMutation(filePath)) return;
+          if (
+            !filePath.endsWith(".ts") &&
+            !filePath.endsWith(".tsx") &&
+            !filePath.endsWith(".js") &&
+            !filePath.endsWith(".jsx")
+          ) {
+            if (s.lastDiscoveryError) {
+              debugDiscovery?.(
+                "watcher: skip non-source %s [LASTERR %s]",
+                filePath,
+                s.lastDiscoveryError.message,
+              );
+            }
+            return;
+          }
+          // Apply scan filter as early-exit before reading file
+          if (s.scanFilter && !s.scanFilter(filePath)) {
+            if (s.lastDiscoveryError) {
+              debugDiscovery?.(
+                "watcher: skip scan-filter %s [LASTERR %s]",
+                filePath,
+                s.lastDiscoveryError.message,
+              );
+            }
+            return;
+          }
+          // Recovery mode: when the previous HMR re-discovery failed, the
+          // import graph is incomplete and the manifest is stuck at the
+          // last-good state. The fix may land in a non-route file (e.g. a
+          // helper imported by the router, a missing module being created,
+          // or a "use client" component) that the narrow content sniff
+          // would otherwise filter out. While in recovery, treat any
+          // in-scan source change as a candidate for rediscovery; the
+          // tighter filter resumes once discovery succeeds again.
+          const inRecoveryMode = !!s.lastDiscoveryError;
+          try {
+            const source = readFileSync(filePath, "utf-8");
+            const trimmed = source.trimStart();
+            const isUseClient =
+              trimmed.startsWith('"use client"') ||
+              trimmed.startsWith("'use client'");
+            if (!inRecoveryMode && isUseClient) return;
+            // Cheap raw pre-check first; only when a candidate token is present
+            // do we confirm it occurs in real code (not a comment/string) via a
+            // single allocation-free code-region scan. Most saved files contain
+            // neither token and skip the scan entirely. This avoids a comment or
+            // string mention spuriously marking a file relevant and triggering an
+            // unnecessary re-discovery on save.
+            let hasUrls = source.includes("urls(");
+            let hasCreateRouter = /\bcreateRouter\s*[<(]/.test(source);
+            if (hasUrls) hasUrls = firstCodeMatchIndex(source, /urls\(/g) >= 0;
+            if (hasCreateRouter) {
+              hasCreateRouter =
+                firstCodeMatchIndex(source, /\bcreateRouter\s*[<(]/g) >= 0;
+            }
+            if (!inRecoveryMode && !hasUrls && !hasCreateRouter) return;
+            if (inRecoveryMode) {
+              debugDiscovery?.(
+                "watcher: recovery rediscovery for %s (urls=%s, router=%s, useClient=%s) [LASTERR %s]",
+                filePath,
+                hasUrls,
+                hasCreateRouter,
+                isUseClient,
+                s.lastDiscoveryError!.message,
+              );
+            } else {
+              debugDiscovery?.(
+                "watcher: %s matches (urls=%s, router=%s)",
+                filePath,
+                hasUrls,
+                hasCreateRouter,
+              );
+            }
+            // Invalidate cache when a router file changes (new router added/removed)
+            if (hasCreateRouter) {
+              const nestedRouterConflict = findNestedRouterConflict([
+                ...(s.cachedRouterFiles ?? []),
+                resolve(filePath),
+              ]);
+              if (nestedRouterConflict) {
+                server.config.logger.error(
+                  formatNestedRouterConflictError(nestedRouterConflict),
+                );
+                return;
+              }
+              s.cachedRouterFiles = undefined;
+            }
+            // Note the event in the gate machine IMMEDIATELY (before the
+            // 100ms debounce and any downstream HMR fanout). This sets
+            // both `pendingEvents` (so refresh's finally holds the gate
+            // through the tail window even if no rediscovery is queued)
+            // and resets `discoveryDone` to a fresh pending promise (so
+            // workerd reloads triggered by the same source change can't
+            // observe a stale resolved gate from cold-start). Resolved
+            // by the trailing refreshRuntimeDiscovery() cycle.
+            if (s.perRouterManifests.length > 0) {
+              gate.noteRouteEvent();
+            }
+            scheduleRouteRegeneration();
+          } catch (readErr: any) {
+            if (s.lastDiscoveryError) {
+              debugDiscovery?.(
+                "watcher: read error %s: %s [LASTERR %s]",
+                filePath,
+                readErr?.message,
+                s.lastDiscoveryError.message,
+              );
+            }
+            // Ignore read errors for deleted/moved files
+          }
+        };
+
+        // Handle both "add" and "change" events: editors with atomic saves
+        // (unlink + rename) emit "add" instead of "change", and chokidar's
+        // polling mode on CI Linux can also emit "add" for overwrites.
+        server.watcher.on("add", handleRouteFileChange);
+        server.watcher.on("change", handleRouteFileChange);
+
+        // Regenerate gen files when they are deleted (e.g. manual cleanup).
+        // Same no-runner guard as change/add: stale perRouterManifests would
+        // reintroduce reverted content.
+        server.watcher.on("unlink", (filePath) => {
+          if (!isGeneratedRouteFile(filePath)) return;
+          const hasRunner = !!(server.environments as any)?.rsc?.runner;
+          if (!hasRunner) return;
+          regenerateGeneratedRouteFiles();
+        });
+      }
+    },
+
+    // Build mode: create a temporary Vite dev server to access the RSC
+    // environment's module runner, then discover routers and generate manifests.
+    // The manifest data is stored for the virtual module's load hook.
+    async buildStart() {
+      if (!s.isBuildMode) return;
+      // Only run once across environment builds
+      if (s.mergedRouteManifest !== null) {
+        debugDiscovery?.(
+          "build: skip (already discovered, env=%s)",
+          this.environment?.name ?? "?",
+        );
+        return;
+      }
+      const buildStartTime = performance.now();
+      debugDiscovery?.("build: start (env=%s)", this.environment?.name ?? "?");
+      resetStagedBuildAssets(s.projectRoot);
+      resetPrerenderCollection(s);
+
+      // Acquire build-time env bindings if configured
+      await timed(debugDiscovery, "build acquireBuildEnv", () =>
+        acquireBuildEnv(s, viteCommand, viteMode),
+      );
+
+      let tempServer: any = null;
+      // Signal to user-space code (e.g. reverse.ts) that build-time discovery
+      // is active. Uses globalThis because the temp server's module runner
+      // creates a separate module context — there is no shared import path
+      // between the vite plugin and user code loaded via runner.import().
+      (globalThis as any).__rscRouterDiscoveryActive = true;
+      try {
+        tempServer = await timed(
+          debugDiscovery,
+          "build createTempRscServer",
+          () => createTempRscServer(s, { forceBuild: true }),
+        );
+
+        const rscEnv = (tempServer.environments as any)?.rsc;
+        if (!rscEnv?.runner) {
+          console.warn(
+            "[rango] RSC environment runner not available during build, skipping manifest generation",
+          );
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // Point resolvedStaticModules at the temp server's expose-internal-ids
+        // plugin so that discoverRouters() can access the static handler module
+        // map after the temp server's transforms populate it.
+        const tempIdsPlugin = (tempServer as any).config?.plugins?.find(
+          (p: any) => p.name === "@rangojs/router:expose-internal-ids",
+        );
+        if (tempIdsPlugin?.api?.staticHandlerModules) {
+          s.resolvedStaticModules = tempIdsPlugin.api.staticHandlerModules;
+        }
+
+        await timed(debugDiscovery, "build discoverRouters", () =>
+          discoverRouters(s, rscEnv),
+        );
+        // Update named-routes.gen.ts from runtime discovery.
+        // The runtime manifest includes dynamically generated routes
+        // that the static parser cannot extract from source code.
+        timedSync(debugDiscovery, "build writeRouteTypesFiles", () =>
+          writeRouteTypesFiles(s),
+        );
+      } catch (err: any) {
+        // Extract the user source file from the stack trace (skip internal frames)
+        const sourceFile = err.stack
+          ?.split("\n")
+          .find(
+            (line: string) =>
+              line.includes(s.projectRoot) && !line.includes("node_modules"),
+          )
+          ?.match(/\(([^)]+)\)/)?.[1];
+        // Extract the route name from "Unknown route: <name>" errors
+        const routeName = err.message?.match(/Unknown route: (.+)/)?.[1];
+        const details = [
+          routeName ? `  Route name: ${routeName}` : null,
+          sourceFile ? `  File: ${sourceFile}` : null,
+          err.stack ? `  Stack:\n${err.stack}` : null,
+        ]
+          .filter(Boolean)
+          .join("\n");
+        throw new Error(
+          `[rango] Build-time router discovery failed:\n${details}`,
+          { cause: err },
+        );
+      } finally {
+        delete (globalThis as any).__rscRouterDiscoveryActive;
+        if (tempServer && s.shellCandidates?.length) {
+          // Prerender+ppr candidates exist: keep the temp server (and its
+          // realm — tries installed, registry populated) alive for the
+          // post-build shell capture phase (buildApp post, producer B #699).
+          // The prelude embeds built client asset URLs, so the capture can
+          // only run after the client build; that phase closes the server.
+          // buildEnv release is deferred with it — a bake-lane loader
+          // executing during the capture may read ctx.env.
+          s.shellPhaseTempServer = tempServer;
+        } else {
+          if (tempServer) {
+            await timed(debugDiscovery, "build tempServer.close", () =>
+              tempServer.close(),
+            );
+          }
+          await releaseBuildEnv(s);
+        }
+        debugDiscovery?.(
+          "build discovery done (%sms)",
+          (performance.now() - buildStartTime).toFixed(1),
+        );
+      }
+    },
+
+    // Post-build PPR shell capture (producer B, #699): runs after EVERY
+    // environment bundle is written — the shell prelude embeds built client
+    // asset URLs (bootstrap entry), which do not exist at buildStart. The
+    // kept temp server and the buildEnv were deferred AS A PAIR in
+    // buildStart's finally; this finally is the pair's success-path owner
+    // (buildEnd below owns the aborted-build path) — the phase itself is a
+    // pure producer and tears down only the globals it installs.
+    buildApp: {
+      order: "post",
+      async handler(builder) {
+        try {
+          await runShellPrerenderPhase(s, builder as any);
+        } finally {
+          if (s.isBuildMode) {
+            const tempServer = s.shellPhaseTempServer;
+            s.shellPhaseTempServer = null;
+            if (tempServer) await tempServer.close();
+            await releaseBuildEnv(s);
+          }
+        }
+      },
+    },
+
+    // An environment build failure aborts the builder before the buildApp
+    // post hook — never leak the kept temp server (open handles hang the CLI)
+    // or the deferred buildEnv (a live miniflare proxy).
+    async buildEnd(error) {
+      if (!error || !s.shellPhaseTempServer) return;
+      const tempServer = s.shellPhaseTempServer;
+      s.shellPhaseTempServer = null;
+      try {
+        await tempServer.close();
+      } finally {
+        await releaseBuildEnv(s);
+      }
+    },
+
+    // Suppress vite's HMR cascade for our own gen-file writes.
+    //
+    // After every cf HMR cycle, refreshTempRscEnv → writeRouteTypesFiles
+    // writes the configured gen files (default `router.named-routes.gen.ts`,
+    // but the source filenames and gen suffix are user-configurable). The
+    // chokidar watcher then fires twice independently: our
+    // `handleRouteFileChange` (already short-circuited by
+    // `consumeSelfGenWrite` inside `maybeHandleGeneratedRouteFileMutation`),
+    // AND vite's own HMR pipeline (which invalidates the gen file's
+    // importers and triggers a second workerd full reload — visible to the
+    // user as a duplicate "[Rango] HMR: version changed" on the client).
+    //
+    // `peekSelfGenWrite` is the authoritative filter: its map only contains
+    // paths that `markSelfGenWrite` has registered, so it natively works
+    // for any configured gen-file name. It is non-consuming so the chokidar
+    // handler that fires later can still consume the same entry. Returning
+    // [] tells vite "no modules invalidated by this change" — safe because
+    // `s.perRouterManifests` is already up-to-date (the write that just
+    // happened is the consequence of our just-completed rediscovery).
+    handleHotUpdate(ctx) {
+      if (peekSelfGenWrite(s, ctx.file)) {
+        debugDiscovery?.(
+          "handleHotUpdate: suppressing self-write HMR cascade for %s",
+          ctx.file,
+        );
+        return [];
+      }
+    },
+
+    // Virtual module: provides the pre-generated route manifest as a JS module
+    // that calls setCachedManifest() at import time.
+    resolveId(id) {
+      if (id === VIRTUAL_ROUTES_MANIFEST_ID) {
+        return "\0" + VIRTUAL_ROUTES_MANIFEST_ID;
+      }
+      // Per-router virtual modules: virtual:rsc-router/routes-manifest/<routerId>
+      if (id.startsWith(VIRTUAL_ROUTES_MANIFEST_ID + "/")) {
+        return "\0" + id;
+      }
+      // virtual:rsc-router/prerender-paths removed: prerender data is served through the worker
+      return null;
+    },
+
+    async load(id) {
+      if (id === "\0" + VIRTUAL_ROUTES_MANIFEST_ID) {
+        // In dev mode, wait for discovery to complete before emitting module content.
+        // This is critical for Cloudflare dev where the worker runs in a separate
+        // Miniflare process and can only receive manifest data via the virtual module.
+        if (s.discoveryDone) {
+          await timed(
+            debugRoutes,
+            "await discoveryDone (manifest)",
+            () => s.discoveryDone,
+          );
+        }
+        const code = await timed(
+          debugRoutes,
+          "generateRoutesManifestModule",
+          () => generateRoutesManifestModule(s),
+        );
+        debugRoutes?.("manifest module emitted (%d bytes)", code?.length ?? 0);
+        return code;
+      }
+      // Per-router virtual modules: pure data exports (no side effects).
+      // ensureRouterManifest() imports the module and stores the data.
+      const perRouterPrefix = "\0" + VIRTUAL_ROUTES_MANIFEST_ID + "/";
+      if (id.startsWith(perRouterPrefix)) {
+        if (s.discoveryDone) {
+          await timed(
+            debugRoutes,
+            "await discoveryDone (per-router)",
+            () => s.discoveryDone,
+          );
+        }
+        const routerId = id.slice(perRouterPrefix.length);
+        const code = await timed(
+          debugRoutes,
+          `generatePerRouterModule ${routerId}`,
+          () => generatePerRouterModule(s, routerId),
+        );
+        return code;
+      }
+      // virtual:rsc-router/prerender-paths load handler removed
+      return null;
+    },
+
+    // Record handler chunk metadata and RSC entry filename during RSC build.
+    // Used by closeBundle for handler code eviction and prerender data injection.
+    generateBundle(_options: any, bundle: any) {
+      if (this.environment?.name !== "rsc") return;
+      const genStart = debugBuild ? performance.now() : 0;
+
+      // Record RSC entry chunk filename for closeBundle injection
+      for (const [fileName, chunk] of Object.entries(bundle) as [
+        string,
+        any,
+      ][]) {
+        if (chunk.type === "chunk" && chunk.isEntry) {
+          s.rscEntryFileName = fileName;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (!s.resolvedPrerenderModules?.size && !s.resolvedStaticModules?.size) {
+        debugBuild?.(
+          "generateBundle (rsc): no handlers to scan (%sms)",
+          (performance.now() - genStart).toFixed(1),
+        );
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // Clear maps at the start of each RSC generateBundle pass.
+      // Vite 6 multi-environment builds run RSC twice (analysis + production);
+      // clearing prevents stale/duplicate records from the analysis pass.
+      s.handlerChunkInfoMap.clear();
+      s.staticHandlerChunkInfoMap.clear();
+
+      for (const [fileName, chunk] of Object.entries(bundle) as [
+        string,
+        any,
+      ][]) {
+        if (chunk.type !== "chunk") continue;
+
+        // Scan all chunks for handler exports (handlers may land in any chunk)
+        if (s.resolvedPrerenderModules?.size) {
+          const handlers = extractHandlerExportsFromChunk(
+            chunk.code,
+            s.resolvedPrerenderModules,
+            "Prerender",
+            false,
+          );
+          if (handlers.length > 0) {
+            const existing = s.handlerChunkInfoMap.get(fileName);
+            if (existing) {
+              existing.exports.push(...handlers);
+            } else {
+              s.handlerChunkInfoMap.set(fileName, {
+                fileName,
+                exports: handlers,
+              });
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (s.resolvedStaticModules?.size) {
+          const handlers = extractHandlerExportsFromChunk(
+            chunk.code,
+            s.resolvedStaticModules,
+            "Static",
+            false,
+          );
+          if (handlers.length > 0) {
+            const existing = s.staticHandlerChunkInfoMap.get(fileName);
+            if (existing) {
+              existing.exports.push(...handlers);
+            } else {
+              s.staticHandlerChunkInfoMap.set(fileName, {
+                fileName,
+                exports: handlers,
+              });
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      debugBuild?.(
+        "generateBundle (rsc): scanned %d chunks, %d prerender chunk(s), %d static chunk(s) (%sms)",
+        Object.keys(bundle).length,
+        s.handlerChunkInfoMap.size,
+        s.staticHandlerChunkInfoMap.size,
+        (performance.now() - genStart).toFixed(1),
+      );
+    },
+
+    // Build-time pre-rendering: evict handler code and inject collected prerender data.
+    // Collection now happens in-process during discoverRouters() via RSC runner.
+    // closeBundle only needs to evict handlers and inject the in-memory data.
+    closeBundle: {
+      order: "post" as const,
+      sequential: true,
+      async handler(this: any) {
+        if (!s.isBuildMode) return;
+        // Only run for the RSC environment — other environments (client, ssr) have
+        // no prerender/static data to process and would just do redundant file I/O.
+        if (this.environment && this.environment.name !== "rsc") return;
+        timedSync(debugBuild, "closeBundle postprocessBundle", () =>
+          postprocessBundle(s),
+        );
+      },
+    },
+  };
+}