@rangojs/router 0.0.0-experimental.15 → 0.0.0-experimental.151

package/src/rsc/handler.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /// <reference types="@vitejs/plugin-rsc/types" />
-/// <reference path="../vite/version.d.ts" />
+/// <reference path="../vite/plugins/version.d.ts" />
 /**
  * RSC Request Handler
  *
@@ -8,72 +8,99 @@
  */
 
 import { createElement } from "react";
-import { renderSegments } from "../segment-system.js";
-import { RouteNotFoundError, RouterError } from "../errors.js";
-import type { ResponseError } from "../urls.js";
-import { getLoaderLazy } from "../server/loader-registry.js";
-import {
-  matchMiddleware,
-  executeMiddleware,
-  executeLoaderMiddleware,
-} from "../router/middleware.js";
+import { isRouteNotFoundError } from "../errors.js";
+import { matchMiddleware, executeMiddleware } from "../router/middleware.js";
 import {
   runWithRequestContext,
   setRequestContextParams,
-  requireRequestContext,
+  getRequestContext,
+  _getRequestContext,
   createRequestContext,
-  type ExecutionContext,
 } from "../server/request-context.js";
 import * as rscDeps from "@vitejs/plugin-rsc/rsc";
-
 import type {
   RscPayload,
-  ReactFormState,
   CreateRSCHandlerOptions,
+  LoadSSRModule,
+  SSRModule,
 } from "./types.js";
-import { hasBodyContent, createResponseWithMergedHeaders } from "./helpers.js";
-import { generateNonce } from "./nonce.js";
+import {
+  RSC_FLIGHT_HTML_PHASES,
+  RSC_FLIGHT_ONLY_PHASES,
+  createResponseWithMergedHeaders,
+  finalizeResponse,
+  interceptRedirectForPartial,
+  buildRouteMiddlewareEntries,
+  observeRscHtmlStage,
+  renderRscFlightStage,
+} from "./helpers.js";
+import { guardOutgoingRedirect } from "./redirect-guard.js";
+import { resolvedHandleStream } from "../handles/deferred-resolution.js";
+import {
+  isWebSocketUpgradeResponse,
+  appendVaryAccept,
+} from "../response-utils.js";
+import {
+  handleResponseRoute,
+  type ResponseRouteMatch,
+} from "./response-route-handler.js";
+import { generateNonce, nonce as nonceToken } from "./nonce.js";
 import { VERSION } from "@rangojs/router:version";
 import type { ErrorPhase } from "../types.js";
+import type { RouterRequestInput } from "../router/router-interfaces.js";
 import { invokeOnError } from "../router/error-handling.js";
 import {
-  getGlobalRouteMap,
+  createReverseFunction,
+  stripInternalParams,
+} from "../router/handler-context.js";
+import { contextSet } from "../context-var.js";
+import {
   hasCachedManifest,
-  setCachedManifest,
-  getRouteTrie,
-  setRouteTrie,
-  getPrecomputedEntries,
   waitForManifestReady,
   getRouterManifest,
   getRouterTrie,
-  setRouterManifest,
-  setRouterTrie,
 } from "../route-map-builder.js";
-
-/**
- * Build a ResponseError payload from a caught error.
- * RouterError messages are always exposed (developer-crafted).
- * Standard Error messages are hidden in production.
- */
-function createResponseErrorPayload(error: unknown, isDev: boolean): ResponseError {
-  if (error instanceof RouterError) {
-    return {
-      message: error.message,
-      code: error.code,
-      ...(error.type ? { type: error.type } : {}),
-      ...(isDev && error.stack ? { stack: error.stack } : {}),
-    };
-  }
-  if (error instanceof Error) {
-    return {
-      message: isDev ? error.message : "Internal Server Error",
-      ...(isDev && error.stack ? { stack: error.stack } : {}),
-    };
-  }
-  return {
-    message: isDev ? String(error) : "Internal Server Error",
-  };
-}
+import type { HandlerContext } from "./handler-context.js";
+import type { CacheErrorCategory } from "../cache/cache-error.js";
+import type { SegmentCacheStore } from "../cache/types.js";
+import { buildRouterTrieFromUrlpatterns } from "./manifest-init.js";
+import { handleProgressiveEnhancement } from "./progressive-enhancement.js";
+import {
+  executeServerAction,
+  revalidateAfterAction,
+  type ActionContinuation,
+} from "./server-action.js";
+import { handleLoaderFetch } from "./loader-fetch.js";
+import {
+  checkRequestOrigin,
+  ORIGIN_CHECK_PHASE_BY_MODE,
+} from "./origin-guard.js";
+import { handleRscRendering } from "./rsc-rendering.js";
+import {
+  withTimeout,
+  RouterTimeoutError,
+  createDefaultTimeoutResponse,
+  type TimeoutPhase,
+} from "../router/timeout.js";
+import {
+  createMetricsStore,
+  appendMetric,
+  buildMetricsTiming,
+} from "../router/metrics.js";
+import { observePhase, PHASES } from "../router/instrument.js";
+import { safeEmit, resolveSink, getRequestId } from "../router/telemetry.js";
+import {
+  startSSRSetup,
+  getSSRSetup,
+  mayNeedSSR,
+  isRscRequest,
+  SSR_SETUP_VAR,
+} from "./ssr-setup.js";
+import {
+  classifyRequest,
+  type RequestPlan,
+  type ExecutableRequestPlan,
+} from "../router/request-classification.js";
 
 /**
  * Create an RSC request handler.
@@ -108,12 +135,35 @@ function createResponseErrorPayload(error: unknown, isDev: boolean): ResponseErr
  * });
  * ```
  */
+
+/**
+ * Response that tells the client to do a full document navigation. Shared by
+ * the terminal reload plans (version-mismatch and app-switch): an empty 200
+ * carrying X-RSC-Reload, which the client turns into window.location.href.
+ */
+function createReloadResponse(reloadUrl: string) {
+  return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(null, {
+    status: 200,
+    headers: {
+      "X-RSC-Reload": reloadUrl,
+      "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8",
+    },
+  });
+}
+
 export function createRSCHandler<
   TEnv = unknown,
   TRoutes extends Record<string, string> = Record<string, string>,
 >(options: CreateRSCHandlerOptions<TEnv, TRoutes>) {
   const { router, version = VERSION, nonce: nonceProvider } = options;
 
+  // Handler-owned registry of explicit per-scope stores from cache({ store }).
+  // Lives in the closure so it is scoped per handler (multi-router deployments
+  // get separate registries) and accumulates every explicit store this handler
+  // resolves across requests. updateTag()/revalidateTag() iterate it to reach
+  // stores not covered by the app-level ctx._cacheStore.
+  const explicitTaggedStores = new Set<SegmentCacheStore>();
+
   // Use provided deps or default to @vitejs/plugin-rsc/rsc exports
   const deps = options.deps ?? rscDeps;
   const {
@@ -125,33 +175,197 @@ export function createRSCHandler<
     decodeFormState,
   } = deps;
 
-  // Use provided loadSSRModule or default to vite RSC module loader
-  const loadSSRModule =
+  // Use provided loadSSRModule or default to vite RSC module loader.
+  // In production the SSR module is stable across requests, so memoize
+  // the dynamic import to avoid repeated module resolution overhead.
+  // In dev mode Vite may hot-reload the module, so skip memoization.
+  const rawLoadSSRModule: LoadSSRModule =
     options.loadSSRModule ??
     (() => import.meta.viteRsc.loadModule("ssr", "index"));
+  let _ssrModulePromise: Promise<SSRModule> | undefined;
+  const loadSSRModule: LoadSSRModule =
+    process.env.NODE_ENV === "production"
+      ? () =>
+          (_ssrModulePromise ??= rawLoadSSRModule().catch((err) => {
+            _ssrModulePromise = undefined;
+            throw err;
+          }))
+      : rawLoadSSRModule;
 
   /**
-   * Wrapper for invokeOnError that binds the router's onError callback.
-   * Uses the shared utility from router/error-handling.ts for consistent behavior.
+   * Per-request error reporter that deduplicates via the ALS request context.
+   *
+   * Uses the same _reportedErrors WeakSet as the router layer so errors
+   * that propagate across layers are only reported once per request.
    */
   function callOnError(
     error: unknown,
     phase: ErrorPhase,
     context: Parameters<typeof invokeOnError<TEnv>>[3],
   ): void {
+    // Guard: abort signal handlers fire asynchronously outside the ALS
+    // request scope, so the context may be gone. Skip dedup in that
+    // case — the error is from a cancelled stream, not a real failure.
+    const reqCtx = _getRequestContext();
+    if (error != null && typeof error === "object" && reqCtx) {
+      if (reqCtx._reportedErrors.has(error)) return;
+      reqCtx._reportedErrors.add(error);
+    }
     invokeOnError(router.onError, error, phase, context, "RSC");
   }
 
-  return async function handler(
+  function getRequiredRouteMap(): Record<string, string> {
+    const routeMap = getRouterManifest(router.id);
+    if (!routeMap) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Route manifest for router "${router.id}" is not available.`,
+      );
+    }
+    return routeMap;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle a timeout by reporting the error, emitting telemetry,
+   * and returning either the custom onTimeout response or a default 504.
+   */
+  async function handleTimeoutResponse(
     request: Request,
-    env: TEnv & { ctx?: ExecutionContext } = {} as TEnv & {
-      ctx?: ExecutionContext;
+    env: TEnv,
+    url: URL,
+    phase: TimeoutPhase,
+    durationMs: number,
+    routeKey?: string,
+    actionId?: string,
+  ): Promise<Response> {
+    const timeoutError = new RouterTimeoutError(phase, durationMs);
+
+    callOnError(timeoutError, phase === "action" ? "action" : "handler", {
+      request,
+      url,
+      env,
+      routeKey,
+      actionId,
+      handledByBoundary: false,
+      metadata: { timeout: true, phase, durationMs },
+    });
+
+    if (router.telemetry) {
+      safeEmit(resolveSink(router.telemetry), {
+        type: "request.timeout",
+        timestamp: performance.now(),
+        requestId: getRequestId(request),
+        phase,
+        pathname: url.pathname,
+        routeKey,
+        actionId,
+        durationMs,
+        customHandler: !!router.onTimeout,
+      });
+    }
+
+    if (router.onTimeout) {
+      try {
+        return await router.onTimeout({
+          phase,
+          request,
+          url,
+          env,
+          routeKey,
+          actionId,
+          durationMs,
+        });
+      } catch (e) {
+        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== "production") {
+          console.error("[RSC] onTimeout callback error:", e);
+        }
+        return createDefaultTimeoutResponse(phase);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return createDefaultTimeoutResponse(phase);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Build a 200 Flight response that carries a redirect URL and optional state.
+   * Used when a partial/action request results in a redirect -- fetch
+   * auto-follows 3xx so we send the redirect as payload metadata instead.
+   */
+  function createRedirectFlightResponse(
+    redirectUrl: string,
+    locationState?: Record<string, unknown>,
+    external?: boolean,
+  ): Response {
+    const redirectPayload: RscPayload = {
+      metadata: {
+        pathname: redirectUrl,
+        segments: [],
+        redirect: { url: redirectUrl, ...(external && { external: true }) },
+        ...(locationState && { locationState }),
+      },
+    };
+    const reqCtx = _getRequestContext<TEnv>();
+    const rscStream = reqCtx
+      ? renderRscFlightStage(
+          {
+            ctx: { renderToReadableStream, callOnError },
+            request: reqCtx.request,
+            url: reqCtx.url,
+            env: reqCtx.env,
+            payload: redirectPayload,
+            tracking: {
+              mode: reqCtx.url.searchParams.has("_rsc_action")
+                ? "action-revalidation"
+                : "partial",
+              routeKey: reqCtx._routeName,
+              phases: RSC_FLIGHT_ONLY_PHASES,
+            },
+          },
+          performance.now(),
+        ).stream
+      : renderToReadableStream<RscPayload>(redirectPayload);
+    return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
+      status: 200,
+      headers: { "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8" },
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Bundle shared dependencies for extracted handler functions.
+  // callOnError reads from ALS so it's inherently per-request scoped.
+  const handlerCtx: HandlerContext<TEnv> = {
+    router,
+    version,
+    renderToReadableStream,
+    decodeReply,
+    createTemporaryReferenceSet,
+    loadServerAction,
+    decodeAction,
+    decodeFormState,
+    loadSSRModule,
+    callOnError,
+    getRequiredRouteMap,
+    createRedirectFlightResponse,
+    resolveStreamMode: async (request, env, url) => {
+      const resolver = router.ssr?.resolveStreaming;
+      if (!resolver) return "stream";
+      return resolver({ request, env, url });
     },
+  };
+
+  return async function handler(
+    request: Request,
+    input: RouterRequestInput<TEnv> = {},
   ): Promise<Response> {
     const handlerStart = performance.now();
+    // Create the metrics store at handler start so handler:total has startTime=0
+    // and all metrics are relative to the request entry point.
+    const earlyMetricsStore = router.debugPerformance
+      ? createMetricsStore(true, handlerStart)
+      : undefined;
+
+    const { env = {} as TEnv, vars: initialVars, ctx: executionCtx } = input;
 
     // Connection warmup: return 204 immediately before any processing
-    if (router.warmupEnabled && request.method === "HEAD") {
+    if (router?.warmupEnabled && request.method === "HEAD") {
       const warmupUrl = new URL(request.url);
       if (warmupUrl.searchParams.has("_rsc_warmup")) {
         return new Response(null, { status: 204 });
@@ -175,24 +389,27 @@ export function createRSCHandler<
     const mwMatchDur = performance.now() - mwMatchStart;
 
     // Shared variables between middleware and route handlers
-    // Initialize from env.Variables if provided (allows pre-seeding from worker entry)
-    const variables: Record<string, any> = {
-      ...((env as any)?.Variables ?? {}),
-    };
+    // Initialize from input.vars if provided (allows pre-seeding from worker entry)
+    const variables: Record<string, any> = initialVars
+      ? { ...initialVars }
+      : {};
 
-    // Store nonce in variables so middleware can access via ctx.get('nonce')
+    // Store nonce via ContextVar token and string key for backward compat
     if (nonce) {
+      contextSet(variables, nonceToken, nonce);
       variables.nonce = nonce;
     }
 
     // Resolve cache store configuration
     // Priority: options.cache (handler override) > router.cache (router default)
     // Store is enabled only if: config provided, enabled, and no ?__no_cache query param
-    let cacheStore = undefined;
+    let cacheStore: SegmentCacheStore | undefined;
     const cacheOption = options.cache ?? router.cache;
     if (cacheOption && !url.searchParams.has("__no_cache")) {
       const cacheConfig =
-        typeof cacheOption === "function" ? cacheOption(env) : cacheOption;
+        typeof cacheOption === "function"
+          ? cacheOption(env, executionCtx)
+          : cacheOption;
 
       if (cacheConfig.enabled !== false) {
         cacheStore = cacheConfig.store;
@@ -223,56 +440,7 @@ export function createRSCHandler<
         // Cloudflare dev: generate manifest inline for this router.
         // Each router generates its own manifest independently so
         // multi-router setups (host routing) work correctly.
-        const { generateManifest } =
-          await import("../build/generate-manifest.js");
-        const generated = generateManifest(router.urlpatterns);
-        if (
-          generated._routeAncestry &&
-          Object.keys(generated._routeAncestry).length > 0
-        ) {
-          const { buildRouteTrie } = await import("../build/route-trie.js");
-          // Map each route to its include() staticPrefix so the trie
-          // returns the correct sp for lazy entry lookup in findMatch.
-          const routeToStaticPrefix: Record<string, string> = {};
-          for (const name of Object.keys(generated.routeManifest)) {
-            routeToStaticPrefix[name] = "";
-          }
-          // Override with prefix from include() entries so the trie
-          // returns the correct sp for lazy entry lookup in findMatch.
-          // Walk recursively to include routes in nested includes.
-          if (generated.prefixTree) {
-            const visitPrefixNode = (node: any): void => {
-              const sp = node.staticPrefix || "";
-              for (const route of (node.routes || [])) {
-                routeToStaticPrefix[route] = sp;
-              }
-              for (const child of Object.values(node.children || {})) {
-                visitPrefixNode(child);
-              }
-            };
-            for (const node of Object.values(generated.prefixTree)) {
-              visitPrefixNode(node);
-            }
-          }
-          const trie = buildRouteTrie(
-            generated.routeManifest,
-            generated._routeAncestry,
-            routeToStaticPrefix,
-            generated.routeTrailingSlash,
-            generated.prerenderRoutes ? new Set(generated.prerenderRoutes) : undefined,
-            generated.passthroughRoutes ? new Set(generated.passthroughRoutes) : undefined,
-            generated.responseTypeRoutes,
-          );
-          setRouterTrie(router.id, trie);
-          // Set global trie only if not already set by another router
-          if (!getRouteTrie()) {
-            setRouteTrie(trie);
-          }
-        }
-        setRouterManifest(router.id, generated.routeManifest);
-        // Merge into global manifest (needed for reverse/href across routers)
-        const existing = hasCachedManifest() ? getGlobalRouteMap() : {};
-        setCachedManifest({ ...existing, ...generated.routeManifest });
+        await buildRouterTrieFromUrlpatterns(router);
       }
       if (!getRouterManifest(router.id) && !hasCachedManifest()) {
         throw new Error(
@@ -280,10 +448,17 @@ export function createRSCHandler<
         );
       }
     }
-    const manifestCacheDur = performance.now() - manifestCacheStart;
 
-    // Note: Route map for useHref() is loaded lazily via getGlobalRouteMap()
-    // This allows it to include all routes from lazy includes after manifest loading
+    // Rebuild the trie when the manifest exists but the per-router trie is
+    // missing. This happens in dev mode after HMR: the virtual module sets
+    // the manifest (from fresh gen files) but the trie is intentionally not
+    // injected to avoid stale discovery-time data. Without the trie, route
+    // matching falls back to regex iteration which does not handle wildcard
+    // priority correctly (catch-all patterns match before specific routes).
+    if (!getRouterTrie(router.id) && router.urlpatterns) {
+      await buildRouterTrieFromUrlpatterns(router);
+    }
+    const manifestCacheDur = performance.now() - manifestCacheStart;
 
     // Create unified request context with all methods
     // Includes: stub response, handle store, loader memoization, use(), cookies, headers, cache store
@@ -295,9 +470,35 @@ export function createRSCHandler<
       url,
       variables,
       cacheStore,
-      executionContext: env.ctx,
+      explicitTaggedStores,
+      cacheProfiles: router.cacheProfiles,
+      executionContext: executionCtx,
       themeConfig: router.themeConfig,
+      stateCookieName: router.resolvedStateCookieName,
+      version,
     });
+    // Thread the true request entry timestamp onto the context so a metrics
+    // store created MID-request (ctx.debugPerformance() / getMetricsStore) anchors
+    // to the real start, not the opt-in moment — phases that began earlier then
+    // report non-negative offsets. Set unconditionally: debug may be enabled later.
+    requestContext._handlerStart = handlerStart;
+    if (earlyMetricsStore) {
+      requestContext._debugPerformance = true;
+      requestContext._metricsStore = earlyMetricsStore;
+    }
+    // Wire background error reporting so "use cache" and other subsystems
+    // can surface non-fatal errors through the router's onError callback.
+    requestContext._reportBackgroundError = (
+      error: unknown,
+      category: CacheErrorCategory,
+    ) => {
+      callOnError(error, "cache", {
+        request,
+        url,
+        metadata: { category },
+      });
+    };
+
     const ctxCreateDur = performance.now() - ctxCreateStart;
 
     // Accumulate handler-level timing for Server-Timing header
@@ -319,1159 +520,750 @@ export function createRSCHandler<
     // - Server components during rendering
     // - Error boundaries
     // - Streaming
-    return runWithRequestContext(requestContext, async () => {
-      // Core handler logic (wrapped by middleware)
-      const coreHandler = async (): Promise<Response> => {
-        return coreRequestHandler(request, env, url, variables, nonce);
-      };
-
-      // Execute middleware chain if any, otherwise call core handler directly
-      if (matchedMiddleware.length > 0) {
-        return executeMiddleware(
-          matchedMiddleware,
-          request,
-          env,
-          variables,
-          coreHandler,
-        );
-      }
-
-      return coreHandler();
-    });
-  };
-
-  // Core request handling logic (separated for middleware wrapping)
-  async function coreRequestHandler(
-    request: Request,
-    env: TEnv,
-    url: URL,
-    variables: Record<string, any>,
-    nonce: string | undefined,
-  ): Promise<Response> {
-    // First, check for route-level middleware
-    const previewStart = performance.now();
-    const preview = await router.previewMatch(request, env);
-    const previewDur = performance.now() - previewStart;
-    const handlerTiming: string[] = variables.__handlerTiming || [];
-    handlerTiming.push(`handler-preview-match;dur=${previewDur.toFixed(2)}`);
-    // Response route short-circuit: skip entire RSC pipeline
-    if (preview?.responseType && preview.handler) {
-      const isPartial = url.searchParams.has("_rsc_partial");
-
-      // Partial requests (client-side navigation) to response routes
-      // get X-RSC-Reload to trigger hard navigation in the browser
-      if (isPartial) {
-        const cleanUrl = new URL(url);
-        cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_partial");
-        cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_segments");
-        cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_v");
-        cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_stale");
-        cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_action");
-        cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_prev");
-
-        return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(null, {
-          status: 200,
-          headers: {
-            "X-RSC-Reload": cleanUrl.toString(),
-            "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8",
-          },
-        });
-      }
+    // Store basename on request context (scoped per-request via existing ALS)
+    requestContext._basename = router.basename;
+
+    // Resolved span tracing for this request (read at each traced phase).
+    requestContext._tracing = router.tracing;
+
+    // The "rango.request" span is opened inside the request context so the
+    // Cloudflare runner can read executionContext.tracing, and so every nested
+    // phase span (and the platform's automatic KV/D1/fetch spans) nests under
+    // it. Construction-bound: the span ends when the Response is built, never
+    // wrapping the streamed body. metric:false — handler:total is metered
+    // directly below (a grand total incl. the pre-context bootstrap timings).
+    // When tracing is off this is a direct pass-through.
+    return runWithRequestContext(requestContext, () =>
+      observePhase(PHASES.request, async (span) => {
+        span.setAttribute("http.method", request.method);
+        // The matched route template is not known until match() runs later, so
+        // emit the concrete path as url.path (low-level), NOT http.route — the
+        // latter is reserved for the low-cardinality template (OTel convention).
+        span.setAttribute("url.path", url.pathname);
+
+        // Core handler logic (wrapped by middleware)
+        const coreHandler = async (): Promise<Response> => {
+          return coreRequestHandler(request, env, url, variables, nonce);
+        };
 
-      // Build lightweight context for response handler
-      const bindings = (env as any)?.Bindings ?? env;
-      const reqCtx = requireRequestContext();
-      const responseHandlerCtx = {
-        request,
-        params: preview.params || {},
-        env: bindings,
-        searchParams: url.searchParams,
-        url,
-        pathname: url.pathname,
-        href: (name: string, hrefParams?: Record<string, string>) => {
-          if (name.startsWith("/")) {
-            if (!hrefParams) return name;
-            return name.replace(/:([^/]+)/g, (_, key) => {
-              const value = hrefParams[key];
-              if (value === undefined) throw new Error(`Missing param "${key}" for path "${name}"`);
-              return encodeURIComponent(value);
-            });
-          }
-          return name;
-        },
-        get: (key: string) => variables[key],
-        header: (name: string, value: string) => reqCtx.header(name, value),
-        setCookie: (name: string, value: string, options?: any) => reqCtx.setCookie(name, value, options),
-      };
+        // Execute middleware chain if any, otherwise call core handler directly
+        let response: Response;
+        if (matchedMiddleware.length > 0) {
+          const mwResponse = await executeMiddleware(
+            matchedMiddleware,
+            request,
+            env,
+            variables,
+            coreHandler,
+            createReverseFunction(getRequiredRouteMap()),
+          );
 
-      // Call handler directly, wrapped by route middleware if present
-      const callHandler = async () => {
-        // JSON response routes: wrap in { data } / { error } envelope
-        if (preview.responseType === "json") {
-          const errorCtx = { request, url, env };
-          try {
-            const result = await (preview.handler as Function)(responseHandlerCtx);
-            if (result instanceof Response) {
-              const mergedHeaders: Record<string, string> = {};
-              result.headers.forEach((value, key) => {
-                mergedHeaders[key] = value;
-              });
-              return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(result.body, {
-                status: result.status,
-                headers: mergedHeaders,
-              });
-            }
-            return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(
-              JSON.stringify({ data: result }),
-              { status: 200, headers: { "content-type": "application/json;charset=utf-8" } },
-            );
-          } catch (error) {
-            callOnError(error, "handler", errorCtx);
-            const isDev = process.env.NODE_ENV !== "production";
-            const status = error instanceof RouterError ? error.status : 500;
-            return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(
-              JSON.stringify({ error: createResponseErrorPayload(error, isDev) }),
-              { status, headers: { "content-type": "application/json;charset=utf-8" } },
+          if (
+            url.searchParams.has("_rsc_partial") ||
+            url.searchParams.has("_rsc_action")
+          ) {
+            const intercepted = interceptRedirectForPartial(
+              mwResponse,
+              createRedirectFlightResponse,
             );
+            response = intercepted ?? finalizeResponse(mwResponse);
+          } else {
+            response = finalizeResponse(mwResponse);
           }
+        } else {
+          response = await coreHandler();
         }
 
-        // Non-JSON response routes: catch errors and return plain Response
-        const errorCtx = { request, url, env };
-        try {
-          const result = await (preview.handler as Function)(responseHandlerCtx);
-
-          if (result instanceof Response) {
-            // Handler returned a Response directly -- pass through
-            const mergedHeaders: Record<string, string> = {};
-            result.headers.forEach((value, key) => {
-              mergedHeaders[key] = value;
-            });
-            return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(result.body, {
-              status: result.status,
-              headers: mergedHeaders,
-            });
-          }
-
-          // Auto-wrap based on response type tag
-          switch (preview.responseType) {
-            case "text":
-              return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(
-                String(result),
-                { status: 200, headers: { "content-type": "text/plain;charset=utf-8" } },
-              );
-            case "html":
-              return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(
-                String(result),
-                { status: 200, headers: { "content-type": "text/html;charset=utf-8" } },
-              );
-            case "xml":
-              return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(
-                String(result),
-                { status: 200, headers: { "content-type": "application/xml;charset=utf-8" } },
-              );
-            case "md":
-              return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(
-                String(result),
-                { status: 200, headers: { "content-type": "text/markdown;charset=utf-8" } },
-              );
-            default:
-              // image, stream, any -- must return Response
-              throw new Error(
-                `Response route handler for "${preview.responseType}" must return a Response object, got ${typeof result}`
-              );
-          }
-        } catch (error) {
-          callOnError(error, "handler", errorCtx);
-          const isDev = process.env.NODE_ENV !== "production";
-          const status = error instanceof RouterError ? error.status : 500;
-          const message = error instanceof RouterError
-            ? error.message
-            : isDev && error instanceof Error
-              ? error.message
-              : "Internal Server Error";
-          return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(message, {
-            status,
-            headers: { "content-type": "text/plain;charset=utf-8" },
-          });
+        // Finalize metrics after all middleware (including post-next work)
+        // has completed so :post spans are captured in the timeline.
+        // Handler timing parts are always emitted (even without debug metrics)
+        // so non-debug requests still get bootstrap Server-Timing entries.
+        const handlerTimingArr: string[] = variables.__handlerTiming || [];
+        // Preserve any existing Server-Timing set by response routes or middleware
+        const existingTiming = response.headers.get("Server-Timing");
+        const timingParts = existingTiming
+          ? [existingTiming, ...handlerTimingArr]
+          : [...handlerTimingArr];
+
+        const metricsStore = requestContext._metricsStore;
+        if (metricsStore) {
+          // When the store was created at handler start (earlyMetricsStore),
+          // handler:total covers the full request. When ctx.debugPerformance()
+          // created the store mid-request its requestStart is now the threaded
+          // _handlerStart (== handlerStart), so both branches yield the true
+          // request entry; reading the store's own anchor keeps this correct even
+          // if a store ever lands without the threading (falls back to its start).
+          const totalStart = earlyMetricsStore
+            ? handlerStart
+            : metricsStore.requestStart;
+          appendMetric(
+            metricsStore,
+            "handler:total",
+            totalStart,
+            performance.now() - totalStart,
+          );
+          const metricsTiming = buildMetricsTiming(
+            request.method,
+            url.pathname,
+            metricsStore,
+          );
+          if (metricsTiming) timingParts.push(metricsTiming);
         }
-      };
 
-      // Wrap callHandler to append Vary: Accept on content-negotiated responses
-      const callHandlerWithVary = async () => {
-        const response = await callHandler();
-        if (preview.negotiated) {
-          response.headers.append("Vary", "Accept");
+        const fullTiming = timingParts.join(", ");
+        if (fullTiming && !isWebSocketUpgradeResponse(response)) {
+          try {
+            response.headers.set("Server-Timing", fullTiming);
+          } catch {
+            // Immutable headers (e.g. a passed-through platform Response) — drop
+            // the timing header, never the response. Instrumentation must not
+            // 500 a request.
+          }
         }
-        return response;
-      };
-
-      if (preview.routeMiddleware && preview.routeMiddleware.length > 0) {
-        const middlewareEntries = preview.routeMiddleware.map((mw) => ({
-          entry: {
-            pattern: null,
-            regex: null,
-            paramNames: [],
-            handler: mw.handler,
-            mountPrefix: null,
-          },
-          params: mw.params,
-        }));
-        return executeMiddleware(middlewareEntries, request, env, variables, callHandlerWithVary);
-      }
-
-      return callHandlerWithVary();
-    }
-
-    // Wrap RSC handler to append Vary: Accept on content-negotiated routes
-    const rscHandler = async () => {
-      const response = await coreRequestHandlerInner(request, env, url, variables, nonce);
-      if (preview?.negotiated) {
-        response.headers.append("Vary", "Accept");
-      }
-      return response;
-    };
-
-    if (preview?.routeMiddleware && preview.routeMiddleware.length > 0) {
-      // Convert route middleware to app middleware format for execution
-      const middlewareEntries = preview.routeMiddleware.map((mw) => ({
-        entry: {
-          pattern: null,
-          regex: null,
-          paramNames: [],
-          handler: mw.handler,
-          mountPrefix: null,
-        },
-        params: mw.params,
-      }));
-
-      // Execute route middleware wrapping the actual request handling
-      return executeMiddleware(middlewareEntries, request, env, variables, rscHandler);
-    }
 
-    // No route middleware, proceed directly
-    return rscHandler();
-  }
+        // Single open-redirect chokepoint: every response (PE, full-page,
+        // middleware short-circuit, response-route) funnels through here, so
+        // guarding browser-followed (3xx) redirects once covers them all and any
+        // future redirect exit. Soft SPA/Flight redirects are 200/204 and pass
+        // through untouched (validated client-side instead).
+        return guardOutgoingRedirect(response, url.origin, router.basename);
+      }),
+    );
+  };
 
-  // Inner request handler (actual RSC logic, wrapped by route middleware if any)
-  async function coreRequestHandlerInner(
+  // Core request handling logic (separated for middleware wrapping).
+  // Uses the classify → execute model: classifyRequest produces a RequestPlan,
+  // then execution dispatches on the plan mode.
+  async function coreRequestHandler(
     request: Request,
     env: TEnv,
     url: URL,
     variables: Record<string, any>,
     nonce: string | undefined,
   ): Promise<Response> {
-    const isPartial = url.searchParams.has("_rsc_partial");
-    const isAction =
-      request.headers.has("rsc-action") || url.searchParams.has("_rsc_action");
-    const actionId =
-      request.headers.get("rsc-action") || url.searchParams.get("_rsc_action");
-
-    // Version mismatch detection - client may have stale code after HMR/deployment
-    // If versions don't match, tell the client to reload
-    const clientVersion = url.searchParams.get("_rsc_v");
-    if (version && clientVersion && clientVersion !== version) {
-      console.log(
-        `[RSC] Version mismatch: client=${clientVersion}, server=${version}. Forcing reload.`,
-      );
+    const handlerTiming: string[] = variables.__handlerTiming || [];
 
-      // Clean URL by removing RSC params
-      const cleanUrl = new URL(url);
-      cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_partial");
-      cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_segments");
-      cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_v");
-      cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_stale");
-      cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_action");
-      cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_prev");
-
-      // For actions, reload current page (referer)
-      // For navigation, load the target URL
-      const reloadUrl = isAction
-        ? request.headers.get("referer") || cleanUrl.toString()
-        : cleanUrl.toString();
-
-      // Return special response that tells client to reload
-      return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(null, {
-        status: 200,
-        headers: {
-          "X-RSC-Reload": reloadUrl,
-          "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8",
-        },
+    // ---- 1. Classify ----
+    // classifyRequest may throw RouteNotFoundError for unknown routes.
+    // In that case, fall through to a full-render plan so the pipeline
+    // can render the 404 page via the existing error handling path.
+    const classifyStart = performance.now();
+    let plan: RequestPlan<TEnv>;
+    try {
+      plan = await classifyRequest<TEnv>(request, url, {
+        findMatch: router.findMatch,
+        routerVersion: version,
+        routerId: router.id,
       });
-    }
-    // Debug manifest endpoint: ?__debug_manifest on any route.
-    // Always available in dev, requires allowDebugManifest option in production.
-    const isDev = process.env.NODE_ENV !== "production";
-    if (
-      url.searchParams.has("__debug_manifest") &&
-      (isDev || router.allowDebugManifest)
-    ) {
-      const trie = getRouterTrie(router.id) ?? getRouteTrie();
-      const routeManifest = getRouterManifest(router.id) ?? getGlobalRouteMap();
-      const { extractAncestryFromTrie } = await import("../build/route-trie.js");
-      return new Response(
-        JSON.stringify(
-          {
-            routerId: router.id,
-            routeManifest,
-            routeAncestry: trie ? extractAncestryFromTrie(trie) : {},
-            routeTrie: trie,
-            precomputedEntries: getPrecomputedEntries(),
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (isRouteNotFoundError(error)) {
+        // Let the render path handle 404 — match()/matchPartial() will
+        // re-throw RouteNotFoundError and the catch block in
+        // executeRenderWithMiddleware renders the not-found page.
+        plan = {
+          mode: "full-render",
+          route: {
+            matched: null as any,
+            manifestEntry: null as any,
+            entries: [],
+            routeKey: "",
+            localRouteName: "",
+            params: {},
+            routeMiddleware: [],
+            cacheScope: null,
+            isPassthrough: false,
           },
-          null,
-          2,
-        ),
-        {
-          headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
-        },
-      );
+          negotiated: false,
+        };
+      } else {
+        throw error;
+      }
     }
-
-    // Get handle store from request context (created at start of request)
-    const handleStore = requireRequestContext()._handleStore;
-
-    try {
-      // ============================================================================
-      // PROGRESSIVE ENHANCEMENT: No-JS Form Submissions
-      // ============================================================================
-      const progressiveResult = await handleProgressiveEnhancement(
-        request,
-        env,
-        url,
-        isAction,
-        handleStore,
-        nonce,
-      );
-      if (progressiveResult) {
-        return progressiveResult;
+    const classifyDur = performance.now() - classifyStart;
+    handlerTiming.push(`handler-classify;dur=${classifyDur.toFixed(2)}`);
+
+    // ---- 2. Terminal plans (no execution needed) ----
+    if (plan.mode === "redirect") {
+      // Redirects are handled by the pipeline (match/matchPartial),
+      // but for partial requests we short-circuit with a Flight redirect.
+      if (url.searchParams.has("_rsc_partial")) {
+        return createRedirectFlightResponse(plan.redirectUrl);
       }
+      // Full requests: let the pipeline handle the redirect via match()
+      // which returns { redirect: url }. Fall through to full-render.
+    }
 
-      // ============================================================================
-      // SERVER ACTION EXECUTION (JavaScript-enabled client)
-      // ============================================================================
-      if (isAction && actionId) {
-        return handleServerAction(request, env, url, actionId, handleStore);
-      }
+    if (plan.mode === "version-mismatch") {
+      console.log(
+        `[RSC] Version mismatch: client=${url.searchParams.get("_rsc_v")}, server=${version}. Forcing reload.`,
+      );
+      return createReloadResponse(plan.reloadUrl);
+    }
 
-      // ============================================================================
-      // LOADER FETCH EXECUTION (data fetching with RSC serialization)
-      // ============================================================================
-      const isLoaderRequest = url.searchParams.has("_rsc_loader");
-      if (isLoaderRequest) {
-        return handleLoaderFetch(request, env, url, variables);
-      }
+    if (plan.mode === "app-switch") {
+      // Cross-app SPA navigation crossed a host-router app boundary. Force a
+      // real document navigation so the target app's document is re-established
+      // (stylesheets, theme, warmup, prefetch-TTL). See request-classification.
+      return createReloadResponse(plan.reloadUrl);
+    }
 
-      // ============================================================================
-      // REGULAR RSC RENDERING (Navigation)
-      // ============================================================================
-      // Note: Must use "return await" for try/catch to catch async rejections
-      return await handleRscRendering(
+    // ---- 3. Origin guard (gate for action/loader/PE modes) ----
+    const originPhase = ORIGIN_CHECK_PHASE_BY_MODE[plan.mode];
+    if (originPhase) {
+      const originResult = await checkRequestOrigin(
         request,
-        env,
         url,
-        isPartial,
-        handleStore,
-        nonce,
+        router.originCheck,
+        env,
+        router.id,
+        originPhase,
       );
-    } catch (error) {
-      // Check if middleware/handler returned Response
-      if (error instanceof Response) {
-        // During partial (client-side navigation), a 200 Response from a handler
-        // means the route serves raw content (JSON, text, etc.), not JSX.
-        // Signal the browser to hard-navigate so it renders the raw response.
-        // Only for 200 — redirects (3xx) work already because the browser follows
-        // them automatically to a URL that serves Flight data.
-        if (isPartial && error.status === 200) {
-          console.warn(
-            `[RSC] Route handler at ${url.pathname} returned a Response during client-side navigation. ` +
-            `Falling back to hard navigation. Use data-external on the <Link> to avoid the extra round-trip.`,
-          );
-          const cleanUrl = new URL(url);
-          cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_partial");
-          cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_segments");
-          cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_v");
-          cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_stale");
-          cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_action");
-          cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_prev");
-          return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(null, {
-            status: 200,
-            headers: {
-              "X-RSC-Reload": cleanUrl.toString(),
-              "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8",
-            },
-          });
-        }
-        return error;
-      }
+      if (originResult) {
+        const originError = new Error(
+          `Origin check rejected: ${request.headers.get("origin") ?? "none"} vs ${request.headers.get("host") ?? "none"}`,
+        );
+        originError.name = "OriginCheckError";
 
-      // Render 404 page for unmatched routes
-      // Check both instanceof and error.name for cross-bundle compatibility
-      const isRouteNotFound =
-        error instanceof RouteNotFoundError ||
-        (error instanceof Error && error.name === "RouteNotFoundError");
-      if (isRouteNotFound) {
-        callOnError(error, "routing", {
+        callOnError(originError, "origin", {
           request,
           url,
           env,
-          handledByBoundary: true, // Handled by notFound component
-        });
-
-        // Get notFound component from router options or use default
-        const notFoundOption = router.notFound;
-        const notFoundComponent =
-          typeof notFoundOption === "function"
-            ? notFoundOption({ pathname: url.pathname })
-            : (notFoundOption ?? createElement("h1", null, "Not Found"));
-
-        // Create a simple segment for the 404 page
-        const notFoundSegment = {
-          id: "notFound",
-          namespace: "notFound",
-          type: "route" as const,
-          index: 0,
-          component: notFoundComponent,
-          params: {},
-        };
-
-        // Render with rootLayout to maintain app shell
-        const root = await renderSegments([notFoundSegment], {
-          rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
-          // No routeName for not-found routes
-        });
-
-        const payload: RscPayload = {
-          root,
+          handledByBoundary: false,
           metadata: {
-            pathname: url.pathname,
-            segments: [notFoundSegment],
-            matched: [],
-            diff: [],
-            isPartial: false,
-            handles: handleStore.stream(),
-            version,
-            themeConfig: router.themeConfig,
-            warmupEnabled: router.warmupEnabled,
-            initialTheme: requireRequestContext().theme,
-            // No routeName for not-found routes
+            phase: originPhase,
+            origin: request.headers.get("origin"),
+            host: request.headers.get("host"),
           },
-        };
-
-        const rscStream = renderToReadableStream(payload);
-
-        // Determine if this is an RSC request or HTML request
-        const isRscRequest =
-          (!request.headers.get("accept")?.includes("text/html") &&
-            !url.searchParams.has("__html")) ||
-          url.searchParams.has("__rsc");
+        });
 
-        if (isRscRequest) {
-          return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
-            status: 404,
-            headers: { "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8" },
+        if (router.telemetry) {
+          safeEmit(resolveSink(router.telemetry), {
+            type: "request.origin-rejected",
+            timestamp: performance.now(),
+            requestId: getRequestId(request),
+            method: request.method,
+            pathname: url.pathname,
+            phase: originPhase,
+            origin: request.headers.get("origin"),
+            host: request.headers.get("host"),
           });
         }
 
-        // Delegate to SSR for HTML response
-        const ssrModule = await loadSSRModule();
-        const htmlStream = await ssrModule.renderHTML(rscStream, { nonce });
-
-        return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(htmlStream, {
-          status: 404,
-          headers: { "content-type": "text/html;charset=utf-8" },
-        });
+        return originResult;
       }
-
-      // Report unhandled errors
-      callOnError(error, "routing", {
-        request,
-        url,
-        env,
-        handledByBoundary: false,
-      });
-      console.error(`[RSC] Error:`, error);
-      throw error;
     }
+
+    // ---- 4. Execute ----
+    return executeRequest(
+      plan as ExecutableRequestPlan<TEnv>,
+      request,
+      env,
+      url,
+      variables,
+      nonce,
+    );
   }
 
-  // ============================================================================
-  // PROGRESSIVE ENHANCEMENT HANDLER
-  // When JavaScript is disabled, React renders forms with hidden fields
-  // ($ACTION_REF_*, $ACTION_KEY) containing the action reference.
-  // We detect these and return HTML instead of RSC stream.
-  // ============================================================================
-  async function handleProgressiveEnhancement(
+  // Execute a classified request plan. Dispatches to the appropriate handler
+  // based on plan.mode. Lives in the createRSCHandler closure for access to
+  // handlerCtx, router, callOnError, etc.
+  // Only receives executable plans (version-mismatch is handled above).
+  async function executeRequest(
+    plan: ExecutableRequestPlan<TEnv>,
     request: Request,
     env: TEnv,
     url: URL,
-    isAction: boolean,
-    handleStore: ReturnType<typeof requireRequestContext>["_handleStore"],
+    variables: Record<string, any>,
     nonce: string | undefined,
-  ): Promise<Response | null> {
-    const contentType = request.headers.get("content-type") || "";
-    const isFormSubmission =
-      contentType.includes("multipart/form-data") ||
-      contentType.includes("application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
-
-    if (request.method !== "POST" || isAction || !isFormSubmission) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    // Clone the request to read FormData without consuming it
-    const formData = await request.clone().formData();
-
-    // Look for React's progressive enhancement hidden fields
-    let isDirectAction = false;
-    let isUseActionState = false;
-    let directActionId: string | null = null;
+  ): Promise<Response> {
+    // Common setup
+    const handleStore = getRequestContext()._handleStore;
 
-    formData.forEach((_value, key) => {
-      if (key.startsWith("$ACTION_ID_")) {
-        isDirectAction = true;
-        directActionId = key.slice("$ACTION_ID_".length);
-      } else if (key.startsWith("$ACTION_REF_")) {
-        isUseActionState = true;
+    // Wire up error reporting for late streaming-handle failures
+    handleStore.onError = (error: Error) => {
+      const reqCtx = getRequestContext();
+      callOnError(error, "handler", {
+        request,
+        url,
+        routeKey: reqCtx._routeName,
+        params: reqCtx.params as Record<string, string>,
+        handledByBoundary: true,
+      });
+      if (router.telemetry) {
+        safeEmit(resolveSink(router.telemetry), {
+          type: "handler.error",
+          timestamp: performance.now(),
+          requestId: getRequestId(request),
+          error,
+          handledByBoundary: true,
+          pathname: url.pathname,
+          routeKey: reqCtx._routeName,
+          params: reqCtx.params as Record<string, string>,
+        });
       }
-    });
+    };
 
-    if (!isDirectAction && !isUseActionState) {
-      return null;
+    // Set route params early so all execution paths can access ctx.params.
+    // Also store the classified snapshot so match/matchPartial can reuse it
+    // instead of calling resolveRoute again.
+    if (plan.mode !== "redirect") {
+      setRequestContextParams(plan.route.params, plan.route.routeKey);
+      getRequestContext()._classifiedRoute = plan.route;
     }
 
-    // Execute action and return HTML
-    let actionResult: unknown = undefined;
-    let reactFormState: ReactFormState | null = null;
-
-    if (isUseActionState) {
-      try {
-        const boundAction = await decodeAction(formData);
-        actionResult = await boundAction();
-      } catch (error) {
-        callOnError(error, "action", {
+    const routeReverse = createReverseFunction(getRequiredRouteMap());
+
+    // ---- Response route: skip entire RSC pipeline ----
+    if (plan.mode === "response") {
+      // Build ResponseRouteMatch from plan fields. handleResponseRoute
+      // expects a flat object with params at the top level.
+      const responseMatch: ResponseRouteMatch = {
+        responseType: plan.responseType,
+        handler: plan.handler,
+        params: plan.route.params,
+        negotiated: plan.negotiated,
+        manifestEntry: plan.manifestEntry,
+        routeMiddleware: plan.routeMiddleware,
+      };
+      const responseOutcome = await withTimeout(
+        handleResponseRoute(
+          handlerCtx,
+          responseMatch,
           request,
-          url,
           env,
-          handledByBoundary: false,
-        });
-        console.error("[RSC] Progressive enhancement action error:", error);
-      }
-    } else if (isDirectAction && directActionId) {
-      const temporaryReferences = createTemporaryReferenceSet();
-
-      let args: unknown[] = [];
-      try {
-        args = await decodeReply(formData, { temporaryReferences });
-      } catch {
-        args = [formData];
-      }
-
-      try {
-        const loadedAction = await loadServerAction(directActionId);
-        actionResult = await loadedAction.apply(null, args);
-      } catch (error) {
-        callOnError(error, "action", {
-          request,
           url,
+          variables,
+        ),
+        router.timeouts.renderStartMs,
+        "render-start",
+      );
+      if (responseOutcome.timedOut) {
+        return handleTimeoutResponse(
+          request,
           env,
-          actionId: directActionId,
-          handledByBoundary: false,
-        });
-        console.error("[RSC] Progressive enhancement action error:", error);
+          url,
+          "render-start",
+          responseOutcome.durationMs,
+          plan.route.routeKey,
+        );
       }
+      const response = responseOutcome.result;
+      if (plan.negotiated && !isWebSocketUpgradeResponse(response)) {
+        // handleResponseRoute (callHandlerWithVary) already appends Vary: Accept
+        // for negotiated responses; dedup so we don't emit Vary: Accept, Accept.
+        appendVaryAccept(response);
+      }
+      return response;
     }
 
-    // Decode form state for useActionState progressive enhancement
-    try {
-      reactFormState = await decodeFormState(actionResult, formData);
-    } catch (error) {
-      callOnError(error, "action", {
+    // SSR setup: kick off in parallel for modes that need HTML rendering.
+    // Placed after response-route short-circuit so response/mime routes
+    // never pay for SSR work.
+    //
+    // Only kick off when the request will actually render HTML, so the
+    // eager loadSSRModule() + user resolveStreaming() are not started (and
+    // never consumed) for a request that returns an RSC stream — that wasted
+    // work also leaves an orphaned Promise.all that can reject (D7). PE form
+    // submissions always render HTML (handleProgressiveEnhancement renders via
+    // getSSRSetup regardless of Accept). For full/partial-render and action,
+    // the render-time HTML decision is exactly !isRscRequest — mayNeedSSR is
+    // the coarse transport pre-filter, isRscRequest adds the partial/__rsc
+    // flags; both share the same Accept rule (acceptsFlightExplicitly in
+    // ssr-setup.ts), so the Accept call cannot drift between them. Both must
+    // pass.
+    const willRenderHtml =
+      plan.mode === "pe-render" ||
+      (mayNeedSSR(request, url) &&
+        !isRscRequest(request, url, plan.mode === "partial-render"));
+    if (plan.mode !== "loader" && willRenderHtml) {
+      variables[SSR_SETUP_VAR] = startSSRSetup(
+        handlerCtx,
         request,
-        url,
         env,
-        handledByBoundary: false,
-      });
-      console.error("[RSC] Failed to decode form state:", error);
-    }
-
-    // Re-render the page and return HTML
-    const renderRequest = new Request(url.toString(), {
-      method: "GET",
-      headers: new Headers({ accept: "text/html" }),
-    });
-
-    const match = await router.match(renderRequest, env);
-
-    if (match.redirect) {
-      return new Response(null, {
-        status: 308,
-        headers: { Location: match.redirect },
-      });
+        url,
+        router.debugPerformance
+          ? () => getRequestContext()._metricsStore
+          : undefined,
+      );
     }
 
-    const root = renderSegments(match.segments, {
-      rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
-    });
-
-    const payload: RscPayload = {
-      root,
-      metadata: {
-        pathname: url.pathname,
-        segments: match.segments,
-        matched: match.matched,
-        diff: match.diff,
-        isPartial: false,
-        rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
-        handles: handleStore.stream(),
-        version,
-        themeConfig: router.themeConfig,
-        warmupEnabled: router.warmupEnabled,
-        initialTheme: requireRequestContext().theme,
-      },
-      formState: actionResult,
-    };
-
-    const rscStream = renderToReadableStream<RscPayload>(payload);
-    const ssrModule = await loadSSRModule();
-    const htmlStream = await ssrModule.renderHTML(rscStream, {
-      formState: reactFormState,
-      nonce,
-    });
-
-    return new Response(htmlStream, {
-      headers: { "content-type": "text/html;charset=utf-8" },
-    });
-  }
-
-  // ============================================================================
-  // SERVER ACTION HANDLER
-  // ============================================================================
-  async function handleServerAction(
-    request: Request,
-    env: TEnv,
-    url: URL,
-    actionId: string,
-    handleStore: ReturnType<typeof requireRequestContext>["_handleStore"],
-  ): Promise<Response> {
-    const temporaryReferences = createTemporaryReferenceSet();
-
-    // Decode action arguments from request body
-    const contentType = request.headers.get("content-type") || "";
-    let args: unknown[] = [];
-    let actionFormData: FormData | undefined;
-
-    try {
-      const body = contentType.includes("multipart/form-data")
-        ? await request.formData()
-        : await request.text();
-
-      if (body instanceof FormData) {
-        actionFormData = body;
-      }
-
-      if (hasBodyContent(body)) {
-        args = await decodeReply(body, { temporaryReferences });
-      }
-    } catch (error) {
-      callOnError(error, "action", {
+    // ---- Loader fetch ----
+    if (plan.mode === "loader") {
+      return handleLoaderFetch(
+        handlerCtx,
         request,
-        url,
         env,
-        actionId,
-        handledByBoundary: false,
-      });
-      throw new Error(`Failed to decode action arguments: ${error}`, {
-        cause: error,
-      });
+        url,
+        variables,
+        plan.route.params,
+      );
     }
 
-    // Execute the server action
-    let returnValue: { ok: boolean; data: unknown };
-    let actionStatus = 200;
-    let loadedAction: Function | undefined;
-
-    try {
-      loadedAction = await loadServerAction(actionId);
-      const data = await loadedAction!.apply(null, args);
-      returnValue = { ok: true, data };
-    } catch (error) {
-      returnValue = { ok: false, data: error };
-      actionStatus = 500;
-
-      // Try to render error boundary
-      const errorResult = await router.matchError(request, env, error, "route");
-
-      // Report the action error (handledByBoundary indicates if error boundary will render)
-      callOnError(error, "action", {
+    // ---- Progressive enhancement ----
+    if (plan.mode === "pe-render") {
+      const peResult = await handleProgressiveEnhancement(
+        handlerCtx,
         request,
-        url,
         env,
-        actionId,
-        handledByBoundary: !!errorResult,
-      });
-
-      if (errorResult) {
-        setRequestContextParams(errorResult.params);
-
-        const payload: RscPayload = {
-          root: null,
-          metadata: {
-            pathname: url.pathname,
-            segments: errorResult.segments,
-            isPartial: true,
-            matched: errorResult.matched,
-            diff: errorResult.diff,
-            isError: true,
-            handles: handleStore.stream(),
-            version,
-          },
-          returnValue,
-        };
-
-        const rscStream = renderToReadableStream<RscPayload>(payload, {
-          temporaryReferences,
-        });
-
-        return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
-          status: actionStatus,
-          headers: { "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8" },
-        });
-      }
+        url,
+        false, // isAction = false for PE
+        handleStore,
+        nonce,
+        {
+          routeMiddleware: plan.route.routeMiddleware,
+          variables,
+          routeReverse,
+        },
+      );
+      if (peResult) return peResult;
+      // PE handler returned null (not a PE form) — fall through to render
     }
 
-    // Revalidate after action
-    const resolvedActionId =
-      (loadedAction as { $id?: string; $$id?: string } | undefined)?.$id ??
-      (loadedAction as { $$id?: string } | undefined)?.$$id ??
-      actionId;
-    const actionContext = {
-      actionId: resolvedActionId,
-      actionUrl: new URL(request.url),
-      actionResult: returnValue.data,
-      formData: actionFormData,
-    };
-
-    const matchResult = await router.matchPartial(request, env, actionContext);
-
-    if (!matchResult) {
-      // Fall back to full render
-      const fullMatch = await router.match(request, env);
-      setRequestContextParams(fullMatch.params);
-
-      if (fullMatch.redirect) {
-        return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(null, {
-          status: 308,
-          headers: { Location: fullMatch.redirect },
+    // ---- Action: execute action, then revalidate wrapped in route middleware ----
+    if (plan.mode === "action") {
+      let actionContinuation: ActionContinuation | undefined;
+      try {
+        // Instrument the action execution as its own phase (action:<actionId> +
+        // rango.action), so a POST shows the mutation time AND which action ran,
+        // not just the downstream revalidation render. The action's own
+        // loaders/fetches nest under rango.action.
+        const actionOutcome = await withTimeout(
+          observePhase(PHASES.action(plan.actionId), () =>
+            executeServerAction(
+              handlerCtx,
+              request,
+              env,
+              url,
+              plan.actionId,
+              handleStore,
+            ),
+          ),
+          router.timeouts.actionMs,
+          "action",
+        );
+        if (actionOutcome.timedOut) {
+          return handleTimeoutResponse(
+            request,
+            env,
+            url,
+            "action",
+            actionOutcome.durationMs,
+            plan.route.routeKey,
+            plan.actionId,
+          );
+        }
+        const result = actionOutcome.result;
+        // Response means redirect or error boundary — done.
+        if (result instanceof Response) return result;
+        actionContinuation = result;
+      } catch (error) {
+        callOnError(error, "action", {
+          request,
+          url,
+          env,
+          actionId: plan.actionId,
+          handledByBoundary: false,
         });
+        console.error(`[RSC] Action error:`, error);
+        throw error;
       }
 
-      const renderStart = performance.now();
-      const root = renderSegments(fullMatch.segments, {
-        rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
-        isAction: true,
-      });
-      const renderDuration = performance.now() - renderStart;
-      const serverTiming = fullMatch.serverTiming
-        ? `${fullMatch.serverTiming}, rendering;dur=${renderDuration.toFixed(2)}`
-        : `rendering;dur=${renderDuration.toFixed(2)}`;
-
-      const payload: RscPayload = {
-        root,
-        metadata: {
-          pathname: url.pathname,
-          segments: fullMatch.segments,
-          matched: fullMatch.matched,
-          diff: fullMatch.diff,
-          handles: handleStore.stream(),
-          version,
-        },
-        returnValue,
-      };
-
-      const rscStream = renderToReadableStream<RscPayload>(payload, {
-        temporaryReferences,
-      });
-
-      const headers: Record<string, string> = {
-        "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8",
-      };
-      if (serverTiming) {
-        headers["Server-Timing"] = serverTiming;
-      }
-
-      return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
-        status: actionStatus,
-        headers,
-      });
-    }
-
-    // Return updated segments
-    setRequestContextParams(matchResult.params);
-
-    const renderStart = performance.now();
-
-    const renderDuration = performance.now() - renderStart;
-    const serverTiming = matchResult.serverTiming
-      ? `${matchResult.serverTiming}, rendering;dur=${renderDuration.toFixed(2)}`
-      : `rendering;dur=${renderDuration.toFixed(2)}`;
-
-    const payload: RscPayload = {
-      root: null,
-      metadata: {
-        pathname: url.pathname,
-        segments: matchResult.segments,
-        isPartial: true,
-        matched: matchResult.matched,
-        diff: matchResult.diff,
-        slots: matchResult.slots,
-        handles: handleStore.stream(),
-        version,
-      },
-      returnValue,
-    };
-
-    const rscStream = renderToReadableStream<RscPayload>(payload, {
-      temporaryReferences,
-    });
-
-    const actionHeaders: Record<string, string> = {
-      "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8",
-    };
-    if (serverTiming) {
-      actionHeaders["Server-Timing"] = serverTiming;
+      // Revalidation render wrapped in route middleware.
+      // Actions from client-side navigation include _rsc_partial — preserve
+      // the partial flag so the revalidation returns a Flight stream, not HTML.
+      // App-switch is already excluded by classifyRequest (would be full-render).
+      const isPartialAction = url.searchParams.has("_rsc_partial");
+      return executeRenderWithMiddleware(
+        plan.route.routeMiddleware,
+        plan.negotiated,
+        plan.route.routeKey,
+        routeReverse,
+        request,
+        env,
+        url,
+        variables,
+        nonce,
+        handleStore,
+        isPartialAction,
+        actionContinuation,
+      );
     }
 
-    return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
-      status: actionStatus,
-      headers: actionHeaders,
-    });
+    // Full render, partial render, fallen-through PE, and full-page redirect all
+    // render through the same middleware-wrapped path. Only full/partial-render
+    // carry negotiation + the partial flag; pe/redirect render plainly.
+    const isPartial = plan.mode === "partial-render";
+    const negotiated =
+      plan.mode === "full-render" || plan.mode === "partial-render"
+        ? plan.negotiated
+        : false;
+    return executeRenderWithMiddleware(
+      plan.route.routeMiddleware,
+      negotiated,
+      plan.route.routeKey,
+      routeReverse,
+      request,
+      env,
+      url,
+      variables,
+      nonce,
+      handleStore,
+      isPartial,
+    );
   }
 
-  // ============================================================================
-  // LOADER FETCH HANDLER
-  // Supports GET (params in query string) and POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE (JSON body)
-  // ============================================================================
-  async function handleLoaderFetch(
+  // Shared render execution: wraps handleRscRendering (or revalidateAfterAction)
+  // in route middleware and timeout handling. Consolidates the pattern used by
+  // action-revalidate, full-render, and partial-render modes.
+  async function executeRenderWithMiddleware(
+    routeMiddleware: import("../router/middleware-types.js").CollectedMiddleware[],
+    negotiated: boolean,
+    routeKey: string,
+    routeReverse: ReturnType<typeof createReverseFunction>,
     request: Request,
     env: TEnv,
     url: URL,
     variables: Record<string, any>,
+    nonce: string | undefined,
+    handleStore: ReturnType<typeof getRequestContext>["_handleStore"],
+    isPartial: boolean,
+    actionContinuation?: ActionContinuation,
   ): Promise<Response> {
-    const loaderId = url.searchParams.get("_rsc_loader");
-
-    if (!loaderId) {
-      return createResponseWithMergedHeaders("Missing _rsc_loader parameter", {
-        status: 400,
-      });
-    }
-
-    // Look up loader lazily
-    const registeredLoader = await getLoaderLazy(loaderId);
-    if (!registeredLoader) {
-      return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(
-        `Loader "${loaderId}" not found in registry`,
-        { status: 404 },
-      );
-    }
-
-    // Parse params and body based on request method
-    let loaderParams: Record<string, string> = {};
-    let loaderBody: unknown = undefined;
-    const isBodyMethod = request.method !== "GET" && request.method !== "HEAD";
-
-    if (isBodyMethod) {
+    const renderHandler = async (): Promise<Response> => {
       try {
-        const contentType = request.headers.get("content-type") || "";
-        if (contentType.includes("application/json")) {
-          const jsonBody = (await request.json()) as {
-            params?: Record<string, string>;
-            body?: unknown;
-          };
-          loaderParams = jsonBody.params ?? {};
-          loaderBody = jsonBody.body;
-        }
-      } catch {
-        return createResponseWithMergedHeaders("Invalid JSON body", {
-          status: 400,
-        });
-      }
-    } else {
-      const loaderParamsJson = url.searchParams.get("_rsc_loader_params");
-      if (loaderParamsJson) {
-        try {
-          loaderParams = JSON.parse(loaderParamsJson);
-        } catch {
-          return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(
-            "Invalid _rsc_loader_params JSON",
-            { status: 400 },
+        let response: Response;
+        if (actionContinuation) {
+          response = await revalidateAfterAction(
+            handlerCtx,
+            request,
+            env,
+            url,
+            handleStore,
+            actionContinuation,
+          );
+        } else {
+          response = await handleRscRendering(
+            handlerCtx,
+            request,
+            env,
+            url,
+            isPartial,
+            handleStore,
+            nonce,
           );
         }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Execute the loader with middleware
-    try {
-      const { fn, middleware } = registeredLoader;
-
-      return await executeLoaderMiddleware(
-        middleware,
-        request,
-        env,
-        loaderParams,
-        variables,
-        async () => {
-          const ctx = requireRequestContext();
-          const loaderCtx: any = {
-            ...ctx,
-            params: loaderParams,
-            body: loaderBody,
-          };
-
-          const result = await fn(loaderCtx);
+        if (negotiated && !isWebSocketUpgradeResponse(response)) {
+          // handleRscRendering bakes `accept` into the RSC response's Vary list;
+          // dedup so the negotiated append does not list accept twice.
+          appendVaryAccept(response);
+        }
+        return response;
+      } catch (error) {
+        // Check if middleware/handler returned Response
+        if (error instanceof Response) {
+          // An action revalidation render is delivered to the client over the
+          // same Flight-parsing path as a partial navigation, so a Response
+          // thrown during it must be converted exactly like a partial one
+          // (raw 200 -> hard-nav hint, 3xx -> Flight redirect). Without this,
+          // the no-middleware path returns the raw Response (the with-middleware
+          // path is already covered by the isPartial || actionContinuation
+          // guard below).
+          const treatAsPartial = isPartial || actionContinuation != null;
+
+          // During partial (client-side navigation), a 200 Response from a handler
+          // means the route serves raw content (JSON, text, etc.), not JSX.
+          // Signal the browser to hard-navigate so it renders the raw response.
+          if (treatAsPartial && error.status === 200) {
+            console.warn(
+              `[RSC] Route handler at ${url.pathname} returned a Response during client-side navigation. ` +
+                `Falling back to hard navigation. Use data-external on the <Link> to avoid the extra round-trip.`,
+            );
+            return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(null, {
+              status: 200,
+              headers: {
+                "X-RSC-Reload": stripInternalParams(url).toString(),
+                "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8",
+              },
+            });
+          }
 
-          interface LoaderPayload {
-            loaderResult: unknown;
+          if (treatAsPartial) {
+            const intercepted = interceptRedirectForPartial(
+              error,
+              createRedirectFlightResponse,
+            );
+            if (intercepted) return intercepted;
           }
-          const loaderPayload: LoaderPayload = { loaderResult: result };
-          const rscStream =
-            renderToReadableStream<LoaderPayload>(loaderPayload);
 
-          return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
-            headers: { "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8" },
+          return error;
+        }
+
+        // Render 404 page for unmatched routes
+        if (isRouteNotFoundError(error)) {
+          callOnError(error, "routing", {
+            request,
+            url,
+            env,
+            handledByBoundary: true,
           });
-        },
-      );
-    } catch (error) {
-      const err = error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error));
-      const isDev = process.env.NODE_ENV !== "production";
 
-      console.error("[RSC] Loader error:", error);
+          const notFoundOption = router.notFound;
+          const notFoundComponent =
+            typeof notFoundOption === "function"
+              ? notFoundOption({ pathname: url.pathname })
+              : (notFoundOption ?? createElement("h1", null, "Not Found"));
+
+          const notFoundSegment = {
+            id: "notFound",
+            namespace: "notFound",
+            type: "route" as const,
+            index: 0,
+            component: notFoundComponent,
+            params: {},
+          };
 
-      callOnError(error, "loader", {
-        request,
-        url,
-        env,
-        loaderName: loaderId,
-        handledByBoundary: false,
-      });
+          const payload: RscPayload = {
+            metadata: {
+              pathname: url.pathname,
+              routerId: router.id,
+              basename: router.basename,
+              segments: [notFoundSegment],
+              matched: [],
+              diff: [],
+              // Shape parity with buildFullPayload (rsc-rendering.ts): the 404
+              // payload carries params/resolvedIds/prefetchCacheTTL the same way a
+              // matched full render does. resolvedIds mirrors the rendered segment
+              // list (the single notFound segment) like the error-boundary path
+              // (match-api.ts) does for its boundary segment.
+              resolvedIds: [notFoundSegment.id],
+              params: {},
+              isPartial: false,
+              rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
+              // Full (404) render: resolve deferred handle values server-side.
+              handles: resolvedHandleStream(handleStore),
+              version,
+              prefetchCacheTTL: router.prefetchCacheTTL,
+              prefetchCacheSize: router.prefetchCacheSize,
+              prefetchConcurrency: router.prefetchConcurrency,
+              stateCookieName: router.resolvedStateCookieName,
+              themeConfig: router.themeConfig,
+              warmupEnabled: router.warmupEnabled,
+              strictMode: router.strictMode,
+              initialTheme: getRequestContext().theme,
+            },
+          };
 
-      const errorPayload = {
-        loaderResult: null,
-        loaderError: {
-          message: isDev ? err.message : "An error occurred",
-          name: err.name,
-        },
-      };
-      const rscStream = renderToReadableStream(errorPayload);
+          const isNotFoundFlightResponse = isRscRequest(
+            request,
+            url,
+            isPartial,
+          );
+          const notFoundStageTracking = {
+            mode: isPartial ? ("partial" as const) : ("full" as const),
+            routeKey,
+            phases: isNotFoundFlightResponse
+              ? RSC_FLIGHT_ONLY_PHASES
+              : RSC_FLIGHT_HTML_PHASES,
+          };
+          const rscStream = renderRscFlightStage(
+            {
+              ctx: { renderToReadableStream, callOnError },
+              request,
+              url,
+              env,
+              payload,
+              tracking: notFoundStageTracking,
+            },
+            performance.now(),
+          ).stream;
+
+          if (isNotFoundFlightResponse) {
+            return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
+              status: 404,
+              headers: {
+                "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8",
+                // Router identity for the client's pre-decode integrity check; a
+                // same-app 404 matches and applies in place. See response-adapter.
+                "X-RSC-Router-Id": router.id,
+              },
+            });
+          }
 
-      return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
-        status: 500,
-        headers: { "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8" },
-      });
-    }
-  }
+          const [ssrModule, streamMode] = await getSSRSetup(
+            handlerCtx,
+            request,
+            env,
+            url,
+            getRequestContext()._metricsStore,
+          );
+          const htmlStream = await observeRscHtmlStage(
+            { url, tracking: notFoundStageTracking },
+            () =>
+              ssrModule.renderHTML(rscStream, {
+                nonce,
+                streamMode,
+              }),
+          );
 
-  // ============================================================================
-  // RSC RENDERING HANDLER (Navigation)
-  // ============================================================================
-  async function handleRscRendering(
-    request: Request,
-    env: TEnv,
-    url: URL,
-    isPartial: boolean,
-    handleStore: ReturnType<typeof requireRequestContext>["_handleStore"],
-    nonce: string | undefined,
-  ): Promise<Response> {
-    // Retrieve handler-level timing from variables
-    const reqCtx = requireRequestContext();
-    const handlerTimingArr: string[] = reqCtx.var.__handlerTiming || [];
-    const handlerStart: number = reqCtx.var.__handlerStart || 0;
-
-    let payload: RscPayload;
-    let serverTiming: string | undefined;
-
-    if (isPartial) {
-      // Partial render (navigation)
-      const result = await router.matchPartial(request, env);
-
-      if (!result) {
-        // Fall back to full render
-        const match = await router.match(request, env);
-        setRequestContextParams(match.params);
-
-        if (match.redirect) {
-          return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(null, {
-            status: 308,
-            headers: { Location: match.redirect },
+          return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(htmlStream, {
+            status: 404,
+            headers: { "content-type": "text/html;charset=utf-8" },
           });
         }
 
-        const renderStart = performance.now();
-        const root = renderSegments(match.segments, {
-          rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
-        });
-        const renderDuration = performance.now() - renderStart;
-        serverTiming = match.serverTiming
-          ? `${match.serverTiming}, rendering;dur=${renderDuration.toFixed(2)}`
-          : `rendering;dur=${renderDuration.toFixed(2)}`;
-
-        payload = {
-          root,
-          metadata: {
-            pathname: url.pathname,
-            segments: match.segments,
-            matched: match.matched,
-            diff: match.diff,
-            isPartial: false,
-            handles: handleStore.stream(),
-            version,
-            themeConfig: router.themeConfig,
-            initialTheme: reqCtx.theme,
-          },
-        };
-      } else {
-        setRequestContextParams(result.params);
-        serverTiming = result.serverTiming;
-
-        payload = {
-          root: null,
-          metadata: {
-            pathname: url.pathname,
-            segments: result.segments,
-            matched: result.matched,
-            diff: result.diff,
-            isPartial: true,
-            slots: result.slots,
-            handles: handleStore.stream(),
-            version,
-          },
-        };
-      }
-    } else {
-      // Full render (initial page load)
-      const match = await router.match(request, env);
-      setRequestContextParams(match.params);
-
-      if (match.redirect) {
-        return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(null, {
-          status: 308,
-          headers: { Location: match.redirect },
+        // Report unhandled errors
+        callOnError(error, "routing", {
+          request,
+          url,
+          env,
+          handledByBoundary: false,
         });
+        console.error(`[RSC] Error:`, error);
+        throw error;
       }
+    };
 
-      // Caching is now handled in router.match() via cache provider in request context
-      // match.segments already contains cached or fresh segments as appropriate
-
-      if (url.searchParams.has("__prerender_collect")) {
-        // Build-time prerender collection: serialize segments and handle data
-        // to JSON for storage as build artifacts. At runtime the worker
-        // deserializes these and feeds them through the normal segment pipeline.
-        const nonLoaderSegments = match.segments.filter((s) => s.type !== "loader");
-        await handleStore.settled;
-        const { serializeSegments } = await import("../cache/cache-scope.js");
-        const serializedSegments = await serializeSegments(nonLoaderSegments);
-        const handles: Record<string, Record<string, unknown[]>> = {};
-        for (const seg of nonLoaderSegments) {
-          const segHandles = handleStore.getDataForSegment(seg.id);
-          if (Object.keys(segHandles).length > 0) {
-            handles[seg.id] = segHandles;
-          }
-        }
-        return new Response(
-          JSON.stringify({
-            segments: serializedSegments,
-            handles,
-            routeName: match.routeName,
-            params: match.params,
-          }),
-          { headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" } },
+    // Wrap the render path in a renderStartMs timeout
+    const executeRender = async (): Promise<Response> => {
+      if (routeMiddleware.length > 0) {
+        const mwResponse = await executeMiddleware(
+          buildRouteMiddlewareEntries<TEnv>(routeMiddleware),
+          request,
+          env,
+          variables,
+          renderHandler,
+          routeReverse,
         );
-      } else {
-        const renderStart = performance.now();
-        const root = renderSegments(match.segments, {
-          rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
-        });
-        const renderDuration = performance.now() - renderStart;
-        serverTiming = match.serverTiming
-          ? `${match.serverTiming}, rendering;dur=${renderDuration.toFixed(2)}`
-          : `rendering;dur=${renderDuration.toFixed(2)}`;
-
-        payload = {
-          root,
-          metadata: {
-            pathname: url.pathname,
-            segments: match.segments,
-            matched: match.matched,
-            diff: match.diff,
-            isPartial: false,
-            rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
-            handles: handleStore.stream(),
-            version,
-            themeConfig: router.themeConfig,
-            initialTheme: reqCtx.theme,
-          },
-        };
-      }
-    }
 
-    // Serialize to RSC stream
-    const rscSerializeStart = performance.now();
-    const rscStream = renderToReadableStream<RscPayload>(payload);
-    const rscSerializeDur = performance.now() - rscSerializeStart;
-
-    // Determine if this is an RSC request or HTML request
-    const isRscRequest =
-      (!request.headers.get("accept")?.includes("text/html") &&
-        !url.searchParams.has("__html")) ||
-      url.searchParams.has("__rsc");
-
-    // Build complete Server-Timing: handler phases + match/manifest + rendering + RSC serialize
-    const timingParts: string[] = [...handlerTimingArr];
-    if (serverTiming) {
-      timingParts.push(serverTiming);
-    }
-    timingParts.push(`rsc-serialize;dur=${rscSerializeDur.toFixed(2)}`);
+        if (isPartial || actionContinuation) {
+          const intercepted = interceptRedirectForPartial(
+            mwResponse,
+            createRedirectFlightResponse,
+          );
+          if (intercepted) return intercepted;
+        }
 
-    if (isRscRequest) {
-      const fullTiming = timingParts.join(", ");
-      const rscHeaders: Record<string, string> = {
-        "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8",
-        vary: "accept",
-      };
-      if (fullTiming) {
-        rscHeaders["Server-Timing"] = fullTiming;
+        return finalizeResponse(mwResponse);
       }
-      return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
-        headers: rscHeaders,
-      });
-    }
-
-    // Delegate to SSR for HTML response
-    const ssrModuleStart = performance.now();
-    const ssrModule = await loadSSRModule();
-    const ssrModuleDur = performance.now() - ssrModuleStart;
-    timingParts.push(`ssr-module-load;dur=${ssrModuleDur.toFixed(2)}`);
-
-    const ssrRenderStart = performance.now();
-    const htmlStream = await ssrModule.renderHTML(rscStream, { nonce });
-    const ssrRenderDur = performance.now() - ssrRenderStart;
-    timingParts.push(`ssr-render-html;dur=${ssrRenderDur.toFixed(2)}`);
-
-    // Add total handler duration
-    if (handlerStart) {
-      const totalHandler = performance.now() - handlerStart;
-      timingParts.push(`handler-total;dur=${totalHandler.toFixed(2)}`);
-    }
 
-    const fullTiming = timingParts.join(", ");
-    const htmlHeaders: Record<string, string> = {
-      "content-type": "text/html;charset=utf-8",
+      return renderHandler();
     };
-    if (fullTiming) {
-      htmlHeaders["Server-Timing"] = fullTiming;
-    }
 
-    return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(htmlStream, {
-      headers: htmlHeaders,
-    });
+    const renderOutcome = await withTimeout(
+      executeRender(),
+      router.timeouts.renderStartMs,
+      "render-start",
+    );
+    if (renderOutcome.timedOut) {
+      return handleTimeoutResponse(
+        request,
+        env,
+        url,
+        "render-start",
+        renderOutcome.durationMs,
+        routeKey,
+      );
+    }
+    return renderOutcome.result;
   }
 }