@pkmn/engine 0.1.0-dev.deda8593 → 0.1.0-dev.e0a786f8

package/src/lib/gen1/calc.zig

@@ -1,46 +1,43 @@
-const std = @import("std");
-
-const pkmn = @import("../pkmn.zig");
+const DEBUG = @import("../common/debug.zig").print;
 
+const chance = @import("chance.zig");
 const common = @import("../common/data.zig");
-const DEBUG = @import("../common/debug.zig").print;
+const data = @import("data.zig");
+const helpers = @import("helpers.zig");
 const optional = @import("../common/optional.zig");
+const pkmn = @import("../pkmn.zig");
 const protocol = @import("../common/protocol.zig");
 const rational = @import("../common/rational.zig");
+const std = @import("std");
 const util = @import("../common/util.zig");
 
-const chance = @import("chance.zig");
-const data = @import("data.zig");
-const helpers = @import("helpers.zig");
-
+const Action = chance.Action;
+const Actions = chance.Actions;
 const assert = std.debug.assert;
-
+const Chance = chance.Chance;
+const Choice = common.Choice;
+const Confusion = chance.Confusion;
+const Duration = chance.Duration;
+const Durations = chance.Durations;
+const enabled = pkmn.options.calc;
 const expect = std.testing.expect;
 const expectEqual = std.testing.expectEqual;
-
-const enabled = pkmn.options.calc;
-
-const Player = common.Player;
-const Result = common.Result;
-const Choice = common.Choice;
-
+const expectEqualSlices = std.testing.expectEqualSlices;
+const isPointerTo = util.isPointerTo;
+const Observation = chance.Observation;
 const Optional = optional.Optional;
-
-const Rational = rational.Rational;
-
+const Player = common.Player;
 const PointerType = util.PointerType;
-
-const Actions = chance.Actions;
-const Action = chance.Action;
-const Chance = chance.Chance;
-const Durations = chance.Durations;
-const Duration = chance.Duration;
-
-const Rolls = helpers.Rolls;
+const Rational = rational.Rational;
+const Result = common.Result;
+const Sleeps = chance.Sleeps;
 
 const tty = true; // DEBUG
 const summary = false; // DEBUG
 
+const Int = if (@hasField(std.builtin.Type, "int")) .int else .Int;
+const Enum = if (@hasField(std.builtin.Type, "enum")) .@"enum" else .Enum;
+
 /// Information relevant to damage calculation that occured during a Generation I battle `update`.
 pub const Summaries = extern struct {
     /// Relevant information for Player 1.
@@ -54,7 +51,7 @@ pub const Summaries = extern struct {
 
     /// Returns the `Summary` for the given `player`.
     pub fn get(self: anytype, player: Player) PointerType(@TypeOf(self), Summary) {
-        assert(@typeInfo(@TypeOf(self)).Pointer.child == Summaries);
+        assert(isPointerTo(self, Summaries));
         return if (player == .P1) &self.p1 else &self.p2;
     }
 };
@@ -90,25 +87,11 @@ pub const Summary = extern struct {
     }
 };
 
-/// TODO
-pub const Overrides = extern struct {
-    /// TODO
-    actions: Actions = .{},
-    /// TODO
-    durations: Durations = .{},
-
-    _: u32 = 0,
-
-    comptime {
-        assert(@sizeOf(Overrides) == 24);
-    }
-};
-
 /// Allows for forcing the value of specific RNG events during a Generation I battle `update` via
 /// `overrides` and tracks `summaries` of information relevant to damage calculation.
 pub const Calc = struct {
     /// Overrides the normal behavior of the RNG during an `update` to force specific outcomes.
-    overrides: Overrides = .{},
+    overrides: Actions = .{},
     /// Information relevant to damage calculation.
     summaries: Summaries = .{},
 
@@ -119,26 +102,20 @@ pub const Calc = struct {
     ) ?std.meta.FieldType(Action, field) {
         if (!enabled) return null;
 
-        const overrides =
-            if (player == .P1) self.overrides.actions.p1 else self.overrides.actions.p2;
-        const val = @field(overrides, @tagName(field));
+        const val = @field(self.overrides.get(player), @tagName(field));
         return if (switch (@typeInfo(@TypeOf(val))) {
-            .Enum => val != .None,
-            .Int => val != 0,
+            Enum => val != .None,
+            Int => val != 0,
             else => unreachable,
         }) val else null;
     }
 
-    pub fn modify(self: Calc, player: Player, comptime field: Duration.Field) ?bool {
-        if (!enabled) return null;
-
-        const durations = self.overrides.durations;
-        const set = @field(if (player == .P1) durations.p1 else durations.p2, @tagName(field));
-        if (set == 0) return null;
+    pub fn confusion(self: *Calc, player: Player) void {
+        if (!enabled) return;
 
-        const actions = self.overrides.actions;
-        const overrides = if (player == .P1) actions.p1.durations else actions.p2.durations;
-        return @field(overrides, @tagName(field)) != 0;
+        if (self.overrides.get(player).confusion == .started) {
+            self.overrides.get(player).confusion = .None;
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn base(self: *Calc, player: Player, val: u16) void {
@@ -174,9 +151,8 @@ const Null = struct {
         return null;
     }
 
-    pub fn modify(self: Null, player: Player, comptime field: Duration.Field) ?bool {
-        _ = .{ self, player, field };
-        return null;
+    pub fn confusion(self: Null, player: Player) void {
+        _ = .{ self, player };
     }
 
     pub fn base(self: Null, player: Player, val: u16) void {
@@ -200,13 +176,13 @@ pub const Stats = struct {
 };
 
 pub const Options = struct {
-    actions: Actions = .{},
+    durations: Durations,
     seed: ?u64 = null,
     cap: bool = false,
     metronome: bool = false,
 };
 
-pub const MAX_FRONTIER = 19;
+pub const MAX_FRONTIER = 81;
 
 pub fn transitions(
     battle: anytype,
@@ -218,7 +194,6 @@ pub fn transitions(
 ) !?Stats {
     var stats: Stats = .{};
 
-    const actions = options.actions;
     const cap = options.cap;
 
     var seen = std.AutoHashMap(Actions, void).init(allocator);
@@ -226,13 +201,12 @@ pub fn transitions(
     var frontier = std.ArrayList(Actions).init(allocator);
     defer frontier.deinit();
 
+    const d = options.durations;
+
     var opts = pkmn.battle.options(
         protocol.NULL,
-        Chance(Rational(u128)){ .probability = .{}, .actions = actions },
-        Calc{ .overrides = .{ .actions = actions, .durations = .{
-            .p1 = actions.p1.durations,
-            .p2 = actions.p2.durations,
-        } } },
+        Chance(Rational(u128)){ .probability = .{}, .durations = d },
+        Calc{},
     );
 
     var b = battle;
@@ -242,7 +216,7 @@ pub fn transitions(
     const p1 = b.side(.P1);
     const p2 = b.side(.P2);
 
-    var p: Rational(u128) = .{ .p = 0, .q = 1 };
+    var p: Rational(u256) = .{ .p = 0, .q = 1 };
     try frontier.append(opts.chance.actions);
 
     // zig fmt: off
@@ -254,13 +228,12 @@ pub fn transitions(
     var i: usize = 0;
     assert(frontier.items.len == 1);
     while (i < frontier.items.len) : (i += 1) {
-        const template = frontier.items[i];
-        opts.calc.overrides.durations = .{
-            .p1 = template.p1.durations,
-            .p2 = template.p2.durations,
-        };
+        const f = frontier.items[i];
+        const saved = stats.saved;
+
+        var r: Rational(u256) = .{ .p = 0, .q = 1 };
 
-        try debug(writer, template, .{
+        try debug(writer, f, .{
             .shape = true,
             .color = i,
             .bold = true,
@@ -268,43 +241,44 @@ pub fn transitions(
             .indent = false,
         });
 
-        var a: Actions = .{ .p1 = .{ .metronome = p1_move }, .p2 = .{ .metronome = p2_move } };
-
-        for (Rolls.speedTie(template.p1)) |tie| { a.p1.speed_tie = tie; a.p2.speed_tie = tie;
-        for (Rolls.sleep(template.p1, actions.p1)) |p1_slp| { a.p1.durations.sleep = p1_slp;
-        for (Rolls.sleep(template.p2, actions.p2)) |p2_slp| { a.p2.durations.sleep = p2_slp;
-        for (Rolls.disable(template.p1, actions.p1, p1_slp)) |p1_disable| { a.p1.durations.disable = p1_disable;
-        for (Rolls.disable(template.p2, actions.p2, p2_slp)) |p2_disable| { a.p2.durations.disable = p2_disable;
-        for (Rolls.confusion(template.p1, actions.p1, p1_slp)) |p1_cfz| { a.p1.durations.confusion = p1_cfz;
-        for (Rolls.confusion(template.p2, actions.p2, p1_slp)) |p2_cfz| { a.p2.durations.confusion = p2_cfz;
-        for (Rolls.confused(template.p1, p1_cfz)) |p1_cfzd| { a.p1.confused = p1_cfzd;
-        for (Rolls.confused(template.p2, p2_cfz)) |p2_cfzd| { a.p2.confused = p2_cfzd;
-        for (Rolls.paralyzed(template.p1, p1_cfzd)) |p1_par| { a.p1.paralyzed = p1_par;
-        for (Rolls.paralyzed(template.p2, p2_cfzd)) |p2_par| { a.p2.paralyzed = p2_par;
-        for (Rolls.attacking(template.p1, actions.p1, p1_par)) |p1_atk| { a.p1.durations.attacking = p1_atk;
-        for (Rolls.attacking(template.p2, actions.p2, p2_par)) |p2_atk| { a.p2.durations.attacking = p2_atk;
-        for (Rolls.binding(template.p1, actions.p1, p1_par)) |p1_bind| { a.p1.durations.binding = p1_bind;
-        for (Rolls.binding(template.p2, actions.p2, p2_par)) |p2_bind| { a.p2.durations.binding = p2_bind;
-        for (Rolls.duration(template.p1, p1_par)) |p1_dur| { a.p1.duration = p1_dur;
-        for (Rolls.duration(template.p2, p2_par)) |p2_dur| { a.p2.duration = p2_dur;
-        for (Rolls.hit(template.p1, p1_par)) |p1_hit| { a.p1.hit = p1_hit;
-        for (Rolls.hit(template.p2, p2_par)) |p2_hit| { a.p2.hit = p2_hit;
-        for (Rolls.psywave(template.p1, p1, p1_hit)) |p1_psywave| { a.p1.psywave = p1_psywave;
-        for (Rolls.psywave(template.p2, p2, p2_hit)) |p2_psywave| { a.p2.psywave = p2_psywave;
-        for (Rolls.moveSlot(template.p1, p1_hit)) |p1_slot| { a.p1.move_slot = p1_slot;
-        for (Rolls.moveSlot(template.p2, p2_hit)) |p2_slot| { a.p2.move_slot = p2_slot;
-        for (Rolls.multiHit(template.p1, p1_hit)) |p1_multi| { a.p1.multi_hit = p1_multi;
-        for (Rolls.multiHit(template.p2, p2_hit)) |p2_multi| { a.p2.multi_hit = p2_multi;
-        for (Rolls.secondaryChance(template.p1, p1_hit)) |p1_sec| { a.p1.secondary_chance = p1_sec;
-        for (Rolls.secondaryChance(template.p2, p2_hit)) |p2_sec| { a.p2.secondary_chance = p2_sec;
-        for (Rolls.criticalHit(template.p1, p1_hit)) |p1_crit| { a.p1.critical_hit = p1_crit;
-        for (Rolls.criticalHit(template.p2, p2_hit)) |p2_crit| { a.p2.critical_hit = p2_crit;
-
-        var p1_dmg = Rolls.damage(template.p1, p1_hit);
+        var a: Actions = .{
+            .p1 = .{ .metronome = p1_move, .pp = f.p1.pp, .duration = f.p1.duration },
+            .p2 = .{ .metronome = p2_move, .pp = f.p2.pp, .duration = f.p2.duration },
+        };
+
+        for (Rolls.speedTie(f.p1)) |tie| { a.p1.speed_tie = tie; a.p2.speed_tie = tie;
+        for (Rolls.sleep(f.p1, d.p1)) |p1_slp| { a.p1.sleep = p1_slp;
+        for (Rolls.sleep(f.p2, d.p2)) |p2_slp| { a.p2.sleep = p2_slp;
+        for (Rolls.disable(f.p1, d.p1, p1_slp)) |p1_dis| { a.p1.disable = p1_dis;
+        for (Rolls.disable(f.p2, d.p2, p2_slp)) |p2_dis| { a.p2.disable = p2_dis;
+        for (Rolls.attacking(f.p1, d.p1, p1_slp)) |p1_atk| { a.p1.attacking = p1_atk;
+        for (Rolls.attacking(f.p2, d.p2, p2_slp)) |p2_atk| { a.p2.attacking = p2_atk;
+        for (Rolls.confusion(f.p1, d.p1, tie, p1_atk, p1_slp)) |p1_cfz| { a.p1.confusion = p1_cfz;
+        for (Rolls.confusion(f.p2, d.p2, tie, p2_atk, p2_slp)) |p2_cfz| { a.p2.confusion = p2_cfz;
+        for (Rolls.confused(f.p1, p1_cfz)) |p1_cfzd| { a.p1.confused = p1_cfzd;
+        for (Rolls.confused(f.p2, p2_cfz)) |p2_cfzd| { a.p2.confused = p2_cfzd;
+        for (Rolls.paralyzed(f.p1, p1_cfzd)) |p1_par| { a.p1.paralyzed = p1_par;
+        for (Rolls.paralyzed(f.p2, p2_cfzd)) |p2_par| { a.p2.paralyzed = p2_par;
+        for (Rolls.binding(f.p1, d.p1, p1_par)) |p1_bind| { a.p1.binding = p1_bind;
+        for (Rolls.binding(f.p2, d.p2, p2_par)) |p2_bind| { a.p2.binding = p2_bind;
+        for (Rolls.hit(f.p1, p1_par)) |p1_hit| { a.p1.hit = p1_hit;
+        for (Rolls.hit(f.p2, p2_par)) |p2_hit| { a.p2.hit = p2_hit;
+        for (Rolls.psywave(f.p1, p1, p1_hit)) |p1_psywave| { a.p1.psywave = p1_psywave;
+        for (Rolls.psywave(f.p2, p2, p2_hit)) |p2_psywave| { a.p2.psywave = p2_psywave;
+        for (Rolls.moveSlot(f.p1, p1_hit)) |p1_slot| { a.p1.move_slot = p1_slot;
+        for (Rolls.moveSlot(f.p2, p2_hit)) |p2_slot| { a.p2.move_slot = p2_slot;
+        for (Rolls.multiHit(f.p1, p1_hit)) |p1_multi| { a.p1.multi_hit = p1_multi;
+        for (Rolls.multiHit(f.p2, p2_hit)) |p2_multi| { a.p2.multi_hit = p2_multi;
+        for (Rolls.secondaryChance(f.p1, p1_hit)) |p1_sec| { a.p1.secondary_chance = p1_sec;
+        for (Rolls.secondaryChance(f.p2, p2_hit)) |p2_sec| { a.p2.secondary_chance = p2_sec;
+        for (Rolls.criticalHit(f.p1, p1_hit)) |p1_crit| { a.p1.critical_hit = p1_crit;
+        for (Rolls.criticalHit(f.p2, p2_hit)) |p2_crit| { a.p2.critical_hit = p2_crit;
+
+        var p1_dmg = Rolls.damage(f.p1, p1_hit);
         while (p1_dmg.min < p1_dmg.max) : (p1_dmg.min += 1) {
             a.p1.damage = @intCast(p1_dmg.min);
 
-            var p2_dmg = Rolls.damage(template.p2, p2_hit);
+            var p2_dmg = Rolls.damage(f.p2, p2_hit);
 
             const p1_min: u9 = p1_dmg.min;
             const p2_min: u9 = p2_dmg.min;
@@ -312,25 +286,26 @@ pub fn transitions(
             while (p2_dmg.min < p2_dmg.max) : (p2_dmg.min += 1) {
                 a.p2.damage = @intCast(p2_dmg.min);
 
-                opts.calc.overrides.actions = a;
+                opts.calc.overrides = a;
                 opts.calc.summaries = .{};
-                opts.chance = .{ .probability = .{}, .actions = actions };
+                opts.chance = .{ .probability = .{}, .durations = d };
                 const q = &opts.chance.probability;
 
                 b = battle;
                 _ = try b.update(c1, c2, &opts);
+
                 stats.updates += 1;
 
                 const summaries = &opts.calc.summaries;
                 const p1_max: u9 = if (p2_dmg.min != p2_min)
                     p1_dmg.min
                 else
-                    try Rolls.coalesce(.P1, @as(u8, @intCast(p1_dmg.min)), summaries, cap);
+                    Rolls.coalesce(.P1, @as(u8, @intCast(p1_dmg.min)), summaries, cap);
                 const p2_max: u9 =
-                    try Rolls.coalesce(.P2, @as(u8, @intCast(p2_dmg.min)), summaries, cap);
+                    Rolls.coalesce(.P2, @as(u8, @intCast(p2_dmg.min)), summaries, cap);
 
-                if (opts.chance.actions.matches(template)) {
-                    if (!opts.chance.actions.eql(a)) {
+                if (opts.chance.actions.matches(f)) {
+                    if (!opts.chance.actions.relax().eql(a)) {
                         if (!summary) {
                             try debug(writer, opts.chance.actions, .{
                                 .p1_max = p1_max,
@@ -364,10 +339,15 @@ pub fn transitions(
                             }
                         }
                     }
-
                     if (p1_max != p1_min) try q.update(p1_max - p1_min + 1, 1);
                     if (p2_max != p2_dmg.min) try q.update(p2_max - p2_dmg.min + 1, 1);
+
+                    q.reduce();
                     try p.add(q);
+                    p.reduce();
+                    try r.add(q);
+                    r.reduce();
+
                     stats.saved += 1;
 
                     if (p.q < p.p) {
@@ -375,7 +355,7 @@ pub fn transitions(
                         return error.TestUnexpectedResult;
                     }
                 } else {
-                    if (!matches(opts.chance.actions, i, frontier.items)) {
+                    if (!opts.chance.actions.matchesAny(frontier.items, i)) {
                         try frontier.append(opts.chance.actions);
 
                         try debug(writer, opts.chance.actions, .{
@@ -405,15 +385,18 @@ pub fn transitions(
                 p2_dmg.min = p2_max;
             }
 
-        }}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}
+        }}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}
 
-        if (@TypeOf(writer) != @TypeOf(std.io.null_writer)) {
-            p.reduce();
-            try writer.print(
-                "  = {s} ({d:.2}%)\n\n",
-                .{p, 100 * @as(f128, @floatFromInt(p.p)) / @as(f128, @floatFromInt(p.q))},
-            );
-        }
+        assert(stats.saved > saved);
+        // TODO: ziglang/zig#22667
+        // const old = @hasDecl(std.fmt, "formatFloatDecimal");
+        // if (!old and @TypeOf(writer) != @TypeOf(std.io.null_writer)) {
+        //     try writer.print(
+        //         "    {} ({d:.2}%)\n  = ──────────\n    {} ({d:.2}%)\n\n",
+        //         .{r, 100 * @as(f128, @floatFromInt(r.p)) / @as(f128, @floatFromInt(r.q)),
+        //           p, 100 * @as(f128, @floatFromInt(p.p)) / @as(f128, @floatFromInt(p.q))},
+        //     );
+        // }
 
     }
 
@@ -444,61 +427,90 @@ pub fn update(
     writer: anytype,
     transition: bool,
 ) !Result {
+    const durations = options.chance.durations;
     options.chance.reset();
 
-    if (!pkmn.options.chance or !pkmn.options.calc or @TypeOf(battle.rng) != data.PRNG) {
-        return battle.update(c1, c2, options);
-    }
+    if (!pkmn.options.chance or !pkmn.options.calc) return battle.update(c1, c2, options);
 
-    var copy = battle.*;
-    const actions = options.chance.actions;
+    const original = battle.*;
 
     // Perfom the actual update
     const result = battle.update(c1, c2, options);
-
-    // Ensure we can encode the diffs in less than MAX_DIFFS bytes.
-    var buf: [helpers.MAX_DIFFS]u8 = undefined;
-    var stream: protocol.ByteStream = .{ .buffer = &buf };
-    const n = try helpers.diff(&copy, battle, stream.writer());
-
-    // Applying the diff to the battle should take us back to the original copy
-    // of the battle (ignoring the RNG).
-    var patched = battle.*;
-    patched.rng = copy.rng;
-    helpers.patch(&patched, buf[0..n]);
-    try expectEqual(copy, patched);
-
-    if (!pkmn.options.chance or !pkmn.options.calc) return result;
+    var overrides = options.chance.actions;
+    const updated = options.chance.durations;
+
+    if (@TypeOf(battle.rng) == data.PRNG) {
+        // Ensure we can encode the diffs in less than MAX_DIFFS bytes.
+        var buf: [helpers.MAX_DIFFS]u8 = undefined;
+        var stream: protocol.ByteStream = .{ .buffer = &buf };
+        const n = try helpers.diff(&original, battle, stream.writer());
+
+        // Applying the diff to the battle should take us back to the original copy
+        // of the battle (ignoring the RNG).
+        var patched = battle.*;
+        patched.rng = original.rng;
+        helpers.patch(&patched, buf[0..n]);
+        try expectEqual(original, patched);
+    }
 
     if (transition) {
         // Ensure we can generate all transitions from the same original state
         // (we must change the battle's RNG from a FixedRNG to a PRNG because
         // the transitions function relies on RNG for discovery of states)
-        if (try transitions(unfix(copy), c1, c2, allocator, writer, .{
-            .actions = actions,
+        if (try transitions(unfix(original), c1, c2, allocator, writer, .{
+            .durations = durations,
             .cap = true,
         })) |stats| try expect(stats.frontier <= MAX_FRONTIER);
     }
 
     // Demonstrate that we can produce the same state by forcing the RNG to behave the
-    // same as we observed - note that because we do not pass in a durations override
-    // mask none of the durations will be extended.
+    // same as we observed.
     var override = pkmn.battle.options(
         protocol.NULL,
-        chance.NULL,
-        Calc{ .overrides = .{ .actions = actions } },
+        Chance(Rational(u128)){ .probability = .{}, .durations = durations },
+        Calc{ .overrides = overrides },
     );
-    const overridden = copy.update(c1, c2, &override);
+    var copy = original;
+    var overridden = copy.update(c1, c2, &override);
     try expectEqual(result, overridden);
+    try expectEqualActions(overrides, override.chance.actions);
+    try expectEqual(updated, override.chance.durations);
 
     // The actual battle excluding its RNG field should match a copy updated with
     // overridden RNG (the copy RNG may have advanced because of no-ops)
     copy.rng = battle.rng;
-    try expectEqual(copy, battle.*);
+    try expectEqual(battle.*, copy);
+
+    // Demonstrate that even with the duration rolls changed, the duration
+    // fields on their own are sufficient to achieve the same outcomes
+    // NB: The actual battle bytes will differ because the durations won't match
+    overrides.p1.duration = if (overrides.p1.duration > 0) 2 else 0;
+    overrides.p2.duration = if (overrides.p2.duration > 0) 2 else 0;
+
+    override = pkmn.battle.options(
+        protocol.NULL,
+        Chance(Rational(u128)){ .probability = .{}, .durations = durations },
+        Calc{ .overrides = overrides },
+    );
+    copy = original;
+    overridden = copy.update(c1, c2, &override);
+    try expectEqual(result, overridden);
+    try expectEqualActions(overrides, override.chance.actions);
+    try expectEqual(updated, override.chance.durations);
 
     return result;
 }
 
+fn expectEqualActions(expected: Actions, actual: Actions) !void {
+    return expectEqual(expected, actual) catch |e| switch (e) {
+        error.TestExpectedEqual => {
+            std.debug.print("expected {}, found {}\n", .{ expected, actual });
+            return e;
+        },
+        else => return e,
+    };
+}
+
 fn unfix(actual: anytype) data.Battle(data.PRNG) {
     return .{
         .sides = actual.sides,
@@ -514,15 +526,6 @@ fn unfix(actual: anytype) data.Battle(data.PRNG) {
     };
 }
 
-fn matches(actions: Actions, i: usize, frontier: []Actions) bool {
-    for (frontier, 0..) |f, j| {
-        // TODO: is skipping this redundant check worth it?
-        if (i == j) continue;
-        if (f.matches(actions)) return true;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
 fn err(comptime fmt: []const u8, v: anytype, seed: ?u64) void {
     const w = std.io.getStdErr().writer();
     w.print(fmt, v) catch return;
@@ -594,3 +597,366 @@ fn format(writer: anytype, actions: Actions, p1: u9, p2: u9) !void {
 
     try writer.writeAll(output[0..len]);
 }
+
+/// Helper functions that efficiently return valid ranges for various RNG events based on the
+/// state of an `Action` and other events to be used to construct a "transitions" function.
+pub const Rolls = struct {
+    const PLAYER_NONE = [_]Optional(Player){.None};
+    const PLAYERS = [_]Optional(Player){ .P1, .P2 };
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for speed ties given the `action` state.
+    pub fn speedTie(action: Action) []const Optional(Player) {
+        return if (action.speed_tie == .None) &PLAYER_NONE else &PLAYERS;
+    }
+
+    const OBS_NONE = [_]Optional(Observation){.None};
+    const OBS_STARTED = [_]Optional(Observation){.started};
+    const OBS_CONTINUING = [_]Optional(Observation){.continuing};
+    const OBS_ENDED = [_]Optional(Observation){.ended};
+    const OBS_ALL = [_]Optional(Observation){ .started, .continuing, .ended };
+    const OBS = [_]Optional(Observation){ .continuing, .ended };
+
+    /// Returns a slice with a range of values for sleep given the `action` state and observed
+    /// `durations`.
+    pub fn sleep(action: Action, duration: Duration) []const Optional(Observation) {
+        if (action.sleep == .None) return &OBS_NONE;
+        return if (Sleeps.get(duration.sleeps, 0) == 0 and action.speed_tie != .None)
+            &OBS_ALL
+        else switch (action.sleep) {
+            .started => &OBS_STARTED,
+            else => if (Sleeps.get(duration.sleeps, 0) >= 7) &OBS_ENDED else &OBS,
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a slice with a range of values for disable given the `action`, observed `durations`,
+    /// and the state of the `parent` (observation of the player's Pokémon sleep status).
+    pub fn disable(
+        action: Action,
+        duration: Duration,
+        parent: Optional(Observation),
+    ) []const Optional(Observation) {
+        if (action.disable == .None) return &OBS_NONE;
+        return if (duration.disable == 0 and action.speed_tie != .None)
+            &OBS_ALL
+        else switch (action.disable) {
+            .started => &OBS_STARTED,
+            else => if (duration.disable >= 8)
+                &OBS_ENDED
+            else if (parent != .None and parent != .started)
+                &OBS_CONTINUING
+            else
+                &OBS,
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// FIXME
+    pub fn attacking(
+        action: Action,
+        duration: Duration,
+        parent: Optional(Observation),
+    ) []const Optional(Observation) {
+        return switch (action.attacking) {
+            .None => &OBS_NONE,
+            .started => &OBS_STARTED,
+            else => if (duration.attacking >= 3)
+                &OBS_ENDED
+            else if ((parent == .continuing and parent == .ended) or duration.attacking < 2)
+                &OBS_CONTINUING
+            else
+                &OBS,
+        };
+    }
+
+    const CFZ_NONE = [_]Optional(Confusion){.None};
+    const CFZ_STARTED = [_]Optional(Confusion){.started};
+    const CFZ_OVERWRITTEN = [_]Optional(Confusion){ .started, .overwritten };
+    const CFZ_CONTINUING = [_]Optional(Confusion){.continuing};
+    const CFZ_ENDED = [_]Optional(Confusion){.ended};
+    const CFZ = [_]Optional(Confusion){ .continuing, .ended };
+    const CFZ_TIE = [_]Optional(Confusion){ .started, .continuing, .ended };
+
+    /// FIXME
+    pub fn confusion(
+        action: Action,
+        duration: Duration,
+        tie: Optional(Player),
+        sibling: Optional(Observation),
+        parent: Optional(Observation),
+    ) []const Optional(Confusion) {
+        return switch (action.confusion) {
+            .None => &CFZ_NONE,
+            .started => if (pkmn.options.overwrite and sibling == .ended and duration.confusion < 5)
+                &CFZ_OVERWRITTEN
+            else
+                &CFZ_STARTED,
+            else => if (duration.confusion >= 5)
+                &CFZ_ENDED
+            else if ((parent == .continuing and parent == .ended) or duration.confusion < 2)
+                &CFZ_CONTINUING
+            else if (tie != .None)
+                &CFZ_TIE
+            else
+                &CFZ,
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a slice with a range of values for binding given the `action`, observed `durations`,
+    /// and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon was fully paralyzed).
+    pub fn binding(
+        action: Action,
+        duration: Duration,
+        parent: Optional(bool),
+    ) []const Optional(Observation) {
+        if (parent == .true) return &OBS_NONE;
+        return switch (action.binding) {
+            .None => &OBS_NONE,
+            .started => &OBS_STARTED,
+            else => if (duration.binding >= 4) &OBS_ENDED else &OBS,
+        };
+    }
+
+    const BOOL_NONE = [_]Optional(bool){.None};
+    const BOOLS = [_]Optional(bool){ .false, .true };
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for hits given the `action` state
+    /// and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon was fully paralyzed).
+    pub fn hit(action: Action, parent: Optional(bool)) []const Optional(bool) {
+        if (parent == .true) return &BOOL_NONE;
+        return if (action.hit == .None) &BOOL_NONE else &BOOLS;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for critical hits given the `action` state
+    /// and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon's move hit).
+    pub fn criticalHit(action: Action, parent: Optional(bool)) []const Optional(bool) {
+        if (pkmn.options.showdown and parent == .false) return &BOOL_NONE;
+        return if (action.critical_hit == .None) &BOOL_NONE else &BOOLS;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for secondary chances hits given the
+    /// `action` state and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon's move hit).
+    pub fn secondaryChance(action: Action, parent: Optional(bool)) []const Optional(bool) {
+        if (parent == .false) return &BOOL_NONE;
+        return if (@field(action, "secondary_chance") == .None) &BOOL_NONE else &BOOLS;
+    }
+
+    /// The min and max bounds on iteration over damage rolls.
+    pub const Range = struct { min: u9, max: u9 };
+
+    /// Returns the range bounding damage rolls given the `action` state and the state of
+    /// the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon's move hit).
+    pub fn damage(action: Action, parent: Optional(bool)) Range {
+        return if (parent == .false or action.damage == 0)
+            .{ .min = 0, .max = 1 }
+        else
+            .{ .min = 217, .max = 256 };
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the max damage roll which will produce the same damage as `roll`
+    /// given the base damage in `summaries`.
+    pub fn coalesce(player: Player, roll: u8, summaries: *Summaries, cap: bool) u8 {
+        if (roll == 0) return roll;
+
+        const dmg = summaries.get(player.foe()).damage;
+        if (dmg.base == 0 or (cap and dmg.capped)) return 255;
+
+        // Closed form solution for max damage roll provided by Orion Taylor (taylorott)
+        return @min(255, roll + ((254 - ((@as(u32, dmg.base) * roll) % 255)) / dmg.base));
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for confused given the `action` state and
+    /// the state of the `parent` (observation of the player's Pokémon confusion status).
+    pub fn confused(action: Action, parent: Optional(Confusion)) []const Optional(bool) {
+        const done = parent == .None or parent == .ended;
+        return if (done or action.confused == .None) &BOOL_NONE else &BOOLS;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for paralysis given the `action` state
+    /// and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon was confused).
+    pub fn paralyzed(action: Action, parent: Optional(bool)) []const Optional(bool) {
+        if (parent == .true) return &BOOL_NONE;
+        return if (action.paralyzed == .None) &BOOL_NONE else &BOOLS;
+    }
+
+    const SLOT_NONE = [_]u4{0};
+    const SLOT = [_]u4{ 1, 2, 3, 4 };
+
+    /// Returns a slice with a range of values for move slots given the `action` state
+    /// and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon's move hit).
+    ///
+    /// These slots may or **may not be valid** as slots may be unset / have 0 PP.
+    pub fn moveSlot(action: Action, parent: Optional(bool)) []const u4 {
+        if (parent == .false) return &SLOT_NONE;
+        return if (action.move_slot == 0) &SLOT_NONE else &SLOT;
+    }
+
+    const MULTI_NONE = [_]u4{0};
+    const MULTI = [_]u4{ 2, 3, 4, 5 };
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for multi hit given the `action` state
+    /// and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon's move hit).
+    pub fn multiHit(action: Action, parent: Optional(bool)) []const u4 {
+        if (parent == .false) return &MULTI_NONE;
+        return if (action.multi_hit == 0) &MULTI_NONE else &MULTI;
+    }
+
+    const PSYWAVE_NONE = [_]u8{0};
+    const PSYWAVE = init: {
+        var rolls: [150]u8 = undefined;
+        for (0..150) |i| rolls[i] = i + 1;
+        break :init rolls;
+    };
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for psywave given the `action` state,
+    /// the `side`, and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon's move hit).
+    pub fn psywave(
+        action: Action,
+        side: *data.Side,
+        parent: Optional(bool),
+    ) []const u8 {
+        if (parent == .false) return &PSYWAVE_NONE;
+        return if (action.psywave == 0)
+            &PSYWAVE_NONE
+        else
+            PSYWAVE[0 .. @as(u16, side.stored().level) * 3 / 2];
+    }
+
+    const MOVE_NONE = [_]data.Move{.None};
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for metronome given the `action` state.
+    pub fn metronome(action: Action) []const data.Move {
+        return if (action.metronome == .None) &MOVE_NONE else &data.Move.METRONOME;
+    }
+};
+
+test "Rolls.speedTie" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p1 = .{ .speed_tie = .P2 } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(Player), &.{ .P1, .P2 }, Rolls.speedTie(actions.p1));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(Player), &.{.None}, Rolls.speedTie(actions.p2));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.sleep" {
+    return error.SkipZigTest; // TODO
+}
+
+test "Rolls.disable" {
+    return error.SkipZigTest; // TODO
+}
+
+test "Rolls.confusion" {
+    return error.SkipZigTest; // TODO
+}
+
+test "Rolls.atacking" {
+    return error.SkipZigTest; // TODO
+}
+
+test "Rolls.binding" {
+    return error.SkipZigTest; // TODO
+}
+
+test "Rolls.damage" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p2 = .{ .damage = 221 } };
+    try expectEqual(Rolls.Range{ .min = 0, .max = 1 }, Rolls.damage(actions.p1, .None));
+    try expectEqual(Rolls.Range{ .min = 217, .max = 256 }, Rolls.damage(actions.p2, .None));
+    try expectEqual(Rolls.Range{ .min = 0, .max = 1 }, Rolls.damage(actions.p2, .false));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.coalesce" {
+    var summaries = Summaries{ .p1 = .{ .damage = .{ .base = 74, .final = 69, .capped = true } } };
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 0), Rolls.coalesce(.P2, 0, &summaries, false));
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 241), Rolls.coalesce(.P2, 238, &summaries, false));
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 255), Rolls.coalesce(.P2, 238, &summaries, true));
+    summaries.p1.damage.final = 74;
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 217), Rolls.coalesce(.P2, 217, &summaries, false));
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 255), Rolls.coalesce(.P2, 217, &summaries, true));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.hit" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p2 = .{ .hit = .true } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.hit(actions.p1, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{ .false, .true }, Rolls.hit(actions.p2, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.hit(actions.p2, .true));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{ .false, .true }, Rolls.hit(actions.p2, .false));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.secondaryChance" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p1 = .{ .secondary_chance = .true } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(
+        Optional(bool),
+        &.{ .false, .true },
+        Rolls.secondaryChance(actions.p1, .None),
+    );
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.secondaryChance(actions.p1, .false));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.secondaryChance(actions.p2, .None));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.criticalHit" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p1 = .{ .critical_hit = .true } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(
+        Optional(bool),
+        &.{ .false, .true },
+        Rolls.criticalHit(actions.p1, .None),
+    );
+    try expectEqualSlices(
+        Optional(bool),
+        if (pkmn.options.showdown) &.{.None} else &.{ .false, .true },
+        Rolls.criticalHit(actions.p1, .false),
+    );
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.criticalHit(actions.p2, .None));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.confused" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p2 = .{ .confused = .true } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.confused(actions.p1, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(
+        Optional(bool),
+        &.{ .false, .true },
+        Rolls.confused(actions.p2, .continuing),
+    );
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.confused(actions.p2, .ended));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.paralyzed" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p2 = .{ .paralyzed = .true } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.paralyzed(actions.p1, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{ .false, .true }, Rolls.paralyzed(actions.p2, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{ .false, .true }, Rolls.paralyzed(actions.p2, .false));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.paralyzed(actions.p2, .true));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.moveSlot" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p2 = .{ .move_slot = 3 } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(u4, &.{0}, Rolls.moveSlot(actions.p1, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(u4, &.{ 1, 2, 3, 4 }, Rolls.moveSlot(actions.p2, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(u4, &.{0}, Rolls.moveSlot(actions.p2, .false));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.multiHit" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p2 = .{ .multi_hit = 3 } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(u4, &.{0}, Rolls.multiHit(actions.p1, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(u4, &.{ 2, 3, 4, 5 }, Rolls.multiHit(actions.p2, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(u4, &.{0}, Rolls.multiHit(actions.p2, .false));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.metronome" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p2 = .{ .metronome = .Surf } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(data.Move, &.{.None}, Rolls.metronome(actions.p1));
+    try expectEqual(@as(data.Move, @enumFromInt(24)), Rolls.metronome(actions.p2)[23]);
+}
+
+test "Rolls.psywave" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p2 = .{ .psywave = 79 } };
+    var side = helpers.Side.init(&[_]helpers.Pokemon{.{
+        .species = .Bulbasaur,
+        .level = 100,
+        .moves = &[_]data.Move{.Tackle},
+    }});
+
+    try expectEqualSlices(u8, &.{0}, Rolls.psywave(actions.p1, &side, .None));
+    var rolls = Rolls.psywave(actions.p2, &side, .None);
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 150), rolls[rolls.len - 1]);
+    side.stored().level = 81;
+    rolls = Rolls.psywave(actions.p2, &side, .None);
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 121), rolls[rolls.len - 1]);
+    try expectEqualSlices(u8, &.{0}, Rolls.psywave(actions.p2, &side, .false));
+}