@osmo.inc/cli 0.1.15

package/third-party/npm/mediabunny@1.52.2/source/src/codec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1154 @@
+/*!
+ * Copyright (c) 2026-present, Vanilagy and contributors
+ *
+ * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+ */
+
+import { parseAacAudioSpecificConfig } from '../shared/aac-misc';
+import {
+	Av1CodecInfo,
+	AvcDecoderConfigurationRecord,
+	HevcDecoderConfigurationRecord,
+	Vp9CodecInfo,
+} from './codec-data';
+import {
+	COLOR_PRIMARIES_MAP,
+	MATRIX_COEFFICIENTS_MAP,
+	TRANSFER_CHARACTERISTICS_MAP,
+	assert,
+	assertNever,
+	base64ToBytes,
+	bytesToHexString,
+	isAllowSharedBufferSource,
+	last,
+	reverseBitsU32,
+	toDataView,
+} from './misc';
+import { SubtitleMetadata } from './subtitles';
+
+/**
+ * List of known video codecs, ordered by encoding preference.
+ * @group Codecs
+ * @public
+ */
+export const VIDEO_CODECS = [
+	'avc',
+	'hevc',
+	'vp9',
+	'av1',
+	'vp8',
+	'prores',
+] as const;
+/**
+ * List of known PCM (uncompressed) audio codecs, ordered by encoding preference.
+ * @group Codecs
+ * @public
+ */
+export const PCM_AUDIO_CODECS = [
+	'pcm-s16', // We don't prefix 'le' so we're compatible with the WebCodecs-registered PCM codec strings
+	'pcm-s16be',
+	'pcm-s24',
+	'pcm-s24be',
+	'pcm-s32',
+	'pcm-s32be',
+	'pcm-f32',
+	'pcm-f32be',
+	'pcm-f64',
+	'pcm-f64be',
+	'pcm-u8',
+	'pcm-s8',
+	'ulaw',
+	'alaw',
+] as const;
+/**
+ * List of known compressed audio codecs, ordered by encoding preference.
+ * @group Codecs
+ * @public
+ */
+export const NON_PCM_AUDIO_CODECS = [
+	'aac',
+	'opus',
+	'mp3',
+	'vorbis',
+	'flac',
+	'ac3',
+	'eac3',
+] as const;
+/**
+ * List of known audio codecs, ordered by encoding preference.
+ * @group Codecs
+ * @public
+ */
+export const AUDIO_CODECS = [
+	...NON_PCM_AUDIO_CODECS,
+	...PCM_AUDIO_CODECS,
+] as const;
+/**
+ * List of known subtitle codecs, ordered by encoding preference.
+ * @group Codecs
+ * @public
+ */
+export const SUBTITLE_CODECS = [
+	'webvtt',
+] as const; // TODO add the rest
+
+/**
+ * Union type of known video codecs.
+ * @group Codecs
+ * @public
+ */
+export type VideoCodec = typeof VIDEO_CODECS[number];
+/**
+ * Union type of known audio codecs.
+ * @group Codecs
+ * @public
+ */
+export type AudioCodec = typeof AUDIO_CODECS[number];
+export type PcmAudioCodec = typeof PCM_AUDIO_CODECS[number];
+/**
+ * Union type of known subtitle codecs.
+ * @group Codecs
+ * @public
+ */
+export type SubtitleCodec = typeof SUBTITLE_CODECS[number];
+/**
+ * Union type of known media codecs.
+ * @group Codecs
+ * @public
+ */
+export type MediaCodec = VideoCodec | AudioCodec | SubtitleCodec;
+
+// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding
+export const AVC_LEVEL_TABLE = [
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 99, maxBitrate: 64000, maxDpbMbs: 396, level: 0x0A }, // Level 1
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 396, maxBitrate: 192000, maxDpbMbs: 900, level: 0x0B }, // Level 1.1
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 396, maxBitrate: 384000, maxDpbMbs: 2376, level: 0x0C }, // Level 1.2
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 396, maxBitrate: 768000, maxDpbMbs: 2376, level: 0x0D }, // Level 1.3
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 396, maxBitrate: 2000000, maxDpbMbs: 2376, level: 0x14 }, // Level 2
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 792, maxBitrate: 4000000, maxDpbMbs: 4752, level: 0x15 }, // Level 2.1
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 1620, maxBitrate: 4000000, maxDpbMbs: 8100, level: 0x16 }, // Level 2.2
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 1620, maxBitrate: 10000000, maxDpbMbs: 8100, level: 0x1E }, // Level 3
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 3600, maxBitrate: 14000000, maxDpbMbs: 18000, level: 0x1F }, // Level 3.1
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 5120, maxBitrate: 20000000, maxDpbMbs: 20480, level: 0x20 }, // Level 3.2
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 8192, maxBitrate: 20000000, maxDpbMbs: 32768, level: 0x28 }, // Level 4
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 8192, maxBitrate: 50000000, maxDpbMbs: 32768, level: 0x29 }, // Level 4.1
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 8704, maxBitrate: 50000000, maxDpbMbs: 34816, level: 0x2A }, // Level 4.2
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 22080, maxBitrate: 135000000, maxDpbMbs: 110400, level: 0x32 }, // Level 5
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 36864, maxBitrate: 240000000, maxDpbMbs: 184320, level: 0x33 }, // Level 5.1
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 36864, maxBitrate: 240000000, maxDpbMbs: 184320, level: 0x34 }, // Level 5.2
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 139264, maxBitrate: 240000000, maxDpbMbs: 696320, level: 0x3C }, // Level 6
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 139264, maxBitrate: 480000000, maxDpbMbs: 696320, level: 0x3D }, // Level 6.1
+	{ maxMacroblocks: 139264, maxBitrate: 800000000, maxDpbMbs: 696320, level: 0x3E }, // Level 6.2
+];
+
+// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding
+const HEVC_LEVEL_TABLE = [
+	{ maxPictureSize: 36864, maxBitrate: 128000, tier: 'L', level: 30 }, // Level 1 (Low Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 122880, maxBitrate: 1500000, tier: 'L', level: 60 }, // Level 2 (Low Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 245760, maxBitrate: 3000000, tier: 'L', level: 63 }, // Level 2.1 (Low Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 552960, maxBitrate: 6000000, tier: 'L', level: 90 }, // Level 3 (Low Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 983040, maxBitrate: 10000000, tier: 'L', level: 93 }, // Level 3.1 (Low Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 2228224, maxBitrate: 12000000, tier: 'L', level: 120 }, // Level 4 (Low Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 2228224, maxBitrate: 30000000, tier: 'H', level: 120 }, // Level 4 (High Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 2228224, maxBitrate: 20000000, tier: 'L', level: 123 }, // Level 4.1 (Low Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 2228224, maxBitrate: 50000000, tier: 'H', level: 123 }, // Level 4.1 (High Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 8912896, maxBitrate: 25000000, tier: 'L', level: 150 }, // Level 5 (Low Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 8912896, maxBitrate: 100000000, tier: 'H', level: 150 }, // Level 5 (High Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 8912896, maxBitrate: 40000000, tier: 'L', level: 153 }, // Level 5.1 (Low Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 8912896, maxBitrate: 160000000, tier: 'H', level: 153 }, // Level 5.1 (High Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 8912896, maxBitrate: 60000000, tier: 'L', level: 156 }, // Level 5.2 (Low Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 8912896, maxBitrate: 240000000, tier: 'H', level: 156 }, // Level 5.2 (High Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 60000000, tier: 'L', level: 180 }, // Level 6 (Low Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 240000000, tier: 'H', level: 180 }, // Level 6 (High Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 120000000, tier: 'L', level: 183 }, // Level 6.1 (Low Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 480000000, tier: 'H', level: 183 }, // Level 6.1 (High Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 240000000, tier: 'L', level: 186 }, // Level 6.2 (Low Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 800000000, tier: 'H', level: 186 }, // Level 6.2 (High Tier)
+];
+
+// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VP9
+export const VP9_LEVEL_TABLE = [
+	{ maxPictureSize: 36864, maxBitrate: 200000, level: 10 }, // Level 1
+	{ maxPictureSize: 73728, maxBitrate: 800000, level: 11 }, // Level 1.1
+	{ maxPictureSize: 122880, maxBitrate: 1800000, level: 20 }, // Level 2
+	{ maxPictureSize: 245760, maxBitrate: 3600000, level: 21 }, // Level 2.1
+	{ maxPictureSize: 552960, maxBitrate: 7200000, level: 30 }, // Level 3
+	{ maxPictureSize: 983040, maxBitrate: 12000000, level: 31 }, // Level 3.1
+	{ maxPictureSize: 2228224, maxBitrate: 18000000, level: 40 }, // Level 4
+	{ maxPictureSize: 2228224, maxBitrate: 30000000, level: 41 }, // Level 4.1
+	{ maxPictureSize: 8912896, maxBitrate: 60000000, level: 50 }, // Level 5
+	{ maxPictureSize: 8912896, maxBitrate: 120000000, level: 51 }, // Level 5.1
+	{ maxPictureSize: 8912896, maxBitrate: 180000000, level: 52 }, // Level 5.2
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 180000000, level: 60 }, // Level 6
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 240000000, level: 61 }, // Level 6.1
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 480000000, level: 62 }, // Level 6.2
+];
+
+// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV1
+const AV1_LEVEL_TABLE = [
+	{ maxPictureSize: 147456, maxBitrate: 1500000, tier: 'M', level: 0 }, // Level 2.0 (Main Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 278784, maxBitrate: 3000000, tier: 'M', level: 1 }, // Level 2.1 (Main Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 665856, maxBitrate: 6000000, tier: 'M', level: 4 }, // Level 3.0 (Main Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 1065024, maxBitrate: 10000000, tier: 'M', level: 5 }, // Level 3.1 (Main Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 2359296, maxBitrate: 12000000, tier: 'M', level: 8 }, // Level 4.0 (Main Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 2359296, maxBitrate: 30000000, tier: 'H', level: 8 }, // Level 4.0 (High Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 2359296, maxBitrate: 20000000, tier: 'M', level: 9 }, // Level 4.1 (Main Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 2359296, maxBitrate: 50000000, tier: 'H', level: 9 }, // Level 4.1 (High Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 8912896, maxBitrate: 30000000, tier: 'M', level: 12 }, // Level 5.0 (Main Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 8912896, maxBitrate: 100000000, tier: 'H', level: 12 }, // Level 5.0 (High Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 8912896, maxBitrate: 40000000, tier: 'M', level: 13 }, // Level 5.1 (Main Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 8912896, maxBitrate: 160000000, tier: 'H', level: 13 }, // Level 5.1 (High Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 8912896, maxBitrate: 60000000, tier: 'M', level: 14 }, // Level 5.2 (Main Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 8912896, maxBitrate: 240000000, tier: 'H', level: 14 }, // Level 5.2 (High Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 60000000, tier: 'M', level: 15 }, // Level 5.3 (Main Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 240000000, tier: 'H', level: 15 }, // Level 5.3 (High Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 60000000, tier: 'M', level: 16 }, // Level 6.0 (Main Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 240000000, tier: 'H', level: 16 }, // Level 6.0 (High Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 100000000, tier: 'M', level: 17 }, // Level 6.1 (Main Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 480000000, tier: 'H', level: 17 }, // Level 6.1 (High Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 160000000, tier: 'M', level: 18 }, // Level 6.2 (Main Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 800000000, tier: 'H', level: 18 }, // Level 6.2 (High Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 160000000, tier: 'M', level: 19 }, // Level 6.3 (Main Tier)
+	{ maxPictureSize: 35651584, maxBitrate: 800000000, tier: 'H', level: 19 }, // Level 6.3 (High Tier)
+];
+
+const VP9_DEFAULT_SUFFIX = '.01.01.01.01.00';
+const AV1_DEFAULT_SUFFIX = '.0.110.01.01.01.0';
+
+export const PRORES_FOURCCS = [
+	'ap4x', // ProRes 4444 XQ
+	'ap4h', // ProRes 4444
+	'apch', // ProRes 422 High Quality
+	'apcn', // ProRes 422 Standard Definition
+	'apcs', // ProRes 422 LT
+	'apco', // ProRes 422 Proxy
+] as const;
+export type ProresFourCc = typeof PRORES_FOURCCS[number];
+
+// Target data rates of the ProRes profiles at 1920x1080 ~30fps, as published by Apple
+const PRORES_PROFILE_TARGET_BITRATES: { fourCc: ProresFourCc; bitrate: number; alpha: boolean }[] = [
+	{ fourCc: 'apco', bitrate: 45_000_000, alpha: false }, // 422 Proxy
+	{ fourCc: 'apcs', bitrate: 102_000_000, alpha: false }, // 422 LT
+	{ fourCc: 'apcn', bitrate: 147_000_000, alpha: false }, // 422 Standard
+	{ fourCc: 'apch', bitrate: 220_000_000, alpha: false }, // 422 HQ
+	{ fourCc: 'ap4h', bitrate: 330_000_000, alpha: true }, // 4444
+	{ fourCc: 'ap4x', bitrate: 500_000_000, alpha: true }, // 4444 XQ
+];
+
+export const buildVideoCodecString = (
+	codec: VideoCodec,
+	width: number,
+	height: number,
+	bitrate: number,
+	alpha: boolean,
+) => {
+	if (codec === 'avc') {
+		const profileIndication = 0x64; // High Profile
+		const totalMacroblocks = Math.ceil(width / 16) * Math.ceil(height / 16);
+
+		// Determine the level based on the table
+		const levelInfo = AVC_LEVEL_TABLE.find(
+			level => totalMacroblocks <= level.maxMacroblocks && bitrate <= level.maxBitrate,
+		) ?? last(AVC_LEVEL_TABLE)!;
+		const levelIndication = levelInfo ? levelInfo.level : 0;
+
+		const hexProfileIndication = profileIndication.toString(16).padStart(2, '0');
+		const hexProfileCompatibility = '00';
+		const hexLevelIndication = levelIndication.toString(16).padStart(2, '0');
+
+		return `avc1.${hexProfileIndication}${hexProfileCompatibility}${hexLevelIndication}`;
+	} else if (codec === 'hevc') {
+		const profilePrefix = ''; // Profile space 0
+		const profileIdc = 1; // Main Profile
+
+		const compatibilityFlags = '6'; // Taken from the example in ISO 14496-15
+
+		const pictureSize = width * height;
+		const levelInfo = HEVC_LEVEL_TABLE.find(
+			level => pictureSize <= level.maxPictureSize && bitrate <= level.maxBitrate,
+		) ?? last(HEVC_LEVEL_TABLE)!;
+
+		const constraintFlags = 'B0'; // Progressive source flag
+
+		return 'hev1.'
+			+ `${profilePrefix}${profileIdc}.`
+			+ `${compatibilityFlags}.`
+			+ `${levelInfo.tier}${levelInfo.level}.`
+			+ `${constraintFlags}`;
+	} else if (codec === 'vp8') {
+		return 'vp8'; // Easy, this one
+	} else if (codec === 'vp9') {
+		const profile = '00'; // Profile 0
+
+		const pictureSize = width * height;
+		const levelInfo = VP9_LEVEL_TABLE.find(
+			level => pictureSize <= level.maxPictureSize && bitrate <= level.maxBitrate,
+		) ?? last(VP9_LEVEL_TABLE)!;
+
+		const bitDepth = '08'; // 8-bit
+
+		return `vp09.${profile}.${levelInfo.level.toString().padStart(2, '0')}.${bitDepth}`;
+	} else if (codec === 'av1') {
+		const profile = 0; // Main Profile, single digit
+
+		const pictureSize = width * height;
+		const levelInfo = AV1_LEVEL_TABLE.find(
+			level => pictureSize <= level.maxPictureSize && bitrate <= level.maxBitrate,
+		) ?? last(AV1_LEVEL_TABLE)!;
+		const level = levelInfo.level.toString().padStart(2, '0');
+
+		const bitDepth = '08'; // 8-bit
+
+		return `av01.${profile}.${level}${levelInfo.tier}.${bitDepth}`;
+	} else if (codec === 'prores') {
+		const referencePixels = 1920 * 1080;
+		const scaleFactor = Math.pow((width * height) / referencePixels, 0.95);
+
+		const candidates = PRORES_PROFILE_TARGET_BITRATES.filter(x => x.alpha === alpha);
+
+		let bestFourCc = candidates[0]!.fourCc;
+		let smallestDifference = Infinity;
+		for (const { fourCc, bitrate: targetBitrate } of candidates) {
+			const difference = Math.abs(targetBitrate * scaleFactor - bitrate);
+			if (difference < smallestDifference) {
+				smallestDifference = difference;
+				bestFourCc = fourCc;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return bestFourCc;
+	} else {
+		assertNever(codec);
+	}
+
+	throw new TypeError(`Unhandled codec '${String(codec)}'.`);
+};
+
+export const generateVp9CodecConfigurationFromCodecString = (codecString: string) => {
+	// Reference: https://www.webmproject.org/docs/container/#vp9-codec-feature-metadata-codecprivate
+
+	const parts = codecString.split('.'); // We can derive the required values from the codec string
+
+	const profile = Number(parts[1]);
+	const level = Number(parts[2]);
+	const bitDepth = Number(parts[3]);
+	const chromaSubsampling = parts[4] ? Number(parts[4]) : 1;
+
+	return [
+		1, 1, profile,
+		2, 1, level,
+		3, 1, bitDepth,
+		4, 1, chromaSubsampling,
+	];
+};
+
+export const generateAv1CodecConfigurationFromCodecString = (codecString: string) => {
+	// Reference: https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-isobmff/
+
+	const parts = codecString.split('.'); // We can derive the required values from the codec string
+
+	const marker = 1;
+	const version = 1;
+	const firstByte = (marker << 7) + version;
+
+	const profile = Number(parts[1]);
+	const levelAndTier = parts[2]!;
+	const level = Number(levelAndTier.slice(0, -1));
+	const secondByte = (profile << 5) + level;
+
+	const tier = levelAndTier.slice(-1) === 'H' ? 1 : 0;
+	const bitDepth = Number(parts[3]);
+	const highBitDepth = bitDepth === 8 ? 0 : 1;
+	const twelveBit = 0;
+	const monochrome = parts[4] ? Number(parts[4]) : 0;
+	const chromaSubsamplingX = parts[5] ? Number(parts[5][0]) : 1;
+	const chromaSubsamplingY = parts[5] ? Number(parts[5][1]) : 1;
+	const chromaSamplePosition = parts[5] ? Number(parts[5][2]) : 0; // CSP_UNKNOWN
+	const thirdByte = (tier << 7)
+		+ (highBitDepth << 6)
+		+ (twelveBit << 5)
+		+ (monochrome << 4)
+		+ (chromaSubsamplingX << 3)
+		+ (chromaSubsamplingY << 2)
+		+ chromaSamplePosition;
+
+	const initialPresentationDelayPresent = 0; // Should be fine
+	const fourthByte = initialPresentationDelayPresent;
+
+	return [firstByte, secondByte, thirdByte, fourthByte];
+};
+
+export const extractVideoCodecString = (trackInfo: {
+	width: number;
+	height: number;
+	codec: VideoCodec | null;
+	codecDescription: Uint8Array | null;
+	colorSpace: VideoColorSpaceInit | null;
+	avcType: 1 | 3 | null;
+	avcCodecInfo: AvcDecoderConfigurationRecord | null;
+	hevcCodecInfo: HevcDecoderConfigurationRecord | null;
+	vp9CodecInfo: Vp9CodecInfo | null;
+	av1CodecInfo: Av1CodecInfo | null;
+	proresFormat: ProresFourCc | null;
+}) => {
+	const {
+		codec,
+		codecDescription,
+		colorSpace,
+		avcCodecInfo,
+		hevcCodecInfo,
+		vp9CodecInfo,
+		av1CodecInfo,
+		proresFormat,
+	} = trackInfo;
+
+	if (codec === 'avc') {
+		assert(trackInfo.avcType !== null);
+
+		if (avcCodecInfo) {
+			const bytes = new Uint8Array([
+				avcCodecInfo.avcProfileIndication,
+				avcCodecInfo.profileCompatibility,
+				avcCodecInfo.avcLevelIndication,
+			]);
+
+			return `avc${trackInfo.avcType}.${bytesToHexString(bytes)}`;
+		}
+
+		if (!codecDescription || codecDescription.byteLength < 4) {
+			throw new TypeError('AVC decoder description is not provided or is not at least 4 bytes long.');
+		}
+
+		return `avc${trackInfo.avcType}.${bytesToHexString(codecDescription.subarray(1, 4))}`;
+	} else if (codec === 'hevc') {
+		let generalProfileSpace: number;
+		let generalProfileIdc: number;
+		let compatibilityFlags: number;
+		let generalTierFlag: number;
+		let generalLevelIdc: number;
+		let constraintFlags: number[];
+
+		if (hevcCodecInfo) {
+			generalProfileSpace = hevcCodecInfo.generalProfileSpace;
+			generalProfileIdc = hevcCodecInfo.generalProfileIdc;
+			compatibilityFlags = reverseBitsU32(hevcCodecInfo.generalProfileCompatibilityFlags);
+			generalTierFlag = hevcCodecInfo.generalTierFlag;
+			generalLevelIdc = hevcCodecInfo.generalLevelIdc;
+			constraintFlags = [...hevcCodecInfo.generalConstraintIndicatorFlags];
+		} else {
+			if (!codecDescription || codecDescription.byteLength < 23) {
+				throw new TypeError('HEVC decoder description is not provided or is not at least 23 bytes long.');
+			}
+
+			const view = toDataView(codecDescription);
+			const profileByte = view.getUint8(1);
+
+			generalProfileSpace = (profileByte >> 6) & 0x03;
+			generalProfileIdc = profileByte & 0x1F;
+			compatibilityFlags = reverseBitsU32(view.getUint32(2));
+			generalTierFlag = (profileByte >> 5) & 0x01;
+			generalLevelIdc = view.getUint8(12);
+
+			constraintFlags = [];
+			for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
+				constraintFlags.push(view.getUint8(6 + i));
+			}
+		}
+
+		let codecString = 'hev1.';
+
+		codecString += ['', 'A', 'B', 'C'][generalProfileSpace]! + generalProfileIdc;
+		codecString += '.';
+		codecString += compatibilityFlags.toString(16).toUpperCase();
+		codecString += '.';
+		codecString += generalTierFlag === 0 ? 'L' : 'H';
+		codecString += generalLevelIdc;
+
+		while (constraintFlags.length > 0 && constraintFlags[constraintFlags.length - 1] === 0) {
+			constraintFlags.pop();
+		}
+
+		if (constraintFlags.length > 0) {
+			codecString += '.';
+			codecString += constraintFlags.map(x => x.toString(16).toUpperCase()).join('.');
+		}
+
+		return codecString;
+	} else if (codec === 'vp8') {
+		return 'vp8'; // Easy, this one
+	} else if (codec === 'vp9') {
+		if (!vp9CodecInfo) {
+			// Calculate level based on dimensions
+			const pictureSize = trackInfo.width * trackInfo.height;
+			let level = last(VP9_LEVEL_TABLE)!.level; // Default to highest level
+			for (const entry of VP9_LEVEL_TABLE) {
+				if (pictureSize <= entry.maxPictureSize) {
+					level = entry.level;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// We don't really know better, so let's return a general-purpose, common codec string and hope for the best
+			return `vp09.00.${level.toString().padStart(2, '0')}.08`;
+		}
+
+		const profile = vp9CodecInfo.profile.toString().padStart(2, '0');
+		const level = vp9CodecInfo.level.toString().padStart(2, '0');
+		const bitDepth = vp9CodecInfo.bitDepth.toString().padStart(2, '0');
+		const chromaSubsampling = vp9CodecInfo.chromaSubsampling.toString().padStart(2, '0');
+		const colourPrimaries = vp9CodecInfo.colourPrimaries.toString().padStart(2, '0');
+		const transferCharacteristics = vp9CodecInfo.transferCharacteristics.toString().padStart(2, '0');
+		const matrixCoefficients = vp9CodecInfo.matrixCoefficients.toString().padStart(2, '0');
+		const videoFullRangeFlag = vp9CodecInfo.videoFullRangeFlag.toString().padStart(2, '0');
+
+		let string = `vp09.${profile}.${level}.${bitDepth}.${chromaSubsampling}`;
+		string += `.${colourPrimaries}.${transferCharacteristics}.${matrixCoefficients}.${videoFullRangeFlag}`;
+
+		if (string.endsWith(VP9_DEFAULT_SUFFIX)) {
+			string = string.slice(0, -VP9_DEFAULT_SUFFIX.length);
+		}
+
+		return string;
+	} else if (codec === 'av1') {
+		if (!av1CodecInfo) {
+			// Calculate level based on dimensions
+			const pictureSize = trackInfo.width * trackInfo.height;
+			let level = last(VP9_LEVEL_TABLE)!.level; // Default to highest level
+			for (const entry of VP9_LEVEL_TABLE) {
+				if (pictureSize <= entry.maxPictureSize) {
+					level = entry.level;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// We don't really know better, so let's return a general-purpose, common codec string and hope for the best
+			return `av01.0.${level.toString().padStart(2, '0')}M.08`;
+		}
+
+		// https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-isobmff/#codecsparam
+		const profile = av1CodecInfo.profile; // Single digit
+		const level = av1CodecInfo.level.toString().padStart(2, '0');
+		const tier = av1CodecInfo.tier ? 'H' : 'M';
+		const bitDepth = av1CodecInfo.bitDepth.toString().padStart(2, '0');
+		const monochrome = av1CodecInfo.monochrome ? '1' : '0';
+		const chromaSubsampling = 100 * av1CodecInfo.chromaSubsamplingX
+			+ 10 * av1CodecInfo.chromaSubsamplingY
+			+ 1 * (
+				av1CodecInfo.chromaSubsamplingX && av1CodecInfo.chromaSubsamplingY
+					? av1CodecInfo.chromaSamplePosition
+					: 0
+			);
+
+		// The defaults are 1 (ITU-R BT.709)
+		const colorPrimaries = colorSpace?.primaries ? COLOR_PRIMARIES_MAP[colorSpace.primaries] : 1;
+		const transferCharacteristics = colorSpace?.transfer ? TRANSFER_CHARACTERISTICS_MAP[colorSpace.transfer] : 1;
+		const matrixCoefficients = colorSpace?.matrix ? MATRIX_COEFFICIENTS_MAP[colorSpace.matrix] : 1;
+
+		const videoFullRangeFlag = colorSpace?.fullRange ? 1 : 0;
+
+		let string = `av01.${profile}.${level}${tier}.${bitDepth}`;
+		string += `.${monochrome}.${chromaSubsampling.toString().padStart(3, '0')}`;
+		string += `.${colorPrimaries.toString().padStart(2, '0')}`;
+		string += `.${transferCharacteristics.toString().padStart(2, '0')}`;
+		string += `.${matrixCoefficients.toString().padStart(2, '0')}`;
+		string += `.${videoFullRangeFlag}`;
+
+		if (string.endsWith(AV1_DEFAULT_SUFFIX)) {
+			string = string.slice(0, -AV1_DEFAULT_SUFFIX.length);
+		}
+
+		return string;
+	} else if (codec === 'prores') {
+		return proresFormat ?? 'apch';
+	} else if (codec !== null) {
+		assertNever(codec);
+	}
+
+	throw new TypeError(`Unhandled codec '${codec}'.`);
+};
+
+export const buildAudioCodecString = (codec: AudioCodec, numberOfChannels: number, sampleRate: number) => {
+	if (codec === 'aac') {
+		// If stereo or higher channels and lower sample rate, likely using HE-AAC v2 with PS
+		if (numberOfChannels >= 2 && sampleRate <= 24000) {
+			return 'mp4a.40.29'; // HE-AAC v2 (AAC LC + SBR + PS)
+		}
+
+		// If sample rate is low, likely using HE-AAC v1 with SBR
+		if (sampleRate <= 24000) {
+			return 'mp4a.40.5'; // HE-AAC v1 (AAC LC + SBR)
+		}
+
+		// Default to standard AAC-LC for higher sample rates
+		return 'mp4a.40.2'; // AAC-LC
+	} else if (codec === 'mp3') {
+		return 'mp3';
+	} else if (codec === 'opus') {
+		return 'opus';
+	} else if (codec === 'vorbis') {
+		return 'vorbis';
+	} else if (codec === 'flac') {
+		return 'flac';
+	} else if (codec === 'ac3') {
+		return 'ac-3';
+	} else if (codec === 'eac3') {
+		return 'ec-3';
+	} else if ((PCM_AUDIO_CODECS as readonly string[]).includes(codec)) {
+		return codec;
+	}
+
+	throw new TypeError(`Unhandled codec '${codec}'.`);
+};
+
+export type AacCodecInfo = {
+	isMpeg2: boolean;
+	objectType: number | null;
+};
+
+export const extractAudioCodecString = (trackInfo: {
+	codec: AudioCodec | null;
+	codecDescription: Uint8Array | null;
+	aacCodecInfo: AacCodecInfo | null;
+}) => {
+	const { codec, codecDescription, aacCodecInfo } = trackInfo;
+
+	if (codec === 'aac') {
+		if (!aacCodecInfo) {
+			throw new TypeError('AAC codec info must be provided.');
+		}
+
+		if (aacCodecInfo.isMpeg2) {
+			return 'mp4a.67';
+		} else {
+			let objectType: number;
+			if (aacCodecInfo.objectType !== null) {
+				objectType = aacCodecInfo.objectType;
+			} else {
+				const audioSpecificConfig = parseAacAudioSpecificConfig(codecDescription);
+				objectType = audioSpecificConfig.objectType;
+			}
+
+			return `mp4a.40.${objectType}`;
+		}
+	} else if (codec === 'mp3') {
+		return 'mp3';
+	} else if (codec === 'opus') {
+		return 'opus';
+	} else if (codec === 'vorbis') {
+		return 'vorbis';
+	} else if (codec === 'flac') {
+		return 'flac';
+	} else if (codec === 'ac3') {
+		return 'ac-3';
+	} else if (codec === 'eac3') {
+		return 'ec-3';
+	} else if (codec && (PCM_AUDIO_CODECS as readonly string[]).includes(codec)) {
+		return codec;
+	}
+
+	throw new TypeError(`Unhandled codec '${codec}'.`);
+};
+
+// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
+export const guessDescriptionForVideo = (decoderConfig: VideoDecoderConfig): Uint8Array | undefined => {
+	return undefined; // All codecs allow an undefined description
+};
+
+export const guessDescriptionForAudio = (decoderConfig: AudioDecoderConfig): Uint8Array | undefined | false => {
+	switch (decoderConfig.codec) {
+		case 'flac': {
+			const referenceDescription = base64ToBytes('ZkxhQ4AAACIQABAAAAYtACWtCsRC8AANRBhVFucAcYu5ASE2m1Dxv8tw');
+			if (decoderConfig.sampleRate >= (1 << 20) || decoderConfig.numberOfChannels > 8) {
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			referenceDescription[18] = decoderConfig.sampleRate >>> 12;
+			referenceDescription[19] = decoderConfig.sampleRate >>> 4;
+			referenceDescription[20]
+				= ((decoderConfig.sampleRate & 0x0f) << 4) | ((decoderConfig.numberOfChannels - 1) << 1);
+
+			return referenceDescription;
+		};
+
+		case 'vorbis': {
+			// eslint-disable-next-line @stylistic/max-len
+			const referenceDescription = base64ToBytes('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+
+			const view = toDataView(referenceDescription);
+			view.setUint8(15, decoderConfig.numberOfChannels);
+			view.setUint32(16, decoderConfig.sampleRate, true);
+
+			return referenceDescription;
+		};
+
+		default: return undefined; // All other codecs allow an undefined description
+	}
+};
+
+export const OPUS_SAMPLE_RATE = 48_000;
+
+const PCM_CODEC_REGEX = /^pcm-([usf])(\d+)(be)?$/;
+
+export const parsePcmCodec = (codec: PcmAudioCodec) => {
+	assert(PCM_AUDIO_CODECS.includes(codec));
+
+	if (codec === 'ulaw') {
+		return { dataType: 'ulaw' as const, sampleSize: 1 as const, littleEndian: true, silentValue: 255 };
+	} else if (codec === 'alaw') {
+		return { dataType: 'alaw' as const, sampleSize: 1 as const, littleEndian: true, silentValue: 213 };
+	}
+
+	const match = PCM_CODEC_REGEX.exec(codec);
+	assert(match);
+
+	let dataType: 'unsigned' | 'signed' | 'float' | 'ulaw' | 'alaw';
+	if (match[1] === 'u') {
+		dataType = 'unsigned';
+	} else if (match[1] === 's') {
+		dataType = 'signed';
+	} else {
+		dataType = 'float';
+	}
+
+	const sampleSize = (Number(match[2]) / 8) as 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8;
+	const littleEndian = match[3] !== 'be';
+	const silentValue = codec === 'pcm-u8' ? 2 ** 7 : 0;
+
+	return { dataType, sampleSize, littleEndian, silentValue };
+};
+
+export const inferCodecFromCodecString = (codecString: string): MediaCodec | null => {
+	// Video codecs
+	if (codecString.startsWith('avc1') || codecString.startsWith('avc3')) {
+		return 'avc';
+	} else if (codecString.startsWith('hev1') || codecString.startsWith('hvc1')) {
+		return 'hevc';
+	} else if (codecString === 'vp8') {
+		return 'vp8';
+	} else if (codecString.startsWith('vp09')) {
+		return 'vp9';
+	} else if (codecString.startsWith('av01')) {
+		return 'av1';
+	} else if ((PRORES_FOURCCS as readonly string[]).includes(codecString)) {
+		return 'prores';
+	}
+
+	// Audio codecs
+	if (
+		codecString === 'mp3'
+		|| codecString === 'mp4a.69'
+		|| codecString === 'mp4a.6B'
+		|| codecString === 'mp4a.6b'
+		|| codecString === 'mp4a.40.34'
+	) {
+		return 'mp3';
+	} else if (codecString.startsWith('mp4a.40.') || codecString === 'mp4a.67') {
+		return 'aac';
+	} else if (codecString === 'opus') {
+		return 'opus';
+	} else if (codecString === 'vorbis') {
+		return 'vorbis';
+	} else if (codecString === 'flac') {
+		return 'flac';
+	} else if (codecString === 'ac-3' || codecString === 'ac3') {
+		return 'ac3';
+	} else if (codecString === 'ec-3' || codecString === 'eac3') {
+		return 'eac3';
+	} else if (codecString === 'ulaw') {
+		return 'ulaw';
+	} else if (codecString === 'alaw') {
+		return 'alaw';
+	} else if (PCM_CODEC_REGEX.test(codecString)) {
+		return codecString as PcmAudioCodec;
+	}
+
+	// Subtitle codecs
+	if (codecString === 'webvtt') {
+		return 'webvtt';
+	}
+
+	return null;
+};
+
+export const getVideoEncoderConfigExtension = (codec: VideoCodec) => {
+	if (codec === 'avc') {
+		return {
+			avc: {
+				format: 'avc' as const, // Ensure the format is not Annex B
+			},
+		};
+	} else if (codec === 'hevc') {
+		return {
+			hevc: {
+				format: 'hevc' as const, // Ensure the format is not Annex B
+			},
+		};
+	}
+
+	return {};
+};
+
+export const getAudioEncoderConfigExtension = (codec: AudioCodec) => {
+	if (codec === 'aac') {
+		return {
+			aac: {
+				format: 'aac' as const, // Ensure the format is not ADTS
+			},
+		};
+	} else if (codec === 'opus') {
+		return {
+			opus: {
+				format: 'opus' as const,
+			},
+		};
+	}
+
+	return {};
+};
+
+const VALID_VIDEO_CODEC_STRING_PREFIXES = ['avc1', 'avc3', 'hev1', 'hvc1', 'vp8', 'vp09', 'av01', ...PRORES_FOURCCS];
+const AVC_CODEC_STRING_REGEX = /^(avc1|avc3)\.[0-9a-fA-F]{6}$/;
+const HEVC_CODEC_STRING_REGEX = /^(hev1|hvc1)\.(?:[ABC]?\d+)\.[0-9a-fA-F]{1,8}\.[LH]\d+(?:\.[0-9a-fA-F]{1,2}){0,6}$/;
+const VP9_CODEC_STRING_REGEX = /^vp09(?:\.\d{2}){3}(?:(?:\.\d{2}){5})?$/;
+const AV1_CODEC_STRING_REGEX = /^av01\.\d\.\d{2}[MH]\.\d{2}(?:\.\d\.\d{3}\.\d{2}\.\d{2}\.\d{2}\.\d)?$/;
+
+export const validateVideoChunkMetadata = (metadata: EncodedVideoChunkMetadata | undefined) => {
+	if (!metadata) {
+		throw new TypeError('Video chunk metadata must be provided.');
+	}
+	if (typeof metadata !== 'object') {
+		throw new TypeError('Video chunk metadata must be an object.');
+	}
+	if (!metadata.decoderConfig) {
+		throw new TypeError('Video chunk metadata must include a decoder configuration.');
+	}
+	if (typeof metadata.decoderConfig !== 'object') {
+		throw new TypeError('Video chunk metadata decoder configuration must be an object.');
+	}
+	if (typeof metadata.decoderConfig.codec !== 'string') {
+		throw new TypeError('Video chunk metadata decoder configuration must specify a codec string.');
+	}
+	if (!VALID_VIDEO_CODEC_STRING_PREFIXES.some(prefix => metadata.decoderConfig!.codec.startsWith(prefix))) {
+		throw new TypeError(
+			'Video chunk metadata decoder configuration codec string must be a valid video codec string as specified in'
+			+ ' the Mediabunny Codec Registry.',
+		);
+	}
+	if (!Number.isInteger(metadata.decoderConfig.codedWidth) || metadata.decoderConfig.codedWidth! <= 0) {
+		throw new TypeError(
+			'Video chunk metadata decoder configuration must specify a valid codedWidth (positive integer).',
+		);
+	}
+	if (!Number.isInteger(metadata.decoderConfig.codedHeight) || metadata.decoderConfig.codedHeight! <= 0) {
+		throw new TypeError(
+			'Video chunk metadata decoder configuration must specify a valid codedHeight (positive integer).',
+		);
+	}
+	if (
+		metadata.decoderConfig.displayAspectWidth !== undefined
+		&& (
+			!Number.isInteger(metadata.decoderConfig.displayAspectWidth)
+			|| metadata.decoderConfig.displayAspectWidth <= 0
+		)
+	) {
+		throw new TypeError(
+			'Video chunk metadata decoder configuration displayAspectWidth, when defined, must be a positive integer.',
+		);
+	}
+	if (
+		metadata.decoderConfig.displayAspectHeight !== undefined
+		&& (
+			!Number.isInteger(metadata.decoderConfig.displayAspectHeight)
+			|| metadata.decoderConfig.displayAspectHeight <= 0
+		)
+	) {
+		throw new TypeError(
+			'Video chunk metadata decoder configuration displayAspectHeight, when defined, must be a positive integer.',
+		);
+	}
+	if (
+		(metadata.decoderConfig.displayAspectWidth !== undefined)
+		!== (metadata.decoderConfig.displayAspectHeight !== undefined)
+	) {
+		throw new TypeError(
+			'Video chunk metadata decoder configuration must specify both displayAspectWidth and displayAspectHeight,'
+			+ ' or neither.',
+		);
+	}
+	if (metadata.decoderConfig.description !== undefined) {
+		if (!isAllowSharedBufferSource(metadata.decoderConfig.description)) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				'Video chunk metadata decoder configuration description, when defined, must be an ArrayBuffer or an'
+				+ ' ArrayBuffer view.',
+			);
+		}
+	}
+	if (metadata.decoderConfig.colorSpace !== undefined) {
+		const { colorSpace } = metadata.decoderConfig;
+
+		if (typeof colorSpace !== 'object') {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				'Video chunk metadata decoder configuration colorSpace, when provided, must be an object.',
+			);
+		}
+
+		const primariesValues = Object.keys(COLOR_PRIMARIES_MAP);
+		if (colorSpace.primaries != null && !primariesValues.includes(colorSpace.primaries)) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				`Video chunk metadata decoder configuration colorSpace primaries, when defined, must be one of`
+				+ ` ${primariesValues.join(', ')}.`,
+			);
+		}
+
+		const transferValues = Object.keys(TRANSFER_CHARACTERISTICS_MAP);
+		if (colorSpace.transfer != null && !transferValues.includes(colorSpace.transfer)) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				`Video chunk metadata decoder configuration colorSpace transfer, when defined, must be one of`
+				+ ` ${transferValues.join(', ')}.`,
+			);
+		}
+
+		const matrixValues = Object.keys(MATRIX_COEFFICIENTS_MAP);
+		if (colorSpace.matrix != null && !matrixValues.includes(colorSpace.matrix)) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				`Video chunk metadata decoder configuration colorSpace matrix, when defined, must be one of`
+				+ ` ${matrixValues.join(', ')}.`,
+			);
+		}
+
+		if (colorSpace.fullRange != null && typeof colorSpace.fullRange !== 'boolean') {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				'Video chunk metadata decoder configuration colorSpace fullRange, when defined, must be a boolean.',
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('avc1') || metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('avc3')) {
+		// AVC-specific validation
+
+		if (!AVC_CODEC_STRING_REGEX.test(metadata.decoderConfig.codec)) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				'Video chunk metadata decoder configuration codec string for AVC must be a valid AVC codec string as'
+				+ ' specified in Section 3.4 of RFC 6381.',
+			);
+		}
+
+		// `description` may or may not be set, depending on if the format is AVCC or Annex B, so don't perform any
+		// validation for it.
+		// https://www.w3.org/TR/webcodecs-avc-codec-registration
+	} else if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('hev1') || metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('hvc1')) {
+		// HEVC-specific validation
+
+		if (!HEVC_CODEC_STRING_REGEX.test(metadata.decoderConfig.codec)) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				'Video chunk metadata decoder configuration codec string for HEVC must be a valid HEVC codec string as'
+				+ ' specified in Section E.3 of ISO 14496-15.',
+			);
+		}
+
+		// `description` may or may not be set, depending on if the format is HEVC or Annex B, so don't perform any
+		// validation for it.
+		// https://www.w3.org/TR/webcodecs-hevc-codec-registration
+	} else if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('vp8')) {
+		// VP8-specific validation
+
+		if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec !== 'vp8') {
+			throw new TypeError('Video chunk metadata decoder configuration codec string for VP8 must be "vp8".');
+		}
+	} else if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('vp09')) {
+		// VP9-specific validation
+
+		if (!VP9_CODEC_STRING_REGEX.test(metadata.decoderConfig.codec)) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				'Video chunk metadata decoder configuration codec string for VP9 must be a valid VP9 codec string as'
+				+ ' specified in Section "Codecs Parameter String" of https://www.webmproject.org/vp9/mp4/.',
+			);
+		}
+	} else if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('av01')) {
+		// AV1-specific validation
+
+		if (!AV1_CODEC_STRING_REGEX.test(metadata.decoderConfig.codec)) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				'Video chunk metadata decoder configuration codec string for AV1 must be a valid AV1 codec string as'
+				+ ' specified in Section "Codecs Parameter String" of https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-isobmff/.',
+			);
+		}
+	} else if (PRORES_FOURCCS.some(x => metadata.decoderConfig!.codec.startsWith(x))) {
+		// ProRes-specific validation
+
+		if (!PRORES_FOURCCS.some(x => metadata.decoderConfig!.codec === x)) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				`Video chunk metadata decoder configuration codec string for ProRes must be one of the valid ProRes`
+				+ ` four-character codes: ${PRORES_FOURCCS.join(', ')}.`,
+			);
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+const VALID_AUDIO_CODEC_STRING_PREFIXES = [
+	'mp4a', 'mp3', 'opus', 'vorbis', 'flac', 'ulaw', 'alaw', 'pcm', 'ac-3', 'ec-3',
+];
+
+export const validateAudioChunkMetadata = (metadata: EncodedAudioChunkMetadata | undefined) => {
+	if (!metadata) {
+		throw new TypeError('Audio chunk metadata must be provided.');
+	}
+	if (typeof metadata !== 'object') {
+		throw new TypeError('Audio chunk metadata must be an object.');
+	}
+	if (!metadata.decoderConfig) {
+		throw new TypeError('Audio chunk metadata must include a decoder configuration.');
+	}
+	if (typeof metadata.decoderConfig !== 'object') {
+		throw new TypeError('Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration must be an object.');
+	}
+	if (typeof metadata.decoderConfig.codec !== 'string') {
+		throw new TypeError('Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration must specify a codec string.');
+	}
+	if (!VALID_AUDIO_CODEC_STRING_PREFIXES.some(prefix => metadata.decoderConfig!.codec.startsWith(prefix))) {
+		throw new TypeError(
+			'Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration codec string must be a valid audio codec string as specified in'
+			+ ' the Mediabunny Codec Registry.',
+		);
+	}
+	if (!Number.isInteger(metadata.decoderConfig.sampleRate) || metadata.decoderConfig.sampleRate <= 0) {
+		throw new TypeError(
+			'Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration must specify a valid sampleRate (positive integer).',
+		);
+	}
+	if (!Number.isInteger(metadata.decoderConfig.numberOfChannels) || metadata.decoderConfig.numberOfChannels <= 0) {
+		throw new TypeError(
+			'Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration must specify a valid numberOfChannels (positive integer).',
+		);
+	}
+	if (metadata.decoderConfig.description !== undefined) {
+		if (!isAllowSharedBufferSource(metadata.decoderConfig.description)) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				'Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration description, when defined, must be an ArrayBuffer or an'
+				+ ' ArrayBuffer view.',
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (
+		metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('mp4a')
+		// These three refer to MP3:
+		&& metadata.decoderConfig.codec !== 'mp4a.69'
+		&& metadata.decoderConfig.codec !== 'mp4a.6B'
+		&& metadata.decoderConfig.codec !== 'mp4a.6b'
+	) {
+		// AAC-specific validation
+
+		const validStrings = ['mp4a.40.2', 'mp4a.40.02', 'mp4a.40.5', 'mp4a.40.05', 'mp4a.40.29', 'mp4a.67'];
+		if (!validStrings.includes(metadata.decoderConfig.codec)) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				'Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration codec string for AAC must be a valid AAC codec string as'
+				+ ' specified in https://www.w3.org/TR/webcodecs-aac-codec-registration/.',
+			);
+		}
+
+		// `description` may or may not be set, depending on if the format is AAC or ADTS, so don't perform any
+		// validation for it.
+		// https://www.w3.org/TR/webcodecs-aac-codec-registration
+	} else if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('mp3') || metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('mp4a')) {
+		// MP3-specific validation
+
+		if (
+			metadata.decoderConfig.codec !== 'mp3'
+			&& metadata.decoderConfig.codec !== 'mp4a.69'
+			&& metadata.decoderConfig.codec !== 'mp4a.6B'
+			&& metadata.decoderConfig.codec !== 'mp4a.6b'
+		) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				'Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration codec string for MP3 must be "mp3", "mp4a.69" or'
+				+ ' "mp4a.6B".',
+			);
+		}
+	} else if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('opus')) {
+		// Opus-specific validation
+
+		if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec !== 'opus') {
+			throw new TypeError('Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration codec string for Opus must be "opus".');
+		}
+
+		if (metadata.decoderConfig.description && metadata.decoderConfig.description.byteLength < 18) {
+			// Description is optional for Opus per-spec, so we shouldn't enforce it
+			throw new TypeError(
+				'Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration description, when specified, is expected to be an'
+				+ ' Identification Header as specified in Section 5.1 of RFC 7845.',
+			);
+		}
+	} else if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('vorbis')) {
+		// Vorbis-specific validation
+
+		if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec !== 'vorbis') {
+			throw new TypeError('Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration codec string for Vorbis must be "vorbis".');
+		}
+
+		if (!metadata.decoderConfig.description) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				'Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration for Vorbis must include a description, which is expected to'
+				+ ' adhere to the format described in https://www.w3.org/TR/webcodecs-vorbis-codec-registration/.',
+			);
+		}
+	} else if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('flac')) {
+		// FLAC-specific validation
+
+		if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec !== 'flac') {
+			throw new TypeError('Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration codec string for FLAC must be "flac".');
+		}
+
+		const minDescriptionSize = 4 + 4 + 34; // 'fLaC' + metadata block header + STREAMINFO block
+		if (!metadata.decoderConfig.description || metadata.decoderConfig.description.byteLength < minDescriptionSize) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				'Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration for FLAC must include a description, which is expected to'
+				+ ' adhere to the format described in https://www.w3.org/TR/webcodecs-flac-codec-registration/.',
+			);
+		}
+	} else if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('ac-3') || metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('ac3')) {
+		// AC3-specific validation
+
+		if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec !== 'ac-3') {
+			throw new TypeError('Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration codec string for AC-3 must be "ac-3".');
+		}
+	} else if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('ec-3') || metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('eac3')) {
+		// EAC3-specific validation
+
+		if (metadata.decoderConfig.codec !== 'ec-3') {
+			throw new TypeError('Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration codec string for EC-3 must be "ec-3".');
+		}
+	} else if (
+		metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('pcm')
+		|| metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('ulaw')
+		|| metadata.decoderConfig.codec.startsWith('alaw')
+	) {
+		// PCM-specific validation
+
+		if (!(PCM_AUDIO_CODECS as readonly string[]).includes(metadata.decoderConfig.codec)) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				'Audio chunk metadata decoder configuration codec string for PCM must be one of the supported PCM'
+				+ ` codecs (${PCM_AUDIO_CODECS.join(', ')}).`,
+			);
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+export const validateSubtitleMetadata = (metadata: SubtitleMetadata | undefined) => {
+	if (!metadata) {
+		throw new TypeError('Subtitle metadata must be provided.');
+	}
+	if (typeof metadata !== 'object') {
+		throw new TypeError('Subtitle metadata must be an object.');
+	}
+	if (!metadata.config) {
+		throw new TypeError('Subtitle metadata must include a config object.');
+	}
+	if (typeof metadata.config !== 'object') {
+		throw new TypeError('Subtitle metadata config must be an object.');
+	}
+	if (typeof metadata.config.description !== 'string') {
+		throw new TypeError('Subtitle metadata config description must be a string.');
+	}
+};