@mytechtoday/augment-extensions 0.2.0 → 0.5.0

package/augment-extensions/domain-rules/database/examples/relational-schema-example.md

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+# Relational Schema Example: E-Commerce Database
+
+## Overview
+
+This example demonstrates a comprehensive e-commerce database schema with proper normalization, foreign keys, indexes, and constraints.
+
+**Features:**
+- User management
+- Product catalog
+- Shopping cart
+- Order processing
+- Inventory tracking
+- Reviews and ratings
+
+---
+
+## Entity-Relationship Diagram
+
+```
+users (1) ──────< (N) orders
+  │                    │
+  │                    │
+  │                    └──< (N) order_items >──┐
+  │                                             │
+  │                                             │
+  └──< (N) cart_items >──┐                     │
+  │                       │                     │
+  │                       ▼                     ▼
+  │                   products (1) ──────< (N) product_images
+  │                       │
+  │                       └──< (N) reviews
+  │
+  └──< (N) addresses
+```
+
+---
+
+## Schema Definition
+
+### Users Table
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE users (
+    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
+    email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
+    password_hash VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
+    first_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
+    last_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
+    phone VARCHAR(20),
+    status VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'active' CHECK (status IN ('active', 'inactive', 'suspended')),
+    created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    updated_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+);
+
+-- Indexes
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_status ON users(status);
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_created_at ON users(created_at);
+
+-- Comments
+COMMENT ON TABLE users IS 'User accounts for the e-commerce platform';
+COMMENT ON COLUMN users.status IS 'User account status: active, inactive, or suspended';
+```
+
+### Addresses Table
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE addresses (
+    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
+    user_id INT NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    address_type VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL CHECK (address_type IN ('billing', 'shipping')),
+    street_line1 VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
+    street_line2 VARCHAR(255),
+    city VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
+    state VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
+    postal_code VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
+    country VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'USA',
+    is_default BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT false,
+    created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    updated_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+);
+
+-- Indexes
+CREATE INDEX idx_addresses_user_id ON addresses(user_id);
+CREATE INDEX idx_addresses_type ON addresses(address_type);
+
+-- Unique constraint: Only one default address per type per user
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_addresses_default ON addresses(user_id, address_type, is_default) 
+WHERE is_default = true;
+
+-- Comments
+COMMENT ON TABLE addresses IS 'User billing and shipping addresses';
+```
+
+### Products Table
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE products (
+    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
+    sku VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
+    name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
+    description TEXT,
+    price DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL CHECK (price >= 0),
+    cost DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (cost >= 0),
+    stock_quantity INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 CHECK (stock_quantity >= 0),
+    low_stock_threshold INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 10,
+    status VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'active' CHECK (status IN ('active', 'inactive', 'discontinued')),
+    category VARCHAR(100),
+    brand VARCHAR(100),
+    weight_kg DECIMAL(8, 2),
+    created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    updated_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+);
+
+-- Indexes
+CREATE INDEX idx_products_sku ON products(sku);
+CREATE INDEX idx_products_status ON products(status);
+CREATE INDEX idx_products_category ON products(category);
+CREATE INDEX idx_products_brand ON products(brand);
+CREATE INDEX idx_products_price ON products(price);
+
+-- Full-text search index (PostgreSQL)
+CREATE INDEX idx_products_search ON products USING GIN(to_tsvector('english', name || ' ' || COALESCE(description, '')));
+
+-- Comments
+COMMENT ON TABLE products IS 'Product catalog';
+COMMENT ON COLUMN products.sku IS 'Stock Keeping Unit - unique product identifier';
+COMMENT ON COLUMN products.low_stock_threshold IS 'Alert when stock falls below this level';
+```
+
+### Product Images Table
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE product_images (
+    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
+    product_id INT NOT NULL REFERENCES products(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    url VARCHAR(500) NOT NULL,
+    alt_text VARCHAR(255),
+    display_order INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    is_primary BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT false,
+    created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+);
+
+-- Indexes
+CREATE INDEX idx_product_images_product_id ON product_images(product_id);
+
+-- Unique constraint: Only one primary image per product
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_product_images_primary ON product_images(product_id, is_primary) 
+WHERE is_primary = true;
+
+-- Comments
+COMMENT ON TABLE product_images IS 'Product images and photos';
+```
+
+### Cart Items Table
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE cart_items (
+    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
+    user_id INT NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    product_id INT NOT NULL REFERENCES products(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    quantity INT NOT NULL CHECK (quantity > 0),
+    added_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    updated_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    
+    -- Unique constraint: One row per user-product combination
+    UNIQUE(user_id, product_id)
+);
+
+-- Indexes
+CREATE INDEX idx_cart_items_user_id ON cart_items(user_id);
+CREATE INDEX idx_cart_items_product_id ON cart_items(product_id);
+
+-- Comments
+COMMENT ON TABLE cart_items IS 'Shopping cart items for users';
+```
+
+### Orders Table
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE orders (
+    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
+    user_id INT NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id),
+    order_number VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
+    status VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'pending' CHECK (status IN ('pending', 'processing', 'shipped', 'delivered', 'cancelled')),
+    subtotal DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL CHECK (subtotal >= 0),
+    tax DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 CHECK (tax >= 0),
+    shipping_cost DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 CHECK (shipping_cost >= 0),
+    total DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL CHECK (total >= 0),
+    shipping_address_id INT REFERENCES addresses(id),
+    billing_address_id INT REFERENCES addresses(id),
+    payment_method VARCHAR(50),
+    payment_status VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'pending' CHECK (payment_status IN ('pending', 'paid', 'failed', 'refunded')),
+    notes TEXT,
+    created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    updated_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    shipped_at TIMESTAMP,
+    delivered_at TIMESTAMP
+);
+
+-- Indexes
+CREATE INDEX idx_orders_user_id ON orders(user_id);
+CREATE INDEX idx_orders_order_number ON orders(order_number);
+CREATE INDEX idx_orders_status ON orders(status);
+CREATE INDEX idx_orders_payment_status ON orders(payment_status);
+CREATE INDEX idx_orders_created_at ON orders(created_at DESC);
+
+-- Composite index for common queries
+CREATE INDEX idx_orders_user_status ON orders(user_id, status);
+
+-- Comments
+COMMENT ON TABLE orders IS 'Customer orders';
+COMMENT ON COLUMN orders.order_number IS 'Human-readable order number (e.g., ORD-2024-00001)';
+```
+
+### Order Items Table
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE order_items (
+    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
+    order_id INT NOT NULL REFERENCES orders(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    product_id INT NOT NULL REFERENCES products(id),
+    quantity INT NOT NULL CHECK (quantity > 0),
+    unit_price DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL CHECK (unit_price >= 0),
+    total_price DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL CHECK (total_price >= 0),
+    created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+);
+
+-- Indexes
+CREATE INDEX idx_order_items_order_id ON order_items(order_id);
+CREATE INDEX idx_order_items_product_id ON order_items(product_id);
+
+-- Comments
+COMMENT ON TABLE order_items IS 'Line items for orders';
+COMMENT ON COLUMN order_items.unit_price IS 'Price at time of order (may differ from current product price)';
+```
+
+### Reviews Table
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE reviews (
+    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
+    product_id INT NOT NULL REFERENCES products(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    user_id INT NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    rating INT NOT NULL CHECK (rating >= 1 AND rating <= 5),
+    title VARCHAR(255),
+    comment TEXT,
+    verified_purchase BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT false,
+    helpful_count INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    updated_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+
+    -- Unique constraint: One review per user per product
+    UNIQUE(product_id, user_id)
+);
+
+-- Indexes
+CREATE INDEX idx_reviews_product_id ON reviews(product_id);
+CREATE INDEX idx_reviews_user_id ON reviews(user_id);
+CREATE INDEX idx_reviews_rating ON reviews(rating);
+CREATE INDEX idx_reviews_created_at ON reviews(created_at DESC);
+
+-- Comments
+COMMENT ON TABLE reviews IS 'Product reviews and ratings';
+COMMENT ON COLUMN reviews.verified_purchase IS 'True if user purchased this product';
+```
+
+---
+
+## Sample Queries
+
+### Query 1: Get User with Addresses
+
+```sql
+SELECT
+    u.id,
+    u.email,
+    u.first_name,
+    u.last_name,
+    json_agg(
+        json_build_object(
+            'id', a.id,
+            'type', a.address_type,
+            'street', a.street_line1,
+            'city', a.city,
+            'state', a.state,
+            'postal_code', a.postal_code,
+            'is_default', a.is_default
+        )
+    ) AS addresses
+FROM users u
+LEFT JOIN addresses a ON a.user_id = u.id
+WHERE u.id = 1
+GROUP BY u.id;
+```
+
+**Explanation:**
+- Uses `LEFT JOIN` to include users even if they have no addresses
+- Uses `json_agg` to aggregate addresses into JSON array
+- Groups by user ID to get one row per user
+
+### Query 2: Get Product with Images and Average Rating
+
+```sql
+SELECT
+    p.id,
+    p.sku,
+    p.name,
+    p.description,
+    p.price,
+    p.stock_quantity,
+    COALESCE(AVG(r.rating), 0) AS avg_rating,
+    COUNT(r.id) AS review_count,
+    json_agg(
+        json_build_object(
+            'url', pi.url,
+            'alt_text', pi.alt_text,
+            'is_primary', pi.is_primary
+        ) ORDER BY pi.display_order
+    ) FILTER (WHERE pi.id IS NOT NULL) AS images
+FROM products p
+LEFT JOIN product_images pi ON pi.product_id = p.id
+LEFT JOIN reviews r ON r.product_id = p.id
+WHERE p.id = 1
+GROUP BY p.id;
+```
+
+**Explanation:**
+- Joins product with images and reviews
+- Calculates average rating and review count
+- Aggregates images into JSON array ordered by display_order
+- Uses `FILTER` to exclude NULL images
+
+### Query 3: Get User's Shopping Cart with Product Details
+
+```sql
+SELECT
+    ci.id AS cart_item_id,
+    ci.quantity,
+    p.id AS product_id,
+    p.sku,
+    p.name,
+    p.price,
+    p.stock_quantity,
+    (ci.quantity * p.price) AS line_total,
+    CASE
+        WHEN p.stock_quantity >= ci.quantity THEN true
+        ELSE false
+    END AS in_stock
+FROM cart_items ci
+JOIN products p ON p.id = ci.product_id
+WHERE ci.user_id = 1
+ORDER BY ci.added_at DESC;
+```
+
+**Explanation:**
+- Joins cart items with products
+- Calculates line total (quantity × price)
+- Checks if product is in stock
+- Orders by most recently added
+
+### Query 4: Get Order with Items and Product Details
+
+```sql
+SELECT
+    o.id AS order_id,
+    o.order_number,
+    o.status,
+    o.total,
+    o.created_at,
+    json_agg(
+        json_build_object(
+            'product_id', p.id,
+            'product_name', p.name,
+            'sku', p.sku,
+            'quantity', oi.quantity,
+            'unit_price', oi.unit_price,
+            'total_price', oi.total_price
+        )
+    ) AS items
+FROM orders o
+JOIN order_items oi ON oi.order_id = o.id
+JOIN products p ON p.id = oi.product_id
+WHERE o.id = 1
+GROUP BY o.id;
+```
+
+**Explanation:**
+- Joins order with order items and products
+- Aggregates items into JSON array
+- Groups by order ID to get one row per order
+
+### Query 5: Get Products with Low Stock
+
+```sql
+SELECT
+    id,
+    sku,
+    name,
+    stock_quantity,
+    low_stock_threshold,
+    (low_stock_threshold - stock_quantity) AS units_below_threshold
+FROM products
+WHERE stock_quantity < low_stock_threshold
+    AND status = 'active'
+ORDER BY stock_quantity ASC;
+```
+
+**Explanation:**
+- Filters products below low stock threshold
+- Only includes active products
+- Calculates how many units below threshold
+- Orders by lowest stock first
+
+### Query 6: Get Top-Rated Products
+
+```sql
+SELECT
+    p.id,
+    p.sku,
+    p.name,
+    p.price,
+    AVG(r.rating) AS avg_rating,
+    COUNT(r.id) AS review_count
+FROM products p
+JOIN reviews r ON r.product_id = p.id
+WHERE p.status = 'active'
+GROUP BY p.id
+HAVING COUNT(r.id) >= 5  -- At least 5 reviews
+ORDER BY avg_rating DESC, review_count DESC
+LIMIT 10;
+```
+
+**Explanation:**
+- Joins products with reviews
+- Calculates average rating and review count
+- Filters to products with at least 5 reviews
+- Orders by highest rating first
+- Limits to top 10 products
+
+### Query 7: Get User's Order History
+
+```sql
+SELECT
+    o.id,
+    o.order_number,
+    o.status,
+    o.total,
+    o.created_at,
+    COUNT(oi.id) AS item_count
+FROM orders o
+LEFT JOIN order_items oi ON oi.order_id = o.id
+WHERE o.user_id = 1
+GROUP BY o.id
+ORDER BY o.created_at DESC;
+```
+
+**Explanation:**
+- Gets all orders for a user
+- Counts number of items in each order
+- Orders by most recent first
+
+### Query 8: Search Products by Name or Description
+
+```sql
+-- Full-text search (PostgreSQL)
+SELECT
+    id,
+    sku,
+    name,
+    price,
+    ts_rank(to_tsvector('english', name || ' ' || COALESCE(description, '')), query) AS rank
+FROM products,
+    to_tsquery('english', 'laptop & gaming') AS query
+WHERE to_tsvector('english', name || ' ' || COALESCE(description, '')) @@ query
+    AND status = 'active'
+ORDER BY rank DESC;
+
+-- Simple LIKE search (works on all databases)
+SELECT
+    id,
+    sku,
+    name,
+    price
+FROM products
+WHERE (name ILIKE '%laptop%' OR description ILIKE '%laptop%')
+    AND status = 'active'
+ORDER BY name;
+```
+
+**Explanation:**
+- PostgreSQL version uses full-text search with ranking
+- LIKE version works on all databases but slower
+- Both filter to active products only
+
+---
+
+## Sample Data Insertion
+
+### Insert Users
+
+```sql
+INSERT INTO users (email, password_hash, first_name, last_name, phone) VALUES
+('john.doe@example.com', '$2b$10$...', 'John', 'Doe', '555-0101'),
+('jane.smith@example.com', '$2b$10$...', 'Jane', 'Smith', '555-0102'),
+('bob.johnson@example.com', '$2b$10$...', 'Bob', 'Johnson', '555-0103');
+```
+
+### Insert Addresses
+
+```sql
+INSERT INTO addresses (user_id, address_type, street_line1, city, state, postal_code, is_default) VALUES
+(1, 'shipping', '123 Main St', 'New York', 'NY', '10001', true),
+(1, 'billing', '123 Main St', 'New York', 'NY', '10001', true),
+(2, 'shipping', '456 Oak Ave', 'Los Angeles', 'CA', '90001', true);
+```
+
+### Insert Products
+
+```sql
+INSERT INTO products (sku, name, description, price, cost, stock_quantity, category, brand) VALUES
+('LAP-001', 'Gaming Laptop Pro', 'High-performance gaming laptop with RTX 4080', 1999.99, 1500.00, 25, 'Laptops', 'TechBrand'),
+('MOU-001', 'Wireless Gaming Mouse', 'Ergonomic wireless mouse with RGB lighting', 79.99, 40.00, 150, 'Accessories', 'PeripheralCo'),
+('KEY-001', 'Mechanical Keyboard', 'RGB mechanical keyboard with Cherry MX switches', 149.99, 80.00, 75, 'Accessories', 'PeripheralCo');
+```
+
+### Insert Product Images
+
+```sql
+INSERT INTO product_images (product_id, url, alt_text, display_order, is_primary) VALUES
+(1, 'https://example.com/images/laptop-1.jpg', 'Gaming Laptop Pro - Front View', 0, true),
+(1, 'https://example.com/images/laptop-2.jpg', 'Gaming Laptop Pro - Side View', 1, false),
+(2, 'https://example.com/images/mouse-1.jpg', 'Wireless Gaming Mouse', 0, true);
+```
+
+### Insert Cart Items
+
+```sql
+INSERT INTO cart_items (user_id, product_id, quantity) VALUES
+(1, 1, 1),
+(1, 2, 2),
+(2, 3, 1);
+```
+
+### Insert Orders and Order Items
+
+```sql
+-- Insert order
+INSERT INTO orders (user_id, order_number, status, subtotal, tax, shipping_cost, total, shipping_address_id, billing_address_id, payment_method, payment_status)
+VALUES (1, 'ORD-2024-00001', 'processing', 2159.97, 172.80, 15.00, 2347.77, 1, 2, 'credit_card', 'paid');
+
+-- Insert order items
+INSERT INTO order_items (order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price, total_price) VALUES
+(1, 1, 1, 1999.99, 1999.99),
+(1, 2, 2, 79.99, 159.98);
+```
+
+### Insert Reviews
+
+```sql
+INSERT INTO reviews (product_id, user_id, rating, title, comment, verified_purchase) VALUES
+(1, 2, 5, 'Amazing laptop!', 'Best gaming laptop I have ever owned. Runs all games smoothly.', true),
+(2, 1, 4, 'Great mouse', 'Very comfortable and responsive. Battery life could be better.', true);
+```
+
+---
+
+## Schema Design Principles Demonstrated
+
+### 1. Normalization
+
+**Third Normal Form (3NF):**
+- ✅ No repeating groups (separate tables for addresses, order items, etc.)
+- ✅ All non-key attributes depend on primary key
+- ✅ No transitive dependencies
+
+**Example:**
+- Order items store `unit_price` (price at time of order) instead of referencing current product price
+- This prevents historical data from changing when product prices change
+
+### 2. Foreign Keys
+
+**Referential Integrity:**
+- ✅ All foreign keys defined with `REFERENCES`
+- ✅ Appropriate `ON DELETE` actions (CASCADE for dependent data)
+- ✅ Indexes on all foreign key columns for performance
+
+### 3. Constraints
+
+**Data Integrity:**
+- ✅ `NOT NULL` for required fields
+- ✅ `UNIQUE` for unique values (email, SKU, order_number)
+- ✅ `CHECK` for valid values (price >= 0, rating between 1-5)
+- ✅ `DEFAULT` for sensible defaults
+
+### 4. Indexes
+
+**Query Performance:**
+- ✅ Primary keys automatically indexed
+- ✅ Foreign keys indexed
+- ✅ Frequently queried columns indexed (email, status, created_at)
+- ✅ Composite indexes for common query patterns
+- ✅ Unique indexes for constraints
+
+### 5. Denormalization (Strategic)
+
+**Performance Optimization:**
+- ✅ `order_items.unit_price` stores price at time of order (prevents joins)
+- ✅ `order_items.total_price` stores calculated value (avoids recalculation)
+- ✅ Consider adding `products.avg_rating` and `products.review_count` for performance
+
+---
+
+## Related Documentation
+
+- **relational-schema-design.md**: Schema design principles and normalization
+- **relational-indexing.md**: Indexing strategies
+- **relational-query-optimization.md**: Query optimization techniques
+- **relational-databases.md**: Relational database fundamentals
+
+