@museumwnf/the-hijaz-railway-data 1.0.1

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+{"00c8cda2-d033-5a89-89e5-4f6a4483e3da":{"name":"The Hijaz Railway construction workers","description":"The Hijaz Railway was a narrow-gauge railway (1,050mm/3ft, 5 11⁄32 in track gauge) that ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. It got no further than Medina, 400 kilometres (250mi) short of Mecca, due to the interruption of the construction works caused by the outbreak of World War I.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century – begining of the 20th century","location":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"03306ff5-668c-5706-a70c-d5ed5a3886c1":{"name":"The Arrival of the Mahmal","description":"The painting is after is after Konstantin Makovsky’s 1876 work, ‘The Arrival of the Holy Carpet in Cairo’ (during this period the mahmal was often referred to as ‘the holy carpet’, or ‘le tapis sacré’ in French). It is not clear whether de Mango had seen Makovsky’s work or if he had access to the original photograph from which the painting was made. However, we do know that de Mango spent time in Cairo and was greatly inspired by life in the Middle East. An engraving of Makovsky’s work by R. Brendamour also appeared in a German periodical of 1893, and de Mango may have been aware of that version as well.","type":"Painting","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"1921","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 80 cm; Width: 101cm","place_of_production":"Pera, Turkey","catalogue_holding_link":"https://khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-%20and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/mss-1356/","keywords":["Cairo","Egypt","hajj","pilgrimage","Religion"],"materials":["Oil on canvas"]},"03762b34-622e-5cca-85b2-11ca849dd5d2":{"name":"The Hijaz Railway delegations","description":"The Hijaz Railway ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. The main purpose of the railway was to establish a connection between the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, and Hijaz in Arabia, the site of the holiest shrines of Islam and the holy city of Mecca, the destination of the Hajj annual pilgrimage. Another important reason was to improve the economic and political integration of the distant Arabian provinces into the Ottoman state, and to facilitate the transportation of military forces.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century – beginning of the 20th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"037e2e8a-4c21-57dd-b0a6-532274d43a0d":{"name":"Baalbec : engineers removing the Kaiser's commemoration stone from the Temple of Apollo","description":"British Royal Engineers at work on an ancient stone temple. Three engineers stand on the ground at the foot of a tall ladder, which leads up to a stone platform where three other engineers are removing a more recent German commemorative stone. They have attached a pulley to the top of the platform in readiness to move the stone. The composition is framed by two enormous pillars that are part of the temple.","type":"Artwork","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","initial_owner":"IWM","dates":"c.1917 - 1918","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 41,9 cm; width: 30,4 cm","place_of_production":"Lebanon","method_for_datation":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","method_for_provenance":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","provenance":"Department of Information commission transferred to the Ministry of Information and then to the Imperial War Museum.","obtention":"Artist commission for the UK government's Department of Information, subsequently transferred to the Imperial War Museum.","bibliography":"*Shadows and Light: The Extraordinary Life of James McBey*, Soussi A., Scotland Street Press, 2022.  \n*Visions of War: Art of the Imperial War Museums*, IWM, 2023.  \n*The War Artists*, Harries M. and Harries S., Michael Joseph, 1983.","author":"Claire Brenard","keywords":["architecture","First World War","landscape","Military engineering","military personnel"],"materials":["Watercolour and ink on paper"]},"041eef68-f7a2-5c98-af3f-f7f9b3d9d976":{"name":"Locomotive Compound Mallet, du Chemin de Fer De L’Hedjaz (Arabie)","description":"As services started to operate on the completed sections of line, rolling stock had to be purchased and transported to Damascus. Locomotives were provided by a number of different European countries, including Germany, Belgium and Switzerland. The largest suppliers were German, with 90 engines being provided by the firms of Hartmann, Krauss, Jung and Henschel. In the early years of operations the majority of passenger carriages were supplied by a Belgian company, Baume et Marpent of Haine St. Pierre, but a few were also manufactured in Istanbul. Cargo stock amounting to 100 vans and 145 low-sided wagons were obtained from Germany. There was also a mosque car, provided for the railway by the Naval Arsenal in Istanbul. The new rolling stock was transported from Europe by ship to Beirut and from there was hauled over the mountains to Damascus on an existing Ottoman railway, run under concession by the French firm D.H.P. (Damascus, Hama et Prolongements). This line had been built with the same narrow-gauge track as the Hijaz Railway, allowing the new items of rolling stock to be brought in using their own wheel configuration.","type":"French Journal of Civil Engineering","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"Unknown","dates":"AH 11 Dhu'l Qa'dah 1326 / AD 5 Decembre 1908","location":"London","dimensions":"50.5cm x 33.9cm","method_for_provenance":"The document has the supplement/ section number in the header.","provenance":"France","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","workshop":"Supplement au 'Genie Civil'","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Paper"]},"04d27671-b1ac-5ad5-85cb-254ee0e80def":{"name":"Bridal cushion","description":"This bridal cushion from Ma’an, Jordan, traditionally prepared by a bride as part of her trousseau for her new home, is among the most distinctive examples of Jordanian domestic textiles. They feature embroidery patterns that are believed to reflect connections with the Caucasus, whether through historical travel, trade, or settlement. These motifs stand as a testament to Ma'an's role as a crossroads of cultural exchange, where influences from distant regions were absorbed into local artistic traditions.","type":"Furniture","holder":"Tiraz: Widad Kawar Home for Arab Dress","owner":"Tiraz","dates":"ca. 1935","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Height: 64,5 cm; width: 34 cm","place_of_production":"Ma'an, Jordan","provenance":"Purchased by the collector","author":"Laila Mushahwar","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Bride","embroidery","furniture","marriage","wedding"],"materials":["cotton"]},"0758a11b-67ab-5ddc-a953-275a1d7a45b8":{"name":"'1196 - Arrivee du train a Jaffa'","description":"This is a loose albumen print made from an original negative  by Bonfils. It shows a train at the Jaffa railway station with passengers ready to embark. Jaffa can be seen in the distance.\"Bonfils\" and \"1196 - Arrivee du train a Jaffa\" on the print. From the Finn collection.  The track is the original metre-guage track and so the photograph is dated to before AH 1332 / AD 1914,  and as everything looks new, probably quite close to the date of construction in AH 1310 / AD 1892.   The train seems to consist of one of the Baldwin 2-6-0's locomotives, a couple of vans and two of the bogie carriages - a quite typical train combination.  The people in the picture may well have been station employees, posing for the photographer.","type":"Original photographic print","holder":"Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF)","owner":"Palestine Exploration Fund","initial_owner":"Donated to the PEF from the Estate of Elizabeth Finn, AH 1347 / AD 1928","dates":"AH 1310 - 1316 / AD 1892-1896","location":"London","dimensions":"28.1cm x 21.6cm","place_of_production":"Jerusalem","method_for_datation":"Hisotrical data on the Maison Bonfils phtogorpahic studio, and specialist analysis of the details of the photograph supplied by  Dr. Shimon Gibson and  Rabbi Walter Rothschild.","method_for_provenance":"In the accompanying documentation from the donation.","provenance":"Jerusalem and Beirut","obtention":"Donated to the PEF from the Estate of Elizabeth Finn, AH 1347 / AD 1928.","bibliography":"Cotterell, P., *The Railways of Palestine and Israel*, Oxford: Tourret Publishing, 1986.  \n  \nTravis. A., *On Chariots with Horses of Fire and Iron*, Jerusalem: Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2009.","workshop":"Maison Bonfils, Beirut","author":"Felicity Cobbing","keywords":["Jaffa","Jaffa to Jerusalem railway","locomotive","railway station","steam."],"materials":["Albumen","photographic paper"]},"07cdf5ca-173b-58b3-98fd-a1ff89450b73":{"name":"Boy's Vest","description":"This boy's vest, displayed at Tiraz, features a back panel crafted from traditional Syrian-made striped saya silk. Worn specifically during a circumcision ceremony, the festive garment is heavily embellished with an assortment of coins from various currencies, origins, and geographic regions. The vest originates from the Hebron villages and dates back to approximately 1930.","type":"Garment","holder":"Tiraz: Widad Kawar Home for Arab Dress","owner":"Tiraz","dates":"ca. 1930","location":"Amman","place_of_production":"Hebron villages, Palestine","provenance":"Purchased by the collector","author":"Laila Mushahwar","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["ceremony","Children","Clothing","dress","silk"],"materials":["Coins","silk"]},"07cfbb4a-25e5-5ae3-a64e-9de990ccf477":{"name":"Bridal cushion","description":"This bridal cushion from Ma'an, traditionally prepared by a bride as part of her trousseau for her new home, reflects the town’s position as a crossroads of cultural exchange. Its embroidered designs and use of ikat textiles reveal connections with wider textile traditions from Central Asia, Turkey, and Syria, where ikat weaving was historically widespread and highly developed. These influences reached Ma'an through networks of travel, trade, pilgrimage, and migration, becoming integrated into local practices.","type":"Furniture","holder":"Tiraz: Widad Kawar Home for Arab Dress","owner":"Tiraz","dates":"ca. 1930","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Height: 64 cm; width: 40 cm","place_of_production":"Ma'an, Jordan","provenance":"Purchased by the collector","author":"Laila Mushahwar","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Bride","embroidery","furniture","marriage","wedding"],"materials":["cotton","silk"]},"0a7ac8e0-50d1-5719-96f1-f2eb2d42f3e8":{"name":"'No 2  Jaffa Railway Station'","description":"This is a mounted albumen print made from one of 30 negatives taken by G Krikorian between Jaffa and Jerusalem in AH 1310 / AD 1892, which was sent to the PEF by C Schick with a letter dated 27 December AH 1310 / AD 1892 . In pencil on the mount; \"No 2  Jaffa Railway Station.\" The station is situated to the north of the old town, close to the sea.","type":"Original photographic print","holder":"Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF)","owner":"Palestine Exploration Fund","initial_owner":"Conrad Schick","dates":"AH 1310 / AD 1892","location":"London","dimensions":"27.1cm x 21.1cm","place_of_production":"Jaffa","method_for_datation":"Historical analysis of the photograph and accompanying documents.","method_for_provenance":"Historical analysis of the photograph and accompanying documents.","provenance":"Jaffa","obtention":"Sent to the PEF by Conrad Schick in December AH 1402 / AD 1982.","bibliography":"Cotterell, P., *The Railways of Palestine and Israel*, Oxford: Tourret Publishing, 1986.  \n  \nTravis. A., *On Chariots with Horses of Fire and Iron*, Jerusalem: Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2009.  \n  \nSchick, C. 1893. \"The Railway from Jaffa to Jerusalem\", in PEFQSt, 25(1; 1893): 20-23.","workshop":"Garabed Krikorian","catalogue_holding_link":"Jaffa, Jaffa to Jerusalem railway,railway track, railway station.","author":"Felicity Cobbing","materials":["Albumen","photographic paper"]},"0b654295-705f-5779-91d5-6ee361403ebb":{"name":"Nouvelle gare de Haidar-Pacha. (New Haidar-Pacha Station)","description":"The postcard depicts the new Haydarpasha station, Constantinople. The first station before the new one was a modest structure appropriate to a relatively short suburban and regional railway. As the network expanded across Anatolia and the planning of the Baghdad Railway, the construction of the present station began in 1906. The architects were Otto Ritter and Hellmuth Cuno, and construction was undertaken by the German firm Philipp Holzmann. The station is a Neoclassical building that draws its symmetrical monumental composition, steep roofs, towers, stone façades and architectural vocabulary from European historicism. The postcard presents the station from the Bosporus, emphasising its monumental waterside façade. The building occupies an artificial platform at the edge of the sea and functions as an intermodal transport complex linking trains, ferries and port installations.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"AH c. 1328 / AD c. 1910","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 8,9 cm; width: 13,9 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Aslankaya, Güzide, and Cenk Üstündağ, “Structural Analysis and Evaluation of the Historic Haydarpaşa Railway Station”, In *Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions*, Cham: Springer (2019): 1410–18.  \n  \nMuseum With No Frontiers, “Haydarpaşa Train Station”, Sharing History. Istanbul University Rare Books Library.  \n  \nKaynar, İhsan Seddar, “Haydarpaşa–İzmit Railway and Its Relation with Piers”, *ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research*, 5:12 (2015).","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Construction","Neoclassicism","station","Türkiye","water"],"materials":["coloured printed postcard","Paper"]},"0b97f89a-0044-5842-b25e-e3cff94ae0d0":{"name":"Postcard","description":"Postcard; printed; photograph showing the \"Hurriyeh\" ('Liberty') Bridge at Baghdad, with buses, cars and open-top lorries and pedestrians crossing.","type":"Postcard","holder":"The British Museum","owner":"The British Museum","dates":"1962 (circa)","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 8,9 cm; width: 13,9 cm","place_of_production":"Basra, Iraq","obtention":"Purchased from D. J. Hutchinson in 2014","copyright":"This is an 'orphan work' in The British Museum’s collections. If you are the copyright holder and were not contacted, please reach out to Museum With No Frontiers at editing@museumwnf.net so that proper credit may be given on this website.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_EPH-ME-2478?selectedImageId=1557622001","keywords":["architecture","Baghdad","bridge","City","photograph"],"materials":["Paper"]},"0e85d24e-665e-5157-bf0e-e0f313fbe465":{"name":"Air Orient Company. Planisphere. Weekly Air Service France-Syria-Indochina","description":"This 1930s Air Orient poster highlights the French airline’s east–west routes across the Middle East. From Beirut and Damascus to Baghdad and Basra, the service carried passengers and mail between Paris and the Levant. Produced in a republican France that was also a vast colonial empire, the poster embodies both the allure of modern aviation and the projection of French influence through new networks of mobility.","type":"Poster","holder":"Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF)","dates":"1932","location":"Paris","dimensions":"28,5 x 55,5 cm"},"0e8bab0f-566b-5c60-b111-2262460c62b8":{"name":"Control Tower Airport Basrah","description":"Postcard; printed; monochrome real photograph showing the airport control tower, Basra, flying the national flag","type":"Photograph","holder":"The British Museum","owner":"The British Museum","dates":"22 July 1951 (posted)","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 14 cm; width: 8cm","place_of_production":"Baghdad","obtention":"Bought on ebay; presented by St John Simpson","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_EPH-ME-9474?selectedImageId=1613966392","keywords":["Airport","architecture","photograph"],"materials":["Paper"]},"0ec0000a-9f1f-5af3-8461-b9f66f7fbd90":{"name":"“Damas (Syrie) – Souvenir des Relations télegraphiques entre Damas -Hedjaz“. (Memorial Column of Telegraphic Connections between Damascus and Hijaz, Damascus, Syria)","description":"The Amud al Telegraph (the Telegraph Column or Telegraph Monument), sometimes locally known as Amud al Marjeh, is situated at the centre of Marjeh Square in Damascus. The monument was designed in 1900 by Raimondo D’Aronco and erected in Marjeh Square in 1904. It was constructed to commemorate the completion of the telegraph line linking Istanbul, Damascus and Mecca. The monument's bronze shaft is decorated with stylized representations of telegraph wires, poles and related equipment. The small structure at the top of the column is a model of the Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque in Istanbul, located near Yıldız Palace. The column formed the centrepiece of the redesign of Marjeh Square, transforming an open riverside space along the Barada River into a civic focal point, a transportation hub and a symbolic administrative centre.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"c. 1925","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 13,9 cm; width: 8,8 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Weber, Stefan, *Damascus: Ottoman Modernity and Urban Transformation (1808–1918)*, 2 vols, Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2009.  \n  \nAga Khan Trust for Culture, *Historic Train Stations of the Al-Hijaz Railway Network*, Geneva: Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2004.  \n  \nShihabi, Qutayba, *Muʿjam Dimashq al-Tārīkhī*, Damascus: Ministry of Culture, 1999.","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["monument","photograph","Syria","Transportation"],"materials":["Paper","printed postcard"]},"0fa95d00-46ca-5bec-8348-9b86a0617d78":{"name":"Ten Ottoman piasters","description":"On obverse *tuğra* of sultan Abdul Hamid II, flower to right, denomination below: ١٠ ش “10 sh”, all within wreath with crossed quivers and unstrung bow at bottom, above seven stars, “W” below wreath tie. On reverse: within a wreath: “*duriba fi misr* 1293 22” (“22, struck in Misr, 1293”). Above 3 stars. It was issued in the year 22 (AH 1317 / AD 1896) of sultan Abdul Hamid II’s reign (Hegira 1293–1327 / AD 1876–1909).","type":"Coin, currency","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1896","location":"Amman","provenance":"Turkey, Istanbul","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"124efc2d-1a23-56df-83e7-543dbb950692":{"name":"Port of Beirut","description":"The Port of Beirut is the main port in Lebanon and it is one of the most beneficial commercial architecture in Lebanon that contributes the state’s revenue. It was founded in 1887 under the reign of the Ottomans and has since been the western-eastern link in the Middle East area. The Port of Beirut has a total area of 1,200,000 m2.\n\nFounded in 1887, the Port of Beirut is located on the eastern side of St Georges Bay, on Beirut's northern Mediterranean coast, west of the Beirut river. It is one of the largest and busiest ports of the Eastern Mediterranean. In early 90’s, a phase of development and reconstruction took place. The Port was rehabilitated and expanded to encompass 4 docks, 2 new quays (15 and 16) and new container terminal with 700,000 TEU/year capacities. The container terminal became operational in February 2005. It is equipped with 6 ship-to-shore gantry cranes (outreach 60m) and 18 rubbed tyred gantry cranes. The Port of Beirut has been selected as a transhipment hub for the 2nd and 3rd largest container shipping companies in the world.","type":"Commercial architecture","holder":"Government of Lebanon; Gestation and exploitation of Port of Beirut (GEPB)","dates":"1887","location":"Beirut","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"12fc5988-26a3-5343-9957-f679fd5cee4e":{"name":"Hijaz Railway gold medal","description":"Medals offered to those who had provided a personal charitable donation to the Railway endeavour displayed a locomotive (with the common 2-6-0 wheel configuration) within a laurel wreath. Above the locomotive was the tughra of Sultan Abdülhamid II and beneath it the Hijri date. On the reverse side, an inscription described the award as ‘The Hamidiyah Hijaz Railway for Enthusiastic Service’. The medals were made of different metals which were composed in accordance to the amount of the donation. They were generally presented with a red or green ribbon and accompanied by an official firman. The gold medal was given to the highest donors and was therefore rarer than the other types (silver or cupro-nickel). Firmans without medals could also be awarded for smaller contributions, which gave even the poorest of donors formal recognition of their piety. The religious aspect of the venture was reinforced by the almost complete lack of financial corruption in its financial administration. At a time when the abuse of official position was commonplace throughout the empire, it was a remarkable and indeed unifying feature of the project that the running of its affairs was carried out with virtually no reports of misappropriation.","type":"Medal","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Unknown","dates":"AH 1318 / AD 1900–01","location":"London","dimensions":"Diameter: 3.5cm","place_of_production":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","obtention":"The medal is dated.","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","workshop":"Hamidiyah Hijaz Railway","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Gold"]},"158e0a7a-2ff1-5a91-9653-24fcf9372ba0":{"name":"Photographic view of Mecca","short_description":"Safouh Izzat Naamani was born in Beirut in 1926 and very early on became fascinated by photography. He first travelled to Saudi Arabia in 1951 in order to photograph political events and in 1954 travelled to Mecca specifically to photograph the Masjid al-Haram and the Hajj. Naamani was one of the first photographers to capture Hajj from the air and his aerial photographs of Hajj and Mecca are unique in this period. His photographs from the 1960s capture the newly expanding sanctuary. This photograph was taken during the second phase of the Saudi extension, during the reign of King Faisal (r. 1964–1975). The photograph clearly shows the newly covered Safa-Marwa area for *sa‘i* in construction; also visible is the imposing Jabal al-Nur to the right of the skyline.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"AD 1966","location":"London","method_for_datation":"Information regarding date supplied by the photographer's family.","provenance":"Saudi Arabia","obtention":"Purchased from the Naamani family, 2017.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["hajj","Hijaz","Holy place","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","Paper","photograph","pilgrimage","prayer","Prophet Muhammad","Religion"],"materials":["Photographic negative"]},"161d25a6-f2f3-5bd7-9bce-84afb082e31e":{"name":"The Hijaz Railway Delegations","description":"The Hijaz Railway ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. The main purpose of the railway was to establish a connection between the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, and Hijaz in Arabia, the site of the holiest shrines of Islam and the holy city of Mecca, the destination of the Hajj annual pilgrimage. Another important reason was to improve the economic and political integration of the distant Arabian provinces into the Ottoman state, and to facilitate the transportation of military forces.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century – beginning of the 20th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"182b7b5f-3fa3-594f-ae3f-3993ab96cbd6":{"name":"Les Locomotives (Empire Ottoman) Chemins de fer du Hedschas","description":"As services started to operate on the completed sections of line, rolling stock had to be purchased and transported to Damascus. Locomotives were provided by a number of different European countries, including Germany, Belgium and Switzerland. The largest suppliers were German, with 90 engines being provided by the firms of Hartmann, Krauss, Jung and Henschel. In the early years of operations the majority of passenger carriages were supplied by a Belgian company, Baume et Marpent of Haine St. Pierre, but a few were also manufactured in Istanbul. Cargo stock amounting to 100 vans and 145 low-sided wagons were obtained from Germany. There was also a mosque car, provided for the railway by the Naval Arsenal in Istanbul. The new rolling stock was transported from Europe by ship to Beirut and from there was hauled over the mountains to Damascus on an existing Ottoman railway, run under concession by the French firm D.H.P. (Damascus, Hama et Prolongements). This line had been built with the same narrow-gauge track as the Hijaz Railway, allowing the new items of rolling stock to be brought in using their own wheel configuration.","type":"Postcard","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"Unknown","dates":"c. AH 1328 / AD 1910s","location":"London","dimensions":"9cm x 13.8cm","method_for_datation":"From a series of train postcards, made during the AH 1328 / AD 1910s.","provenance":"Cognac, France","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Postcard"]},"18c15448-b023-55e4-944b-b20b8f98eb2e":{"name":"Damascus Citadel.","description":"The Citadel functioned as a city within a city. It was founded by the Seljuqs in AH 469 / AD 1076, on the site of a former Roman *castrum* or military camp. Remains from both the Roman and the Seljuq fortresses still exist today, as do some of Nur al-Din Mahmud bin Zangi (d. AH 569 / AD 1174) fortifications. The citadel was entirely rebuilt by al-Malik al-‘Adil Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr during the years AH 599–610 / AD 1202–14. Despite many subsequent changes and continued usage during the Mamluk, Ottoman and modern periods, the bulk of al-‘Adil's citadel is still intact.  \nThe Citadel complex is near-rectangular, about 220 m x 150 m, and the northwestern corner of the Citadel walls curves inwards to accommodate the Barada River. Its vastness is indiscernible from the outside due to its location amidst Suq al-Hamidiyya. The Citadel's north and west walls originally would have looked out on to open countryside, while the south and east walls overlook the city.  \nThe different phases of the Citadel's fortification may be recognised by the quality of the masonry. Most easily discernable are al-Malik al-‘Adil's refortifications. He completely redressed the original Seljuq walls with larger Roman stones, probably spolia from the ancient Temple of Jupiter nearby. New Ayyubid towers (*burg*s) were built outside the perimeters of the old Seljuq ones, and a gallery between the two was maintained for communication purposes. This process of Ayyubid expansion upon Seljuq-period fortifications can be seen at numerous other Syrian citadels, such as those at Bosra and Aleppo.  \nThe Damascus Citadel is renowned for its numerous *burg*s, a total of 16 or 17, of which 12 survive. There are four gates, one on each side, and each with a smaller postern gate nearby. The most strategically located point was the northern gate. Its three surrounding *burgs*, steel-bar gate, non-direct entry passageway and draw-bridge across the moat emphasise its defensive character. Meanwhile, the eastern gate is the most artistically magnificent, as it was the formal entry into the Citadel. It displays the first stone *muqarnas* portal in Damascus, copiously inscribed and beautifully painted. Restorers have been able to reveal a repertoire of decorative motifs on the *muqarnas* cells, including painting from the Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman eras.  \nThe stone *muqarnas* portal leads to a nine-vaulted hall often thought to be a throne room. It is a square area with a central cupola mounted on thick pillars with Roman-period capitals. Whether it is related to the Ayyubid palatial residence is yet to be established, as important excavations of the site are still underway.  \nLike other citadels of the period, the Citadel of Damascus was both a residence of the ruling elite and a site of Crusader warfare, as witnessed during the siege of Damascus in AH 542 / AD 1148. In general, the architectural style and fine masonry techniques reflect important Aleppine influences.","short_description":"The Citadel marks the northwestern corner of the old city. Its dimensions are vast, approximately 220 m x 150 m, and its major refortifications were undertaken by the Ayyubid ruler Al-Malik al-‘Adil during the years AH 599–610 / AD 1202–14. The most militarily strategic point is the northern gate, known as the 'Gate of Steel' and protected by a draw-bridge, three towers, and a non-direct entry passage. The most ornamental gate is the eastern gate, which features fine masonry, inscriptions and even paintings. Recent excavations have revealed a medieval metalsmithy for forging weapons in the Citadel's southwest quarter.","dates":"Hegira 599–610 / AD 1202–14.","location":"Damascus","method_for_datation":"The monument is dated by an inscription found on the northern tower, dated 610 (1213–14).","bibliography":"Allen, T., “Ayyubid Architecture”, *Occidental* (electronic publication 7th edition), 2003.  \nGardiol, J.-Bl., \"Le Palais ayyoubide de la citadelle de Damas: Premières données archéologiques et nouvelles observations\", *Bulletin d'études orientales*, Supplément *Citadelle de Damas*, vol. 53-54, Damas, 2002, pp. 47-58.  \nHanisch, H., *Die ayyubidischen Toranlagen der Zitadelle von Damascus,* Wiesbaden, 1996.  \nSauvaget, J., \"La citadelle de Damas\", *Syria,* 1930, pp.59–90, pp.215–41.","patrons":"Al-Malik al-‘Adil Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr, ruler of Damascus and Cairo AH 592–615 / AD 1196–1218.","architects":"Scholars have indicated the participation of Aleppine architects. There is also a signature of an unknown craftsman, Abu al-Wajd, found in a stucco decoration.","author":"Abd al-Razzaq Moaz","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Citadel","gates","military architecture","muqarnas","towers"]},"18e02623-b9ad-5163-8ba9-d958a15a6f01":{"name":"Dagger","description":"Wooden handled dagger with thin silver sheath; incurved geometric designs on the obverse side; inset with turquoise and black stones. The dagger was used by both Bedouins and villagers as part of men’s traditional garb. This object reflects the diverse population composition of Jordan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It also demonstrates personal attire, fashion, local costumes and rites.","type":"Men’s holdings; arms; weapon","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Amman","provenance":"Jordan","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"1998f916-ba83-52b2-8f1d-49d4257dccba":{"name":"Qatrana Fortress","description":"An important station on the pilgrimage route in Jordan, Qatrana lies about 90 km south of Amman along the desert highway to the west of the Hijaz railway. The site comprises a small rectangular fortress (22.2 m x 17.35 m) and a large water reservoir (70 m x 70 m). The average height of the fortress is 10 m from ground level. All four of the walls are crenellated, provided with arrow slits of two types and machicolations (projecting windows); the external dimensions of the latter structures are 2 m x 2 m, projecting 50 cm from the face of the walls, with that above the gateway having an arched window and two slits on the sides. The remaining machicolations have three regular arrow slits each.  \nThe gateway is located at the centre of the south wall. It consists of a shallow porch, a vestibule with a cross vaulted roof, and a passageway that leads to the courtyard, which is roofed with large basalt beams. Eight rooms are organised around the rectangular courtyard that measures 18.6 m x 4.1 m with the longer side running from east to west. On the east side of the courtyard a flight of steps leads to the first floor where seven rooms are organised around the courtyard with a narrow walkway to provide access to the rooms. A flight of steps on the east side also leads to the roofs of these rooms.  \nTwo different types of stone were used to construct the fortress: limestone and basalt. Both the interior and exterior walls were plastered.","short_description":"Qatrana, an important station on the pilgrimage route in Jordan, lies at about 90 km south of Amman. The site comprises a small rectangular fortress and a large water reservoir, built together with other forts in AH 937 / AD 1531 specifically for the protection of the new pilgrimage route established by Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent. The fortress walls are crenellated, provided with arrow slits and projecting windows. The gateway consists of a shallow porch, a vestibule with a cross-vaulted roof, and a passageway that leads to the courtyard, which is roofed with large basalt beams.","dates":"Hegira 937/ AD 1531.","location":"Qatrana","method_for_datation":"The fortress built in 937/ 1531 was, in common with the forts of Dhab'a and Ma'an, built specifically for the protection of the newly established pilgrimage route established by Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent during his reign (926–74 / 1520–66).","bibliography":"الكردي.حنان، القلاع الأثرية في الأردن، عمان، 1984، ص 37–38.  \nBurckhardt, J. L., *Travels in Syria and the Holy Land*, London, 1882, p.658.  \nDoughty, C. M., *Travels in Arabian Deserts*, London, 1926, p.58.  \nPeterson, A., “Early Ottoman Forts on Darb al-Hajj”, *Levant*, Vol. XXI, 1989, pp.97–117.","patrons":"Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent (r. AH 926–74 / AD 1520–66).","linkcatalogs":"IAM_TR_EN_001","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["buttress","Cistern","crenellations","Hijaz Railway","towers","water","water reservoir"]},"1a462d81-a64a-56af-a652-de7df98c6218":{"name":"The Old Road to Jericho : a view of the Jordan Valley from the top of the last descent of the mountain road which overhangs the Wadi Kelt. The town of Es Salt is on the top of the Hills of Gilead, in line with Jericho.","description":"A view from a descending mountain road, with three mounted soldiers moving down it in the left foreground. There is a small stone structure on the bank beside them, in the centre of the composition. Beyond is a view of the Jordan Valley, with the road meandering towards a settlement in the centre of the valley floor. Hills rise up in the distance.","type":"Artwork","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","initial_owner":"IWM","dates":"01.05.1918","location":"London","dimensions":"Unframed height: 40,6 cm; unframed width: 55,8cm","place_of_production":"Palestine","method_for_datation":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","method_for_provenance":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","provenance":"Department of Information commission transferred to the Ministry of Information and then to the Imperial War Museum.","obtention":"Artist commission for the UK government's Department of Information, subsequently transferred to the Imperial War Museum.","bibliography":"*Shadows and Light: The Extraordinary Life of James McBey*, Soussi A., Scotland Street Press, 2022.  \n*Visions of War: Art of the Imperial War Museums*, IWM, 2023.  \n*The War Artists*, Harries M. and Harries S., Michael Joseph, 1983.","author":"Claire Brenard","keywords":["British Army","British Mandate and Occupied Territories","Jericho","Jordan Valley","ottoman empire"],"materials":["Watercolour on paper"]},"1ac5c099-15f5-5bc0-b9bd-13a0de13ed0b":{"name":"Al-Majidiyya Mosque","description":"Located by the coast, north of Beirut's downtown, al-Majidiyya Mosque was once an 18th century Ottoman defensive fort.\n\nIn 1841, this ex-Ottoman fort was turned into a mosque and named after the Ottoman sultan 'Abd al-Majid I. The mosque was then enlarged and renovated in 1881 and in 1906. Its tall, pencil-shaped minaret is built in the typical Ottoman style, whereas the shorter minaret resembles the Beiruti-Mamluk style. The interior of the mosque has conserved the arches and vaulted ceilings of the Ottoman fort it once was.","type":"Religious Architecture","dates":"1841","location":"Beirut","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"1ae05213-6e13-5660-a8b1-a4fa3e9ae5fe":{"name":"Laying of the last rail in Damascus on June 25, 1895","description":"Photograph showing the laying of the last rail of the Beirut-Damascus railway, a 147km feat of railway engineering inaugurated in August 1895. Financed primarily by French and Belgian investors and sanctioned by the Ottoman Empire, it was the first major railway in the Levant, predating the Hijaz Railway by 13 years. The railway served as a vital economic link for 80 years, transforming towns like Aley and Bhamdoun into popular summer resorts, until its closure in 1976 following the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War. Today, the route remains a landmark of industrial heritage. The photograph is by Maison Bonfils, one of the most prolific photographic studios of the 19th century Arab world, based in Beirut and active between 1867 and 1918.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Qatar National Library","owner":"QNL","dates":"1895","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Sheet: Height: 34 cm, width: 44 cm; Image: Height: 20 cm, 27,5 cm","place_of_production":"Lebanon","catalogue_holding_link":"https://elibrary.qnl.qa/iii/encore/record/C__Rb2711176__SHC.HP.2018.0226-0002__Orightresult__X3?lang=eng&suite=def","author":"Giulia Martini","keywords":["20th Century","Albumen prints","Middle East","Railways"],"materials":["Albumen print on card mount"]},"1af2dd04-8576-5d3d-9ef0-7c42ddce54b3":{"name":"Bijâr Naṣîf [graphic] : Befestigte Station der Ḥiggâzbahn, 74 km nördlich von Medina, 489 m ü. M. 1910.","alternate_name":"Abyār Naṣīf : Fastening station of the Hejaz railroad, 74 km north of Medina, 489 m above sea level. 1910. eng","type":"Photograph","holder":"Library of Congress","owner":"Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division","initial_owner":"Berlin : Dietrich Riemer","dates":"1910","location":"USA, Washington D.C.","place_of_production":"Abyār Naṣīf","provenance":"Saudi Arabia","catalogue_holding_link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2014648770","keywords":["Photogtaphy","print","Railroad","Railway","Saudi Arabia"]},"1f36adb3-13ae-550d-b5bc-5e1b31f12bb9":{"name":"Seven plates from *Antiquities and views in Greece and Egypt, with the manners and customs of the inhabitants, from drawings made on the spot*, A.D. 1749 by Richard Dalton","short_description":"Between 1746 and 1754, Lord Charlemont, James Caulfield, 1st Earl of Charlemont embarked on a Grand Tour of Europe. Whilst in Sicily in 1749, Charlemont encountered Richard Dalton, a draftsman and engraver, whom he asked to accompany him and his travelling companions onwards to Greece and Egypt in order to provide illustrations for his essays. Dalton travelled with Charlemont until 1750 during which time he made many drawings of landscapes, customs and events and was known as the first Englishman to make drawings in these regions. Some of these drawings were published in ‘*Antiquities and views in Greece and Egypt*’, which was published definitively in 1791 and included engraved sketches of important sites beyond Italy. Notably Dalton also seems to have taken great interest in the annual Hajj procession, and sketched eight different parts of the ceremonies (it is said while concealed in a nearby house), each labelled with an extensive caption. Dalton went on to become librarian to King George III.","type":"Printed book; print; engraving","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"AD 1749","location":"London","dimensions":"37x55cm; 36.4x52.5cm; 36.4x52.3cm; 36.3x52.4cm; 36.2x52.4cm; 36.5x50cm; 36.5x50cm","method_for_datation":"The date and publication details are taken from the original publication.","provenance":"Europe","bibliography":"Gibbons, M., and Gibbons, M., “Charlemont: On the Grand Tour”, *History Ireland*, 13 (2005): 21-27.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["banner","camel","Ceremonial object","embroidery","hajj","Hijaz","Ka'ba","Mahmal","Mecca","Ottoman textile","Paper","pilgrimage","Pilgrimage route","Religion","religious object","Standard","textile","travel"],"materials":["Paper"]},"1f47ed93-cd30-5e50-a285-fa35fb1728c8":{"name":"Mada'in Salih Railway Station","alternate_name":"Alhejr","description":"Mada'in Salih Station, which is located 25 kilometres north-east of al-'Ula City, was one of the main railway stations. The site contains seventeen building in addition to the ancient Islamic castle, and there is an old water pool and five wells folded with stones, as well as sixteen building of the railway station have been built in trimmed stones. The buildings had been converted into a museum tells the history of the Hijaz Railway.\n\nHistorically the Tribe of Lihyan was the first known Tribe settled in the area and founded the Kingdom of Lihyan in the \"Oasis of Aula\" in  the sixth century until the fourth BC. There is not much historical information about the Lihyanite but mentions that they allied themselves with the Nabataeans later. The largest settlement in the area was in the first century AD when the Nabateans made it as the second capital of  their kingdom after Petra in Jordan. The Nabateans dug their graves in the facades  of the mountains of the region , where there are about 132 tombs cut and carved in the rock. Nabataean state has fallen at the hands of the Romans in the second century AD.","type":"Railway Station (stone buildings)","holder":"Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities","dates":"1907","location":"Northwest of Saudi Arabia in al-'Ula (Alula) region","architects":"Mukhtar bey, the general manager of the line"},"20db7814-c63e-5ae2-91ab-ad0d88a92dd3":{"name":"Hijaz Railway pocket watch, with chain and key","description":"The enamelled clock face of this pocket watch has an illustration of a Hijaz Railway engine below the Ottoman coat-of-arms. This fine piece was likely to have been made for a high-ranking official involved in the building of the railway. Perhaps even Heinrich August Meißner himself.","type":"Pocket watch","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"Unknown","dates":"Early AH 14th / AD 20th century","location":"London","dimensions":"Diameter: 5cm","method_for_datation":"This must be an item owned by someone senior in charge of the railway. Its dating could be AH 1319 - 1326 / AD 1901-1908, but it could well have been made before or after. Heinrich August Meißner clearly carried a pocket watch, but the face cannot be seen.","provenance":"Turkey","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Silver"]},"21301784-a7a9-5271-b156-37a91e6af337":{"name":"Ma'an Railway Station","description":"Ma'an station was one of the most important stations along the Hijaz railway. It consists of several buildings parallel to the railway that include a passengers' hall, maintenance workshops, water towers and the residence of the German engineer Meinsner who was in charge for the construction of the Hijaz railway. With its various components including the rails, steam engines, bridges and stations, the project stands as an industrial, architectural and engineering statement that had a huge influence on Jordan. The Amman-Ma'an Section was completed in September 1904. The Ma'an-Tabuk Section was completed in September 1906.\n\nIn 1900-1908, Sultan Abdul Hamid with the help and support of Germany established a Railway between Damascus and Mecca (1700 km) to facilitate transporting the pilgrims. The track from Medina to Mecca (400 km) was never realized. The cost of the project was estimated at approximately 5 million Ottoman golden liras, which were provided from: private donations, revenues of the Ottoman State from the sale of stamps, and a special tax upon all citizens for the railway. Construction of the narrow-gauge track (105cm) began in 1900 with a wire telegraph line along its side connecting Damascus with Medina across Amman with a total track length of 1303 km. Official inaugurations of the tracks and stations were scheduled to coincide with the accession of the Sultan to the throne in the month of September every year. The construction of the project ended in 1908.","type":"Railway Station","holder":"Hijaz Railway","dates":"1904–1906","location":"Ma'an","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"2289c6e4-0334-5118-bc50-d1bec36ed791":{"name":"Coin","type":"Coin","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Collections","dates":"1334 AH/ year 8 (circa 1924, regnal year 8)","location":"London","dimensions":"Diameter: 2,3 cm","place_of_production":"Struck at Makkah","provenance":"Saudi Arabia","catalogue_holding_link":"https://khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/khalili-collection-hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage-gold-hashimi-dinar-av-adc43/","keywords":["Coinage","Currency","Hijaz","mint"],"materials":["Minted coin"]},"229065fa-d12d-59dd-89b0-038e40916456":{"name":"Beirut Railway Station","description":"This railway station, built during the Ottoman period, was the first railway station in Lebanon. It was a public station, intended for both for the transportation of passengers and trading goods.\n\nThe Beirut-Damascus railway line, opened in 1895, was built across mountainous terrain to a 1,050 mm gauge. The second line from Riyaq to Aleppo, via Lebanon's eastern Beqaa valley, was also approved around this time. This was built to a standard gauge, even though it was only intended to provide a service between Damascus and Aleppo. The northern city of Tripoli was also connected via railway to Homs.","type":"Public architecture","dates":"1891","location":"Beirut","architects":"“Société des chemins de fer Ottomans économique de Beyrouth-damas-Hauran”","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"22ba355b-61ed-56c7-97f9-3b2325767140":{"name":"*The Railway Station at Jaffa*","description":"*The Railway Station at Jaffa* is a drawing included in the book *Palestine Past and Present* by Laura Jewry Valentine. In the chapters about Jaffa and Jerusalem, the description of the geography, religious history and climate focuses on the route of the Jaffa–Jerusalem railway. It provides an interesting report on this communication route, built by the French and opened on September 1892, connecting Jaffa to Jerusalem and various villages in between.","type":"Drawing","holder":"The British Library","dates":"1893","location":"London","author":"Maria Francesca Carvelli (MWNF)"},"2361c07d-92f5-5fc8-a067-74cdcde7d91b":{"name":"Crowd gathered for the opening of Tabuk station on the Hejaz Railway, 1 September 1906.","description":"A group of people clustered around two buildings beside a railway line opposite a line of railway carriages.","type":"Photograph","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","dates":"1906","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 18 cm; Width: 23 cm","place_of_production":"Saudi Arabia","method_for_datation":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","method_for_provenance":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","obtention":"Donation as part of the T E Lawrence Collection.","author":"Alan Wakefield","keywords":["Arabia","Ceremonial","engineering","Hejaz Railway","ottoman empire","Transport"],"materials":["Black and White photographic print"]},"23637ad9-9942-5708-9f18-604627acfa2c":{"name":"And Then The Birds Flew Over","description":"“*And Then The Birds Flew Over*” not only reveals the resilience of nature but also offers a powerful metaphor for the social crises of the Middle East. Soil and water generate new life beyond human-made borders and authoritarian control. This mirrors the struggles of people and ecosystems to endure despite wars, displacement and political oppression. From a posthuman perspective, the work rejects the idea of absolute human control, reminding us that the region’s destiny is shaped not only by political decisions but also by the resilience of soil, plants, water and all living beings acting together.","type":"Installation","holder":"The Palestinian Museum","owner":"The Palestinian Museum","dates":"16 September - 20 October 2017","location":"Birzeit","dimensions":"Variable dimensions","place_of_production":"Birzeit, Palestine","provenance":"Birzeit, Palestine","obtention":"Jerusalem Lives (Tahya Al Quds) exhibition","copy_editor":"Sajeda Jaradat","keywords":["Middle East crisis–Palestine–Nature–Living beings–Borders"],"materials":["Cement","dirt","water"]},"23fa41ec-b0ae-57aa-b230-d5ba2e0f4a72":{"name":"Air route to Baghdad via Amman and the desert. Rutba wells. The half way desert station. Seen from high altitude","type":"Photograph","holder":"Library of Congress","owner":"Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division: Matson (G. Eric and Edith) Photograph Collection","initial_owner":"Qatar National Library","dates":"ca. 1932","location":"Washington D.C.","dimensions":"Height: 10,16cm; Width: 12,7cm","place_of_production":"Iraq","method_for_datation":"Date established from Matson LOT cards","obtention":"Gift from Episcopal Home in 1978","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2019706715/","keywords":["Amman","Aviation","Baghdad","Caravan","Iraq","Rutbah","Well"],"materials":["Nitrate negative"]},"24d1b22a-7e02-5a13-97d1-ffbb62d62561":{"name":"Fragment from the internal *kiswa* of the Ka‘ba","short_description":"This fragment comes from the internal *kiswa* of the Ka‘ba which was presented by the Ottoman sultan ‘Abdülaziz (r. 1861–1876) in his first regnal year. It was the last internal *kiswa* to be sent by the Ottomans. It remained inside the Ka‘ba until 1936, when it was replaced by an Indian-made one. Later internal kiswas were woven in Mecca.  \nThe section preserved in fragment represents almost half of the loom width and an almost complete vertical repeat. The latter is made up of four zigzag bands. In the first wide band is the *shahada*, followed in a narrower band by phrases in praise of God. The third band has cartouches and roundels inscribed with invocations to God. The final narrow band has *sura* *al-Baqara*, II, verse 144, in part, ‘*We see the turning of thy face (for guidance) to the heavens: now shall We turn thee to a Qibla that shall please thee. Turn then thy face in the direction of the sacred Mosque*’.","type":"Textile; woven textile; *kiswa*","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"1861–76","location":"London","dimensions":"45 x 35.5cm","method_for_datation":"Provenance and date are based on published information.","provenance":"Turkey","bibliography":"Rif‘at Pasha, Ibrahim, *Mir’at al-haramayn*, vol. 1, Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya, 1925: fig.113, opposite p.291.","author":"Nahla Nassar","keywords":["calligraphy","Ceremonial object","cotton","Curtain","embroidery","hajj","Hijaz","Ka'ba","Mecca","Minbar","Ottoman textile","pilgrimage","Pilgrimage route","Religion","religious object","silk","silver","textile","travel"],"materials":["silk lampas","with satin ground and twill pattern"]},"24e0347f-f9f3-5254-ba16-aef618e16ba6":{"name":"Flag","alternate_name":"Rayah","description":"A piece of green Syrian silk fabric, inset on the top of the mast, which used to be carried during religious ceremonies. Trade and crafts were common activities in Jordan between the late 19th century and the earlier 20th century. These activities depended on migration and attracted groups of people who travelled or settled in the Jordanian territory to produce or sell products. Thus, the exchange of goods among different areas was very common, as exemplified by this object and many traditional dresses. Silk textiles were very common products in the Jordanian and Palestinian areas and were purchased from Syria, being an element in local fashion, both in Jordan and in Palestine.","type":"Cultic object","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Amman","provenance":"Palestine","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"24fcfcc3-44db-5532-9eb8-8dbdd4bea26a":{"name":"Indian 100 Rupee Hajj Banknote","short_description":"Hajj banknotes were produced by both Pakistan and India after independence in 1947. This note bears the signature of H.V.R Iyengar (Governor, Reserve Bank of India). Indian currency was not allowed to be taken on Hajj; instead these notes, stamped with the word ‘*haj*’, were used much like a bank draft when the pilgrim arrived in Mecca. These notes were not legal tender in India and could only be converted back at Bombay into Indian rupees or Pound Sterling. This was a means of controlling the export of Indian rupees via Saudi Arabia during the Hajj season, following foreign exchange difficulties.  \nThe Indian notes were issued in 100 rupee or 10 rupee denominations. Not many exist due to the limited numbers produced, the 100 rupee denomination in particular rarely survived due to its high value.","type":"Banknote; money","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"1959","location":"London","dimensions":"10.7x17.1cm","method_for_datation":"H.V.R Iyengar was 6th Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, in office 1957 – 62","provenance":"India","obtention":"Acquired at Spink, London, 25 April 2017, L13 lot 5","bibliography":"*Haj Issues*, in Reserve Bank of India: [https://m.rbi.org.in/Scripts/pm\\_haj.aspx](https://m.rbi.org.in/Scripts/pm_haj.aspx) (last accessed 08-07-2019)","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["economy","Finance","hajj","Hijaz","India","Ka'ba","Mecca","Paper","pilgrimage","Religion"],"materials":["Banknote"]},"2634f02e-8121-53d4-93ce-50df430dd1fb":{"name":"An interior view of a wagon constructed in the town of Kelsterbach, Germany, for the Hejaz Railway.","description":"Comparison with items from QNL showing wagons and locomotives.","type":"Archival Photograph","holder":"Turkish State Archives","owner":"Turkish State Archives","dates":"Undated","location":"Ankara","dimensions":"Height: 30 cm; width: 36 cm","provenance":"Unknown (Currently in Ottoman Archive Photograph Fond)","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["archival photograph.","Hejaz Railway","railway carriage","railway wagon","train interior"],"materials":["Paper"]},"268aaa5c-cd67-562b-a9f2-43828b435d6f":{"name":"Drawing","description":"Undated watercolour and pencil drawing on stiff paper with a landscape showing a bedouin black tented encampment, with horsemen and the river Khabur behind and looking towards Jebel Abdulaziz on the left, Tell Umjerjeh (sic) in the centre and the mounded sites of Tell Mijdel and Dibbs on the right.","type":"Drawing","holder":"The British Museum","owner":"The British Museum","dates":"1850","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 21 cm; width: 35,5 cm","obtention":"Purchased from Chin Fine Art in 2010.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_2010-6001-18","keywords":["Camp","Khabur","landscape","river","tent"],"materials":["Paper","pencil","watercolour"]},"2704a657-75fb-53a2-a452-1f915fe21d3e":{"name":"Drawing","alternate_name":"Drawing of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem","description":"Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem  \nGraphite and watercolour on a sheet of paper stuck down onto a second sheet","type":"Drawing","holder":"The British Museum","owner":"The British Museum","dates":"1775-1864","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 27,2 cm; width: 36,2 cm","obtention":"Donated by Ita Rennie in 1949","bibliography":"Fani-Maria Tsigakou and Stephen Cozi Agelastos, 'James Skene: Monuments and View of Greece 1838-1845', (Athens 1985)","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_2012-5007-16","keywords":["Church","landscape","Topographic representation"],"materials":["graphite","Paper","watercolour"]},"270df30e-d695-5d3a-90a4-7dc1c7724043":{"name":"Regards","type":"Printed serial","holder":"BNF","owner":"BNF","dates":"1951","location":"Paris","place_of_production":"Paris","provenance":"Paris","catalogue_holding_link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5111340/f5.item","materials":["Printed serial"]},"2714690e-5a6c-5656-b85e-272d60d6e647":{"name":"Camels","description":"Horses and camels were the traditional means of travel for nomadic and semi-nomadic groups in the Hijaz and Levant for generations. While the Hijaz Railway meant to industrialise the pilgrim travel from Damascus to Medina, quadrupeds remained an essential part of the pilgrimage route, as well as vital resources for the construction of the railway itself. While the railway served as a mechanised replacement for their labour, horses and camels remained vital to the path of the railway before, during and after its construction.","type":"Lithograph print","holder":"Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts","owner":"Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts","dates":"1980","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Height: 69,2 cm; width: 59,2 cm","catalogue_holding_link":"https://nationalgallery.org/artist/safeya-binzagr/#artwork-1","keywords":["Camels","Hijaz Railway","horses","Nomadic/ Semi-nomadic Groups","pilgrimage","Transportation"],"materials":["Lithograph 88/100"]},"2735c542-1b56-59a7-9fac-72518fe82535":{"name":"Blueprint map of the Hijaz railway line between Damascus and Medina","short_description":"In 1900 the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II (r.1876–1909) began the construction of a railway line connecting Damascus to the holy cities of Medina and Mecca. Built by public subscription and with an appeal to Muslims of the world for financial support, the railway line began from Damascus and reached Medina in 1908, never reaching Mecca.  \nThis map, which is dated 28 Huzayran 1334 (28 June 1916), shows the Hijaz railway line from Damascus to Medina and Dar‘a to Haifa, with a dotted line marking the line between Medina and Mecca (a line which was never completed). Names of stops and tribal territories are marked. The map is signed by the German Heinrich August Meissner – the chief engineer of the Hijaz railway. In 1904 he was given an official title and was known as Meissner Pasha. The original sketches for Hijaz railway maps were made by Mukhtar Bey, an accomplished engineer from Istanbul who was responsible for the original surveys of the route. They were then drawn by other officers and the blue prints signed off by Meissner, perhaps with changes. Mukhtar Bey was known as ‘Meissner’s right hand man’. The date here is notable as the Arab Revolt, which saw sections of the railway destroyed, began in June 1916.","type":"Map; chart; blue print","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"1916","location":"London","dimensions":"86.5x56cm","method_for_datation":"Map is signed and dated.","provenance":"Turkey","bibliography":"Nicholson, J., *The Hejaz railway*, London: Stacey International, 2005.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["engineering","hajj","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Holy place","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","Paper","pilgrimage","Pilgrimage route","prayer","Prophet Muhammad","Religion","travel"],"materials":["Light-sensitive paper"]},"275443d0-1d7d-5e19-a7ef-50820f9add5d":{"name":"*Convoy of pilgrims*","description":"The Hijaz Railway was a narrow-gauge railway (1,050mm/​3ft, 5 11⁄32 in track gauge) that ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. It got no further than Medina, 400 kilometres (250mi) short of Mecca, due to the construction interruption caused by the outbreak of World War I. The main purpose of the railway was to establish a connection between Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, and Hijaz in Arabia, the site of the holiest shrines of Islam and the holy city of Mecca, the destination of the Hajj (annual pilgrimage).","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"2af6df09-a3a0-5789-8830-feac782dcfea":{"name":"The first and largest girder bridge on the Hejaz Railway after entering the Yarmuk Valley.","description":"A three span girder railway bridge resting on two stone piers, with a four arch stone viaduct at its righthand end, crossing a river gorge with hills in the background.","type":"Photograph","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","dates":"1908","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 18 cm, Width: 22,5 cm","place_of_production":"Israel/Jordan","method_for_datation":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","method_for_provenance":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","obtention":"Donation as part of the T E Lawrence Collection.","author":"Alan Wakefield","keywords":["engineering","Hejaz Railway","ottoman empire","Palestine","Transport"],"materials":["Black and White photographic print"]},"2afaee38-c8b6-5f96-881c-e8b6d088c400":{"name":"Amman Railway Station","description":"Amman station was one of the main stations on the Hijaz railway. The location of the town of Amman along the Hijaz railroad had become a decisive factor in choosing Amman as the capital city of the Emirate of Transjordan in 1921. The station consists of several buildings including a passengers' waiting hall, maintenance depots and distinctive water towers. The various components of the project including the rails, steam engines, bridges and stations were an industrial, architectural and engineering statement that had a huge influence on Jordan. The Zarqa-Amman Section was completed in September 1903.\n\nIn 1900-1908, Sultan Abdul Hamid with the help and support of Germany established a Railway between Damascus and Mecca (1700 km) to facilitate transporting the pilgrims. The track from Medina to Mecca (400 km) was never realized. The cost of the project was estimated at approximately 5 million Ottoman golden liras, which were provided from: private donations, revenues of the Ottoman State from the sale of stamps, and a special tax upon all citizens for the railway. Construction of the narrow-gauge track (105cm) began in 1900 with a wire telegraph line along its side connecting Damascus with Medina across Amman with a total track length of 1303 km. Official inaugurations of the tracks and stations were scheduled to coincide with the accession of the Sultan to the throne in the month of September every year. The construction of the project ended in 1908.","type":"Railway Stations","holder":"Hijaz Railway","dates":"1903","location":"Amman","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"2cf75c59-928a-5ff5-a887-91585a4145d2":{"name":"Haifa Station on the Hejaz Railway.","description":"Large, ornate building  in the centre of the view with a long single-storey building to its right, the sea in the background and labourers, and horses amongst piles of earth and stone in the foreground.","type":"Photograph","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","dates":"1908","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 18,5cm, Width: 22,5cm","place_of_production":"Isreal","method_for_datation":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","method_for_provenance":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","obtention":"Donation as part of the T E Lawrence Collection.","author":"Alan Wakefield","keywords":["Hejaz Railway","ottoman empire","Palestine","Transport"],"materials":["Black and White photographic print"]},"2d71acc9-a593-5dc6-913b-62ccb8954bdb":{"name":"The foundation-laying ceremony for the station and workshop decided to be built at the Daraa location","description":"The foundation-laying ceremony for the station and workshop to be built at the Daraa location, situated at the tenth kilometer from Muzayrib on the Hamidiye Hejaz Railway line, attended by Governor of Syria, Nazım Pasha, a member of the commission, and Kazım Pasha, aide-de-camp to the Sultan and Minister of Construction and Administration.","type":"Archival Photograph","holder":"Turkish State Archives","owner":"Turkish State Archives","dates":"Undated","location":"Ankara","dimensions":"Height: 30 cm; width: 36 cm","provenance":"Unknown (Currently in Ottoman Archive Photograph Fond)","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Construction","Daraa","foundation ceremony","Hejaz Railway","railway station"],"materials":["Photograph paper with carton background"]},"2d72d94d-e1c6-5a81-840c-a012724c9917":{"name":"Loss","description":"Ismail Shammout’s Loss can be used to discuss displacement, exile, and the emotional aftermath of the Nakba. Painted in 1955, the work shows displaced Palestinians in what appears to be a refugee camp, where survival, protection, and uncertainty define everyday life. The central image of a mother holding and covering her child transforms political rupture into an intimate scene of fear, care, and fragile hope. For this reason, the painting is especially useful for explaining how modern Palestinian art gave visual form to loss, forced migration, and the struggle to preserve identity after 1948.","type":"Painting","holder":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","owner":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","dates":"1055","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 96.5 cm; width: 80.5 cm; Depth: 6 cm","copyright":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","catalogue_holding_link":"https://collections.qm.org.qa/en/objects/loss-mat2011173","keywords":["Displacement","Exile","forced migration","Nakba","Palestinian identity","refugees"],"materials":["Canvas","Oil paint"]},"2df2a99c-f05a-558e-8d81-8b162f9ec137":{"name":"Photographic print postcard","alternate_name":"postcard; photographic print","description":"Postcard; printed; real photograph; monochrome photograph showing Straight Street near the Bab Charki gate in Damascus. Pedestrians, a horse and carriage in the background.","type":"Photograph","holder":"The British Museum","dates":"1930s","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 8,80 cm; width: 14cm","place_of_production":"Damascus","provenance":"Damascus","obtention":"Bequeathed by Frank Hall Jr in 2013.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_EPH-ME-2062","keywords":["Gate","photograph","print","Road","Transport"],"materials":["Paper"]},"2e7eada9-b9cf-543c-9cbb-40671b89dbd0":{"name":"Photographic print","alternate_name":"Photographic print of Silwan village","description":"Jordan, view of Silwan village, in valley near Jerusalem.  \nMedium: Gelatine silver print.","type":"Photograph","holder":"The British Museum","dates":"circa 1917","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 5,9 cm; width: 8,4cm","place_of_production":"Siloam","provenance":"Jerusalem","obtention":"Donated by Joan J Hunt and Clifford Hunt in 1995.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/EA_Af-A52-157","keywords":["landscape","photograph","print","Topography","Valley"],"materials":["Gelatine silver printing"]},"2e86f805-0ac2-5af3-82ca-11820cd27c1d":{"name":"Beaufort Castle","alternate_name":"Belfort Castle; Qal'at al-Shaqif","description":"The Beaufort Castle was a crusader castle located near the town of Nabatiyeh, in South Lebanon. The castle was named \"Bel Fort\" or \"Beau Fort\" by the Crusaders in the 12th century. Its name in Arabic is *Qal'at al-Shaqiif*, meaning Castle on the High Rock. The castle was also used for military purposes in the 20th century, particularly during the civil war, due to its strategic location.\n\nIn 1139, King Fulk of Jerusalem gained control of this area and begun the construction of Beaufort castle shortly afterwards. Although Saladin recaptured Beaufort in 1190, the castle was returned to crusader hands only 60 years later. In 1268 Sultan Baybars finally gained control of the fortress. However, the upper portion was destroyed by the Ottomans in the 17th century, as they sought to quash Emir Fakhr al-Din II, who had taken the castle as part of his network of fortifications. Following the Galilee Earthquake in 1837, which caused considerable damage to the structure, the castle was abandoned and its ruins were used by local farmers to shelter sheep, and as a quarry.","type":"Palatial architecture","dates":"12th century","location":"Governorate of Nabatiyya","author":"Julien El Khoury","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"3018b07a-449e-5452-bb78-bbcfe4a57bdc":{"name":"Beirut Port Train Station","description":"This station was used to deliver supplies from Beirut port to the main train station in Beirut, located in Mar Mikhael. The station was an important addition to the region's trade system, linking the sea routes the land routes.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Ministry of Transportation","dates":"1903","location":"Beirut","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"306384fa-6be0-53e2-bb1c-49791baeb562":{"name":"Jordanian Passport of Jamal Mesyef, 7 November 1979","description":"This passport for a Jordanian citizen expresses the new norms for international travel that developed after the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of Middle Eastern nation-states. Travel documentation such as this provided new pathways and rights for international travellers to do things like go on pilgrimage, yet became a privilege not guaranteed to citizens of these states.","type":"Passport","holder":"The Palestinian Museum","owner":"Jamal Mesyef Family","initial_owner":"Jamal Mesyef","dates":"1979","location":"Birzeit","provenance":"Jordan","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.palarchive.org/index.php/Detail/objects/233239/lang/en_US","copy_editor":"Sajeda Jaradat","keywords":["Passport–Jordan–International travel–Pilgrimage"],"materials":["leather","Paper"]},"31ecc09c-c7d7-5ac6-a176-853bf5723059":{"name":"Five piasters","description":"Ottoman AR-5 qurush minted at Constantinople in AH 1327 / AD 1909. On obverse: within border of 24 stars and 12 crescents, *tuğra* of sultan Muhammad V, \"Rashad\" to the right, \"reign year 1\" below. On reverse: within border of 24 stars and 12 crescents, \"*\\`azza nasruhu duriba fi al-qustantiniyya 1327*\" (\"May his victory be glorious struck in Constantinople, 1327\").","type":"Coin, currency","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1909","location":"Amman","provenance":"Turkey, Istanbul","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"340f94be-7e32-5a9b-b053-0cd27a5acc3e":{"name":"Cairo to Bagdad","description":"Photographic album belonging to British soldier Eric Blackwell (–1940) documenting the first successful motor crossing of the desert from Damascus to Baghdad in 1919. Carried out by a military convoy of ten Model T Fords and some 15 men under the command of Lt Col Keeling, the aim was to set up a chain of whitewashed stone markers to aid pilots of an air mail service between the eastern Mediterranean and India, cutting out the lengthy sea route via Suez, Aden and Bombay. Stops along the route included Abu Kamal, Ana, Ramadi and Fallujah before reaching Baghdad, with onward travel documented to Babylon, Basra, Bombay, Aden and Suez. The crossing predates by four years the Nairn brothers' runs in 1923, which led to the establishment of the Nairn Transport Company and the overland mail service between Damascus and Baghdad.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Qatar National Library","owner":"QNL","dates":"1919","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 26 cm; width: 21 cm","place_of_production":"Egypt; Palestine; Syria; Iraq","catalogue_holding_link":"https://elibrary.qnl.qa/iii/encore/record/C__Rb2914332__SHC.HP.2025.0003__Orightresult__U__X3?lang=eng&suite=def","author":"Giulia Martini","keywords":["1914-1918","Air mail","albums","army","Automobile travel","Campaigns","Gelatine silver prints","Great Britain","Middle East","Officers","photograph","World War"],"materials":["Gelatine silver prints"]},"3549f5be-8ae2-53fd-9501-cb96736906e9":{"name":"Panoramic view of the city of Mecca, painted by Muhammad ‘Abdallah, the Delhi cartographer","short_description":"The view of Mecca is remarkable for its comprehensiveness and accuracy and, in the manner of contemporary topographers, brilliantly combines a plan of the city with a bird’s-eye view from about 60 degrees. Muhammad ‘Abdallah, whose grandfather, Mazar ‘Ali Khan was court painter to the Mughal ruler Bahadur Shah II, was commissioned by the Sharif of Mecca to depict the sacred monuments of his realm in the second quarter of the 19th century.  \n  \nThis is the earliest known accurated depiction of the Masjid al-Haram and the immediate vicinity. The painting is also unique among such representations in its inclusion of a ‘vignette’ of a man attending to his jars…","type":"Painting; panoramic view; watercolour","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"*circa* 1845 AD","location":"London","method_for_datation":"The painting is signed.","provenance":"Saudi Arabia, Mecca","bibliography":"Rogers, J.M., *The Arts of Islam. Masterpieces from the Khalili Collection*, London: Thames & Hudson, 2010: no.298, pp.260–61.","keywords":["Hijaz","Holy place","India","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","painting","Paper","pilgrimage","prayer","Prophet Muhammad","Religion"],"materials":["Ink and opaque watercolour on paper"]},"370cda36-4337-516d-b0c0-c4a5318c0a25":{"name":"\"No 5 Bridge over Wady Surar South of Abu Shusheh and near the station Sejar. Bridge between Jessed and Ramleh\"","description":"This is a mounted albumen print made from one of 30 negatives taken by G Krikorian between Jaffa and Jerusalem in AH 1310 / AD 1892, which was sent to the PEF by C Schick with a letter dated AH 7 Jumada 1310 / AD 27 December 1892. On the mount in pencil: \"5) Railway Bridge over Wady Surar near the Station Sejed\". On the back of the mount in pencil \"No 5 Bridge over Wady Surar South of Abu Shusheh and near the station Sejar. Bridge between Jessed and Ramleh\".The photograph shows a train with two wagons (one full of people) and a carriage, crossing the bridge.","type":"Original photographic print","holder":"Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF)","owner":"Palestine Exploration Fund","initial_owner":"Conrad Schick","dates":"AH 1310 / AD 1892","location":"London","dimensions":"25.1cm x 20cm","place_of_production":"Wady Surar","method_for_datation":"Historical analysis of the photograph and accompanying documents.","method_for_provenance":"Historical analysis of the photograph and accompanying documents.","provenance":"Wady Surar","obtention":"Sent to the PEF by Conrad Schick in  AH Safar-Rabi 1403 / AD December 1982.","bibliography":"Cotterell, P., *The Railways of Palestine and Israel*, Oxford: Tourret Publishing, 1986.  \n  \nTravis. A., *On Chariots with Horses of Fire and Iron*, Jerusalem: Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2009.  \n  \nSchick, C. 1893. \"The Railway from Jaffa to Jerusalem\", in PEFQSt, 25(1; 1893): 20-23.","workshop":"Garabed Krikorian","author":"Felicity Cobbing","keywords":["Jaffa","Jaffa to Jerusalem railway","locomotive","passengers.","railway bridge","railway track","steam"],"materials":["Albumen","photographic paper"]},"3729e16c-4e7e-5f2a-ab2f-106e9ada1d33":{"name":"Postcard","short_description":"Postcard; printed paper; photograph showing a view across downtown Zarqa, Jordan.","type":"Photograph","holder":"The British Museum","dates":"1993 (circa)","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 10,3 cm; width: 14,8 cm","place_of_production":"Zarqa, Jordan","obtention":"Donated by Dr St John Simpson in 2013.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_EPH-ME-1058?selectedImageId=1342839001","keywords":["Communication","Jordan","Street","Transportation","Zarqa"],"materials":["Paper"]},"372e3810-b18e-5d0c-b107-9bd837cefb1e":{"name":"Hijaz Railway Medal","description":"Medal of the Hijaz Railway fund. In September 1900, (the 25th anniversary of Sultan Abdul Hamid’s accession to throne) he addressed a call for all the Muslims all over the world to collect donations for establishing a railway between Damascus and the holy places to facilitate transporting the pilgrims. The call was responded to enthusiastically and with great support from all Muslims. Sultan Abdul Hamid II began the donations with 300,000 Ottoman gold lira, then kings and heads of Islamic world donated money or materials for setting the railway. The donations continued till 1907. On this occasion the sultan issued gold, silver and nickel medals to donors – for instance a nickel medal given to whoever donated 5-50 Lira, a silver medal for whoever donated 50-100 Lira and named them bey, and for donations of more than 100 Lira a gold medal and the title of Pasha. After that the donation become compulsory in which the officials disclaim a one month salary. This is a gilt nickel medal issued AH 1318 / AD 1900. On its obverse, within a wreath: tuğra of sultan Abdul Hamid II with \"al-Ghazi\" and form of locomotive and the date ١٣١۸ (AH 1318) below. On reverse, حميديه حجاز تيمور يولنه خدمت ايدن حميتمندانه مخصوص مدالية در (\"Medal reserved to patriots who have served the Hamidiye Hijaz Railway\") written in Divan script.","type":"Honorary medals","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1900","location":"Amman","provenance":"Ottoman empire","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"3879757a-f06b-5c78-885b-5bf3ddf848b8":{"name":"*Convoy of pilgrims*","description":"The Hijaz Railway was a narrow-gauge railway (1,050mm/​3ft, 5 11⁄32 in track gauge) that ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. It got no further than Medina, 400 kilometres (250mi) short of Mecca, due to the construction interruption caused by the outbreak of World War I. The main purpose of the railway was to establish a connection between Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, and Hijaz in Arabia, the site of the holiest shrines of Islam and the holy city of Mecca, the destination of the Hajj (annual pilgrimage).","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"39c4d9ff-e32f-5e06-bea2-e9873ae36a23":{"name":"National Evangelical Church of Beirut","description":"The National Evangelical Church of Beirut is the first native Arabic Protestant congregation in the Middle East. It acts as the headquarters and administrative centre for the nine evangelical churches which operate under the name of the National Evangelical Union of Lebanon. Today, the church organises social, cultural, and educational activities, and runs two schools in Beirut and one in the Beqaa. It is also involved with the theological education at the Near East School of Theology in Beirut.\n\nEstablished in 1848 by Congregational and Presbyterian American missionaries, the National Evangelical Church of Beirut is the oldest and largest of nine congregations situated inside Beirut. The church acted as a centre for the activities and celebrations for both the English and Arabic speaking communities until it was completely destroyed during the Lebanese Civil war. The clock tower was the only aspect of the church to survive the war, and the church itself was rebuilt in 1998. Today, it is fully functioning and located in Beirut's Central District.","type":"Religious architecture","holder":"Reverend Dr. Habib Badr","dates":"1848","location":"Beirut","author":"Julien El Khoury","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"3b6f3163-808b-50eb-aefd-a73e3e4b6879":{"name":"Stamps commemorating the centenial anniversary of the Hijaz Railway","description":"Such is the enduring interest and pride in the old Ottoman railway that it has inspired a wide and varied stream of commemorative issues and mementos, both from within the Arab world and beyond. Articles still regularly appear in railway magazines and historical journals, with modern and archive images to illustrate the text. In the years following the inauguration of the railway, numerous postcards were printed in Ottoman Turkish and French, displaying all aspects of the line, its landscape, buildings and rolling stock. The railway has been celebrated by the issue of items as diverse as cigarette cards and advertisements for French chocolatiers and in recent years there have been commemorative issues of coins and stamps in Turkey, Syria and Jordan.","type":"Stamps","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"Unknown","dates":"AH 1429 / AD 2008","location":"London","dimensions":"8.5cm x 7cm; 2.9cm x 5.7cm","method_for_datation":"The stamps are dated.","provenance":"Syria","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Paper"]},"3bb4bb35-7afe-5e21-8d0c-53f810b521b9":{"name":"The Silk Bazaar, Damascus : Australians buying goods","description":"A view into the grand arched Silk Bazaar in Damascus, with a few Australian troopers bartering with some local traders on the right. One of the soldiers is on horseback with two men dismounted and one of the spare horses immediately beside them. The bazaar is crowded with people, another trooper towering over the crowd further back because he is on horseback.","type":"Artwork","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","initial_owner":"IWM","dates":"05.10.1918","location":"London","dimensions":"Unframed height: 56,5 cm; unframed width: 38,7 cm","place_of_production":"Syria","method_for_datation":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","method_for_provenance":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","provenance":"Department of Information commission transferred to the Ministry of Information and then to the Imperial War Museum.","obtention":"Artist commission for the UK government's Department of Information, subsequently transferred to the Imperial War Museum.","bibliography":"*Shadows and Light: The Extraordinary Life of James McBey*, Soussi A., Scotland Street Press, 2022.  \n*Visions of War: Art of the Imperial War Museums*, IWM, 2023.  \n*The War Artists*, Harries M. and Harries S., Michael Joseph, 1983.","author":"Claire Brenard","keywords":["Australian Army","cityscape","Damascus","markets","Syria","trading"],"materials":["Watercolour and chalk on paper"]},"3c0de00c-d143-5139-b9fd-ae28536aadec":{"name":"Map of the Beirut–Damascus railway","description":"This map shows the railway line connecting Beirut and Damascus. The table on the right shows the distance between each city along horse tracks.","type":"Map","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1910","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"3c52a005-d0c2-55da-8df4-9e080881dd43":{"name":"Muslimie. The Baghdad Railway : 'The vital point', looking north. The line branches and the section to the left goes to Constantinople, and that to the right to Baghdad.","description":"View across a bomb damaged railway intersection. Four railway tracks converge with two main tracks running into the distance, one straight on and the other curving away to the right. To the left is an abandoned steam engine, with debris on the ground beside it. Two dismounted soldiers stand with their horses to the right, near to a large building. There appears to be a gathering of mounted troops in the middle distance.","type":"Artwork","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","initial_owner":"IWM","dates":"6.11.1918","location":"London","dimensions":"Unframed height: 27,9 cm; unframed width: 48,2 cm","place_of_production":"Syria","method_for_datation":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","method_for_provenance":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","provenance":"Department of Information commission transferred to the Ministry of Information and then to the Imperial War Museum.","obtention":"Artist commission for the UK government's Department of Information, subsequently transferred to the Imperial War Museum.","bibliography":"*Shadows and Light: The Extraordinary Life of James McBey*, Soussi A., Scotland Street Press, 2022.  \n*Visions of War: Art of the Imperial War Museums*, IWM, 2023.  \n*The War Artists*, Harries M. and Harries S., Michael Joseph, 1983.","author":"Claire Brenard","keywords":["bomb damage","landscape","military personnel","Railways","war debris"],"materials":["Watercolour and ink on paper"]},"3d0e6f9c-00ca-5d85-9d59-e3d8520d4abc":{"name":"Saint Georges Maronite Cathedral","description":"Designed by the Italian architect Giuseppe Maggiore in the neo-classical style, the Saint George Cathedral bears great resemblance to the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. The Cathedral's nave is covered with a coffer roof with gilding and a double-wood frame decorated with golden leaves on a beige-coloured fond, and the walls are decorated with stucco and marble. The Archbishop of Beirut sits in the heart of the choir.\n\nThe Saint George Cathedral is the seat of the Maronite Archdiocese in Beirut. It was built between 1884 and Palm Sunday of 1894, using stone from the Roman columns of the Temple of Deir al-Qala'a in Beit Mery. The cathedral is built on the site of an earlier church, from 1755, which was also dedicated to Saint George.","type":"Public Architecture","dates":"1884–1894","location":"Beirut","author":"Hady El Hajj","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"3dba91ce-53c0-554c-8ab3-7fbcb3294e6a":{"name":"The Tel esh Shahab waterfall at the head of the Yarmuk Valley with the ruins of Roam watermills at the foot of the falls.","description":"Waterfall cascading down a steep, rocky hillside with stone structures at the foot of the slope.","type":"Photograph","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","dates":"1908","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 18 cm, Width: 22,5 cm","place_of_production":"Syria","method_for_datation":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","method_for_provenance":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","obtention":"Donation as part of the T E Lawrence Collection.","author":"Alan Wakefield","keywords":["Archaeology","Hejaz Railway","ottoman empire"],"materials":["Black and White photographic print"]},"3ec690bf-62e7-59b6-aaea-842061679b9f":{"name":"Our Epic Tale","description":"Jassim Al Zaini’s Our Epic Tale can be used to discuss regional development, cultural memory, and the construction of modern identity in the Gulf. Although the work emerges from a Qatari context, it also speaks to broader transformations across the region during the oil era, when societies were redefining their future while preserving links to local traditions. The figures’ traditional clothing suggests that development is not presented as something imposed from outside, but as a process rooted in local people, customs, and collective memory. In this sense, the painting can be read as a visual statement, almost a political manifesto, in which modernisation is linked to cultural continuity rather than cultural replacement. The work is also useful for discussing how Gulf modern art participated in shaping narratives of progress, identity, and locally grounded development.","type":"Painting","holder":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","owner":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","dates":"1973","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 30 cm; width: 90 cm; Depth: 2.5 cm","copyright":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","catalogue_holding_link":"https://collections.qm.org.qa/en/objects/our-epic-tale-mat200712787","keywords":["cultural memory","Gulf region","modern identity","oil","regional development"],"materials":["Oil paint"]},"40e3019a-dd02-5de8-b6ab-7922650811cb":{"name":"Grand Serail","alternate_name":"Al-saray al-kabir","description":"The Grand Serail was built in the architectural style known as the \"New Order\" (Nizam Cedid in Ottoman Turkish), which reflected the new Ottoman military organisation. Indeed, its elevated location and austere facade are reminiscent of the Selimiye Barracks in Istanbul. The structure itself consists of two very tall floors, and a larger, 80m long facade. The eastern side consists of two symmetrical wings with two rows of 16 windows, joined in the middle by a protruding portico.\n\nThe Grand Serail, or Government Palace, is used today as the Prime Minister's headquarters. It is located on a hill in downtown Beirut, close to the Lebanese Parliament. The building itself is the most important of the three Ottoman monuments on the Serail hill, and has been consistently in use for a variety of roles since its foundation in 1832.","type":"Public architecture","dates":"1853","location":"Beirut Downtown","architects":"Yussef Aftimus","author":"Hala Masri","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"4161509c-5db0-57a2-b378-312463a1e2f2":{"name":"Qur’an Bag","short_description":"This Moroccan leather bag would encase a copy of a Qur’an or other religious texts to protect the manuscripts against dust, moisture and dirt. Silver thread embroiders the Islamic Star known as *Rub Al Hizb* with two overlapping squares, floral vines and Arabic calligraphy in the ancient Moroccan style. The calligraphy reads \"Prophet Muhammed - Peace Be Upon Him\".  \n  \nThe silver thread and calligraphy transform the leather bag into a talismanic object, casting protection upon the Qur’an and the owner. North African Qur’an cases often embodied a twofold protective function: book cover and talisman.  \n  \nFurthermore, the case exemplifies the craftsmanship of Maghrebi artisans, including the traditional skills of leatherwork and metal-stitching.","type":"Religious relics","holder":"FBQ Museum","owner":"Sheikh Faisal Bin Qassim Al Thani","dates":"18th century","location":"Shahaniya","dimensions":"Length: 13cm, Width: 14cm, Height: 5cm","method_for_datation":"The date and origin were established in research-based comparison from an examination of material, embroidery and pattern.","method_for_provenance":"The date and origin were established in research-based comparison from an examination of material, embroidery and pattern.","provenance":"Morocco","obtention":"Purchase","bibliography":"Bernasek, L., *Artistry of the Everyday (Vol. 2)*, Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2008.  \nCohen, Anouk, \"The Quran in Practice in Morocco\", *Material Religion*, 17: 1 (2021): 124–127.  \nMichon, J., \"Traditional arts and crafts in morocco\", *Islamic Quarterly*, 26: 2 (1982): 67.","author":"Sarah Schroeder","copy_editor":"Janice Medina","keywords":["Morocco","North Africa","Quran case"],"materials":["embroidery","leather","Silver","Wood"]},"41b66680-5678-5938-9b4d-b08f12206eb9":{"name":"Postcard of the Hejaz Railway Station","description":"Postcard; printed; real photograph; monochrome photograph showing the Hejaz railway station in Damascus with several people and carriages at the entrance.","type":"Photograph","holder":"The British Museum","owner":"The British Museum","dates":"1920s-1930s (circa)","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 8,80 cm; width: 13,9 cm","place_of_production":"Damascus, Syria","obtention":"Bequeathed by Frank Hall Jr in 2013.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_EPH-ME-2063","keywords":["architecture","Railway","station","Syria","Transportation"],"materials":["Paper"]},"41f94376-0122-5f5e-ba32-dbcad66db68a":{"name":"Watercolour by Claude R. Conder","description":"Watercolour by Claude R. Conder, made during the Survey of Western Palestine, showing one of the members of the SWP at work with one of the expedition’s theodolites. The technology they used was the latest cutting edge equipment and techniques available to the Royal Engineers, far in advance on what was being used, for example, by the US Army Corps of Engineers of the day, as was demonstrated when Lieut. Steever, of the Corps of Engineers carried out a similar survey in Transjordan.","type":"Watercolour","holder":"The Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF)","dates":"1870’s","location":"London","provenance":"Levant"},"447b3071-8472-521a-b586-24ed31569284":{"name":"Official Hijaz Railway Postcard","type":"Postcard","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"early 20th century","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 14,1 cm; Width: 9,1cm","provenance":"Germany","catalogue_holding_link":"https://khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/official-hijaz-railway-postcard-arc-pc-432/","keywords":["Construction","Muzayrib","photography","postcard","tunnel"]},"44836d48-50be-5459-bb62-c61172746432":{"name":"Festive women's dress from Ma'an","description":"The most vibrant costumes in Jordan originate from Ma'an, a historic crossroads for traders and pilgrims travelling to Mecca for the Hajj. This festive women's dress, distinguished by its striking combination of colours and textiles, is constructed from striped cashmere saya fabric and Syrian ikat in a bold zigzag pattern.","type":"Garment","holder":"Tiraz: Widad Kawar Home for Arab Dress","owner":"Tiraz","dates":"ca. 1925","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Height: 158 cm; width: 138 cm","place_of_production":"Ma'an, Jordan","provenance":"Purchased by the collector","author":"Laila Mushahwar","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Clothing","hajj","pilgrimage","textile","Tradition"],"materials":["silk"]},"44db66ac-94d1-513a-affd-eaec477e9022":{"name":"Citadel of Amman (general view).","description":"Muslim troops led by Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan conquered Amman in AH 13 / AD 634. Under Umayyad rule, Amman was the capital city of al-Balqa district. A new residential and administrative complex (Dar al-Imara) was built on the Citadel of Amman. The site known in Arabic as al-Qal'a is a well-defined natural elevation at the heart of ancient and modern Amman. The Umayyad town at the citadel comprised a palace complex: a bath complex; a deep, round water reservoir; a central plaza, a congregational mosque and domestic quarters, all of which were enclosed within fortified walls. The proximity of the city to the centre of power in Damascus, together with the fact that the area was inhabited by tribes traditionally allied to the Umayyad dynasty, had created a favourable atmosphere for the economic development of al-Balqa in general, and Amman in particular. The city flourished during the Umayyad period benefiting from its strategic location on the trade and pilgrimage route between Damascus and Hijaz. Amman lost some of its political significance with the shift of the political centre of the Islamic state to Iraq and declined slightly during the Abbasid period (AH 132–358 / AD 750–969), and yet even more rapidly in the Fatimid period (AH 358–566 / AD 969–1171). By the AH 8th / AD 14th century, Amman was all but lost from historical memory. The Medieval Arab historian Abu al-Fida wrote of Amman in AH 720 / AD 1321: 'A very ancient town and was ruined before the days of Islam'. In AH 1296 / AD 1879 the Ottoman administration helped to settle emigrants from the Caucasus into a few areas in Jordan including Amman. In 1921 Amman became the capital city of the newly established Emirate of Transjordan founded by the Amir (later king) Abdullah I. Click \\[here\\](< https://youtu.be/yHVm\\_pbN70Q>) to \\*\\*watch a video presentation\\*\\* of this artefact.","short_description":"The Citadel of Amman is a natural elevation within Amman. Muslim troops led by Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan conquered Amman in AH 13 / AD 634, and under Umayyad rule it was the capital of al-Balqa district. The Umayyad town at the citadel comprised a palace complex, a bath, a reservoir, a plaza, a congregational mosque and domestic quarters within fortified walls. The city flourished during the Umayyad period due to its proximity to Damascus but started to decline in the Abbasid period and was abandoned by the 8th / 14th century until 1296 / 1879 when the Ottomans settled Caucasian emigrants in Amman.","dates":"Around hegira 110 / AD 728.","location":"Amman","method_for_datation":"The site was dated on the basis of historical sources and archaeological excavations.","bibliography":"Almagro, A., “El Palacio Omeya de Amman”, *La* *Arquitectura*, Madrid, 1983.  \nCreswell, K. A. C., and Allan, J. W., *A Short Account of Early Muslim Architecture*, Cairo, 1989, pp.169–73.  \nKhouri, R. G., *Amman: A Brief Guide to the Antiquities*, Amman, 1988, pp.16–18.  \nKoutsoukou, A., et al, *The Great Temple of Amman: The Excavations*, Amman, 1997, pp.12–16.  \nNorthedge, A. E., *Studies on Roman and Islamic Amman*, Vol. I., Oxford, 1992, pp.74–104.","patrons":"Hisham ibn Abd al–Malik (AH 105–25 / AD 724–43).","linkcatalogs":"IAM_JO_EN_001","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Amman Citadel","bath complex","city wall","congregational mosque","domestic quarters","monumental gateway","palatial complex","plaza","water reservoir"]},"45f2d9f7-70b6-53af-8b08-0c95894ad184":{"name":"'No 1110 Pont du chemain de fer de Jerusalem'","description":"This is digital copy made from an original dry gelatine glass negative made by the  Zangak brothers. It shows a train crossing a bridge of the railway line from Jaffa to Jerusalem.  Black paper margins. Description in yellow ink in the lower right hand corner: \"No 1110 Pont du chemain (sic) de fer de Jerusalem\". The number \"1110\" had been changed from some other number and Zangaki's name had been deliberately removed.","type":"digital positive made from original dry gelatine glass plate negative","holder":"Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF)","owner":"Palestine Exploration Fund","initial_owner":"Donated by the Egyptian Department of the British Museum in December AH 1399 - AD 1979","dates":"AH 1310 / AD 1892","location":"London","dimensions":"28.1cm x 21.8cm","place_of_production":"Jerusalem","method_for_datation":"Historical data on the Zangaki brothers, analysis of the photographic technique and historical context of the subject matter by Dr Shimon Gibson.","method_for_provenance":"From the PEF Minutes for 4th December AH 1399 - AD 1979.","provenance":"Jerusalem","obtention":"\"Presented by an unknown  German to a museum in Sussex, who had given them to the  Ethnographic Department of the British Museum, who had given them to the Egyptian Department, who had given them to the Fund\"","bibliography":"Coffman, A. H., « Assessing the PEF collection of photographic works by the Zangaki Brothers », in *Palestine Exploration Quarterly*, 157 (1; 2025): 89-93.  \n  \nCotterell, P., *The Railways of Palestine and Israel*, Oxford: Tourret Publishing, 1986.  \n  \nTravis. A., *On Chariots with Horses of Fire and Iron*, Jerusalem: Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2009.","workshop":"Adelphoi Zangaki","author":"Felicity Cobbing","keywords":["Jaffa","Jaffa to Jerusalem railway","locomotive","railway bridge","railway track","steam."],"materials":["Dry gelatin glass plate negative"]},"4904fdee-4fc9-5975-9b59-b15c67487eee":{"name":"Deraa : the railway junction between the Palestine system and the Mecca-Hedjaz Railway","holder":"IWM","dates":"c.1918","location":"London"},"4ad13091-c494-57fb-a729-44cae08942ae":{"name":"Blueprint map of the Hijaz Railway line between Damascus and Medina","description":"Employed in AH 1319 / AD 1901, Heinrich August Meißner was chief engineer of the Hijaz Railway until AH 1327 / AD 1909 and in AH 1322 / AD 1904 was awarded the title of pasha. Meißner Pasha had studied railway engineering at the Technical University of Dresden, had previously led the construction of parts of the Anatolian Railway and later also worked on the Baghdad Railway. An important map which includes the Dar‘a–Haifa line, with an additional dotted line marking the original intended track from Medina to Mecca and Jeddah, is signed by Meißner Pasha (Fig. 3.18). The original survey of the prospective railway track was made by Mukhtar Bey, who was known as Meißner Pasha’s right-hand man. This blueprint was most likely taken from one of Mukhtar Bey’s sketches, which was subsequently approved by Meißner Pasha. He was invited back to participate in the project during the war to extend the Turkish supply line to Haifa and later to reconstruct the partially destroyed railway lines.","type":"Map","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"Unknown","dates":"28 Huzayran 1324 (28 June 1916)","location":"London","dimensions":"86cm x 56cm","method_for_datation":"The map is dated.","provenance":"Turkey","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","workshop":"Hamidiyah Hijaz Railway","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Blueprint paper"]},"4b0278fe-a863-53d1-a8c2-bff5ecb31b3b":{"name":"Railway construction near Jaffa","type":"Photograph","holder":"Palestine Exploration Fund","dates":"1892","location":"London","keywords":["Construction","Hijaz","Jaffa","Railway"]},"4b89be48-3d71-5264-8d56-23a74fdd63ff":{"name":"Water-bottle with stoppers","alternate_name":"water-bottle; stopper (two)","description":"Pilgrim's water-bottle made of brown leather with stitched leather elements in red and green. Also includes an iron chain for suspension and two turned wooden stoppers (b-c). Used by pilgrims travelling from Damascus to Mecca.","type":"Bottle","holder":"The British Museum","owner":"The British Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"London","dimensions":"Bottle: Height: 42cm, width: 25cm; Each stopper: Height: 13cm, weight: 900 g","place_of_production":"Syria","provenance":"Syria","obtention":"Bequeathed by Henry Christy in 1865","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_As-4247-a-c","keywords":["bottle","Mecca","Pilgrim","travel","water"],"materials":["Iron","leather","Wood"]},"4c03bb38-e626-5fa6-8bad-df7b0742cf1b":{"name":"A table showing the revenues and expenditures of the Hamidiye Hejaz Railway up to the end of July 1902 AH.","description":"A table showing the revenues and expenditures of the Hamidiye Hejaz Railway up to the end of July 1902 AH.","type":"Archival Register","holder":"Turkish State Archives","owner":"Turkish State Archives","dates":"AD 13 August 1902 / AH 8th Jumada 1320h","location":"Ankara","dimensions":"Height: 34.5 cm; width: 21.5 cm","provenance":"Yıldız Imperial Palace","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["archival register","Hejaz Railway","ottoman empire","Railway","Transportation"],"materials":["Paper"]},"4c6c73fd-b2b8-5169-9f5b-defe03f3bbce":{"name":"*Bilder aus Mekka von C. Snouck Hurgronje*, published Leiden, 1889","short_description":"*Bilder aus Mekka* was published in 1889 by the Dutch orientalist Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje. Consisting of 20 collotype prints mounted on 18 leaves, it is one of the earliest photographic records of the Hajj, preceded only by photographs taken in 1881 by Muhammed Sadiq Bey. *Bilder aus Mekka*came one year after *Bilder-Atlas zu Mekka*. This was a collection of lithographs including images predominantly of Mecca and portraits of pilgrims, taken by Snouck himself on his research trip to Jidda and Mecca between August 1884–August 1885. Alongside this he published *Mekka*a work that focussed on the history of Mecca and the origins of Islam. Following on from the publication of these two volumes, and having not been able to photograph the hajj himself, Snouck used images taken by a Meccan physician named ‘Abd al-Ghaffar of the Hajj of August 1888 to publish *Bilder aus Mekka*.  \nSnouck met ‘Abd al-Ghaffar during his stay in Mecca in 1885, and although ‘Abd al-Ghaffar was already familiar with photography, Snouck is supposed to have helped refine his skills and he became Snouck’s photographic assistant during the six months he was in Mecca.  \nThe photographs include views of Mecca, Mina and Arafat, and depict the various stages of Hajj. Although traces of ‘Abd al-Ghaffar’s signature are still visible on the photographs, there is clear evidence of an attempt to erase them by Snouck. A summary text written by Snouck opens the volume and a list of plates precedes the images.","type":"Album; book","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"AD 1889","location":"London","dimensions":"36.5x27.5cm","method_for_datation":"The date and publication details are included within the book.","provenance":"Europe","bibliography":"Sheehi, S., *The Arab Imago: A Social History of Portrait Photography, 1860–1910*, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["book","hajj","Hijaz","Holy place","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","Paper","photograph","pilgrimage","prayer","Prophet Muhammad","Religion"],"materials":["Collotype prints"]},"4d98ef31-dc06-5d00-bccf-06eec1cb0a21":{"name":"To What Exiled Country Are You Returning?","description":"Palestinian artist Ahmad Canaan’s sculpture combines the form of a boat with upright keys to evoke themes of exile, memory and resilience. The boat symbolises journeys and displacement, while the keys recall the Palestinian hope of return to lost homes. The hard metal and minimal design express both fragility and strength, turning the work into a visual object of collective memory and cultural resistance.","type":"Sculpture","holder":"Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts","owner":"Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts","dates":"1999","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Height: 57 cm; width: 97 cm; depth: 15 cm","catalogue_holding_link":"https://nationalgallery.org/artist/ahmad-canaan/","keywords":["Displacement","Exile","Jordan","Palestinian return","sculpture"],"materials":["steel"]},"4e2c253d-3f40-5817-ad41-b7fde8b9f4b8":{"name":"Confidential report related to the Iraqi State Railways and the Trans-Iranian Railway","description":"Report surveying the state of the railways and the gauges used by the Iraqi State Railways and the Trans-Iranian Railway between 1942 and 1944. The report is incomplete; 11 pages are related to Iraq (pp. 54-85), while 16 pages cover Iran (pp. 73-160). The typewritten text is accompanied by photomechanical prints and technical drawings of locomotives. The report might have been produced both by the British or the American intelligence. It includes The Second World War-era British military map showing regional railway networks (established or under construction) in the (ex) Ottoman Empire. Manuscript annotations highlight the geopolitical interests of various nations involved in their construction. The piece also has the stamp of the Survey Directorate, GHQ Middle East.","type":"Archival Material","holder":"Qatar National Library","owner":"QNL","dates":"1939-1944","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 21 cm; width: 27 cm","place_of_production":"Great Britain","catalogue_holding_link":"https://elibrary.qnl.qa/iii/encore/record/C__Rb2711204__SHC.ARC.2016.0094-0004__Orightresult__U__X3?lang=eng&suite=def","author":"Moez Dridi","keywords":["20th Century","Middle East","Railways"],"materials":["27 folios and 1 map"]},"516fb30e-cfe7-561e-9b29-aead5f976416":{"name":"Tabuk Station on the Hejaz Railway.","description":"Single storey station building set in a desert landscape alongside a curved section of railway line, with a defensive blockhouse standing nearby.","type":"Photograph","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","dates":"1908-1913","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 15 cm, Width: 20 cm","place_of_production":"Saudi Arabia","method_for_provenance":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","obtention":"Donation as part of the T E Lawrence Collection.","author":"Alan Wakefield","keywords":["Hejaz Railway","ottoman empire","Transport"],"materials":["Black and White photographic print"]},"52bc1f5c-19f1-5c15-8794-630ecd367289":{"name":"Amulet","description":"This object is a piece of horse jewellery, an amulet worn around the horse's neck to ward off misfortune. Horse jewellery was used among Bedouins and villagers communities. This amulet consists of a silver-cased crescent composed of two joined tusks of wild boar. A ¼ Majidi Ottoman gold coin dangles from the crescent with three crescents and stars at the end. The silver chain is called “heal of gazelle”.","type":"Cultic Object; ornament; talismanic object; jewellery","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20th century","location":"Amman","provenance":"Jordan","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"54310c6d-87ca-585e-b552-bcb1c5951fe3":{"name":"Dress","description":"This dress of al-Druze (Druse) women is made of a long grey with green and silver brocade, pursed narrow sleeves, wide, open square shaped chest, pursed at the middle and wide at the bottom with ruffles and a cotton liner. This object illustrates the variegated social composition and demographic changes in the Jordanian territory in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The al-Druze tribes migrated from Syria (Hawran) to north east Jordan in the early twentieth century because of their support for the Syrian revolution against the French occupation. The traditional Druse and other Jordanian costumes were influenced by the local trade and economic activities: as illustrated in this case, they were often made of silk textiles, produced in Syria and traded to Jordan and Palestine.","type":"Costume; clothing","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Amman","provenance":"Eastern Jordan (al-Azraq) al-Druz tribes","author":"Huda Kilani"},"54f861aa-1d28-5c1b-b3c3-07e65ff10862":{"name":"'Picture of the Tents of the Turks'. Photographer: H. A. Mirza & Sons","description":"This image shows the tents of the Ottoman Turkish troops at their camp at Medina. Despite the apparently secular nature of the subject, and the fact that the camp does not depict a stopping-off point on the hadj, the laudatory poetry and prose makes clear the relevance of the image to the experience of the hadj – that is, that the Turks, as ‘military people of the highest rank’ serve Islam by defending and enabling the passage to Mecca and Medina for other Muslims.  \n  \nAs with the other photographs in this album (Photo 174/1-13), whose subjects are architectural and landscape, the figures are not the subject of the image. However, a detailed examination of the image shows the soldiers going about their day-to-day activities, such as cooking and eating. The method by which the ground would have been prepared before a tent was erected is indicated by the empty low circular foundation in the lower left corner of the image. In the distance, in the right-hand background of the image, beyond the dry-stone wall delineating the camp, palm groves and permanent dwellings can be identified.","type":"Photographic print","holder":"Qatar National Library","owner":"QNL","initial_owner":"India Office","dates":"1907","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Mount (external): 35 x 44,6 cm; Mount (internal): 20,2 x 27,3 cm [landscape]","place_of_production":"India","provenance":"India Office","copyright":"Public Domain","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100023483748.0x00000d","keywords":["Hijaz","Mecca","Medina","travel"],"materials":["Card","gelatin silver print","indigo ink (printed)","Mottled blue-tinted window mount","red ink (hand-painted)"]},"550798b2-2ff6-5c87-b3f5-df183a1a2b89":{"name":"Bridal cushions","description":"Bridal cushions from Ma’an, Jordan, traditionally prepared by a bride as part of her trousseau for her new home, are among the most distinctive examples of Jordanian domestic textiles. Their fabrics and techniques reflect connections with textile traditions from the Caucasus, Syria, Turkey, and Central Asia, shaped through centuries of travel, trade, pilgrimage, and cultural exchange. These influences reached Ma’an through its position as an important crossroads on regional routes, particularly as a key stop along the Hejaz Railway, built during the Ottoman period to facilitate travel between Damascus and the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. The background image is from the G. Eric and Edith Matson Photograph Collection at the Library of Congress, showing the Hejaz Railway, which connected communities across the Ottoman Empire and facilitated movement for travellers, pilgrims, and merchants between the Levant and the Hijaz.","type":"Furniture","holder":"Tiraz: Widad Kawar Home for Arab Dress","owner":"Tiraz","dates":"ca. 1935","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Height: 64-70 cm; width: 35-40 cm","place_of_production":"Ma'an, Jordan","provenance":"Purchased by the collector","author":"Laila Mushahwar","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["ceremony","furniture","marriage","textile","wedding"],"materials":["cotton","silk"]},"559330fc-4f61-535a-9310-1782a48a785a":{"name":"The Tell Clock Tower","description":"This clock tower is located in Al-Tell square, next to Al-Manshiyya, one of the oldest parks in Tripoli. The tower is 30 metres tall and consists of five separate floors.\n\nThis clock tower was gifted to the city of Tripoli - like many clock towers of the Ottoman Empire, such as the famous Jaffa clock tower - and erected in 1906, to celebrate the 30th anniversary of Sultan 'Abd al-Hamid II's reign. The clock tower is now working again, following a full renovation in 1992, supported by personal funding from the honorary Turkish consul of Northern Lebanon, Sobhi Akkari.","type":"Public Architecture","dates":"1906","location":"Al-Tell Square, Tripoli","author":"Hady El Hajj","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"55f6a683-f500-5b14-825f-06baa496180b":{"name":"Food Ships and Drifters, Haifa","holder":"IWM","dates":"c.1918","location":"London"},"564ae52d-7395-53f5-8794-d12cd20b98b5":{"name":"Damas – La Grande Station du Hidjaz","description":"The original northern terminus of the Hijaz Railway was Damascus Qadem Station, situated close to the old assembly point for the start of the traditional overland pilgrimage caravan. In 1911, however, it was decided to build a short three-kilometre extension to the centre of the city in order to provide a more prestigious front for the railway’s operations. Designed by the German architect, Palmer, in grand Ottoman style, Damascus Kanawat Station’s imposing lines and impressive interior befitted its position at the heart of the Syrian capital. Its central location also provided a more convenient departure point for both passenger and freight traffic. In a square close to the station, the official Hijaz Railway and Telegraph Monument was erected.","type":"Postcard","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"Unknown","dates":"AH 1331-1338 / AD 1913–1920","location":"London","dimensions":"8.9cm x 13.7cm","method_for_datation":"The passenger building, designed by the Spanish architect Fernando De Aranda, was commissioned in 1913. This postcard was likely in recognition of its opening. In 1920 Levy's photographic studio united with Neurdein Freres to become Levy & Neurdein reunis.","provenance":"Paris, France","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","workshop":"Published by Lucien Levy & Sons (1895-1919)","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Postcard"]},"56ae89a4-e69e-5467-915e-b99f5b5f752d":{"name":"Panorama: al-hujjaj bi-mina yawn al-‘id al-akbar (‘The pilgrims at Mina on the day of the big feast’)","description":"Muhammad Sadiq Bey was the first person to take photographs of Mecca, Medina and the Hajj. An Egyptian army engineer and surveyor, he was also the treasurer of the Egyptian Hajj caravan, travelling numerous times to the Hijaz. Using a technique first invented in the 1850s, Sadiq Bey took his first photographs in 1861 using glass plate negatives, especially useful for large-format frames. His most important photographs, of both the buildings and interiors of the sanctuaries at Mecca and Medina, as well as sites at Arafat and Mina, were taken in 1861, 1880 and 1881. For the first time, the pilgrimage and the holy cities were precisely and realistically documented.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"1880","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 15,5 cm; Width: 42cm","place_of_production":"Mina, Saudi Arabia","catalogue_holding_link":"https://khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/panorama-al-hujjaj-bi-mina-yawn-al-id-al-akbar-arc-pp-0254-3/","keywords":["documentation","Mina","Ottoman","photography","pilgrimage"]},"5838d2ce-d94c-553a-ba3e-9f697d70d8a3":{"name":"Photograph of Tell el-Hesi diggers","description":"Some members of F.J. Bliss’ workforce at Tell el-Hesi. What is most noteworthy here is that in the period up to 1938 men, women, and children all worked together on excavations.","type":"Photograph","holder":"The Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF)","dates":"1892–94","location":"London","provenance":"?"},"59c09c6e-e0cc-5963-83cc-fd6b4aea8244":{"name":"Bakırköy Railway Station","description":"During the 19th century, new technologies radically transformed both travel and communications. The first railway in Anatolia was constructed between Izmir and Aydin. Ottoman railways were mainly built during the period of Abdülhamid II. The first railway in the Republic of Turkey was part of the İzmir-Aydın line, founded by a British company in 1860. The İzmir-Kasaba line was built in 1865, the Rumeli line in 1869-77, the Anatolia-Baghdad line in 1872 and the Mudanya-Bursa line in 1892.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"59e106e1-b0a2-5505-af4e-7abfde04a90a":{"name":"Belt","description":"Leather belt embellished with silver pieces decorated in niello with patterns and symbols at the end. Two silver rosette buckles at the end form a locking mechanism. This is an object produced by Circassian craftsmen. The immigration of the Circassians to the Ottoman Empire started in the middle of 19th century and continued until 1900. The Circassian communities migrated mostly to the eastern Arab countries, with which they had spiritual and religious links. They brought with them their traditional activities, crafts and decorative patterns. All these elements soon mingled with the local Arab society and became part of the social and economic landscape of the Arab countries.","type":"Clothing ornament; costume","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20th century","location":"Amman","provenance":"Caucasus","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"5aae608f-843c-5867-af69-090cc4bcf4c9":{"name":"Hejazian scenery, probably between Abu Markha and Hediya, on the Hejaz Railway.","description":"Desert landscape with conical hill standing in the centre of the scene.","type":"Photograph","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","dates":"January 1918","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 6 cm, Width: 8,5cm","place_of_production":"Saudi Arabia","method_for_datation":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","method_for_provenance":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","obtention":"Donation as part of the T E Lawrence Collection.","author":"Alan Wakefield","keywords":["Arabia","Hejaz Railway","ottoman empire"],"materials":["Black and White photographic print"]},"5d117acd-215b-54b0-aefc-38ef0cc38d6b":{"name":"Map of caravan routes","description":"This map illustrates the trading caravan routes crossing the Sahara desert from Mediterranean ports (Tripoli, Tafilet, Tunis, Algiers and Oran) to sub-Saharan cities. The trading routes were connected north and south to three pilgrim routes for Mecca. The northern pilgrim route from Tunis and Tripoli included Siwah, Cairo, Suez and Aqaba. From Aqaba, meeting the pilgrim route from Damascus, it continued along the coast of Arabia to Mecca. The central route continued from Siwah through the oases of Dakkel and El-Kharjeh to ports on the Red Sea to Jeddah and Mecca. The southern route followed the valley of the Upper Niger through Timbuctu, Gao, Sokoto, Kano, Lake Chad and Kordofan to the port of Swakin on the Red Sea and continued to Jeddah by ship.","type":"Map","holder":"The British Library","dates":"1897","location":"London","author":"Maria Francesca Carvelli (MWNF)"},"5d4472f7-d81f-5761-bfdf-59396f9c4d82":{"name":"Map of the Egyptian Hejaz Railway (Farouk I)","description":"This printed map, part of the 1935 railway proposal by Sheikh Mahmoud al-Sayyid al-Homsani, depicts a projected rail link between Egypt and the Hijaz via the Sinai Peninsula. It mirrors a cartographic plate preserved in a recently discovered manuscript dossier submitted to King Farouk, underscoring efforts to enhance regional connectivity and facilitate pilgrimage.","type":"Map","holder":"Qatar National Library","owner":"QNL","dates":"1936/1937 CE / 1355 AH","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 50 cm; width: 35 cm","place_of_production":"Damanhour, Maṭbaʻat Madrasat Damnhūr al-Ṣināʻīyah","catalogue_holding_link":"https://elibrary.qnl.qa/iii/encore/record/C__Rb2725545__SHC.MAP.00946__Orightresult__U__X3?lang=eng&suite=def","author":"Aysha Al-Ansari","keywords":["Hejaz","Railways","Saudi Arabia"],"materials":["Lithograph"]},"5d5c58b2-e25a-507a-8878-3e841992fa8b":{"name":"Postcard","description":"Postcard; printed; colour photograph showing the gate of the Palmyra's colonnade, Syria.","type":"Postcard","holder":"The British Museum","dates":"1979 (circa)","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 10,2cm; width: 14,7cm","place_of_production":"Palmyra","provenance":"Africa: sub-Saharan Africa: Sudan: White Nile (province): Kosti","obtention":"Purchased from Bella Bennett in 2015","copyright":"This is an 'orphan work' in The British Museum’s collections. If you are the copyright holder and were not contacted, please reach out to Museum With No Frontiers at editing@museumwnf.net so that proper credit may be given on this website.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_EPH-ME-7052?selectedImageId=1613197111","keywords":["colonnade","palmyra","postcard","Syria"],"materials":["Paper"]},"601e5d3a-e68f-587a-846c-d0f3657cf4f6":{"name":"*Dar al-Baladiyya, Damascus*","alternate_name":"City Hall at the new urban centre at Merje Square","description":"Built between 1892 to 1894, the Dar al-Baladiyya was a prestigious edifice in stone. With its neo-classical elements and prominent middle projection, it was designed to display the power of the “new” state. The purpose of building the City Hall was functional, since the administrative workload, which rapidly increased after the reforms of the administrative system had to be accommodated.","type":"Photograph; postcard","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art at the Pergamon Museum, State Museums","dates":"1900","location":"Berlin","author":"Stefan Weber"},"618c8339-6610-5094-add6-68f91e7e5c49":{"name":"Museum of Islamic Art","description":"The Museum of Islamic Art (MIA) is a pioneering project spotlighting the cultural vision of the State of Qatar, both in the region and across the world. Under the guiding vision of His Excellency, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, the project is the cornerstone for the State of Qatar in its establishment as a global capital of culture.  \n  \nThe 35,500 sq. m museum was designed by I.M. Pei, taking inspiration from the 13th-century sabil (ablutions fountain) of the 9th-century Mosque of Ahmad ibn Tulun in Cairo. The museum comprises a five-level main building and a two-storey Education Wing, connected across a fountain courtyard. The main building’s angular planes form ascending pinnacles, rising around an atrium. Inside, a dome is revealed, concealed from outside view by the walls of a central tower. A window on the building’s north side rises to a height of 54 m., providing dramatic views from all five floors. The ground floor is home to a temporary gallery space for touring international exhibitions and the café, giftshop and Information Services. The museum’s permanent exhibition is installed on two floors of galleries designed by the French firm Jean-Michel Wilmotte & Associés. The fourth floor contains temporary galleries showcasing the research topics of museum staff, using items either not seen in the permanent galleries or with new information to see them in a new way.  \n  \nOverview of the collections  \nThe MIA houses artefacts highlighting the creative achievements of the Islamic world's richest cultures and spanning nearly a thousand years. The collection represents the full scope of Islamic art in all media, from manuscripts to ceramics, metalwork, glass, stone, ivory, textiles, wood, precious stones and jewellery.  \n  \nThe permanent exhibition of c. 850 artefacts offers an insight into the diverse art of the Islamic world. Two floors are dedicated to the exploration of historical eras and interpretation of the themes of Islamic art and material culture, from the 8th century to the cusp of the 19th century.  \n  \nThe MIA also holds thousands more objects, some destined to be seen in future displays and others providing a resource for education and research.  \n  \nHighlights of the collection include: a distinguished group of carpets and textiles, a range of Ayyubid and Mamluk metalwork and enamelled glass, an outstanding strength in early ceramics, a comprehensive collection of astrolabes and scientific instruments, masterpieces of Mughal jewellery and rare manuscripts and miniatures.  \n  \nThe Department of Education and Information  \nThe department’s main goal is to create materials, programmes and workshops that will engage the public, allowing them to explore the world through Islamic art, promoting a culture of learning within an atmosphere of knowledge and entertainment.  \n  \nThe Curatorial Department  \nThe department of internationally trained curators is committed to studying, documenting and publicising the MIA’s collection and establishing the MIA as a world-class centre of scholarly research.  \n  \nThe Conservation Department  \nSet to become a leading regional service centre for museums, the department is committed to restoring, preserving and caring for the collection through the application of innovative scientific methods.  \n  \nInternational partnerships  \nThe MIA is committed to building a network of partnerships around the world and offering institutes and museums collective access to information, research and images. It has strong ties with many world-class museums and collections, including the Louvre, France, the British Museum, UK, the Victoria & Albert Museum, UK, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, USA, the Museum für Islamische Kunst, Germany, the Al-Sabah Collection, Kuwait, the Gulbenkian, Portugal, and the National Museum of Antiquities and Islamic Art, Algeria.","type":"","dates":"","bibliography":""},"61ff0f1e-695e-5970-a8a9-44151ef0e284":{"name":"Traditional peasant attire","alternate_name":"Villager from the Beqaa Valley in traditional dress","description":"Peasants and ordinary people's clothes did not change much over the centuries. It generally consisted of a shorter, narrower and darker coloured pair of baggy *shirwal* trousers for winter, and another pair in a lighter beige or khaki colour for the summer. This was paired with a cotton shirt or vest, called a *sudriye*, and a short embroidered *abaya*. A *keffiye*, a large scarf made of white cotton, was worn on the head with a *lebbede* or *'agal* on top.","type":"Drawing; clothes; dress; costume","holder":"Papou Lahoud Couture","dates":"19th century (costume); contemporary drawing","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"623ac570-c51d-5c93-af68-2dca3ce23ce0":{"name":"Heech (Nothingness)","description":"Justification: This item can be used to explain absence, rupture, and the void left by collapsed empires and broken political orders.","type":"Sculpture","holder":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","owner":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","dates":"2007","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 204 cm; width: 90 cm; Depth: 90 cm","copyright":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","catalogue_holding_link":"https://collections.qm.org.qa/en/objects/heech-nothingness-mat200842","keywords":["absence","rupture","void"],"materials":["Bronze"]},"63df6d78-af2b-5039-ba4d-0d25e52391df":{"name":"A bridge located at the 378th kilometer from Damascus on the Hamidiye Hejaz Railway line","description":"A bridge located at the 378th kilometer from Damascus on the Hamidiye Hejaz Railway line.","type":"Archival Photograph","holder":"Turkish State Archives","owner":"Turkish State Archives","dates":"Undated","location":"Ankara","dimensions":"Height: 40 cm; width: 45 cm","provenance":"Unknown, (Currently in Ottoman Archive Photograph Fond)","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["archival photograph.","Hejaz Railway","railway bridge","Railway construction","railway infrastructure"],"materials":["Photograph paper with carton background"]},"63e03fb2-ff4b-5263-b342-f74d2b6bdf14":{"name":"Damas - La Grande Gare du Hidjaz (The Grand Railway Station of Hijaz, Damascus)","description":"The Hijaz Railway Station building is one of several major public buildings established during the late Ottoman period under the rule of Sultan Abdülhamid II in Damascus. The construction was carried out under the supervision of Hüseyin Nazım Pasha, the Wali (Governor) of Damascus and chairman of the committee responsible for implementing the Hijaz Railway project. He oversaw the plan to construct the railway between Damascus and Medina from 1900 to 1908, mobilising conscripts and civilian labour to participate in its construction, while also benefiting from the expertise of German engineers and other foreign specialists who came to supervise the railway project.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"AH c.1338 / AD c. 1920","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 9 cm; width: 13,7 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Al-Ash, Muhammad Bassam, *Damascus between the Past and the Present* , Damascus, 2006.  \n  \nAl-Diqn, Sayyid Muhammad, *The Hamidian Hijaz Railway* , Damascus, 1985.  \n  \nAga Khan Trust for Culture, *Historic Train Stations of the Al-Hijaz Railway Network* , Geneva: Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2004.","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Building","hajj","pilgrimage","station","Syria"],"materials":["coloured printed postcard","Paper"]},"640180dd-059b-54fe-a33c-0700c3dd70f8":{"name":"Photograph of the Beirut–Aleppo railway","description":"The second railway built in Lebanon opened in 1906 and ran from Beirut to Aleppo in present-day Syria. It connected with the first railway line at Riyaq. The connection between Aleppo and Beirut, a well-equipped and sizeable port, decreased trade in Alexandretta, the traditional port for merchandise leaving or entering Syria. Alexandretta was not connected to Aleppo by rail until 1914. Aleppo and Northern Syria became increasingly important as links between Damascus and Beirut were consolidated. This also marked the increasing importance of Beirut as a powerful city in the region and not only as a Mediterranean port.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Ministry of Transportation","dates":"1906","location":"Beirut","author":"Hady El Hajj","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"670372b2-f67e-5ac4-8b1b-28c10cd4bd8e":{"name":"Section of a rail from Hijaz Railway with commemorative inscription","description":"In September 1900, Sultan Abdul Hamid addressed a call for all Muslims all over the world to collect donations to establish a railway between Damascus and the holy places to facilitate transporting the pilgrims. The call was responded to enthusiastically and with the great support of all Muslims. The cost of the project was estimated at approximately five million Ottoman golden lira which were provided from: donations, the revenues of the Ottoman State earned from the sale of the stamps, and a special tax upon all the citizens for the railway. Construction of the narrow-gauge track (105cm) whose axle weight was (10.5 tonnes) began in 1900 with a wire telegraph line along its side connecting Damascus with Medina across Amman with a total track length of 1303km. The construction of the project ended in 1908. All the tracks and the stations were completed as detailed below: Mezerib Dera'a section, September 1901; Dera'a Al-Zarqa section, September 1902; Al-Zarqa Amman section, September 1903; Amman Ma'an section, September 1904; Ma'an Tabuk section, end of 1906; Tabuk Medain Saleh, September 1907; Medain Saleh Medina, September 1908. These rails were brought from the destroyed railroad tracks that were harmed by Arab revolt army attacks in 1917. On one side of the first rail is an Arabic phrase written in divan script: \"*min khayrat mawlana Amir al-mu'minin al-sultan al-ghazi 'abdal-hamid khan thani 'azza nasruhu*\".","type":"Railway","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1907","location":"Amman","provenance":"Germany","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"679af2a1-a210-5f1f-927c-cd4ef3b1d0b4":{"name":"Iron bridge near Haifa","description":"This album of 39 images documents the construction of the Hijaz Railway. It photographs two important stretches of the network: the route between Damascus and Maʿan, and the line connecting Daraʿa with Haifa. Its photographs record the remarkable engineering achievements required to negotiate difficult and varied terrain, while also illustrating the railway’s role in strengthening connections across the empire. Alongside tunnels, bridges and stations, the images capture the engineers, officials and labourers whose work made the project possible.","type":"Photographic print","holder":"The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Hajj and The Arts of Pilgrimage","dates":"AH circa 1317-1322 / AD circa 1900-1905","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 9,9 cm; width: 14,1 cm","place_of_production":"Turkey","method_for_datation":"The Hijaz Railway was constructed between 1900 and 1908.","author":"Qaisra Khan","materials":["Photographic prints bound in an album"]},"6c4a7fd1-e659-525c-ad3d-c6180e7f9ebe":{"name":"Palestine – Palästina. Haifa. Panorama","description":"A panoramic view of Haifa’s coastline is shown in this postcard. The city developed into an important Mediterranean outlet of the Hijaz Railway after the construction of the Daraa–Haifa branch in the early twentieth century. Once the line connected the Syrian interior and the Hauran with the coast, Haifa gained a more important role in regional trade and transportation. Haifa Station and railway construction were part of a broader Ottoman programme of urban and infrastructural development in the city.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"published in the 1920s/1930s","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 9,1 cm; width: 14,0 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Mansour, Johnny, *Al-Khaṭṭ al-Ḥadīdī al-Ḥijāzī: Tārīkh wa-Taṭawwur Qiṭār Darʿā–Ḥayfā \\[The Hijazi Railroad: History of the Darʿa–Haifa Line\\]*, Jerusalem: Institute of Jerusalem Studies, 2008.  \n  \nOchsenwald, William, *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1980.","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Haifa","landscape","Mediterranean","Palestine","Panorama"],"materials":["Paper","printed postcard"]},"6c5debca-9932-5c4a-89ab-f8f3d13de354":{"name":"Dinar","description":"Gold Dinar of Hijaz, King Hussein bin 'Ali, AH 1334. On November, 1916 the notables, ulama of Hijaz and a majority of the sheiks of Bedouins and sedentary tribes, assembled at the great Mosque of Mecca to pay allegiance to al-Hussein and proclaim him “King“ of Arab Countries. On this occasion a coin bearing his name at Mecca, as King of the Arabs was struck. But Britain, France and Italy recognized him only as “King of the Hijaz” on 3 January 1917. On obverse: \"*bi-l-bilad al-'arabiyya al-husayn bin 'ali / 'abduhu / hashimi / wa ibn 'abdihi / al-nahidh*\" (\"Hussein bin Ali / God’s Servant / Hashimi /and son of God’s Servant / leader of Arab renaissance\"). On reverse: \"*duriba bi-makka al-mukarrama / sana 1334 / dinar / sana 8 / 'asima al-hukuma al-'arabiyya*\" (\"Dinar minted at Makka al-Mukarrama in 1334 \\[AH\\] in the reign year 8 capital of Arab Government\"). All regular coins of Hijaz bear the accessional date of ١٣٣٤ (AH 1334) of al-Hussein bin 'Ali, plus the regional year, many bronze coins had a light silver wash.","type":"Coin, currency","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1922","location":"Amman","provenance":"Mecca","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"6c6bffc7-20e9-569d-88cc-50d1ea81c42a":{"name":"Al-'Ula Railway Station","description":"This station of the Hijaz Railway was established in 1907. It was smaller than Mada'in Salih Station. It contains four buildings, a water well, and a wind mill. The buildings were built by stone materials and roofed with red tiles.\n\nMany archaeologists and specialists indicate the presence of four kingdoms in al-'Ula (Alula) which formed civilizations since the beginning of the sixth century BC, these kingdoms are:  \n\\- Kingdom of Dadan from the sixth century BC until the beginning of the fifth century BC;  \n\\-Kingdom of Lihyan and scientists identified the history of the state from the beginning of the fifth century BC until the end of the third century BC;  \n\\- State of Maeen which was presence in the region from the middle of the sixth century BC and lasted until the beginning of the first century AD;  \n\\- Nabataeans state: The Nabataeans were Arab tribes lived in the area between Iraq, Syria and Jordan, and came to the area of Petra in Jordan and seized it from the Edomites. Nabataeans reached an advanced stage of sophisticated culture before the Roman occupation of Syria in 65 BC, and then the fall of the kingdom in 206 AD.","type":"Railway Station (stone buildings)","holder":"Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities","dates":"1907","location":"Northwest of Saudi Arabia in al-'Ula City","architects":"Mukhtar bey, the general manager of the line"},"6e13aca8-8a19-574f-8378-12aea190e022":{"name":"File 3142/1903 'Hedjaz Railway'","description":"This volume contains copies of correspondence between British officials regarding the construction of the Hedjaz \\[Hijaz\\] Railway. The correspondence discusses a number of different aspects of the railway including its route, the progress of its construction and donations made towards its construction by members of the Muslim community in India.  \n  \nA limited amount of the correspondence in the volume is in French, including a copy of a letter sent by Paul Cambon, the French Ambassador in London, to Sir Edward Grey, the Foreign Secretary (folio 15).  \n  \nThe volume contains a number of reports and related information about the railway. Of particular interest are the following:  \n  \nA report on the Hejaz Railway by Major Francis Richard Maunsell, dated July 1907 (ff 56-69)  \nA memorandum respecting German influence on the Hejaz Railway by George Ambrose Lloyd, 1906 (ff 95-96)  \nA list of the principal stations on the Hejaz Railway with approximate distances between Damascus and each station (f 100)  \nA map of the Hejaz Railway with list of stations (f 106)  \nA report by Mr Teofani Loiso, Vice-Consul at Mersina, based on information provided to him by his son who was employed as an engineer on the railway (ff 105-107)  \nA report by Herr Otto von Kapp Kohlstein, a German engineer who inspected the Haifa-Damascus branch of the route and worked on the construction of the Damascus-Maan branch (ff 107-109).  \nIn addition, the volume contains cuttings (and translations) of press articles related to several aspects of the railway and its construction. Also included are two maps. The Turkish (Ottoman) language material consists of the second of these two maps.  \n  \nThe volume includes a divider which gives the year that the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references contained in it arranged by year. This divider is placed at the front of the volume.","type":"Written Document","holder":"Qatar National Library","owner":"QNL","initial_owner":"East India Company, the Board of Control, the India Office, or other British Government Department","dates":"1901-1908","location":"Doha","dimensions":"1 volume (242 folios)","place_of_production":"India","provenance":"British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers.","copyright":"Open Government Licence","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100000000365.0x0003d1","keywords":["documentation","Hijaz","India","Railway construction"],"materials":["Paper"]},"70532759-69a2-50fb-9785-96449e6c4250":{"name":"Information book for the Syrian Hejaz railway","description":"This rare document provides crucial insight into the Hejaz Railway during the Arab Revolt led by T.E. Lawrence. It outlines essential regulations regarding train operations and communication, highlighting the railway's strategic role in disrupting Ottoman reinforcements. This manual also explores the logistical challenges of wartime, contributing to our understanding of military strategy and railway operations.","type":"Printed Book","holder":"Qatar National Library","owner":"QNL","dates":"1917","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 18cm; width: 12cm","place_of_production":"Turkey","author":"Aysha Al-Ansari","keywords":["Hejaz","Railways","Saudi Arabia"],"materials":["Printed Book"]},"713a80ee-86ad-5103-bcf7-5c70eb44eb3b":{"name":"The interior of Tabuk Hospital","short_description":"In 1900 the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II (r.1876–1909) began the construction of a railway line connecting Damascus to the holy cities of Medina and Mecca. Built by public subscription and with an appeal to Muslims of the world for financial support, the railway line reached Medina in 1908, but didn't reach Mecca. It was built with the assistance of German engineers who worked closely with Turkish officials. This album of the Hijaz Railway probably belonged to a Turkish engineer who worked on the construction of the line. It has 50 photographs, mostly of stations and sections of the line, but also of the landscape that the line passed through in the area between Tabuk and Mada’in Salih. The photographs were most likely taken by J. H. Halladjian, an Armenian photographer with a studio in Haifa in Palestine active in the 1890s and early 20th century. Based on records at the Imperial War Museum and The Royal Geographical Society, Halladjian took photographs of the Hijaz Railway and places along its route. The album contains some important photographs such as the one of the hospital at Tabuk which was established in 1907 and which became the railway’s quarantine station (ARC.al 6.16) as well as images which demonstrate the hardship of cutting through rock in order to pass the line through mountainous terrain (ARC.al 6.24). Also documented here are the great stone monoliths north of Mada'in Salih (ARC.al 6.38) in Mabrak al Naga, where prior to the Hijaz Railway, the Ottoman government connected the Hijaz to Istanbul via a telegraph line which reached Mada'in Salih in 1900. The building of the overland telegraph line between Damascus and Medina, much like the construction of the Hijaz Railway project to follow, was fraught with complications including the terrain and the danger of Bedouin resistance.","type":"photograph","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"J. H. Halladjian","dates":"Around 1908 AD","location":"London","dimensions":"18.7cm x 23.2cm","method_for_datation":"Photographs by the same photographer are in the Imperial War Museum, London.","provenance":"Türkiye","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Photograph"]},"71d76fc5-c9ad-524d-9391-c2dd24da5ac5":{"name":"Alep -Chemin de fer, Postcard (Aleppo Railway Station)","description":"This composite postcard presents Aleppo’s earlier railway complex, generally identified as Damascus Station, together with a separate building labelled Pavillon militaire. Located in the Jamiliyeh district of Aleppo, the station served the French-operated railway Damas, Hama et Prolongements (D.H.P.), linking Aleppo southward through Hama and Homs with Damascus. The Hama–Aleppo extension entered service in 1906. The upper image shows a restrained two-storey masonry station with a long covered platform, regularly spaced windows and numerous chimneys, reflecting its combined passenger, administrative and possibly staff functions. The lower image records the military pavilion, with a raised entrance, deep tiled roofs and an ornamental timber porch distinguish it from the station building.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"AH c. 1323 / AD c. 1905","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 13,8 cm; width: 8,5 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Kurd Ali, Muhammad, *Khitat al-Sham*, Vol. 5, Damascus: al-Matbaʿah al-Hashimiyyah, 1925–1928.  \n  \nDigital Historical Documents House, “Aleppo’s Damascus Railway Station in 1902”, *Digital Historical Documents House*, February 4, 2020, Arabic. (The stated 1902 date should be treated cautiously because it conflicts with the documented 1906 opening of the Hama–Aleppo line.)","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Aleppo","Communication","Damascus","Syria","Transport"],"materials":["coloured printed postcard","Paper"]},"7281683b-fda9-593c-917d-2afe6e08c7b6":{"name":"Building a bridge near Haifa","description":"This album of 39 images documents the construction of the Hijaz Railway. It photographs two important stretches of the network: the route between Damascus and Maʿan, and the line connecting Daraʿa with Haifa. Its photographs record the remarkable engineering achievements required to negotiate difficult and varied terrain, while also illustrating the railway’s role in strengthening connections across the empire. Alongside tunnels, bridges and stations, the images capture the engineers, officials and labourers whose work made the project possible.","type":"Photographic print","holder":"The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Hajj and The Arts of Pilgrimage","dates":"AH 1318-1323/ AD circa 1900-1905","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 10 cm; width: 14,4 cm","place_of_production":"Turkey","method_for_datation":"The Hijaz Railway was constructed between 1900 and 1908.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["bridge","Communication","Construction","engineering","labour"],"materials":["Photographic prints bound in an album"]},"742e675b-2783-5254-a6e4-abd2e2dc3cd3":{"name":"*Monument commemorating the installation of the Hijaz-Damascus telegraph connection, Beirut*","alternate_name":"Constructed as the focal point of the new Ottoman urban centre at Merje square","description":"This monument is a well-known benchmark, which remained the symbol of the municipal administration until a few years ago. The bronze column in the middle of the Merje Square was erected in commemoration of the Istanbul-Damascus-Mecca telegraph link. It was the line with the sultan’s Islamist policy, acting as a symbol of the Ottoman claim to leadership over Muslims. The monumental telegraph column is crowned by a model of the Istanbul Hamidiye Mosque, where every week the Sultan ‘Abdülhamid [`Abd al-Hamid II] had his visit to the mosque for Friday prayers celebrated with an imperial march-past- a demonstration of the concentrated political power of the Sultan.","type":"Photograph; postcard","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art at the Pergamon Museum, State Museums","dates":"1910","location":"Berlin","author":"Stefan Weber"},"75686fa8-f38a-5ba8-bc38-088996a3046a":{"name":"Photographic postcard of Jannat al-Baqi‘, Medina","short_description":"These photographic postcards when joined together form a panoramic view of al-Baqi‘ graveyard in Medina. Otherwise known as ‘*Baqi‘al-Gharqad*’ this graveyard is on the south-eastern side of the Prophet's Mosque and was a site chosen by the Prophet Muhammad as an exclusive Muslim cemetery. It is known as the oldest and most important historical Islamic graveyard. Many of the Prophet’s companions, family-members and followers are buried there. Although early travel accounts (for example, that of Ibn Jubayr (d. AD 1217)) state that the exact location of many graves had been lost, certainly until 1925, it was possible to locate many important early Muslim graves. For Shiˋa Muslims this is where four of the Shiˋi imams are buried, making it a special place of visitation. In this panoramic, the buildings which had been constructed over significant graves are identifiable. The larger building visible in ARC.pc 401 is the mausoleum the *Ahl al-bayt* (members of the Prophet’s family), while the smaller buildings were known to be the resting-places specifically of the wives and children of the Prophet. The buildings and tombstones no longer exist as they were destroyed by the Wahhabis under Ibn Saud in 1926. The original photographs were taken by a Turkish photographer for Bernhard Moritz, a Professor of Oriental Languages in Berlin, during his travels in the Middle East between 1905 and 1915. They were first published in *Bilder aus Palästina, Nord-Arabien und dem Sinai* (Images from Palestine, North Arabia, and the Sinai) which contains 105 photographs of the Middle East and published by Moritz in 1916.","type":"Postcard; Photograph","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"AD early 20th century","location":"London","dimensions":"ARC.pc 400: 8.9x14cm; ARC.pc 401: 9x14cm","method_for_datation":"Taken by a Turkish photographer for Bernhard Moritz during his stay in Medina.","provenance":"Turkey","bibliography":"Moritz, B., *Bilder aus Palästina. Nord-Arabien und dem Sinai 100 Bilder nach Photographien mit erläuternden*, Berlin: Dietrich Riemer, 1916.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["gravestone","Hijaz","Holy place","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","Paper","photograph","pilgrimage","prayer","Prophet Muhammad","Qubba","Religion","Tombstone"],"materials":["Card"]},"76c9d2a3-5076-5e05-b958-897dca230d94":{"name":"Monument in Marjeh Square, Damascus, to commemorate the construction of the Hejaz Railway and associated telegraph line.","description":"Large, ornate, pillar style monument on a stone plinth standing in an open ground with horse-drawn carriages in the foreground and to the right. A row of large buildings stand in the background with high ground beyond.","type":"Photograph","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","dates":"1908","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 18 cm, Width: 22 cm","place_of_production":"Syria","method_for_datation":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","method_for_provenance":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","obtention":"Donation as part of the T E Lawrence Collection.","author":"Alan Wakefield","keywords":["Hejaz Railway","monument","ottoman empire","Syria","Transport"],"materials":["Black & White photographic print"]},"76ee7536-6a23-5ce4-b245-ef0eef0422e8":{"name":"Photographic print","description":"Jerusalem, street scene at Jaffa Gate, large stone buildings. Crowds of adults and children standing and walking in street. Most wearing gowns and head-gear, adult male European at left. Medium: Gelatine silver print.","type":"Photograph","holder":"The British Museum","owner":"The British Museum","dates":"circa 1917","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 5,80 cm; width: 8,30 cm","place_of_production":"Jaffa Gate","obtention":"Donated by Joan J Hunt in 1995","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/EA_Af-A52-180","keywords":["Gate","landscape","photograph","print"],"materials":["Gelatine silver printing"]},"776b254f-37bf-5617-8d2b-3b37c80ca73f":{"name":"San Remo: The Conference of the Four Nations","description":"San Remo Conference, April 1920. Held after World War I, this conference brought together Britain, France, Italy and Japan to decide the fate of former Ottoman lands. Britain received mandates over Palestine and Mesopotamia (later Iraq), while France gained Syria and Lebanon. Rooted in the Sykes–Picot plan and the Balfour Declaration, these decisions also determined the future of Ottoman infrastructure such as the Hijaz Railway. Strikingly, no representatives from the region were present and the map of the Middle East was redrawn without local voices.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF)","dates":"1920","location":"Paris","dimensions":"13 x 18 cm (or smaller)"},"77727072-da2f-510c-951d-aa1c5205f9d2":{"name":"Imperial decree of Sultan Abdulhamid II","description":"Imperial decree of Sultan Abdulhamid II announcing that in order to facilitate the construction of the Hejaz Railway, a valuable means of easing pilgrims’ journey to the Hejaz, he has donated one month of his imperial salary, and that contributions are also expected from ministers, state officials, and all Muslims.","type":"Archival Document","holder":"Turkish State Archives","owner":"Turkish State Archives","dates":"AD 21 June 1900 / AH 23rd Safar 1318h","location":"Ankara","dimensions":"Height: 36 cm; width: 23 cm","provenance":"Sublime Porte, Grand Vizier's Office","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","materials":["Paper"]},"7a4c7957-3c46-5a9b-be58-3644319f261c":{"name":"Hijaz Railway ticket","description":"Passenger services contributed roughly half of the Hejaz Railway’s total income. The majority of travelers used third-class accommodation, while only around five percent could afford first-class tickets. Up until AH 1331/ AD 1913, second-class compartments were not provided. Despite the railway’s reputation for its route to Madinah, the busiest passenger traffic was actually found on the Haifa–Damascus line, which passed through more densely populated regions. This route offered a daily service that took about 12 hours to complete, with passengers heading south transferring at Deraa.","type":"Ticket","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"Unknown","dates":"after AH 1331 / AD 1913","location":"London","dimensions":"5.6cm x 3cm","method_for_datation":"Before AH 1331 / AD 1913 (when the Damascus Kanawat station opened), there were no second class carriages, only 1st and 3rd. Therefore this ticket was likely used after AH 1331 / AD 1913.","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","workshop":"Hamidiyah Hijaz Railway","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Paper"]},"7ab5bd97-3948-5e4a-9db2-309afc5b078e":{"name":"A lithographed postcard showing the “Sharif al-Makka al-kabir Aun ar-Raba\"","description":"The figure is Sharif ʿAwn al-Rafiq Pasha, who served as Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1882 until his death in 1905. Institutional catalogues of his surviving portrait consistently identify him by this name and term of office. The title, “Sharif of Mecca”, referred to the Hasanid descendants of the Prophet Muhammad who governed Mecca. Sharifian government in the city developed from the tenth century and remained one of the most important institutions of western Hijaz politics for centuries. As a member of the Hashemite ʿAwn household, he governed the holy city, exercised authority connected with the Hajj, and negotiated his position with the Ottoman administration, whose recognition remained essential to the sharifate. The Arabic heading was intended to identify him as شريف مكة الكبير عون الرفيق (“ʿAwn al-Rafiq, Grand Sharif of Mecca”), but the name is irregularly and inaccurately written on the card.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"AH c. 1323 / AD c. 1905","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 12,9 cm; width: 8,8 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Qatar Digital Library, “‘Aun èr-Rafīq, Grossscherif von Mekka’”, Photograph by Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje. Collotype, 1888. *British Library, India Office Records and Private Papers.*  \n  \nSweis, Sami Jiryis, “Hashemite Household Anxieties: The Amirate of Mecca, Arabism, and the Arab Revolt, 1880–1919”, PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2020.","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["government","Mecca","Portrait","Saudi Arabia","sharifate"],"materials":["coloured postcard","Paper"]},"7b0cb17b-8cca-5fc0-8d4b-974ad6a2ceb9":{"name":"Amman station on the Hejaz Railway.","description":"A group of buildings, most with pitched roofs, standing at the foot of a slope. A ridge stands in the background below which is flat ground and a riverbed.","type":"Photograph","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","dates":"1906","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 18 cm; Width: 21,5 cm","place_of_production":"Jordan","method_for_datation":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","method_for_provenance":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","obtention":"Donation as part of the T E Lawrence Collection.","keywords":["engineering","Hejaz Railway","Jordan","ottoman empire","Transport"],"materials":["Black and White photographic print"]},"7d3b68dc-71b0-568b-845e-68031bc767d0":{"name":"Inscription of a bridge built on the Hamidiye Hejaz Railway","description":"Inscription of a bridge built on the Hamidiye Hejaz Railway. It serves as a visual representation of authority. This can be used as a related item to Sykes-Picos Agreement map.","type":"Archival Photograph","holder":"Turkish State Archives","owner":"Turkish State Archives","dates":"AD 1903 / AH 1320/21 h","location":"Ankara","dimensions":"Height: 16.5 cm; width: 12 cm","provenance":"Unknown, (Currently in Ottoman Archive Photograph Fond)","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["bridge","Hejaz Railway","inscription","Railway construction","Transportation"],"materials":["Photograph Paper"]},"7f0ad603-e425-5eba-b58f-51c6cd6ff38d":{"name":"*View of Mecca*","description":"View of Mecca by Austrian orientalist, Andreas Magnus Hunglinger.","type":"Print","holder":"The British Museum","dates":"1803","location":"London","provenance":"Germany"},"80bf7d8a-befa-587f-8452-207110b874a9":{"name":"Map of the Sykes–Picot Agreement and Historical Note","description":"The lines drawn on the map and the lines drawn in the portrait bear the marks of the same authority: both the border and the identity are shaped by the tip of the pen. During the First World War, Britain and France secretly agreed, with Russia’s approval, to divide the Ottoman Middle East. With a few strokes of the pen, new frontiers were drawn across the lands once linked by the Hijaz Railway. These lines silenced local voices, fragmented communities and reshaped territories. Decisions made behind closed doors by imperial powers set the political, social and cultural course of the region for generations to come.","type":"Map","holder":"Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF)","dates":"1916","location":"Paris","dimensions":"80 x 72 cm"},"812c620d-3362-50f7-b6cf-45e2b51103dc":{"name":"'N 1109 Route de Jerusalem'","description":"This is a digitally generate positive made from an original dry gelatine glass negative made by Zangaki. It shows the railway line from Jerusalem with three Ottoman officials standing on the line.  Blacked out sky. Black paper margins. Description in yellow ink: \"N 1109 Route de Jerusalem\". Zangaki's signature has clearly been deliberately removed.","type":"Digital positive made from original dry gelatine glass plate negative","holder":"Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF)","owner":"Palestine Exploration Fund","initial_owner":"Donated by the Egyptian Department of the British Museum in December AH 1399 - AD 1979","dates":"AH 1310 / AD 1892","location":"London","dimensions":"27.7cm x 21.7cm","place_of_production":"Jerusalem","method_for_datation":"\"Presented by an unknown German to a museum in Sussex, who had given them to the  Ethnographic Department of the British Museum, who had given them to the Egyptian Department, who had given them to the Fund\".","method_for_provenance":"From the PEF Minutes for 4th December AH 1399 - AD 1979.","provenance":"Jerusalem","bibliography":"Coffman, A. H., \"Assessing the PEF collection of photographic works by the Zangaki Brothers\", in *Palestine Exploration Quarterly*, 157 (1; 2025): 89-93.  \n  \nCotterell, P., *The Railways of Palestine and Israel*, Oxford: Tourret Publishing, 1986.  \n  \nTravis. A., *On Chariots with Horses of Fire and Iron*, Jerusalem: Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2009.","workshop":"Adelphoi Zangaki","author":"Felicity Cobbing","keywords":["cutting","Jaffa","Jaffa to Jerusalem railway","railway track"],"materials":["Dry gelatin glass plate negative"]},"827fcea0-a7e5-521a-ba2b-5bc656744345":{"name":"Beaker","description":"Beaker of pale, yellowish-green, glass with a slightly flared rim, rounded by reheating, and long cylindrical body. The rim has a dark blue trail applied which winds down and around the body four times and is left in relief. From this last horizontal trail, the body is decorated with two irregular, blue, vertical, zigzag trails on opposite sides and four applied blue trails, attached at top and bottom to create open loops. From each is suspended a ring: one is now missing, two are yellow-brown glass and one is a weathered bronze. The beaker has an applied base ring; the underside is kicked and retains a pontil mark. Irregular weathering crust unevenly distributed over the surface.","type":"Containers, glassware","holder":"Saint Louis Art Museum","dates":"Hegira second half of the 7th century to 8th century / AD second half of the 13th to 14th century","location":"Saint Louis","dimensions":"Height: 10.5cm, mouth diameter: 5.1cm, foot diameter: 4.1cm","place_of_production":"Damascus","method_for_datation":"Scholarly review and/or comparison to similar objects from the period.","method_for_provenance":"Scholarly review and/or comparison to similar objects from the period.","provenance":"Damascus","obtention":"Museum purchase.","copy_editor":"Alvaro Miranda","materials":["glass"]},"8289ad5e-b280-52a5-a588-3af192eca058":{"name":"An iron coupling from the Hijaz Railway","description":"A coupler, also known as a coupling, is a device usually mounted at the ends of rail cars to link them together. The system that attaches the couplers to the rail vehicles is called the draft gear or draw gear, which is designed to absorb the forces generated during coupling and when the train accelerates.","type":"Iron coupling","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"Unknown","dates":"AH 1318-1326 / AD 1900–1908","location":"London","dimensions":"30cm x 14cm","method_for_datation":"Sultan Abdülhamid II issued the imperial order for the railway on AH 1 Muharram / AD 2 May 1900 and the inauguration of the line was in AH 1326 / AD 1908.","provenance":"Germany","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","workshop":"Hamidiyah Hijaz Railway","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Iron"]},"83550dcd-d5fe-53bf-ba81-33534dbf86ed":{"name":"Lace skirt","alternate_name":"Tanura zam","description":"Skirt of light pink lace with black flowers, pursed from the middle, worn over a woman’s dress. This object illustrates the variegated population composition of Jordan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the various local costumes and rites, fashion and personal attire. This skirt was used by al-Druze women in Jordan. The al-Druze tribes migrated from Syria (Hawran) to north east Jordan in the early twentieth century because of their support for the Syrian revolution against the French occupation.","type":"Clothing; dress; costume","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Amman","provenance":"Eastern Jordan (al-Azraq), al-Druz tribes","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"83ca2754-e506-5404-be99-4dd9fa3be1e5":{"name":"Information for Passengers: Beirut, Tripoli, Alexandretta","description":"This advertisement for the Nairn Transport Company, founded in the 1920s, promotes its six-wheeled Pullman buses crossing the desert between Damascus and Baghdad. With timetables linking Haifa, Beirut and Iraq, the service carried both mail and passengers. More than transport, it symbolised modern mobility under the Mandate system, replacing older caravan and railway routes while reflecting new borders and colonial influence in the Middle East.","type":"Printed monograph","holder":"Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF)","dates":"1932","location":"Paris"},"8452667b-dc79-566c-8b23-9d0b6af62bc0":{"name":"An illustrated album of architecture, including views of Mecca and Medina","short_description":"This large-format volume, entiled *Entwurf einer historischen Architectur in Abbildung unterschiedener beruehmten Gebaeude des Alterthums* (Project for a History of Architecture through pictures of various important buildings from antiquity and foreign people), by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (1656–1723) was published in 1725, a few years after his death. Fischer was an Austrian architect and in 1705 he was appointed imperial court architect for Joseph I.  \nThe book is considered one of the first to attempt an architectural history of the world. It includes nine Islamic buildings amongst its listing of thirteen ‘*foreign*’ buildings. The line drawings of the Iranian and Ottoman buildings are known to have been sourced from illustrated travellers’ accounts, but the addition of the View of Medina and the View of Mecca are remarkable for their originality. Underneath each picture is engraved explanatory text in German and French and they may be the first representations of Mecca and Medina in a European work.  \nThe plan of Mecca contains some of the known buildings in the *haram*, which are identified by a key, but there is still much confusion about what they are, and although the general plan must have been taken from Ottoman images available at the time, there is much which is incorrect perhaps in an attempt to exoticise the drawings. The view of Medina on the other hand is almost entirely inaccurate and may have been compiled from oral accounts.","type":"Printed book; print; engraving","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"AD 1727","location":"London","dimensions":"41.2x57.5cm","method_for_datation":"The date and publication details are included within the book.","provenance":"Europe","bibliography":"Grabar, Oleg. “A Preliminary Note on Two Eighteenth Century Representations of Mecca and Medina”, in *Islamic Visual Culture, 1100-1800: Constructing the Study of Islamic Art*, vol. 2, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2006. (First published in *Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam*, 25 (2001): 268-74).","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["architectural perspective","geography","hajj","Hijaz","Holy place","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","Paper","pilgrimage","prayer","Prophet Muhammad","Qur'an","Religion","travel","Traveller"],"materials":["leather binding","Paper"]},"845b837c-4ea7-514d-9566-c311425098ea":{"name":"Damas- La Gare de Hedjaz (The Hijaz Station, Damascus)","description":"Standing before the Hijaz Railway Station is a small rectangular sabil (public fountain), one of the surviving elements of the station complex. Originally located in the centre of the spacious Hijaz Square, the sabil was later relocated to its present position on the pavement in front of the station. The fountain is designed with four faces, each fitted with a water spout, providing drinking water to the public. It represents a continuation of the Islamic tradition of providing free water within public spaces. A commemorative inscription was added later to honour Dr Muslim al Baroudi, who was killed during the French bombardment of Damascus in 1945 while carrying out his humanitarian duties, making the fountain a memorial integrated into the historic setting of the station.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"c. 1955","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 9,3 cm; width: 14,1 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Al-Ash, Muhammad Bassam, *Damascus between the Past and the Present* , Damascus, 2006.  \n  \nAl-Diqn, Sayyid Muhammad, *The Hamidian Hijaz Railway* , Damascus, 1985.  \n  \nAga Khan Trust for Culture, *Historic Train Stations of the Al-Hijaz Railway Network* , Geneva: Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2004.","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["fountain","Hijaz","Railway","Syria","water"],"materials":["Paper","printed postcard"]},"84d0e24a-757f-5557-8920-19da45663b48":{"name":"General view of Haifa station and railway","description":"This album of 39 images documents the construction of the Hijaz Railway. It photographs two important stretches of the network: the route between Damascus and Maʿan, and the line connecting Daraʿa with Haifa. Its photographs record the remarkable engineering achievements required to negotiate difficult and varied terrain, while also illustrating the railway’s role in strengthening connections across the empire. Alongside tunnels, bridges and stations, the images capture the engineers, officials and labourers whose work made the project possible.","type":"Photo-Postcard","holder":"The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Hajj and The Arts of Pilgrimage","dates":"AH circa 1317-1322 / AD circa 1900-1905","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 9,8 cm; width: 13,9 cm","place_of_production":"Turkey","method_for_datation":"The Hijaz Railway was constructed between 1900 and 1908.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["Construction","Railway","station"],"materials":["Photographic prints bound in an album"]},"87c29ad1-e053-5d4e-8dd9-6ee3532db84d":{"name":"Group of tiles","description":"A group of eight square wall tiles, mounted together a 4×2 grid. Each tile has a design of medallions, leaves, and seed pods, forming a repeating pattern in blue and green.","type":"Architectural elements, ceramics","holder":"Saint Louis Art Museum","dates":"Hegira second half of the 10th century / AD second half of the 16th century","location":"Saint Louis","dimensions":"Each tile has an approximate length and width of 22.9cm.","place_of_production":"Damascus","method_for_datation":"Scholarly review and/or comparison to similar objects from the period.","method_for_provenance":"Scholarly review and/or comparison to similar objects from the period.","provenance":"Damascus","obtention":"Museum purchase.","copy_editor":"Alvaro Miranda","materials":["Glazed fritware with underglaze painted decoration"]},"892929c1-c076-5866-8b6c-b938d759084c":{"name":"La Marche de la Caravane du Grand Caire pour la Mecque","description":"‘The march of the caravan from Cairo to Mecca’ is an illustration (page 130 ) from volume II of Troisième voyage du sieur Paul Lucas, fait en M.DCCXIV, & c. par ordre de Louis XIV dans la Turquie, l’Asie, la Sourie, la Palestine, la Haute et la Basse Egypte, & c., by Paul Lucas. It is the earliest printed European depiction of the mahmal procession.","type":"Illustration","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"1719","location":"London","dimensions":"Height:16 cm; Width: 35,7cm","place_of_production":"Printed in Rouen, France","catalogue_holding_link":"https://khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/khalili-collection-hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage-la-marche-de-la-caravane-du-grand-caire-la-mecque-arc-pt171/","materials":["Engraved print"]},"894e770e-bdda-5d94-ae6c-90aaf47244ae":{"name":"Beirut–Damascus Railway Company headquaters","description":"This photograph shows the headquarters of Lebanon Railway Company in Beirut.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Railway and Public Transportation Authority, Ministry of Transportation","dates":"1895","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"8a70de1b-8f52-5be5-84b2-f02ae35a3ab5":{"name":"‘Abd-al-Hamid (Abdülhamid) II (1842–1918)","description":"Portrait of 'Abd-al-Hamid (Abdülhamid) II (1842–1918). He was born in 1842 in Istanbul. In 1876 he became Sultan and after the lost war with Russia in 1877, he was forced to agree to the 1878 Congress of Berlin. The signatory powers of the congress allowed Austria to occupy Bosnia-Herzegovina, which belonged to the territory of the Ottoman Empire. In 1888 he had to accept the occupation of Tunisia by France. He tried to modernize the Ottoman Empire with the help of Germany, but in 1908 a revolution of Turkish officers forced him to abdicate. He died in 1918 in Istanbul.","type":"Print","holder":"Austrian National Library","dates":"After 1876","location":"Vienna","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"8bf091c2-76d6-55d2-9cfc-8659e6f42848":{"name":"Hamidiye Hijaz Railway Medal","description":"Obverse: Within a wreath, the inscription El Gazi and the imperial tughra; below, a depiction of a locomotive.  \nReverse: Inscribed “Medal dedicated to those who rendered service and support to the Hamidiye Hejaz Railway.”","type":"Medal","holder":"İstanbul Archaeological Museums","dates":"AH 1318 / AD 1901","location":"Istanbul","dimensions":"Diameter: 6,85 cm; Weight: 243,10 g","materials":["Gold"]},"8c4076d1-62c9-5729-a3d5-d8c91345437b":{"name":"Bridal headdress","description":"An example of coin-adorned accessories from Palestine dating to the early twentieth century, this bridal headdress originates from the villages of the Jaffa area. The coins incorporated into bridal ornaments symbolised part of the bride’s dowry, traditionally gifted by the groom’s family and considered her personal property, which she could keep and use according to her wishes. The embroidered motifs and techniques featured on the headdress are characteristic of the Jaffa region’s village dress traditions and are also found on women’s garments from the area.","type":"Garment","holder":"Tiraz: Widad Kawar Home for Arab Dress","dates":"ca. 1930","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Height: 48 cm; width 32cm","place_of_production":"Jaffa villages, Palestine","provenance":"Purchased by the collector","author":"Laila Mushahwar","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Accessory","ceremony","marriage","Ornamentation","wedding"],"materials":["Coins","cotton","silk"]},"8d429717-91c1-58a8-8960-902c72d886d5":{"name":"Fluidity","description":"Mohammed Al Saleem’s Fluidity can be used to evoke the landscape experience of travel across the Arabian Peninsula. Although the work does not directly depict the Hijaz Railway or a specific railway journey, its abstract treatment of horizon, light, movement, and space can be connected to the visual impressions encountered by travellers moving through desert landscapes. The painting may help viewers imagine the atmospheric experience of journeys in the region, including those historically associated with the Hijaz Railway. Rather than functioning as a documentary image, the work offers a modern artistic reflection on landscape, distance, and the fluid perception of space in motion.","type":"Painting","holder":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","owner":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","dates":"1977","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 81.6 cm; width: 116.8 cm; Depth: 3.5 cm","copyright":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","catalogue_holding_link":"https://collections.qm.org.qa/en/objects/fluidity-mat2015131","keywords":["Arabian Peninsula","desert landscapes","landscape","travel"],"materials":["Linen","Oil paint","Wood"]},"8e570147-8f0e-58aa-a560-22e1e130385b":{"name":"Damas – Le Boulevard El-Nassr (El-Nassr Boulevard, Damascus)","description":"Al Nasr Street in Damascus, previously known as Jamal Pasha Street, was renamed Al Nasr (Arabic: \"Victory\") in 1919. The street extends between the commercial centre near Suq al-Hamidiyya and the Hijaz Railway Station. Although an earlier route existed on the site, it was widened and monumentalized during the First World War under Jamal Pasha, the Military Governor of Ottoman Syria. The project formed part of a broader programme of urban transformation in the Ottoman provinces. The printed caption reads “Damas. — Le Boulevard El-Nassr un jour de fête,” (\"Damascus—A Day of Celebration on El-Nassr Boulevard\") and names the Damascus publishers Soubhi S. et Munir Aita. During this celebration, the street functioned as a gathering place on a scale that would have been difficult to accommodate within the narrow streets of Damascus's historic urban fabric. Soubhi and Munir Aita were photographers and imprint publishers active in Damascus, particularly during the 1920s.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"AH c. 1336 /AD c. 1918","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 8,9 cm; width: 13,7 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Shihabi, Qutayba, *Muʿjam Dimashq al-Tārīkhī \\[Historical Dictionary of Damascus\\]* , 2 vols, Damascus: Ministry of Culture, 1999.  \n  \nHudson, Leila, *Transforming Damascus: Space and Modernity in an Islamic City* , London: I.B. Tauris, 2008.","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["festival","Route","Syria","travel"],"materials":["Paper","printed postcard"]},"8f578181-1de7-5276-b139-f1bfae497eec":{"name":"Views of Syria","description":"Collection of aerial views of historical monuments and cities of present-day Lebanon and Syria, taken approximately between 1925 and 1932 by the Jesuit missionary, explorer, and archaeologist Antoine Poidebard (1878–1955) and military pilots of the French Air Force. Considered the pioneer of aerial archaeology in the Middle East, Poidebard settled in Beirut in 1925 and was charged with mapping missions by the French mandatory authorities. With the logistical support of the French Air Force, he clocked up thousands of flying hours mainly above Lebanon and Syria, but also along the Mediterranean coast as far as Algeria and Tunisia. A highly talented amateur, he developed innovative technical processes and camera prototypes, paving the way for aerial archaeology as a scientific method.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Qatar National Library","owner":"QNL","dates":"1925","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 28 cm; width: 38 cm","place_of_production":"Syria; Lebanon; Iraq","catalogue_holding_link":"https://elibrary.qnl.qa/iii/encore/record/C__Rb2528559__SHC.HP.2018.0198__Orightresult__U__X3?lang=eng&suite=def","author":"Giulia Martini","keywords":["1918-1946","Aerial photography in archaeology","Gelatine silver prints","Photograph albums","Syria -- History -- French occupation"],"materials":["Gelatine silver prints"]},"8f8640bd-04ac-5181-ba28-bef663422bf2":{"name":"*Panoramic View of Makkah - Arabia (West Asia). Panoramic View of Makkah during the Celebration of the Pilgrimage of the Muslims to the Kaaba, where the religious treasure is guarded*","alternate_name":"*Vista Panoramica de la Meca - Arabia (Asia Occidental). Vista Panoramica de la Meca Al Celebrarse una Peregrinacion de los Mahometos á la Kaaba Donde se custodia el tesoro religioso*","description":"This coloured print, perhaps from a late 19th-century, Spanish newspaper or magazine, shows a birds-eye view of the city of Makkah with the Holy Mosque and Ka'bah at the centre. The view was recorded from one of the rugged mountains surrounding the city. Hundreds of pilgrims are seen to approach from afar and converge on the city gates. that lead to the sanctuary. The print shows close compositional similarities to an early 19th century drawing by the English officer and artist Charles Hamilton Smith (1776-1859). Smith, although not known to have visited the Arabian peninsula, produced an album of drawings - possibly in turn taken from older engravings - with views from Syria, Persia and Arabia sometime between 1818 and 1846.","type":"Engraving","holder":"Sharjah Museum of Islamic Civilisation / Sharjah Museums Authority","dates":"Late 19th / early 20th century","location":"Sharjah","provenance":"Spain","author":"Ulrike Al-Khamis"},"8fe00d65-80fb-5311-a2c8-55293c9c001c":{"name":"Air France. Near East","description":"Travel poster advertising Air France flights to North Africa, depicting a Breguet 393T aircraft, a French three-engine airliner introduced in 1931 and operated by Air France on its Toulouse–Casablanca route, flying over figures in traditional dress, with a walled city and minaret in the background. Air France was founded in 1933 through the merger of five French airlines and rapidly built one of the most extensive international networks of its era, with North Africa among its earliest destinations. The poster was designed by Maurice Guiraud-Rivière (1881–1947), a French painter, draftsman, and sculptor born in Toulouse, whose Art Deco work frequently drew on themes of aviation, sport, and modernity.","type":"Poster","holder":"Qatar National Library","owner":"QNL","dates":"1934","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 99,2 cm; width: 61,7 cm","place_of_production":"France, Atelier Guiraud Rivière","catalogue_holding_link":"https://elibrary.qnl.qa/iii/encore/record/C__Rb2802308__SHC.GM.P.2019.0163__Orightresult__U__X3?lang=eng&suite=def","author":"Giulia Martini","keywords":["20th Century","Middle East","railway companies","Tourism","Travel posters"]},"912b204e-c92a-58e3-8cab-b04e1caa9f7e":{"name":"Dome of the Rock.","description":"Dome of the Rock is one of the oldest Islamic monuments still standing today. It has a grandiose monumental form representing one of a small number of buildings in the Islamic world that may be chronicled as part of the creation and formation of an Islamic art in general.  \nDome of the Rock is built on an octagonal plan topped by a semi-circular great dome and supported by a circular drum. Four doors, each facing one of the cardinal directions, are built into the walls of the building. The façades are covered with marble panels at the bottom and ceramic (glazed) tiles at the top. These tiles date back to the time of Sultan Sulayman the Magnificent who ordered the replacement of the original glass mosaic with ceramic tiles in the period AH 952–9 / AD 1545–52. The marble panels were also renewed several times. The interior or inner drum, the cylinder which carries the dome, is also adorned with glass mosaic tiles. At present the outer dome is covered with gold-plated copper panels, although it was formerly of lead covered with a thin layer of gold-plate.  \nBoth the interior and exterior of the Dome of the Rock is built on an octagonal plan, surrounding the exalted Rock. According to Islamic belief the Rock is where the Prophet Muhammad ascended to the heavens (*Mi'raj*) on the night of his nocturnal journey from Mecca to Jerusalem *(Isra')*. The interior octagonal (which follows the outer octagon walls) is supported by eight piers and 16 columns. The rotunda is supported by four piers and 12 columns. Between the piers and columns span semi-circular arches, the façades and surfaces of which are decorated with mosaic tiles and colourful epigraphic texts. The rotunda is covered by a double dome. The inner dome has a diameter of 20.44 m, and is considered to be the oldest wooden structure still extant. It is composed of wooden panels that are decorated with written inscriptions and geometric decorations against a stucco background. Sixteen windows open on to the inside of the dome's drum. The drum is adorned with mosaic decorations and inscriptions from the Qur'an; it is enriched by a large number of inscriptions belonging to different restoration projects carried out by Muslim caliphs and sultans, the most famous being those that date to the Umayyad, Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman periods. The dome is devoid of figurative decoration and exemplifies a response to changing religious orientation.","short_description":"This is the jewel of Islamic architecture and the oldest Islamic monument that has not undergone fundamental changes. It thus provides very important testimony to the creation and formation of Islamic architecture and early Islamic decorative arts. It is also considered to be one of the most beautiful monuments in the world. The building is octagonal in form and is covered on the outside with marble and glazed tilework. The interior is decorated with marble, mosaics, plaster and wood. The great gold dome that towers over the building symbolises Jerusalem.","dates":"Hegira 72 / AD 691.","location":"Jerusalem","method_for_datation":"The building is dated by a foundation inscription, written in the *kufic* script. Furthermore, there are a group of early Muslim historians such as al-Maqdisi al-Bishari, the famous geographer (who died at the end of the 4th / 10th century) and who dated the construction of the building to 72 / 691.","bibliography":"Creswell, K. A. C., *Early Muslim Architecture,* Vol. 1,Oxford, 1932.  \nGrabar, O., and Nuseibah, S., *Dome of the Rock,* New York, 1996.  \nAl-Natseh, Y., *Qubbat al-Sakhra al-Mushrrafa: Jauhara al-Quds wa al-Masjid al-Aqsa al-Mubarak \\[Dome of the Rock: The Jewel of Jerusalem and the Early al-Aqsa Mosque\\],* Jerusalem, 2002.  \nRichmond, E. T., *Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem: A Description of its Structure and Decoration*, Oxford, 1924.  \n*Pilgrimage, Sciences and Sufism: Islamic Art in the West Bank and Gaza*, pp.76–8; 54.","patrons":"The Umayyad caliph, 'Abd al-Malik bin Marwan (r. AH 65–86 / AD 685–705). The building was renovated by a large number of Muslim caliphs and sultans. The most prominent among them being: the Fatimid caliph, al-Zahir (r. AH 411–27 / AD 1021–36), Sultan Salah al-Din Ayyubi (known as Saladin, r. AH 564–89 / AD 1169–93) and the Ottoman sultan, Sulayman the Magnificent (r. 926–74 / AD 1520–66).","architects":"Raja’ bin Haywa and Yazid bin Sal'am participated in the construction of the building. The name of the craftsman, Muhammad bin Balawar is associated with renovations that took place during the Fatimid era. Mustafa Raqam is linked with the late Ottoman restorations (AH 13th / AD 19th century).","linkcatalogs":"IAM_PA_EN_001","author":"Yusuf al-Natsheh","copy_editor":"Majd Musa","translator":"Amal Sachedina (from the Arabic).","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["ceramic tile","Copper","dome","double dome","gold-plate","Isra’","kashani (ceramic tiles)","Mi’raj","mosaic","Octagonal","rock","rock of bayt al-muqaddas","wooden dome"]},"91e561d2-6530-5965-bd21-e1a70b9ef590":{"name":"Air France Brochure","type":"Affiche","holder":"BNF","owner":"BNF","dates":"1939","location":"Paris","dimensions":"Height: 21,4 cm; width: 47,8 cm","catalogue_holding_link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10116533s/f2.item.r=Compagnie%20Air%20Orient","keywords":["Advertisment","Art Deco","Flight","Holidays","travel"],"materials":["Affiche"]},"94c32a7d-017c-575e-a5ab-92b46e2819f5":{"name":"A self-produced photocard showing a group of children and adults with travel snacks, waiting for a train","description":"A self-produced photocard showing a group of adults and children with provisions waiting for a train. Several heavily loaded camels stand behind the group, while baskets, bottles and other containers are carried by the people. A woman at the right holds a shallow basket containing what appears to be food. These provisions formed an important part of long-distance travel in the region. Before the railway, especially at Haj, caravans were used to transport travellers, merchandise and supplies southward, and merchants had their own camels to carry their loads toward Medina. After the railway, the use of animal transport remained important to move cargo and passengers to specific locations far from the stations.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"AH 1336 / AD 1918","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 8,9 cm; width: 13,8 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Ochsenwald, William, “Hijaz Railway”, in *Oxford Bibliographies in Islamic Studies*, Oxford University Press. Published April 24, 2012; updated July 5, 2018.","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["hajj","Merchants","pilgrimage","Train","Transportation","travel"],"materials":["Paper","printed postcard"]},"94ef618f-769f-5a52-9aa5-25aac10e2373":{"name":"London-Baghdad in 8 Days by Simplon-Orient-Express & Taurus-Express","description":"Travel poster depicting the Arch of Ctesiphon (Taq Kasra) and advertising the passenger train route connecting London to Baghdad, operated by the \"Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits\" (International Sleeping-Car Company). The journey combined two rail routes: the Simplon Orient Express from London to Istanbul, and the Taurus Express from Istanbul to Aleppo and Baghdad. Until 1935, the Syrian section terminated at Tel Kotchek, from where motor vehicles transferred passengers to Kirkuk; the final leg to Baghdad was by metre-gauge railway. The poster was issued by the French Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée (PLM) railway company and designed by French illustrator Roger Broders (1883–1953), best known for his Art Deco travel posters commissioned by the PLM, characterised by simple lines and bold, flat areas of colour.","type":"Poster","holder":"Qatar National Library","owner":"QNL","dates":"1931","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 99,8 cm; width: 61,8 cm","place_of_production":"Paris, Lucien Serre & Cie.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://elibrary.qnl.qa/iii/encore/record/C__Rb2800112__SHC.GM.P.2019.0092__Orightresult__X3?lang=eng&suite=def","author":"Giulia Martini","keywords":["Railroad companies -- Middle East","Tourism -- Middle East -- 20th Century. Orient Express","Travel posters"],"materials":["Color lithograph on linen"]},"9543dd9a-7bf0-51dd-86f0-064bea14a470":{"name":"Asbe woman's headdress","description":"Traditional Jordanian headpieces worn across northern and central Jordan, crafted from richly patterned fabric woven in Syria using the brocade technique. The headpiece is worn wrapped around the head and placed on top, traditionally appearing in black or red.","type":"Garment","holder":"Tiraz: Widad Kawar Home for Arab Dress","owner":"Tiraz","dates":"ca. 1935","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Height: 125 cm and 147 cm; width: 125 cm and 138 cm","place_of_production":"Central Jordan (Salt,  Karak, Jordan Valley)","provenance":"Purchased by the collector","author":"Laila Mushahwar","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["brocade","Clothing","silk","textile","weave"],"materials":["metal","silk"]},"962c4a45-be4b-523c-a7fc-61da4af99fc5":{"name":"Hijaz Railway Photograph Album","description":"Reportedly originally belonging to an engineer who worked on the construction of the line, the album has 50 photographs, mostly of stations and sections of the line, but also of the landscape that the line passed through in the area between Tabuk and Mada’in Salih. The photographs were most likely shot by ‘Ali Sami, military engineer and photographer to Sultan ‘Abdulhamid II.","type":"Album","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"circa 1908","location":"London","dimensions":"50 photographs, each: Height:18,8 cm; Width: 23,5 cm","place_of_production":"Turkey","catalogue_holding_link":"https://khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/hijaz-railway-photograph-album-arc-al-6/","keywords":["Construction","Engineer","military","Railway","Turkey"],"materials":["Albumin prints"]},"9a4260ca-f3e0-515c-9030-1c9a6bb50ae0":{"name":"Portrait of a Prisoner","description":"Inji Efflatoun’s Portrait of a Prisoner can be used to discuss the two-sided nature of political development in Nasser’s Egypt. On one side, Nasser promoted anti-imperialism, national independence, modernization, and a state-led form of Arab socialism. On the other side, his regime did not tolerate independent political opposition, including communist and leftist activists. Efflatoun, who was a feminist, Marxist, and anti-colonial artist, was imprisoned between 1959 and 1963 during the regime’s campaign against communists. This work therefore shows the contradiction between a state that spoke in the name of social justice and a system that silenced some of those who also fought for it. The painting can be used to explain how modernization and repression can exist at the same time, and how art can make visible the human cost of political control.","type":"Painting","holder":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","owner":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","dates":"1960","location":"Doha","dimensions":"eight: 41 cm; width: 28 cm","copyright":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","catalogue_holding_link":"https://collections.qm.org.qa/en/objects/portrait-of-a-prisoner-mat20131634","keywords":["Egypt","political control","political opposition"],"materials":["Canvas","Oil paint","Wood"]},"9a439481-649b-5579-b1c5-56821e5ca59b":{"name":"A filled embankment section located at the 373rd kilometer from Damascus on the Hamidiye Hejaz Railway line","description":"A filled embankment section located at the 373rd kilometer from Damascus on the Hamidiye Hejaz Railway line.","type":"Archival Photograph","holder":"Turkish State Archives","owner":"Turkish State Archives","dates":"Undated","location":"Ankara","dimensions":"Height: 39 cm; width: 45.5 cm","provenance":"Unknown (Currently in Ottoman Archive Photograph Fond)","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["archival photograph.","Damascus","Hejaz Railway","Railway construction","railway infrastructure"],"materials":["Photograph paper with carton background"]},"9b3b7415-4847-52e1-a035-b476f65ee03e":{"name":"Viaduct on the Haifa–Dar‘a line","description":"This postcard depicts a viaduct on the Haifa–Dar'a section of the Hejaz Railway, identified on the image as the ‘Chemin de fer Hamidié du Hidjaz (Caifa–Deraa)’. Published by the Société Lumière of Lyon, it presents the railway’s substantial engineering works within the landscape of Palestine. The postcard was circulated through the Levant, bearing French Levant postage stamps postmarked Beirut, Syria, on 11 October 1905 and Smyrna, Ottoman Turkey, on 17 October 1905.","type":"Photo-Postcard","holder":"The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Hajj and The Arts of Pilgrimage","dates":"AH 17 Sha'ban 1323 / AD 17 October 1905","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 8,9 cm; width: 14 cm","place_of_production":"France","method_for_datation":"French levant postage stamps postmarked Beyrouth/ Syrie 11 Oct 05 and Smyrne, Turquie d’Asie 17 Oct 05","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["Engineer","postcard","stamp","Viaduct","water"],"materials":["Paper"]},"9b7f13f5-9188-59a0-bf2d-8b4f7c9b66cb":{"name":"Brass head of flagpole","description":"A cultic item with Arabic calligraphy mentioning God and his prophet Muhammad made of casted brass; fixed on a pointed piece of copper with a hole at the bottom to install on a long wooden staff. In religious festivities such as a pilgrimage, various activities were organized that would normally include festivals and rallies under flags and standards. The heads of flagstaffs were decorated with metallic items usually with Arabic calligraphy and some cosmic signs such as the crescent and the star.","type":"Cultic object; metalwork","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Amman","provenance":"Jordan; Palestine","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"9ca1f06f-1319-5325-a4ed-ef2842c72ef4":{"name":"The Horse, the 50s spring","description":"Horses and camels were the traditional means of travel for nomadic and semi-nomadic groups in the Hijaz and Levant for generations. While the Hijaz Railway meant to industrialise the pilgrim travel from Damascus to Medina, quadrupeds remained an essential part of the pilgrimage route, as well as vital resources for the construction of the railway itself. While the railway served as a mechanised replacement for their labour, horses and camels remained vital to the path of the railway before, during and after its construction.","type":"Painting","holder":"Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts","owner":"Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts","dates":"Undated","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Height: 59 cm; width: 80 cm","catalogue_holding_link":"https://nationalgallery.org/artist/afaf-hijazi/#artwork-2","keywords":["Camels","Hijaz Railway","horses","Nomadic/ Semi-nomadic Groups","pilgrimage","Transportation"],"materials":["Oil on canvas"]},"9cd33c79-f888-5848-ab0a-471109e32fbf":{"name":"German military (propaganda) postcard (Feldpostkarte) published by F. Volckmar, Leipzig","description":"Published in Leipzig by F. Volckmar as part of the German series Die Türkei im Weltkriege (Turkey in the World War), this field-postcard presents Jamal Pasha walking beside a train at a Damascus station with the figure described in its caption as the “Sharif of Mecca.” Ali Haydar Pasha, recognised as Sharif after Husayn ibn Ali by the Ottoman government, launched the Arab Revolt in 1916. Ali Haydar did not gain effective control of Mecca, making the title a political claim rather than an uncontested reality. Jamal Pasha, commander of the Ottoman Fourth Army and governor-general of the Syrian provinces during the war, was remembered locally as Jamal Pasha al Saffah “the blood-shedder” or “the butcher.” The name was associated particularly with his repression of Arab political activists and his order to execute prominent intellectuals, journalists and former officials after controversial wartime trials in Beirut and Damascus. The postcard was produced for a German audience, promoted an image of continued local loyalty to the Ottoman state and a unity within the German–Ottoman alliance, while concealing the conflict over control of the region and Hijaz.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"AH c. 1335 / AD C. 1917","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 8,7 cm; width: 13,8 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Fawaz, Leila Tarazi, *A Land of Aching Hearts: The Middle East in the Great War*, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.  \n  \nAkgül, Önder Eren, “War on the Desert: The Militarization of the Sinai and Its Greater Syrian Sacrificial Frontier during World War I.” in *International Journal of Middle East Studies*, 56:1 (2024).","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["military","photography","Propaganda","War","World War"],"materials":["Paper","printed postcard"]},"9ff5077e-cf93-5273-8105-87762d317700":{"name":"*Ihram* belt","short_description":"This *ihram* belt would have been worn by a male pilgrim, and used for carrying valuables while performing the Hajj rites. The *ihram* garment for men consists of two pieces of unstitched white cloth. One cloth (the *rida’*) is worn around the upper body while the other (the *izar*) would be worn wrapped around the lower body. This belt would have been worn around the waist on top of the *izar*. The inscription upon the belt wishes the wearer good health.  \nAs well as referring to ritual clothing, *ihram* also donates a state of mind in which a Muslim must enter in order to embark on Hajj. During this period, pilgrims must adhere to certain rules, for instance men and women are both forbidden from killing animals, uprooting trees, or cutting their nails or hair.","type":"Belt; clothing; money; *ihram*","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"19th century","location":"London","dimensions":"118x8cm","method_for_datation":"Provenance and date are based on stylistic grounds","provenance":"Turkey","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["Belt","Clothing","hajj","Hijaz","Holy place","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","pilgrimage","prayer","Prophet Muhammad","Religion","travel"],"materials":["leather","silk and linen with metal fittings"]},"a0e6366a-857a-5838-b99e-0c94fb227f54":{"name":"Dhat Hajj Station","description":"It is about 690 km. north of al-Madina. It contains one main building and a water tank. 200 meter to the north –east there was the ancient Islamic fort.\n\nDhat Hajj is one of the most famous historical monuments inTabuk region, located at the north of the region at a distance of 85 km close to the Saudi-Jordanian border. This was a village inhabited in previous eras, as experienced by the caravans of pilgrims for rest and water supply. The importance of the village was increased with the arrival of the Hijaz Railway.","type":"Stone building","holder":"Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities","dates":"1906","location":"Tabuk Region","architects":"Mukhtar bey, the general manager of the line"},"a1b3f2ad-cd29-5ce6-94f0-ebd7a60fff72":{"name":"Kohl holder","description":"This kohl holder, from Bedouin communities of the Naqab Desert, dates to the early twentieth century and is an example of coin-adorned accessories from Palestine. It was used to store kohl, a traditional cosmetic powder applied to the eyes as eyeliner.","type":"Accessory","holder":"Tiraz: Widad Kawar Home for Arab Dress","owner":"Tiraz","dates":"ca. 1930","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Height: 15 cm; width: 15 cm","place_of_production":"Bir el Sabe, Naqab, Palestine","provenance":"Purchased by the collector","author":"Laila Mushahwar","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Cosmetics","desert","kohl","makeup","Palestine"],"materials":["Coins","cotton"]},"a241c553-118b-5106-8fb2-72a98eeaa72b":{"name":"The Sultan, Islam, and the Powers. Constantinople–Mecca–Baghdad","description":"This work explores the political and religious landscape of the late Ottoman world, highlighting the strategic importance of routes linking Damascus and Medina. It situates the Hejaz Railway within broader imperial ambitions, presenting it as both a facilitator of pilgrimage and a tool of Ottoman control, while also reflecting the diverse perspectives on power, influence, and modernization in the region.","type":"Book","holder":"Qatar National Library","owner":"QNL","dates":"1907","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 16cm; width: 10cm","place_of_production":"Paris, Armand Collin","author":"Aysha Al-Ansari","keywords":["Balkan","Description and travel","Eastern question","Turkey"],"materials":["Printed Book"]},"a3cbcd9b-cf11-5b68-9f33-19a8c46c9df8":{"name":"Map of the Ottoman province (vilayet) of Damascus marking the Hijaz Railway line in red.","description":"The map is part of the Pocket Atlas of the Ottoman Lands: The Geographical and Statistical Conditions of the Ottoman State. It depicts the territories extending from the Hama region in the north through Damascus, the Hauran, and Jordan to the northern Hijaz. A red line begins at Hama and continues southward, representing the Hijaz Railway. A western branch extends toward the Mediterranean coast, corresponding to the railway connection between the main line and Haifa. The principal heading reads سوريه ولايتى, Vilayet of Syria. The vilayet was the principal provincial administrative unit established under the Ottoman provincial reforms of the nineteenth century. Vilayets were divided into sanjaks, and beneath the title the map identifies the four sanjaks of Damascus, Hama, Hauran, and Karak.","type":"Map, pocket atlas","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"AH 1324 / AD 1905","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 14,2 cm; width: 9,3 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Masters, Bruce, *The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516–1918: A Social and Cultural History*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Hijaz","Map","Syria","trainline","Türkiye"],"materials":["Paper","printed coloured pocket atlas"]},"a43697f3-629f-54a0-ad35-dca00abfe608":{"name":"Bau der Ḥiğâzbahn [graphic] : Schienenlegung bei Tebûk. 1906.","alternate_name":"Construction of the Hejaz railroad : Laying the rails near Tabuk. 1906 eng.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Library of Congress","owner":"Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division","initial_owner":"Dietrich Riemer, Berlin","dates":"1906","location":"USA, Washington D.C.","place_of_production":"Tabuk","provenance":"Saudi Arabia","catalogue_holding_link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/96513602","keywords":["photography","print","Railroad","Railway","Saudi Arabia"],"materials":["1 photograph","photomechanical print."]},"a5573b67-ec0a-5821-8939-6d5d975f2b8a":{"name":"London–Cairo in 7 Days by Train. Simplon-Orient-Express","description":"Travel poster showing the silhouette of a woman carrying a pot on her head among palm trees by the Nile, with the pyramids in the distance, advertising the London–Cairo route via the Simplon Orient Express and its connecting services. Operated by the \"Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits\" (International Sleeping-Car Company), the journey combined the Simplon Orient Express from London to Istanbul with onward rail, road and sea connections through Anatolia, the Levant and Palestine, reaching Cairo in approximately seven days. Designed by French illustrator Jacques Touchet (1887–1949), known for his work in magazine and book illustration, the poster dates to 1930.","type":"Poster","holder":"Qatar National Library","dates":"1928","location":"Doha, Qatar","dimensions":"Height: 99,6 cm; width: 61,5cm","place_of_production":"Paris, Lucien Serre & Cie.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://elibrary.qnl.qa/iii/encore/record/C__Rb2800306__SHC.GM.P.2019.0106__Orightresult__U__X3?lang=eng&suite=def","author":"Giulia Martini","keywords":["20th Century","Middle East","Orient Express","railway companies","Tourism","Travel posters"],"materials":["Color lithograph on linen"]},"a6877d51-e0ec-5242-8b80-88d89c3d2ab4":{"name":"Alep – Gare Chemin de fer Bagdad (Aleppo-Baghdad Railway Station)","description":"The postcard depicts Aleppo's Baghdad Railway Station, with the French description: Alep – Gare Chemin de fer Bagdad (Aleppo-Baghdad Railway Station), completed in 1912 as the northern Syrian terminus of the Baghdad Railway branch linking the city with Muslimiyeh station and the main line toward Mesopotamia. Situated in what became known as the Baghdad Station district, north of Aleppo's historic centre, the station was part of the development of a new modern quarter organised around transport and commerce. The station was constructed of stone masonry with broad overhanging roofs supported by timber brackets, pointed-arched openings and a monumental entrance pavilion. It was connected to the Baghdad Railway by a branch rather than the principal trunk line. The station became a strategic commercial gateway linking Aleppo with Anatolia in the north, and Mesopotamia as part of the wider Ottoman railway network.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"AH c. 1328 / AD c. 1910","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height 8,7 cm; width: 13,5 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Aztaq Arabic, “The Urban Plan and Expansion of Aleppo\", in Surmeyan, Bishop Ardavazt, *The History of Aleppo*.  \n  \nBilgin, Mustafa Sıtkı, “The Construction of the Baghdad Railway and Its Impact on Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1902–1913”, *OTAM: Journal of the Center for Ottoman Studies* , 16 (2004).  \n  \nBritish Library, India Office Records, “Report on the Progress Made in the Construction of the Baghdad Railway Line in the Aleppo District”, July 8, 1912. Qatar Digital Library.  \n  \nTabbasi, Aziz, “Baghdad Station in Aleppo”, *Al-Safir Al-Arabi*, November 5, 2015.","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Iraq","photograph","postcard","station","Syria","Transport"],"materials":["Paper","printed postcard"]},"a68ba38a-fba7-57d8-ba1d-f810480e2412":{"name":"A six-span bridge with a clearance of three meters","description":"A six-span bridge with a clearance of three meters, located at the 403rd kilometer from Damascus on the Hamidiye Hejaz Railway line.","type":"Archival Photograph","holder":"Turkish State Archives","owner":"Turkish State Archives","dates":"Undated","location":"Ankara","dimensions":"Height: 39 cm; width: 45 cm","provenance":"Unknown (Currently in Ottoman Archive Photograph Fond)","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["archival photograph.","Hejaz Railway","railway bridge","railway infrastructure","Transportation"],"materials":["Photograph paper with carton background"]},"a7580d59-2cc3-599d-bd19-8d4d84fa37af":{"name":"Compagnie Air Union Lignes d'Orient : [affiche]","type":"Affiche","holder":"BNF","owner":"BNF","dates":"1929","location":"Paris","dimensions":"Height: 60 cm; width: 39,5 cm","catalogue_holding_link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10116533s/f2.item.r=Compagnie%20Air%20Orient","keywords":["Advertisement","Airline","Art Deco","Holidays","travel"],"materials":["Affiche"]},"a8ad56c3-7d9f-544b-9e57-bcbc54061708":{"name":"'No. 1. Jaffa' The Railway Jetty which enabled heavy items to be transported  by train from the ships docked beyond the Andromeda Rocks to be transported to shore.","description":"This is a mounted albumen print made from one of 30 negatives taken by G Krikorian between Jaffa and Jerusalem in AH 1309 - AD 1892, which was sent to the PEF by C Schick with a letter dated AH 7 Jumada 1310 / AD  27 December 1892. In pencil on the mount; \"No 1 Jaffa.\" It sows the railway jetty which enabled locomotives to transfer heavy items from the ships anchored beyond teh Andromeda Rocks back to land.","type":"Original photographic print","holder":"Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF)","owner":"Palestine Exploration Fund","initial_owner":"Conrad Schick","dates":"AH 1310 / AD 1892","location":"London","dimensions":"24.6cm x 20cm","place_of_production":"Jaffa","method_for_datation":"Historical analysis of the photograph and accompanying documents.","method_for_provenance":"Historical analysis of the photograph and accompanying documents.","provenance":"Jaffa","obtention":"Sent to the PEF by Conrad Schick in  AH Safar-Rabi 1403 / AD December 1982.","bibliography":"Cotterell, P., *The Railways of Palestine and Israel*, Oxford: Tourret Publishing, 1986.  \n  \nTravis. A., *On Chariots with Horses of Fire and Iron*, Jerusalem: Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2009.  \n  \nSchick, C. 1893. \"The Railway from Jaffa to Jerusalem\", in PEFQSt, 25(1; 1893): 20-23.","workshop":"Garabed Krikorian","author":"Felicity Cobbing","keywords":["Jaffa","Jaffa to Jerusalem railway","railway Jetty.","railway track"],"materials":["Albumen","photographic paper"]},"aa4878d5-82c1-50ac-a798-91386bc0bd59":{"name":"Maan Station, Hedjaz R.R. [i.e., Hejaz Railroad]","type":"Photograph","holder":"Library of Congress","owner":"Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division","initial_owner":"Matson photograph collection","dates":"between 1898 and 1946","location":"Washington, D.C.","dimensions":"Height: 10,16 cm; width: 12,7 cm","place_of_production":"Ma'an","provenance":"Jordan","obtention":"Gift from Episcopal Home in 1978","catalogue_holding_link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2019699895","keywords":["Photogtaphy","print","Railroad","station"],"materials":["1 negative : glass","dry plate","stereograph"]},"aaabc192-01bc-59ee-bc6c-ebd3ae07bab2":{"name":"Damas – Station de Hijaz (The Hijaz Station, Damascus)","description":"The Hijaz Railway Station is located on the western side of the Old City of Damascus, west of Bab al Nasr, near the entrance to Souq al Hamidiyah. It is situated at the intersection of al Nasr Street, Saadallah al Jabiri leading to al Halbouni area, and Muslim al Baroudi Street, which leads towards the Baramkeh district. The site where the station was built had previously served as the gathering place for pilgrims arriving from across Asia. Pilgrims assembled in Damascus before departing in a ceremonial caravan led by the Ottoman Governor of Damascus. The procession followed a route through the Midan district toward Qadam and continuing south toward the Hijaz.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"AH c. 1344 / AD c.1925","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 8,8 cm; width: 14,1 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Al-Ash, Muhammad Bassam, *Damascus between the Past and the Present* , Damascus, 2006.  \n  \nAl-Diqn, Sayyid Muhammad, *The Hamidian Hijaz Railway* , Damascus, 1985.  \n  \nAga Khan Trust for Culture, *Historic Train Stations of the Al-Hijaz Railway Network* , Geneva: Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2004.","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["hajj","pilgrimage","Syria","Train","travel"],"materials":["Paper","printed postcard"]},"ac213e50-9aa9-50fe-a88f-16a3840fbce1":{"name":"*Departure of a Caravan to Mecca from Bab el-Nasr Gate, Cairo*","description":"Traditionally, most Muslim pilgrims went to Makkah on foot as part of a caravan. Cairo was one of the most important starting points for pilgrim caravans, particularly as it dispatched the ceremonial Mahmal, an ornamental litter containing a Qur’an manuscript and ritual hangings for the Holy Places. Traditionally, the Hajj caravan left the city from the Bab al Nasr gate. In order to ensure the caravan's smooth progression, the Amir al-Hajj organised each section and allocated it its correct place within the sequence. The caravan was headed up by bedouin guides, followed by water carriers and important officials. Next came the treasury and precious gifts intended for the Holy Places, carefully shielded by the ruler's special guards and soldiers. Another, well-protected treasury section - this one intended for the upkeep of the caravan itself - followed and, behind it, a numerous array of traders and merchants. The rest of the caravan was made up of the actual pilgrims from all over the region.","type":"Painting","holder":"Sharjah Art Museum / Sharjah Museums Authority","dates":"Late 19th / early 20th century","location":"Sharjah","provenance":"Undetermined","author":"Ulrike Al-Khamis"},"acb79c9e-f29c-5626-8066-8df986232d22":{"name":"The station/terminus at Medina on the Hejaz Railway.","description":"Pilgrims waiting by the railway track at Medina station. The Suqia Mosque stands in the background to the right.","type":"Photograph","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","location":"London","dimensions":"Not available to check","place_of_production":"Saudi Arabia","method_for_provenance":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","obtention":"Donation as part of the T E Lawrence Collection.","author":"Alan Wakefield","keywords":["Hejaz Railway","ottoman empire","pilgrimage","Religion","Transport"],"materials":["Black and White photographic print"]},"ae99c07a-63eb-5689-9082-49c9d484164e":{"name":"*Suq al-Hamidiyya, Damascus*","alternate_name":"Covered market constructed in the shape of an arcade turning it to the worldwide longest arcade of the fin de siecle","description":"The Suq al-Hamidiyya, built in 1886 and 1894, is by far the biggest and most famous suq in Damascus. This bazaar street also links the two most important historic buildings, the Umayyad Mosque and the Citadel. It was built along its western section by incorporating earlier structures, whereas the eastern part of the street was a completely new construction cutting through the existing buildings. The commercial thoroughfare is 450 metres long and 8.70 to 9.90 metres wide, its enormous size and the high standard of its execution accentuate new design principles. So in various respects, this suq is a very interesting example of structural change in a traditional commercial centre.","type":"Photograph; postcard","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art at the Pergamon Museum, State Museums","dates":"1910","location":"Berlin","author":"Stefan Weber"},"b09beb3b-1d0b-53ab-b342-7ea606b4ebe1":{"name":"Mudawwara","description":"The last station before entering Saudi borders on the Pilgrimage route, the complex at Mudawwara comprises a fortress, a water reservoir, and a paved road.  \nThe fortress has a square plan (19 m x 19 m). The maximum preserved height is about 9 m. The whole structure was built of sandstone blocks. From the outside the fortress was articulated by small towers at the upper corners, while the corners at the ground level were strengthened by buttresses at about 1 m from the ground. The walls were provided with two rows of slit windows. The tops of the northern and western walls were flat while the eastern and southern walls were decorated with battlements. It is noteworthy in this regard that the northern and western walls are slightly higher than the two other walls and their tops are of different masonry; most probably they were built in later periods.  \nThe gate complex is located at the centre of the eastern wall. It consists of a rectangular entrance and a barrel-vaulted passageway leading to the central courtyard (about 8 m x 8 m). The entrance is marked by a large (about 5.5 m x 2.5 m) machicolation (projecting window), comprising one large window with two slit windows either side, resting on an arch supported by corbels. At ground level nine barrel-vaulted rooms were organised around the central courtyard. The staircases to the first floor were placed on both sides of the passageway. On the first floor nine rooms of different sizes and shapes were built around a central courtyard.","short_description":"The last Jordanian station on the Pilgrimage route to Hijaz, the complex at Mudawwara comprises a fortress, a reservoir and a paved road. The fortress, dated to the time of Abdullah Pasha (Governor of Damascus AH 1142–5 / AD 1730 –3), is built of sandstone blocks with a square plan (19 m x19 m). The walls were provided with two rows of slit windows. The tops of the northern and western walls were flat while the eastern and southern walls, shorter and perhaps earlier, were decorated with battlements. The entrance is marked by a large projecting window on an arch supported by corbels.","dates":"Hegira 1142–5 / AD 1730–33.","location":"Mudawwara","method_for_datation":"On the basis of historical documents the fortress was dated to the time of Abdullah Pasha, Governor of Damascus from 1730 to 1733. Stylistic analysis suggests that at ground level the rooms are arranged around a central courtyard, Peterson (1986) attributed Mudawwara and Hasa to the early 12th / 18th century.","bibliography":"Burckhardt, J. L., *Travels in Syria and the Holy Land*, London, 1882, p.659.  \nDoughty, C. M., *Travels in Arabia Deserts*, London, 1926, p.97.  \nEdib, M., *Manasik al-Hajj*, Istanbul, 1779.  \nMusil, A., *The Northern Hegaz: a Topographical Itinerary*, New York, 1926.  \nPeterson, A., *Early Ottoman Forts on The Hajj Route in Jordan*, unpublished MA thesis, University of Oxford, 1986, pp.108–16.","patrons":"Aydınlı Abdullah Pasha, Governor of Damascus (AH 1142–5 /AD 1730-33).","linkcatalogs":"IAM_TR_EN_001","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Barrel-vault","buttress","Cistern","corner tower","Fortress"]},"b1dc4de3-1a52-53d0-8dcb-4569af75ef27":{"name":"Tadarees Bridge","description":"One of the Hijaz Railway stone bridges which was built in an area between Tabuk and al-'Ula to allow the train to cross the wadi in tadarees area.","type":"Stone bridge","holder":"Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities","dates":"1907","location":"Northwest of Saudi Arabia in Tabuk region","architects":"Mukhtar bey, the general manager of the line"},"b4a14dd7-63bc-5f3a-b31a-2ae6a297fc74":{"name":"Qatranah Railway Station","description":"Qatranah is an important station on the Hijaz railway. It consists of a group of building along the railroad. The station had been protected by a renovated small 16th-century fortress located to the west of the railway. The fortress was provided with water wells and pools for both the humans and the animals. The various components of the project including the rails, steam engines, bridges, stations were an industrial, architectural and engineering statement that had a huge influence on Jordan. The tracks and the station was completed in September 1904.\n\nIn 1900-1908, Sultan Abdul Hamid with the help and support of Germany established a Railway between Damascus and Mecca (1700 km) to facilitate transporting the pilgrims. The track from Medina to Mecca (400 km) was never realized. The cost of the project was estimated at approximately 5 million Ottoman golden liras, which were provided from: private donations, revenues of the Ottoman State from the sale of stamps, and a special tax upon all citizens for the railway. Construction of the narrow-gauge track (105cm) began in 1900 with a wire telegraph line along its side connecting Damascus with Medina across Amman with a total track length of 1303 km. Official inaugurations of the tracks and stations were scheduled to coincide with the accession of the Sultan to the throne in the month of September every year. The construction of the project ended in 1908.","type":"Railway Stations","holder":"Hijaz Railway","dates":"1904","location":"Qatranah","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"b4c26e22-f7f2-5d49-aaea-80ad69f658de":{"name":"Silver pocket watch with chain and key","short_description":"The enamelled clock face of this pocket watch has an image of a Hijaz-railway engine and the Ottoman coat-of-arms. This was likely to have been made for an Ottoman official involved in the building of the railway.","type":"Watch; pocket watch","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"Early 20th century AD","location":"London","dimensions":"Diameter: 5.5cm; bow & chain: 38cm","method_for_datation":"The Hijaz Railway was constructed between 1900 and 1908.","provenance":"Turkey","bibliography":"Nicholson, J., *The Hejaz railway*, London: Stacey International, 2005.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["Clock","engineering","hajj","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Holy place","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","pilgrimage","Pilgrimage route","prayer","Prophet Muhammad","Religion","silver","travel"],"materials":["enamel","Silver"]},"b5f08d8c-b8ee-5240-b551-c1c0dbfaa2bc":{"name":"A map showing the route of the Hejaz Railway.","description":"According to the markings on the map, the line is completed from Damascus to Medina, while project and construction works continue on two separate routes extending from Medina to Mecca. For Theme III Subtheme I, this can be used as a related item to Sykes-Picos Agreement map.","type":"Archival Map","holder":"Turkish State Archives","owner":"Turkish State Archives","dates":"Undated","location":"Ankara","dimensions":"Height: 82 cm; width: 56.5 cm","provenance":"Unknown, (Currently in Ottoman Archive Maps Fond)","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["archival map.","Hejaz Railway","railway map","railway route","Transportation"],"materials":["Paper"]},"b705e8a3-17fc-5217-8640-d86017b77c66":{"name":"Zamzam Water Bottle","description":"This simple, circular Zamzam bottle has been constructed from copper-alloy sheet and decorated with hammered and incised decoration. A very narrow cylindrical neck gives access to the body of the vessel, and a chain secured to its shoulder allows it to be carried. Every pilgrim to the Holy City of Makkah will make a point of drinking and collecting water from the sacred well of Zamzam, located near the Ka’bah within the precinct of the Holy Mosque at Makkah al Mukarramah. Its never ceasing flow is considered a miracle, and its properties are believed to aid good health and wellbeing. To this day, pilgrims to Makkah make a point of taking as much Zamzam water as they can back with them, not least to distribute it to loved ones and treasured friends in order to allow them to partake in the water's beneficial properties.","type":"Metal Bottle","holder":"Sharjah Heritage Museum / Sharjah Museums Authority","dates":"Hegira late 13th – early 14th century / AD late 19th – early 20th century","location":"Sharjah","provenance":"Sharjah Emirate","author":"Ulrike Al-Khamis"},"b736daf3-734c-59a9-b14b-65272a0a6bc9":{"name":"Stereoview entitled ‘*The Holy Carpet Parade, Cairo, Egypt- Starting for Mecca*’","short_description":"This very early photograph of the Mahmal ceremony, printed as a stereograph, shows the Mahmal parading through a narrow Cairene street amongst a thronging crowd; some bystanders have their arms outstretched in prayer. Behind travels a retinue of officials carrying banners, as the caravan leaves for pilgrimage. It was published by an American company based in Washington named J.F Jarvis, one of a small number of stereograph producers in the late 19th century. Jarvis began as a photographer using his own photographs to create stereographic views and later began publishing scenes from all over the world. This stereograph was sold by Underwood & Underwood. Founded in 1881 the company was known as the largest distributer of stereographs in the world until 1920, when it was sold to the Keystone View Company. Many of Underwood & Underwood’s stereographs depicted regions in the Middle East, covering landscapes and historical sites. This type of view may have originally been sold as part of a boxed set, together with other views of Egypt.","type":"Stereoview","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"AD 1896","location":"London","dimensions":"8.8x17.7cm","method_for_datation":"The copyright and the date 1896 are printed under the image.","provenance":"Shot in Egypt, printed in America","bibliography":"Heil, D., *The Art of Stereography: Rediscovering Vintage Three-Dimensional Images*, Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2016.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["banner","camel","Ceremonial object","embroidery","hajj","Hijaz","Ka'ba","Mahmal","Mecca","Ottoman textile","Paper","photograph","pilgrimage","Pilgrimage route","Religion","religious object","Standard","textile","travel"],"materials":["Card","Photographic print"]},"ba590c72-051f-5d9a-898f-073b4347852b":{"name":"*Port, Beirut*","alternate_name":"During the opening of the railway station at the harbour","description":"On 19/6/1887, the Ottoman authority gave the concession of the Port to an Ottoman company under the name of \"Compagnie du Port, des Quais et des Entrepôts de Beyrouth\". The concession was later fortified when the company gained from the Customs the sole rights to store and carry all the transit goods passing through the Customs. Constructions works namely a maritime dam to expand and develop the Port were accomplished and the opening on the occasion of the accomplishment of these works was celebrated by the end of 1894, basins were developed and spread between Ras Al Shamiah and Ras Al Mudawar. It forms the midpoint of three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa, which makes the Port a passage for ship fleets between East and West. During the mid 70's, the Port of Beirut was an important international trading station with the surrounding Arab countries and up until today it has preserved its commercial nature.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art at the Pergamon Museum, State Museums","dates":"1900","location":"Berlin","author":"Stefan Weber"},"bc823eb2-ff07-5ce0-bd50-7779cb746645":{"name":"'No 4 Railway Station at Ramleh'","description":"This is a mounted albumen print made from one of 30 negatives taken by G Krikorian between Jaffa and Jerusalem in AH 1310 / AD 1892, which was sent to the PEF by C Schick with a letter dated AH 7 Jumada 1310 / AD 27 December 1892. In pencil on the mount \"No 4 Railway Station at Ramleh\". Note the surveyors on the right, with spectators lined up along the platform.","type":"Original photographic print","holder":"Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF)","owner":"Palestine Exploration Fund","dates":"AH 1310 / AD 1892","location":"London","dimensions":"27.6cm x 21.3cm","place_of_production":"Ramleh","method_for_datation":"Historical analysis of the photograph and accompanying documents.","method_for_provenance":"Historical analysis of the photograph and accompanying documents.","provenance":"Ramleh","obtention":"Sent to the PEF by Conrad Schick in  AH Safar-Rabi 1403 / AD December 1982.","bibliography":"Cotterell, P., *The Railways of Palestine and Israel*, Oxford: Tourret Publishing, 1986.  \n  \nTravis. A., *On Chariots with Horses of Fire and Iron*, Jerusalem: Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2009.  \n  \nSchick, C. 1893. \"The Railway from Jaffa to Jerusalem\", in PEFQSt, 25(1; 1893): 20-23.","workshop":"Garabed Krikorian","author":"Felicity Cobbing","keywords":["Jaffa to Jerusalem railway","railway station.","railway tract"],"materials":["Albumen","photographic paper"]},"bd511092-0183-5780-8a32-1842a109f127":{"name":"Pictures from Palestine, Northern Arabia and the Sinai","description":"Photographic account showing major sites and geographic features of Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, Egypt, and Palestine. Pictures depict pilgrims on the Hajj to Mecca, Bedouins, the construction of the Hejaz Railway between Damascus and Medina, and views of Jeddah, Petra, and Mount Sinai. Most of the photographs were taken between 1905 and 1915 by Bernhard Moritz (1859–1939), a German Orientalist, Arabist, and archaeologist, but some also by his Turkish colleagues, especially for areas where non-Muslims were prohibited from going. From 1896 to 1911, Moritz headed the Khedival Library and Archive in Cairo, from where he conducted numerous research trips to the Sinai and Hejaz.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Qatar National Library","owner":"QNL","dates":"1916","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 29 cm; width: 39 cm","place_of_production":"Berlin, Dietrich Reimer","catalogue_holding_link":"https://elibrary.qnl.qa/iii/encore/record/C__Rb2489491__SHC.HP.2016.0105__Orightresult__U__X3?lang=eng&suite=def","author":"Giulia Martini","keywords":["Arab countries","Hejaz","Mecca","Muslim","Photomechanical reproductions","Pilgrims and pilgrimages","Railways","Saudi Arabia","Scientific expeditions"],"materials":["Photomechanical prints on card mount"]},"bd5974b2-add3-5352-9473-20bfa7b6d015":{"name":"Beiteddine Palace","description":"The construction of the palace took ten years. Celebrated Lebanese constructors, such as Rustam and Yusuf Mujahes from Shuwayr were employed, as well as a number of European engineers and architects invited by the Prince Bashir al-Shihabi. Tiles were also imported from celebrated masters in Istanbul, Aleppo and Damascus.\n\nA tile framework imported from Marseille was added to this palace at the beginning of Prince Bashir al-Shihabi's reign resembling the typical Lebanese house, a future national symbol. The palace is interesting, as the ornamentation shows clear influences from the late Ottoman architecture, whereas the façade contains more neoclassical (or late baroque) elements from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These additions did not alter the basic structure of the building, however. Ways the structure of this palace differed notably from the traditional models include: the location of a central stair inside the main hall, rather than outside, and the transformation of the patio into a public space between the palace and the street.  \nBeiteddine palace was built to replace the palace at Deir al-Qamar, which had become too small for the expanding number of soldiers and servants. The prince ordered a luxurious palace to be built on the hill overlooking Deir al-Qamar, on land he had bought upon his marriage to \"Sitt al-Shams.”","type":"Palatial Architecture","dates":"1818","location":"Deir al-Qamar","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"bd854006-fb1c-530f-bea4-1bc64cf1ec02":{"name":"A Bedouin sits on the old iron track of the Hejaz Railway in Saudi Arabia","description":"The Hijaz Railway was a political and social endeavour as well as a religious enterprise to benefit the Islamic world, but the railway line was also a great feat of construction and engineering. Much of the construction took place over immensely hostile and rugged terrain under challenging conditions; given the scarcity of water and extreme heat, it was undoubtedly an extraordinary achievement.","type":"Press photographic print","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"AP Newsfeatures","dates":"AH 1394 / AD 1974","location":"London","dimensions":"20.2cm x 27.5cm","method_for_datation":"The photograph is captioned and dated.","provenance":"Saudi Arabia","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","workshop":"AP Newsfeatures","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Press photographic print"]},"c02736d5-e7f6-5548-9e1e-80a429802ad6":{"name":"The fourth tunnel on the Hejaz Railway through the Yarmuk Valley.","description":"Single line of railway track running into a stone-faced tunnel. The ground drops away dramatically just to the left or the railway track.","type":"Photograph","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","dates":"1908","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 18 cm, Width: 23 cm","place_of_production":"Israel/Jordan","method_for_datation":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","method_for_provenance":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","obtention":"Donation as part of the T E Lawrence Collection","author":"Alan Wakefield","keywords":["engineering","Hejaz Railway","ottoman empire","Palestine","Transport"],"materials":["Black and White photographic print"]},"c23ab188-f83e-57b5-8232-5889cabef0e8":{"name":"Dinar","description":"Banknote (1/2 dinar).","type":"Banknote","owner":"The British Museum","initial_owner":"The Government of Iraq","dates":"1931","dimensions":"Height: 8,6 cm; width: 15,2 cm","place_of_production":"Iraq","obtention":"Acquired in 1980","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_1980-0363-6?selectedImageId=1613061619","keywords":["Bill","Faisal II","Iraq","King","Money"],"materials":["Paper"]},"c25e83e8-79d8-5ca2-95b2-2a9dca7ab11e":{"name":"Mekleb bridal ornament","description":"Dating to approximately 1900, this exquisite Mekleb ornament worn on the back of the bride serves as both a significant ceremonial adornment and a powerful protective token. The piece is richly embellished with an array of historical coins, traditional amulets, and vibrant glass beads. Notably, the prominent blue-colored elements integrated into the ornament function as protective amulets, culturally intended to shield the bride from the evil eye and envy.","type":"Accessory","holder":"Tiraz: Widad Kawar Home for Arab Dress","owner":"Tiraz","dates":"AH ca. 1318 / AD ca. 1900","location":"Amman","place_of_production":"Hebron villages, Palestine","provenance":"Purchased by the collector","author":"Laila Mushahwar","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Bridal","ceremony","Ornament","Protection","wedding"],"materials":["Coins","Silver"]},"c2cc2d61-09ed-5140-86b6-7a7bc1706b32":{"name":"Conversation with Nasser at the Royal Palace of Dedinje, Belgrade","type":"Photograph","holder":"Austrian National Library (ANL)","owner":"Austrian National Library","initial_owner":"International News Photos Photo Archive","dates":"16 July 1956","location":"Vienna","materials":["Photograph"]},"c618ed28-93da-5c7e-9e3a-361349d53833":{"name":"Hajj Registration Card, 30 June 2007","description":"This Hajj registration card, providing legitimacy to a Palestinian pilgrim's travel to Mecca in 2007, intends to show the continued importance of pilgrimage, the new boundaries and permits required due to the existing nation-state boundaries, and the modern method of performing Hajj to the Hijaz for those living outside of Saudi Arabia.","type":"Printed material","holder":"The Palestinian Museum","owner":"Fadeyyeh Darabe","initial_owner":"Fadeyyeh Darabe","dates":"2007","location":"Birzeit","provenance":"Palestinian Authority","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.palarchive.org/index.php/Detail/objects/262899/lang/en_US","copy_editor":"Sajeda Jaradat","keywords":["Hajj–Registration card–Mecca–Pilgrimage–Palestinian pilgrims–Hijaz–Saudi Arabia"],"materials":["Printed material"]},"c6e8e098-9188-59cf-be1b-4970bdaade20":{"name":"Nablous : Australian cavalry entering the ancient Shechem, the capital of Samaria","description":"A column of Australian cavalry gallops along a road on the valley floor into the small town of Shechem. The rear of the column is in the foreground, with the front of it just entering the town, whose buildings are visible in the distance. The valley is bordered, to the left and right, by steep-sided hills.","type":"Artwork","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","initial_owner":"IWM","dates":"21.09.1918","location":"London","dimensions":"Unframed height: 27,9 cm; unframed width: 44,4 cm","place_of_production":"Palestine","method_for_datation":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","method_for_provenance":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","provenance":"Department of Information commission transferred to the Ministry of Information and then to the Imperial War Museum.","obtention":"Artist commission for the UK government's Department of Information, subsequently transferred to the Imperial War Museum.","bibliography":"*Shadows and Light: The Extraordinary Life of James McBey*, Soussi A., Scotland Street Press, 2022.  \n*Visions of War: Art of the Imperial War Museums*, IWM, 2023.  \n*The War Artists*, Harries M. and Harries S., Michael Joseph, 1983.","author":"Claire Brenard","keywords":["Australian Army","Australian cavalry","British Mandate and Occupied Territories","First World War","ottoman empire"],"materials":["Watercolour on paper"]},"c8687cc0-0662-5210-b07f-c3fc5e107d48":{"name":"Garments and accessories: *bisht* (cloak), bag, *ghutra* (headdress), *‘iqal* (rope)","description":"The small stock of clothes and accessories was donated to the Italian King Vittorio Emanuele III by the shaykh Al-Husayn ibn ‘Ali Himmat, who, proclaiming himself in 1917 to be King of Hijaz (the north-western region of the Arabic Peninsula, nowadays part of Saudi Arabia), obtained the international recognition of his title. In the same year, King Vittorio Emanuele III entrusted the gifts he received by the shaykh to the Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico “Luigi Pigorini” in Rome.","type":"Arab costumes; dresses; accessories","holder":"National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography 'Luigi Pigorini'","dates":"1917","location":"Rome","provenance":"Western region of the Arab Peninsula","author":"Vito Lattanzi","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell"},"ccc2770b-0e12-5f13-ae15-4f9ed65ca7cb":{"name":"A list showing the names of some individuals deemed eligible to be awarded nickel medals","description":"A list showing the names of some individuals deemed eligible to be awarded nickel medals for their donations toward the construction expenses of the Hamidiye Hejaz Railway.  \nSome of the names included in the list are as follows:  \nMünshi Feth Muhammad Sahib, residing in the city of Batala in the Punjab Province of India; Münshi Amiruddin Sahib, residing in the city of Batala in the Punjab Province of India; Habib bin Muhammad Efendi, residing in the city of Shahabad under Karnal in the Punjab Province; Rahmat Khan from the people of India, and others.","type":"Archival Document","holder":"Turkish State Archives","owner":"Turkish State Archives","dates":"AD 12 September 1904 / AH 2nd Rajab 1322h","location":"Ankara","dimensions":"Height: 24 cm; width: 14.5 cm","provenance":"Hamidiye Hijaz Railway High Commission","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["awards","donations","Hejaz Railway","medals","railway employees"],"materials":["Paper"]},"ce0c2463-e955-5678-bd8b-ef1fee32ac0b":{"name":"Postcard of Haifa Station","description":"This postcard is from a series of postcards of classic stamps by the German printer Ottmar Zieher and shows a view of Haifa Station surrounded by Ottoman stamps issued between 1901 and 1905, with an embossed gold Ottoman coat-of-arms at the centre.","short_description":"","type":"Postcard","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"Unknown","dates":"AH 1319-1323 / AD 1901–5","location":"London","dimensions":"8.9cm x 14cm","provenance":"Germany","obtention":"A secondary line of the Hijaz Railway was built between Dar‘a in Syria and Haifa on the Mediterranean coast. It was officially opened in October 1905. Ottmar Zieher of Munich and Bavaria printed coat-of-arms postcards from AH 1320 / AD 1902 to AH 1323 / AD 1905.","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","workshop":"Ottmar Zieher Postcards of Classic Stamps","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Postcard"]},"ce5ecdb3-7e4c-5b16-9a02-9a178b2075cb":{"name":"A detailed statistical report showing the general operating transactions of the Hejaz Railway for the year 1912","description":"The report includes income and expenditure tables, the quantities of passengers and goods transported, a comparison of the number of trains arriving and departing and the kilometers covered during the years 1911 and 1912, as well as information on the capital of the Hejaz Railway and other related data","type":"Archival Register","holder":"Turkish State Archives","owner":"Turkish State Archives","dates":"AD 1912 / AH 1330/31 h","location":"Ankara","dimensions":"Height: 34 cm; width: 24.5 cm; Depth: 1 cm","provenance":"Imperial Treasury (Hazine-i Hassa)","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["archival register","Hejaz Railway","ottoman empire","Railway","Transportation"],"materials":["Paper","with textile hardcover"]},"cf706f6f-69db-525d-a769-9e4a92dc0759":{"name":"A railway track with the opening date (1908) engraved","description":"It is one of the tracks in al-Madina Station wrote on it the opening date of the station and the arrival of the first train to al-Madina from Istanbul.","type":"Railway; steel rod; steel track","holder":"Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities","dates":"1908","location":"Al-Madina Station"},"d0602307-9a81-587d-b9b3-2b8e93c844eb":{"name":"Al-Madina al-Munawwara Station","alternate_name":"Alanbariyah Station; Istasyon","description":"The station is rectangular in shape with a length of about 700 meters and a width of about 150 meters, and is surrounded by a fence built of black basalt stone, and comprises a set of 11 buildings including the main one. All the station buildings and remaining trains and carriages were restored by the Saudi commission for Tourism and Antiquities and converted into an Islamic museum for the city of al-Madina.\n\nThe Hijaz railway was very important for the Islamic world where pilgrims could reach al-Hijaz safe and in short time comparing to what was before. The station was known in al-Madina as *istasyon*, a Turkish word meaning station.  \nThe station is located west of the Prophet 's Mohammed (PBU) Mosque and approximately 1 km a way, in the region now known Aanbariyah beside Anbariyah Mosque and Alanbariyah Gate, which was removed for the purpose of expanding the streets in the area.  \nThe first train arrived to al-Madina in 23rd of August 1908 and the official ceremony for the opening of the Station was held a week later.","type":"Stone building","holder":"Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities","dates":"1908","location":"Al-Madina al-Munawwara City","architects":"Mukhtar bey, the general manager of the line"},"d4cc9861-c987-5734-82f8-76dad8666bc2":{"name":"Postcard","description":"Postcard; printed; colour photograph showing third circle and Shmeisane tunnel, with several cars and city view in the background, Amman, Jordan.","type":"Postcard","holder":"The British Museum","dates":"1984 (circa)","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 10,2 cm; width: 14,7 cm","place_of_production":"Amman, Jordan","obtention":"Purchased from Bella Bennett in 2015","copyright":"This is an 'orphan work' in The British Museum’s collections. If you are the copyright holder and were not contacted, please reach out to Museum With No Frontiers at editing@museumwnf.net so that proper credit may be given on this website.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_EPH-ME-7038","keywords":["Jordan","monument","postcard","Streetview","tunnel"],"materials":["Paper"]},"d7e2a6e6-e1c7-57b6-a8e7-ae3661622194":{"name":"Photograph of the Mahmal ceremony","short_description":"This photograph shows the Mahmal preparing to leave Cairo for Mecca. It is has the title: '*Le Mahmal no 140*' with the signature of Abdullah Freres. Abdullah Frères were three Ottoman Armenian brothers who ran photographic studios in Istanbul, Cairo and Izmir. In 1862 they were named official royal photographers to the Ottoman court with the entitlement to use the royal monogram. Their studio operated between 1858-99 and while they were appointed to photograph Sultan Abdülaziz and Sultan Abdülhamid II, they were also commissioned to document aspects of the Ottoman Empire. This image was also reproduced on postcards and was also used in Saleh Soubhy’s *Pèlerinage à la Mecque et à Médine*. Visible on the mahmal is the date 1304 (AH), with part of the name of the Khedive Muhammd Tawfiq, meaning that the Mahmal was sent by order of Sultan Abdülhamid II.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"About 1886 AD","location":"London","dimensions":"26x20.5; mounted: 32x25cm","method_for_datation":"The photograph is signed. The date must be AH 1304 (AD 1886), the date visible on the mahmal, or soon after.","provenance":"Probably Egypt","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["banner","camel","Ceremonial object","embroidery","hajj","Hijaz","Ka'ba","Mahmal","Mecca","Ottoman textile","photography","pilgrimage","Pilgrimage route","Religion","religious object","Standard","textile","travel"],"materials":["Photographic print"]},"d93594f6-fd1a-541a-8d63-dff85801637a":{"name":"Postcard","description":"Postcard; printed; colour photograph showing ten views of Syria. The centre panel is an illustration of a map of Syria and reads \"Syrie\" underneath.","type":"Postcard","holder":"The British Museum","dates":"1974 (circa)","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 14,5 cm, width: 10,2 cm","place_of_production":"Damascus, Syria","obtention":"Purchased from Bella Bennett in 2015","copyright":"This is an 'orphan work' in The British Museum’s collections. If you are the copyright holder and were not contacted, please reach out to Museum With No Frontiers at editing@museumwnf.net so that proper credit may be given on this website.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_EPH-ME-5622","keywords":["landscape","Map","postcard","Syria"],"materials":["Paper"]},"d9e955c1-2a6e-5af6-be73-7eb332bb3d48":{"name":"Ausbootung in Haifa. (Disembarking in Haifa)","description":"The photograph shows Haifa’s waterfront railway facilities. A passenger train stands directly beside the stone quay, while a large crowd gathers between the railway carriages and the water and on a boat. Thousands of pilgrims and travellers travelled through Haifa, arriving at the port and continuing by rail through Daraa toward the Hijaz; some remained in the city for several days, contributing to local commercial and service activities. Haifa also developed as a gateway for international tourism and some offices organised railway trips from Haifa through Samakh and the Sea of Galilee toward Damascus.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"published in 1920s/1930s","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 9,1 cm; width: 14,1 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Mansour, Johnny, “The Hijaz-Palestine Railway and the Development of Haifa”,in *Jerusalem Quarterly*, 28 (2006): 5–21. Institute for Palestine Studies.","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["boat","Commerce","Palestine","pilgrimage","travel"],"materials":["Paper","printed postcard"]},"dbb56934-3455-538f-8cb8-10ecee31b70c":{"name":"Map of the Hamidiye Hejaz Railway under construction","description":"This rare official map of the Hejaz Railway, issued in 1903 during its construction from Damascus to Medina, reflects the Ottoman Empire's ambition to enhance trade and facilitate pilgrimage. Supervised by chief engineer Hadji Mukhtar Bey, the map details field surveys and the planned railway network, covering areas from northern Syria to south of Mecca. It distinguishes between completed and projected sections, highlights proposed extensions to Mecca and Jeddah, and marks major roads and caravan routes, capturing the early stages of the railway's development before its completion in 1908.","type":"Map","holder":"Qatar National Library","owner":"QNL","dates":"1901/1902 CE / 1319  AH","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 75,5 cm; width: 50 cm","place_of_production":"Turkey","catalogue_holding_link":"https://elibrary.qnl.qa/iii/encore/record/C__Rb1172746__SHC.MAP.01150__Orightresult__U__X3?lang=eng&suite=def","author":"Aysha Al-Ansari","keywords":["Hejaz","Railways","Saudi Arabia"],"materials":["Lithograph"]},"dc22fbbb-3a0b-58bb-82f9-7523c4e9d4d5":{"name":"Official Hijaz Railway postcards","short_description":"In 1900 the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II (r.1876–1909) began the construction of a railway line connecting Damascus to the holy cities of Medina and Mecca. Built by public subscription and with an appeal to Muslims of the world for financial support, the railway line began from Damascus and reached Medina in 1908, never reaching Mecca. The financing for the Hijaz Railway was initially meant to come entirely from charitable donations and in May 1900 Sultan Abdülhamid II began the process with a sizeable donation from his personal funds. Despite national and foreign generosity towards the donations campaign, it soon became clear that this alone was insufficient to raise the funds needed for the construction. Therefore, the government sought to raise funds in many other ways, including the commission of postcards amongst other German-made products, in order to generate further yield. With the title ‘*Vue du chemin-de-fer Hamidié de Hedjaz*’ and with labels in French and Turkish, the postcards depict the construction of the Railway as well as general views and inauguration celebrations. These were available for purchase at local post offices.","type":"Postcard; photograph","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"AD 1900-1908","location":"London","dimensions":"ARC.pc 459: 8.8x14.1cm, ARC.pc 460: 9x14.2cm, ARC.pc 461: 9x14.1cm","method_for_datation":"The Hijaz Railway was constructed between 1900 and 1908.","provenance":"Turkey","bibliography":"Nicholson, J., *The Hejaz railway*, London: Stacey International, 2005.  \nOchsenwald, William L., “The Financing of the Hijaz Railroad”, *Die Welt des Islams*, New Series, 14, 1/4 (1973): 129-149.  \nOzyuksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity, Industrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["engineering","hajj","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Holy place","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","Paper","pilgrimage","Pilgrimage route","prayer","Prophet Muhammad","Religion","travel"],"materials":["Card"]},"dd29cce2-b0da-5709-8418-0fcea165baa5":{"name":"San Remo: Conference Room of the Superior Council","description":"San Remo Conference, April 1920. In this hall, the voices of colonial powers of the early 20th century were heard, strangers to the land, yet deciding its fate.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF)","dates":"1920","location":"Paris","dimensions":"13 x 18 cm (or smaller)"},"dd5bbbcb-30cc-5383-b362-bb72392b0cce":{"name":"Nasser and the Nationalisation of the Canal","description":"\"Hamed Owais’s Nasser and the Nationalisation of the Canal can be used to discuss the Cold War period and the rise of twentieth-century Arab nationalism. Painted in 1957, the work refers to Gamal Abdel Nasser’s nationalisation of the Suez Canal in 1956, a moment that became a powerful symbol of anti-imperialism, national sovereignty, and Arab political self-confidence. Owais presents Nasser as a heroic leader surrounded by the people, transforming a specific political event into an image of collective hope and revolutionary legitimacy. The painting is especially useful for explaining how art participated in the construction of Nasserist ideology, where modernisation, social justice, and independence from British and French control were visually linked to the figure of the leader. At the same time, the work opens a discussion about the double nature of political development in the Middle East: the promise of liberation and national dignity on one side, and the centralisation of power around a charismatic state authority on the other.","type":"Painting","holder":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","owner":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","dates":"1957","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 109.3 cm; width: 134.5 cm; Depth: 2.5 cm","copyright":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","catalogue_holding_link":"https://collections.qm.org.qa/en/objects/nasser-and-the-nationalisation-of-the-canal-mat2015411","keywords":["Arab nationalism","modernisation","political power","Suez Canal"],"materials":["Canvas","Oil paint"]},"dd7c1d21-573b-5dd3-8f6f-94141d1320e3":{"name":"Safi ibn Vali’s Anis al-Hujjaj (‘Pilgrims’ Companion’)","short_description":"Written during the year-long pilgrimage undertaken by the author, Safi ibn Vali, in 1676–77, the Anis al-Hujjaj (‘Pilgrims’ Companion’) gives advice to prospective pilgrims on every aspect of the journey: which ships to choose, how to stay healthy, the places to visit, the rituals to be observed and the people one is likely to encounter. Safi ibn Vali’s own pilgrimage (he commenced his journey on 12 Rajab 1087/ 20 September 1676) was made possible through the financial help of Zib al-Nisa, a daughter of the Mughal emperor Awrangzeb, for whom he had written a commentary on the Qur’an.  \n  \nThis manuscript belongs to a long-established tradition of guides to the Holy Places (see MSS 1038), although the illustrations here differ in that they combine the diagrammatic views normally found in such guides with vivid and colourful scenes of the pilgrims and their caravans. The illustrations are simple in their conception yet their attention to detail is acute. They provide a cogent picture of camp life of pilgrims in the late 17th century.  \n  \nThe illustrations:  \n  \nView of the port of Surat and the ships carrying pilgrims (folio 2b). Surat, on the Western coast of India, north of Bombay, was one of the main points of departure to Arabia. The view is oriented to the south.  \nThe pilgrims’ ships crossing the Sea of Oman (folio 3b). The two larger ships carry pilgrims; one, on the right, appears to be casting (or raising) anchor. The smaller vessels may be fishing boats.  \nThe mish‘ar al-haram and the ritual of collecting pebbles (folio 10a). The painting shows the pilgrims in the region of Muzdalifa, in a state of ihram (ritual purity), collecting pebbles.  \nThe pilgrims in the town of Mina, being shaved, making sacrifices and casting pebbles at the Devil (folio 10b). This day corresponds to ‘Id al-Adha on 10 dhu’l-Hijjah, the feast commemorating the Sacrifice of Abraham. By this stage, the pilgrims, who are in a full state of ihram indicated by their white garments, have already completed their initial circumambulation of the Ka‘bah (the welcome tawaf); the ritual of running between the hills of Safa and Marwa (sa‘iyy) recalling Hagar’s desperate search for water for her son Isma‘il; the day of prayer at ‘Arafat – a most holy time when every pilgrim stands alone with God; and the gathering of pebbles at Muzdalifa in preparation for the stoning of the Devil at Mina. This recalls yet another chapter in the Abrahamic narrative in which Isma‘il stones the Devil seven times (the ritual is illustrated in the upper right-hand corner of the painting). After this a sacrifice is made. The pilgrims are released from most of the restrictions imposed by the state of ihram; men shave their heads and beards; women have their hair clipped. Pilgrims can now wear their normal clothes and leave for Mecca, where they perform another essential rite, a further circumambulation of the Ka‘bah known as the tawaf al-ifadah, which takes place on the same day.  \nThe birthplaces of the Prophet Muhammad; Fatimah; Abu Bak al-Siddiq; as well as the Madrasah of Sultan Sulayman, and a Bektashi lodge (folio 11b). These are shrines to visit in the vicinity of Mecca, which are not part of the hajj rituals.  \nPlan of the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca with the Ka‘bah (folio 12a).  \nThe camp of North African caravan of pilgrims (folio 15a).  \nThe camp of Egyptian caravan of pilgrims (folio 15b).  \nThe camp of the Syrian caravan of pilgrims (folio 16a). Unlike the pilgrims from North Africa and Egypt, the Syrian pilgrims are richly dressed and carry swords and gold daggers. Ahmad Pasha, the Syrian Amir al-Hajj, is identified by a caption (top left).  \nThe camp of the desert Arabs and the people of Najd (folio 16b).  \nThe camp of the caravans of the Indian (top) and Iranian pilgrims (folio 17a).  \nOfficials, scribes and secretaries (folio 17b). This is a small illustration, which is not captioned.  \nSharif Barakat, hakim haramayn sharifayn (‘Governor of the two Holy Sanctuaries’), riding to meet the envoy of Sultan Mehmed \\[IV\\], the Emperor of Rum (folio 18a).  \n‘Abdi Pasha, the Amir al-Hajj of the Egyptian caravan, on his way from Mecca to Medina (folio 18b).  \nThe port of Mucha, in the Yemen (folio 21a). The illustration shows the pilgrims’ ships departing from the port as well as Sayyid Husayn, the Governor of Mucha, riding his horse (bottom right).  \nThe port of Jeddah (folio 22b). This view is very similar to that of Mucha (folio 21a) in that it combines views of the city and the pilgrims’ ships with one of the Governor of the city, Sunjuq.  \nMan attacked by a lion (folio 21b); Man saved from the jaws of a lion (folio 23a); A feast (folio 23b). The three small-scale paintings are illustrations to a parable about a very poor woman taking pity on some beggars passing by and feeding them; her act of generosity was rewarded when a stranger saved her son from being eaten by a lion. The feast is probably in celebration of the son’s safe return to his mother.  \nScript:  \n  \nPersian text copied in nasta‘liq; with 23 lines to the page.","type":"Treatise / Compendium","holder":"Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, London","owner":"Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art","initial_owner":"Princess Zeb un-Nisa (AH 1047-1113 / AD 1638–1702)","dates":"*circa* 1677–80 AD","location":"London","dimensions":"23 folios, with 11 full-page and 9 half-page illustrations. 33 x 23.2cm (page); 27.4 x 14.7cm (text panels, and full-page illustrations)","place_of_production":"India","method_for_datation":"The text states the dates of travel and compilation as AH 1087 / AD 1676–7.","provenance":"India, possibly Gujarat","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *The Pilgrim’s Companion: The Khalili Anis al-Hujjaj*, London: Kulturalis, 2025.  \n  \nRogers, J.M., *The Arts of Islam. Masterpieces from the Khalili Collection*, London: Thames and Hudson, 2010: cat. 332–41, pp. 284–7.  \n  \nYork Leach, L., *Paintings from India, The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, volume VIII; London: The Nour Foundation, 1998: cat. 34, pp. 124-9.*","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["Hijaz","Holy place","India","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","Muhammad","Mukha","pilgrimage","prayer","Prophet Manuscript","Religion","ship","travel"],"materials":["gold and opaque watercolour on paper","Ink","modern leather binding"]},"dda1f156-078a-5c9d-8e0c-b4292f3ca0b4":{"name":"Advertisement for organised trips from Cairo to Medina","description":"Naturally, the Hijaz Railway was not only used during the Hajj season but was also employed on other religious occasions. For instance, a poster advertising a package ship-and-train journey on AH 16 Rabaj 1332 / AD 15 June 1914 from Alexandria to Medina via Haifa, where the travellers would change over to the railway, celebrates the occasion of the *Mi‘raj* (the Prophet’s Night Ascension) on 27 Rajab. The visit was arranged by the Austro-Hungarian shipping company Österreichischer Lloyd in conjunction with the Hijaz Railway Company. Österreichischer Lloyd was formed in AH 1249 / AD 1833, Trieste and by AH 1303 / AD 1886 was one of the biggest shipping companies in the world. The company had a long-standing presence in Egypt and until AH 1322 / AD 1914 Lloyd boats were the quickest and steadiest link between Europe and Egypt. It stands to reason therefore that the company would work in tandem with the railway service to create a package trip for travel to Medina.","type":"Poster","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"Unknown","dates":"AH 13th Jumada / AD 11th May 1914","location":"London","dimensions":"85.2cm x 59.8cm","method_for_datation":"The document is dated.","provenance":"Alexandria (Egypt)","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","workshop":"Issued by Österreichischer Lloyd in collaboration with the Hijaz Railway","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Paper"]},"ddbed777-56df-5f3a-ae0c-382332e03641":{"name":"Engineers repairing the Railway near Homs","description":"In a flat landscape, three British engineers are working on the right hand one of two railway tracks. On the left a group of four locals stand or sit and observe. There appears to be a biplane on the ground to the right, with a hill in the distance.","type":"Artwork","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","initial_owner":"IWM","dates":"18.03.1918","location":"London","dimensions":"Unframed height: 21,5 cm; unframed width: 34,2 cm","place_of_production":"Syria","method_for_datation":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","method_for_provenance":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","provenance":"Department of Information commission transferred to the Ministry of Information and then to the Imperial War Museum.","obtention":"Artist commission for the UK government's Department of Information, subsequently transferred to the Imperial War Museum.","bibliography":"*Shadows and Light: The Extraordinary Life of James McBey*, Soussi A., Scotland Street Press, 2022.  \n*Visions of War: Art of the Imperial War Museums*, IWM, 2023.  \n*The War Artists*, Harries M. and Harries S., Michael Joseph, 1983.","author":"Claire Brenard","keywords":["aircraft","landscape","Military engineering","military personnel","Transport"],"materials":["Watercolour and ink on paper"]},"ddd75581-2e37-5baa-8483-63c54f368af5":{"name":"Dress","description":"Long black silk dress (*malas*), narrow at the waist, wide at the bottom, embroidered with cross-stitch dark blue and red on the chest and on the front side, worn by women of the al-Druze tribes, with a shirt underneath. This object illustrates the variegated composition and the demographic changes of the Jordan population in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It also shows how the different populations brought with them their fashion, costumes and rites which contributed to the multifaceted social and cultural heritage of Jordan. The al-Druze tribes migrated from Syria (Hawran) to northeast Jordan in the early twentieth century because of their support for the Syrian revolution against the French occupation.","type":"Costume; clothing","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Amman","provenance":"Eastern Jordan (al-Azraq), al-Druz tribes","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"de79e1c8-f7fb-5e5c-8cba-6385718388c1":{"name":"One Su‘udi Riyal","type":"Coin","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Collections","dates":"1348 AH (1929–30 AD)","location":"London","dimensions":"Diameter 37mm","place_of_production":"struck at Makkah","provenance":"Saudi Arabia","catalogue_holding_link":"https://khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/khalili-collection-hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage-one-suudi-riyal-ar2629/","keywords":["Coinage","Currency","mint"],"materials":["Minted coin"]},"e0f05556-5282-5134-9488-cb1139890651":{"name":"'Jerusalem Railway Station. 325. La Gare'","description":"This is a cropped albumen print made from an original negative by the American Colony. It may be the same as the picture No. 28 on page 2 in \"1911 Revised and Enlarged Catalogue of Lantern Slides made by the American Colony, Jerusalem...\" (published by Vester & Co., Jerusalem). The picture shows the Baldwin locomotive No. 3  on the right with \"Ramleh\" on a plaque on its side. On the left are three carriages, one with the letters \"J.J\" (i.e. the Jaffa-Jerusalem line) on its side. The Jerusalem train station building can be seen behind the carriages, with a pole on its roof for a flag. Three engineers and one local man can be seen in the picture.\"American Colony, Jerusalem\" appears in the lower right-hand corner. The letter \"s\" in Jerusalem is inverted. Similar inverted letters appeared in another American Colony print (see P 1734). In a band at the bottom of the print: \"Jerusalem Railway Station 325 La Gare\". A partly scratched out plate number \"18\" or 1S\" appears in the lower left-hand corner.","type":"Original photographic print","holder":"Palestine Exploration Fund (Alos Matson Collection, Library of Congress)","owner":"Palestine Exploration Fund","initial_owner":"Donated to the PEF from the Estate of Elizabeth Finn, AH 1347 / AD 1928","dates":"AH 1316-1329 / AD 1898-1911","location":"London","dimensions":"27.7cm x 21.3cm","place_of_production":"Jerusalem","method_for_datation":"Hisotrical data on the American Colony, and specialist analysis of the details of the photograph supplied by  Dr. Shimon Gibson and  Rabbi Walter Rothschild.","method_for_provenance":"In the accompanying documentation from the donation.","provenance":"Jerusalem","bibliography":"Cotterell, P., *The Railways of Palestine and Israel*, Oxford: Tourret Publishing, 1986.  \n  \nTravis. A., *On Chariots with Horses of Fire and Iron*, Jerusalem: Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2009.","workshop":"American Colony Photographic Service, Jerusalem","author":"Felicity Cobbing","keywords":["Jaffa","Jaffa to Jerusalem railway","locomotive","railway station","steam"],"materials":["Albumen","photographic paper"]},"e15b363b-7e55-5b65-9aa0-eba13a995967":{"name":"Hamidiye Hijaz Railway Medal","description":"Obverse: Within a wreath, the inscription El Gazi and the imperial tughra; below, a depiction of a locomotive.  \nReverse: Inscribed “Souvenir of the official opening of the Maʿan section of the Hamidiye Hejaz Railway, 1322 AH.","type":"Medal","holder":"İstanbul Archaeological Museums","dates":"AH 1322 / AD 1905","location":"Istanbul","dimensions":"Diameter: 5,1 cm; weight: 141,47 g","materials":["Gold"]},"e1be7517-b6b1-576b-8acd-653f24c29ba9":{"name":"*Hijaz Railway Station, Damascus*","alternate_name":"Main Station of the Hijaz railway leading from Damascus to Medina","description":"The Hijaz station was originally built in 1903 to provide faster transportation for Pilgrims to Medina. So the today closed-down railway station used to be an essential transport and communication link. Furthermore it was built to integrate aloof provinces better into the Ottoman state and hence establish a closer political and economic connection. The new building completed in 1917 also embodies a desire for innovation in terms of design: its architecture is a mix between traditional local Ottoman elements and monumentalizing features of historicism.","type":"Photograph; postcard","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art at the Pergamon Museum, State Museums","dates":"1955; 1996","location":"Berlin","author":"Stefan Weber"},"e22b8e87-2e89-5216-be3f-0b349a0bf625":{"name":"Bau der Ḥiğâzbahn [graphic] : Beschotterung des Bahnkörpers. 1906.","alternate_name":"Construction of the Hejaz railroad : Ballasting the rail tracks. 1906 eng.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Library of Congress","owner":"Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division","initial_owner":"Dietrich Riemer","dates":"1906","location":"Washington D.C.","place_of_production":"Saudi Arabia","provenance":"Saudi Arabia","catalogue_holding_link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/96513597","keywords":["Photogtaphy","print","Railroad","Railway","Saudi Arabia"],"materials":["1 photomechanical print"]},"e2bed9ed-caa1-5725-83f6-d3e744776900":{"name":"Suspended Together","description":"Manal Al Dowayan’s Suspended Together can be used to question the assumption that the existence of roads, routes, and transport systems automatically means freedom of movement. Created in 2011, the installation refers to a period when Saudi women needed permission from a male guardian in order to travel. The suspended white doves suggest flight, mobility, and freedom, yet their stillness reveals a condition of restriction. In this sense, the work is especially relevant for discussing travel and infrastructure from a gendered perspective: even when roads exist, not everyone has equal access to movement. The piece reminds viewers that mobility is not only a matter of physical routes, but also of law, social permission, gender, and power. For this reason, the work can be used to expand a discussion of travel in the region beyond railways and roads, toward the unequal social conditions that determine who is allowed to move.","type":"Installation","holder":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","owner":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","dates":"2011","location":"Doha","copyright":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","catalogue_holding_link":"https://collections.qm.org.qa/en/objects/suspended-together-mat201384","keywords":["freedom of movement","Saudi Arabia","transport systems","women"],"materials":["Adhesive","Paper","Resin"]},"e422469d-7ceb-50c4-964a-04003f9d8360":{"name":"A commemorative coin","description":"Such is the enduring interest and pride in the old Ottoman railway that it has inspired a wide and varied stream of commemorative issues and mementos, both from within the Arab world and beyond. Articles still regularly appear in railway magazines and historical journals, with modern and archive images to illustrate the text. In the years following the inauguration of the railway, numerous postcards were printed in Ottoman Turkish and French, displaying all aspects of the line, its landscape, buildings and rolling stock. The railway has been celebrated by the issue of items as diverse as cigarette cards and advertisements for French chocolatiers and in recent years there have been commemorative issues of coins and stamps in Turkey, Syria and Jordan.","type":"Commemorative Coin","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"Unknown","dates":"AH 1432 / AD 2011","location":"London","dimensions":"Diameter: 3.8cm","method_for_datation":"The item is dated.","provenance":"Türkiye","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Silver"]},"e4bbe6bf-da24-5343-a888-89a40958c64c":{"name":"Plan and view of the Holy Sanctuary at Mecca, published by Thomas Tegg, London 1825","short_description":"This plate is from George Sale’s translation of the Qur’an. This edition of Sale’s work was published in a two-volume work in 1825, by Thomas Tegg without the Preliminary Discourse or the Memoir of the Translator, which makes up a large part of Sale’s original translation of 1734. The 1734 edition was known to be the first English translation of the Qur’an from the original Arabic. This plate is the same as that in the 1734 edition, and consists of two depictions: ‘*Plan of the Temple of Mecca*’ and ‘*View of the Temple of Mecca*’. It has a key to the significant parts of the Haram and a note stating that the references on both the plan and the view show the same locations. This plan however is missing the signature of the original engraver A.Motte. Hand colour tinting is commonly seen in Tegg’s publishing, however it is rare to find this particular plate from Sale’s *Koran* detached and so finely coloured. It may have been removed, coloured and used as artwork in its own right.","type":"Printed book; print; engraving","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"AD 1825","location":"London","dimensions":"22x39cm","method_for_datation":"The date and publication details are included within the book.","provenance":"Europe","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["architectural perspective","geography","hajj","Hijaz","Holy place","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","Paper","pilgrimage","prayer","Prophet Muhammad","Qur'an","Religion","travel","Traveller"],"materials":["Paper"]},"e7371a10-6fed-5f3b-b834-5b48379f0edf":{"name":"Celebrations outside the station.","description":"The German field-postcard part of the German series Die Türkei im Weltkriege (Turkey in the World War) records the procession organised outside Damascus’s Hijaz Railway Station following the arrival of Jamal Pasha during the First World War. According to the printed caption, a military band leads cadets, military school pupils and members of the Jugendwehr, or youth corps, around the station. Their participation reflects the wartime mobilisation of education and youth to physical training and elementary military preparation. The station functions here as a ceremonial entrance to Damascus, where military authority and public spectacle took place. Beside the station stands the Izzat al Malla Building, one of the prominent structures in the developing Halbouni district adjacent to the station.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"AH c. 1335 / AD c. 1917","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 8,7 cm; width: 13,8 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Al-Armashi, Imad, *Dimashq: Shāriʿ Jamāl Bāshā (al-Naṣr ḥālan) \\[Damascus: Jamal Pasha Street, Today al-Nasr Street\\]*, Digital publication, Arabic (2020).  \n  \nAkgül, Önder Eren, “War on the Desert: The Militarization of the Sinai and Its Greater Syrian Sacrificial Frontier during World War I” in *International Journal of Middle East Studies*, 56: 1 (2024).","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Conflict","Militay","photography","Propaganda","World War"],"materials":["Paper","printed postcard"]},"e8fc4581-ee8f-583c-a11e-54b1e44bda1a":{"name":"Arabic eye liner, *kohl* and perfume container","description":"Padded bag to hold three small brass bottles of Arab eye-liner, perfumes and essential oils. It was used as a wall decoration. Decorated with silk tassels, glass beads, Egyptian and Ottoman coins. The Jordanian economy relied on trades and crafts and new waves of people started to settle in the Jordanian territory for these purposes. This object is an example of how traditional fashion reflected the variegated population composition of the area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is also an example of local personal attire, fashion, costumes and rites.","type":"Cosmetics; domestic furniture","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20th century","location":"Amman","provenance":"Jordan","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"e99ae084-468e-510d-90bc-109658d66887":{"name":"Sarma woman's dress","description":"Example of sarma, an Ottoman metallic-thread embroidery technique, spread across the Levant during Ottoman rule as urban communities adopted and embraced the style as part of elite and festive dress. Characterised by intricate gold and silver threadwork, sarma became particularly associated with urban centres such as Jerusalem, Jaffa, and Damascus, where members of the social elite wore richly embellished garments on ceremonial and festive occasions.","type":"Garment","holder":"Tiraz: Widad Kawar Home for Arab Dress","owner":"Tiraz","dates":"ca. 1935","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Height: 140 cm; width: 150 cm","place_of_production":"Jerusalem","provenance":"Purchased by the collector","author":"Laila Mushahwar","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["ceremony","dress","embroidery","festivities","metal"],"materials":["metal","Velvet"]},"ea68ca74-8e7f-519d-98cf-82fb84aa3d58":{"name":"Medal to commemorate the inauguration of Ma'an station","description":"A nickel medal issued in AH 1322 / AD 1904 to commemorate the inauguration of Ma'an station along the route of the Hijaz Railway. On the obverse is the *tuğra* of Sultan ‘Abd al-Hamid II with the inscription “al-Ghazi” and the image of a locomotive. On the reverse is the date (AH) 1322.","type":"Honorary medal","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1904","location":"Amman","provenance":"Turkey, Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"eb258a35-2e85-53f1-a390-bbfccfd24f10":{"name":"Photographic print","alternate_name":"Portrait of Muhammad Ali, the calligrapher.","description":"Portrait of Muhammad Ali, the calligrapher.","type":"Photograph","holder":"The British Museum","owner":"The British Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 51,70 cm; width: 40,90 cm","place_of_production":"Palestine","obtention":"Donated by Anonymous in 2010.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_2010-6015-17","keywords":["calligrapher","photography","print"],"materials":["Paper"]},"f0198935-079b-5690-9940-711aef84795d":{"name":"Postcard","description":"Postcard; printed paper; shows the Hejaz Railway monument, Damascus.","type":"Postcard","holder":"The British Museum","owner":"The British Museum","dates":"1930s (?)","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 14cm; width: 8,9 cm","place_of_production":"Damascus","obtention":"Purchased from: East London Postcards in 2013.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_EPH-ME-1360?selectedImageId=1451015001","keywords":["monument","print","Railway","station"],"materials":["Paper"]},"f0667100-6159-569b-9a0e-84fec1b968f0":{"name":"Headdress","alternate_name":"Safiyfeh; Urjeh","description":"Three bands of silver chain fitted around the sides and over the crown of the head and attached to a surrounding fabric patterned in minute beadwork and sewn with various Ottoman and Russian coins. From this head-piece hangs a long piece of cotton sewn with coins of the Ottoman Empire with a rectangular pendant and multiple red and green silk tassels on the back. Headdresses like this one were worn by married women, as silver was the most common jewellery. The dowry of silver and gold jewellery was given by the groom to the bride. The Ottoman and Russian coins reflect the social and economic situation of Jordan between the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century, when it was part of the Ottoman empire and it was influenced by population movements, demographic changes and trade with distant countries.","type":"Clothing; ornament; costume; dress","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Amman","provenance":"Northern Jordan (Ajlun, Irbid, Ramtha)","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"f0e2d598-8e69-5768-bd25-d9db967e1292":{"name":"Painting Entitled ‘al-Rihlah al-Hijaziyyah/ Sacred Pilgrimage Journey’","description":"According to a plaque below the images, the painting depicts the pilgrimage of ‘Abbas Hilmi II, the Khedive of Egypt, which he performed in 1909. His portrait is on the left; on the right is that of Mehmed V Rashad, the contemporary Ottoman sultan. To the left and right of the Ka‘bah, which occupies the centre of the painting, are depictions of the Mosque of the Prophet in Medina and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Many of the remaining images are based on photographs of the hajj published in the July 1953 issue of National Geographic.","type":"Painting","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"1953","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 181 cm; Width;278 cm","catalogue_holding_link":"https://khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/khalili-collection-hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage-painting-entitled-al-rihlah-al-hijaziyyah-sacred-pilgrimage-journey-mss1190/","keywords":["Egypt","hajj","Mecca","Ottoman","pilgrimage"],"materials":["Oil on canvas","some titles in découpage"]},"f117735c-8472-5183-aceb-4fe2da96ad5e":{"name":"*Hamidiye Hijaz Timur Yoli Istasiyoni’* (Station of the Hamidiye Hijaz Railway)","description":"This artist’s impression of a station on the Hijaz Railway was most likely inspired by Amman station, which was inaugurated in 1903. This painting is dated 1908, the same year in which the railway reached Medina. The title of this view is in Ottoman Turkish. Above the entrance to the station building is the text ‘Hamidiye Hijaz Timur Yoli Merkazi’ (Central Office of the Hamidiye Railway).","type":"Painting","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"Unknown","dates":"AH 1326 (AD 1908)","location":"London","dimensions":"30.4cm x 46.9cm","method_for_datation":"Painting is dated and signed.","provenance":"Turkey","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Gouache on paper mounted on card"]},"f15bbe2a-93e8-5520-99b5-9d1921975b02":{"name":"The British Army in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, 1915—1918: Kadem Station, terminus of the Hijaz Railway, the store yard of which was set on fire by the Turks and Germans before they left Damascus.","description":"Kadem Station, terminus of the Hijaz Railway, the store yard of which was set on fire by the Turks and Germans before they left Damascus. The station and all houses in the vicinity were completely destroyed. Soldiers from the Gloucestershire Yeomanry unsuccessfully attempted to seize the wireless station at Kadem but this was blown up as they approached on 30 September 1918.","type":"Photograph","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","initial_owner":"Ministry of Information","dates":"30.09.1918","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 12 cm, Width: 16,5 cm","place_of_production":"Syria","method_for_datation":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive","method_for_provenance":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive","provenance":"Ministry of Information official photograph transferred to the Imperial War Museum","obtention":"Official Transfer","author":"Alan Wakefield","keywords":["Damascus","Hejaz Railway","ottoman empire","Palestine Campaign","Transport"],"materials":["Glass plate negative"]},"f24666e2-290a-58d6-a9b0-9e1cd2a72ccc":{"name":"The Masjid Al Haram Mosque in Mecca","description":"View of the Masjid Al Haram Mosque and the Kabba from an elevated position.","type":"Photograph","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","dates":"1908","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 18 cm; Width: 22,5 cm","place_of_production":"Saudi Arabia","obtention":"Donation as part of the T E Lawrence Collection.","author":"Alan Wakefield","keywords":["ottoman empire","Religion","Saudi Arabia"],"materials":["Black and White photographic print"]},"f2e52825-73be-523d-a8e0-d681f7908689":{"name":"Small \"Chessboard\" carpet","description":"Made from distinctive coarse and shiny wool, this example features a vertical row of eight-pointed stars in hexagonal compartments around octagonal motifs.","type":"Textile","holder":"Saint Louis Art Museum","dates":"Hegira early 11th century / AD early 17th century","location":"Saint Louis","dimensions":"Length: 162.6cm, width: 96.5cm.","place_of_production":"Damascus","method_for_datation":"Scholarly review and/or comparison to similar objects from the period.","method_for_provenance":"Scholarly review and/or comparison to similar objects from the period.","provenance":"Damascus","obtention":"Gift of James F. Ballard.","bibliography":"Denny, Walter, and Farnham, Thomas J., *The Carpet and the Connoisseur: The James F. Ballard Colection of Oriental Rugs*, Saint Louis: Saint Louis Art Museum, 2016.  \n  \nWalker, Daniel, *Turkish Rugs*, Saint Louis: Saint Louis Art Museum, 1988.","copy_editor":"Alvaro Miranda","materials":["wool"]},"f32db4ad-178e-583f-be68-731a20b86a1a":{"name":"Map of the Hijaz Railway. Designation in Ottoman Turkish and Arabic","description":"The map is part of the Pocket Atlas of the Ottoman Lands: The Geographical and Statistical Conditions of the Ottoman State. It represents territories extending from Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean in the west to the Euphrates River in the east, and from Damascus in the north to the Hijaz region in the south. The map identifies regions, towns, ports, deserts, mountain ranges and maritime routes in Ottoman Turkish written in Arabic script. A route beginning in Damascus and continuing through Darʿa and Maʿan toward Medina corresponds to the Hijaz Railway. The map table heading is given first in Ottoman Turkish and immediately below in Arabic, reading: \"Map of the Hijaz Railway\", with a list of stations underneath. Each location is accompanied by a numerical value expressed in kilometres, indicating cumulative distances measured from Damascus.","type":"Map, pocket atlas","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"AH c. 1328 / AD c. 1910","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 13 cm; width: 9,2 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Nicholson, James, *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey International, 2005.  \n  \nAga Khan Trust for Culture, *Historic Train Stations of the Al-Hijaz Railway Network*, Geneva: Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2004.","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Hijaz","Map","Syria","Trainlines","Türkiye"],"materials":["Paper","printed coloured pocket atlas"]},"f359e238-369e-5311-a5a8-a8cf803d4800":{"name":"The Antara locality","description":"The Antara locality","type":"Archival Photograph","holder":"Turkish State Archives","owner":"Turkish State Archives","dates":"Undated","location":"Ankara","dimensions":"Height: 39 cm; width: 45 cm","provenance":"Unknown (Currently in Ottoman Archive Photograph Fond)","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Antara","archival photograph","Hejaz Railway","Ottoman","railway landscape"],"materials":["Photograph paper with carton background"]},"f45240fe-d506-55f2-8d0a-6f27aafd940b":{"name":"Photographic print","description":"View of Gaza city.  \nMedium: Gelatin silver print.","type":"Photograph","holder":"The British Museum","dates":"December 1917","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 5,5 cm; width: 8,3 cm","place_of_production":"Gaza City","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/EA_Af-A52-150","keywords":["Gaza","photograph","postcard","Railway","station"],"materials":["Gelatine silver printing"]},"f4f8692d-e736-54d8-9e21-d242cf419d9f":{"name":"Dinar","description":"Paper banknote. (whole)  \nHussein bin Talal, King of Jordan 1952-1999, depicted at left with law date 1959; value of note in four corners; red and green on tan print.  \nAl-Hazne at Petra, depicted centre right; value of note in four corners and along bottom; red on tan print.","type":"Banknote","holder":"The British Museum","owner":"The British Museum","initial_owner":"Central Bank of Jordan","dates":"1959","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 7,2 cm; width: 14,8 cm","place_of_production":"Jordan","obtention":"Bequeathed by Leila Ingrams in 2016","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_2016-4013-6?selectedImageId=1613107524","keywords":["architecture","Bill","King","Money","Petra"]},"f50943a7-7b5f-58c8-a924-1cdb8678ab51":{"name":"Radio by telemisr","description":"Rectangular plastic transistor radio coloured red with white accents and a circular dial in the upper right side of the face. A volume dial is located on the upper left side and the maker/company logo (telemisr, meeco) on the lower right side.","type":"Radio","holder":"The British Museum","owner":"The British Museum","dates":"1960s","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 14cm; width: 23cm; depth: 8cm","place_of_production":"Alexandria","provenance":"Alexandria","obtention":"Acquired in Alexandria in 2016.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA87546?selectedImageId=1613355634","keywords":["Audio","Communication","Radio"],"materials":["plastic"]},"f54a1f1a-89eb-53ec-92f4-4b04e01290a2":{"name":"Street Language","description":"Faraj Daham’s Street Language (2011) can be used to address the social dimension of Doha’s rapid urban transformation by foregrounding the construction workers who made this development physically possible. The dominant yellow and orange tones evoke Qatar’s intense climate, while the workers’ covered faces and direct gaze draw attention to issues of labour, migration, visibility, and anonymity. Rather than presenting modernisation only through architecture and urban growth, the work invites viewers to consider the human bodies behind these processes. For this reason, Street Language is especially useful for discussing Gulf modernity as a social, economic, and human phenomenon, not merely as a visual narrative of progress.","type":"Painting","holder":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","owner":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","dates":"2011","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 180 cm; width: 400 cm; Depth: 4 cm","copyright":"Qatar Museums, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art","catalogue_holding_link":"https://collections.qm.org.qa/en/objects/street-language-qm20170137","keywords":["construction workers","labour","migration","urban transformation"],"materials":["Acrylic paint","Canvas"]},"f6533c79-e004-510f-94ca-debe1aeb3764":{"name":"Seven pillars of wisdom: a triumph","description":"This work, Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph by T. E. Lawrence, provides a detailed account of the Arab Revolt, emphasizing the strategic significance of the Hejaz Railway. The railway served as a crucial link for transporting pilgrims and military supplies, reflecting the broader implications of infrastructure in the dynamics of the conflict.","type":"Book","holder":"Qatar National Library","owner":"QNL","dates":"1935","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 27 cm; width 20 cm","place_of_production":"London, Jonathan Cape","author":"Aysha Al-Ansari","keywords":["1914–1918 -- Campaigns -- Arabian Peninsula World War","1914–1918 -- Personal narratives","British Arabs -- History -- 20th century Bedouins -- History -- 20th century Wahhābīyah -- Saudi Arabia Arabian Peninsula -- Social life and customs","World War"],"materials":["Printed Book"]},"f8c300cc-9752-5ec4-b1e5-e4172db6e836":{"name":"Vue du chemin-de-fer Hamidié de Hedjaz","description":"The government sought to raise funds for the financing of the Hijaz Railway construction in many ways, including the commission of postcards, amongst other German-made products. With the title *'Vue du chemin-de-fer Hamidié de Hedjaz'* and with labels in French and Turkish (A stone bridge on the Hijaz railway, 275km outside Damascus), such postcards depict the construction of the railway as well as the general views and inaugural celebrations; they were sold at local post offices, with the proceeds going towards the project.","type":"Postcard","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection, London","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"Unknown","dates":"AH 1318 - 1326 / AD 1900–1908","location":"London","dimensions":"9cm x 14.1cm","method_for_datation":"Sultan Abdülhamid II issued the imperial order for the railway on 2 May 1900 and the inauguration of the line took place in 1908.","provenance":"Germany","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","workshop":"Hamidiyah Hijaz Railway","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Postcard"]},"fa4a9630-61c6-59d6-a7a1-86266fd00131":{"name":"Jar","description":"Bulbous, amber-colored glass jar with a thin neck and everted rim.  The center was crimped while the vessel was still soft to create a decorative central band.","type":"Containers, glassware","holder":"Saint Louis Art Museum","dates":"Hegira 1st–2nd century / AD 7th–8th century","location":"Saint Louis","dimensions":"Length: 7.9cm, width: 9.2cm","place_of_production":"Syria","method_for_datation":"Scholarly review and/or comparison to similar objects from the period.","method_for_provenance":"Scholarly review and/or comparison to similar objects from the period.","provenance":"Syria","obtention":"Museum purchase.","copy_editor":"Alvaro Miranda","materials":["glass"]},"fcf825c0-6979-528e-9ead-d92db4b19652":{"name":"Vase","description":"A copper tin-coated enamelled vase decorated with birds, floral and Arabic script on a dark blue coloured base with orange, red and green. The Jordanian economy relied on trade and crafts. New waves of people began to settle in Jordan for the purpose of trade and crafts. This object reflects the diverse population composition of Jordan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It also demonstrates personal attire, fashion, local costumes and rites.","type":"House furniture; metalwork","holder":"Jordan Folklore Museum, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Amman","provenance":"Jordan","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"fd051a6c-6d76-5872-b5f1-48712d9ee72b":{"name":"‘Eye of envy’ amulet.","description":"A blue 'eye of envy' made of a moulded, blue glass disc decorated with a series of diminishing circles of yellow, then white, with a black spot at the centre. Probably a bead from a string of other similar beads, it has a hole though the side for threading. This type of glass 'eye' might also have been sewn on to garments and headdresses.  \n  \nWithin Islamic popular belief blue eyes are thought to be envious eyes; the eye of envy is worn to repel such negative power by reflecting back to the perpetrator their own envy, thereby protecting the wearer from the effects of jealousy, thought to cause illness or disaster.  \n  \nSuch eyes can be crudely made like this bead, or can be drawn with accuracy and quality of craftsmanship, as found in jewellery made of gold or silver; the quality does not affect the protective power. Plain blue beads are also thought to play a similar protective role, and are sometimes used in place of an eye of envy.","short_description":"In popular Middle Eastern Islamic belief blue eyes are thought to be both envious and to have the ability to repel envy. This blue glass eye is worn to protect the bearer from the effects of jealousy, which may cause the loss of what is being envied or illness or disaster.","type":"Ottoman jewellery; glasswork","holder":"Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Glasgow Museums.","dates":"Hegira, late 13th–early 14th century / AD late 19th–early 20th century.","location":"Glasgow, Scotland","dimensions":"Diameter 2 cm.","method_for_datation":"Stylistic analysis: many similar examples in method of manufacture, size and colour exist, which have been dated to the Ottoman period and attributed in provenance to Hebron in Palestine.","method_for_provenance":"Many similar examples exist attributed in provenance to Hebron in Palestine.","provenance":"Hebron, Palestine.","obtention":"Purchased by the Museum in 1912.","bibliography":"Weir, S., *Palestinian Costume*, London, 1989.  \n  \nBudge, Sir, E. A. Wallis, *Amulets and Superstitions*, London, 1930.","linkcatalogs":"IAM_PA_EN_001","author":"Noorah Al-Gailani","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["figurative decoration","jewellery","religious objects","Talisman"],"materials":["coloured glass.","moulded"]},"fd4bc2cb-a18b-5b1c-8212-6fcdba206294":{"name":"Cap","description":"Cap made of black, pink, green, yellow, blue and red paisley patterned wool quilted onto a patterned cotton lining with black thread. Embroidered with white silk thread using buttonhole wheel technique. The crown is embroidered with an octagonal star motif and sides with cypress tree or teardrop shaped motifs.","type":"Cap","holder":"The British Museum","owner":"The British Museum","dates":"Late 19th century to early 20th century","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 11cm; diameter: 18cm","place_of_production":"Azarbaijan","provenance":"Palestine","obtention":"Purchased from the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in 1966","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_As1966-01-317","keywords":["Clothing","dress","Palestine"],"materials":["cotton","silk","wool"]},"fe87deef-c455-5755-9f18-175550fef06e":{"name":"Opening of the bridge over the Kishon (Qishon) River in the Jezreel Valley (?). A train festooned with Ottoman flags and carrying many pasengers is on the bridge, and dignitaries stand on the track.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Palestine Exploration Fund","dates":"1904-1905","location":"London","keywords":["Palestine","Railway","river","Transportation"]},"fec8780a-ff2e-551c-aafa-af473f5f2afe":{"name":"Untitled","description":"This work by Abdullah Hamas, a Palestinian painter, expresses the urban interconnectedness between the holy cities of Jerusalem, Medina and Mecca. By tying these sacred geographies together along a diagonal axis, Hamas recreates the intertwined  nature of those holy cities and the movement between them as expressed in the original purpose of the Hijaz Railway. The axis, in this sense, reconstitutes a new imagined railway connected centres  of urban sacrality in the Hijaz and Levant.","type":"Painting","holder":"Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts","owner":"Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts","dates":"2010","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Height: 123 cm; width: 148 cm","catalogue_holding_link":"https://nationalgallery.org/artist/abdullah-hamas/#artwork-1","keywords":["Axis","Hijaz Railway","Holy Cities","Jerusalem","Mecca","Medina","Urban Sacrality"],"materials":["Oil on canvas"]}}