@museumwnf/religious-life-data 1.0.1

package/translations/glossary.en.json

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+{"56afd259-0505-5d2d-b7f1-9be15cb0dea2":{"definition":"Arabic dynasty that initially ruled over most of the Islamic empire after assuming the caliphate in 750 CE.","spellings":["Abbasid","Abbasids"]},"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"A practice of ritual cleansing with water to be performed before prayer.","spellings":["Ablution"]},"84e97899-231d-5674-b71e-5b985f91973b":{"definition":"A decorative historical interior design technique and remains one of Syria’s best known handcrafts. The word itself describes different elements of the craft: from the act of applying relief paste to a plain surface, to the resulting ornamentation. Ajami also describes the type of room cladded with these artfully painted wooden panels. It is often complemented by the so called opus sectile works and complex carvings.","spellings":["Ajami"]},"34f3c711-7719-5478-a311-2b54051f81d0":{"definition":"One of the 99 names of God, meaning The Just, fair.","spellings":["Adil","Adili","Al Adl","Al-Adili"]},"7e65a713-3deb-5ac1-94da-c18827b66bd0":{"definition":"The 33rd Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Confederates\". It is consisted of 73 verses.","spellings":["Al-Ahzab"]},"c44302b7-5b2a-5247-b1b7-8c1a06993aa4":{"definition":"The 2nd Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Cow\". It is composed of 286 verses.","spellings":["Al-Baqara","Al-Baqarah"]},"b29a1eb8-4d03-527c-a470-6d9b2d53269c":{"definition":"The 1st Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Opening\". It is composed of 7 verses.","spellings":["Al-Fatiha","Al-Fātiḥah","Fatiha"]},"aaf61dd7-c338-5b59-9481-96b0fcd511b7":{"definition":"A court official, equivalent to a chamberlain, which evolved to fulfil various functions, often serving as chief ministers or enjoying dictatorial powers.","spellings":["Al-Hajeb","Al-Hajib"]},"9c2e2004-3d90-5af9-823b-a7e2d698d965":{"definition":"The 3rd Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Family of Irman\". It is composed of 200 verses.","spellings":["Al-Imran"]},"1a52b2c3-0eb5-5312-8a83-f0ba7f6908a0":{"definition":"Men’s traditional embroided cap.","spellings":["Al-Kummah","Kuma","Kummah"]},"5da091ab-2521-5fd0-9c6b-804078feb293":{"definition":"An honorific Islamic religious title given to Sunni Muslim religious scholars, generally means highly qualified Islamic scholar.","spellings":["Al-Mawlawi","Maulvi","Mawlawi","Mawlvi","Moulavi","Moulvi"]},"55aae703-bcda-5ede-aedc-b02a0583cc19":{"definition":"The 67th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Sovereignty\". It is composed of 30 verses.","spellings":["Al-Mulk"]},"9e9f2b8d-8a1b-5aca-ace2-23331cb7c2a6":{"definition":"The 16th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Bees\". It is composed of 128 verses.","spellings":["Al-Nahl","An-Nahl"]},"3d741e10-844b-53b3-bd76-b7ab36e8c586":{"definition":"The 4th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Women\". It is composed of 176 verses.","spellings":["Al-Nisa","An-Nisa"]},"3242530f-aeca-5f8b-9d24-7679d72a87b6":{"definition":"The 28th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Story\". It is composed of 88 verses.","spellings":["Al-Qasas"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"A flag, banner or standard. They were carried next to a commander in a military campaign or were used in religious processions. They could be very different in shape and had geometric designs, sometimes with inscriptions. A metal *alem* could be mounted to the head of a pole.","spellings":["Alem"]},"39b15d5c-120b-51e4-b058-0cc18bb7226a":{"definition":"From Ar. *farsh*. A flat ceiling of carved or artistically interlaced wood. It can also be a floor.","spellings":["Alfarje","Farsh"]},"d622d348-fe31-5163-9440-a84a07e7456c":{"definition":"(Pl. *‘ulama’*) Scholar, doctor of law and Islamic theological science. Fr: ouléma or uléma. Tr: alim, pl. ulema.","spellings":["‘Alim","Alim","Ulama","Ulema"]},"c202ec3d-b7d3-5add-9412-a92b9475ea09":{"definition":"So called \"Pilgrim’s Companion\". Gives advice to prospective pilgrims on every aspect of the journey.","spellings":["Anis Al-Hujjaj","Anis ul-Hujjaj"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"A designation for a two-dimensional ornamental pattern in Islamic art. Arabesques are constructed designs based on intertwined leaf stems and tendrils that create a continuous pattern sometimes in connection with scrolls or geometrical elements.","spellings":["Arabesque"]},"78fafab8-3f5e-5796-824d-1b42baff7c16":{"definition":"From Ar. *tawriq*. Stylised plant motif ornamentation inspired by the classical acanthus, much used in Hispano-Muslim art.","spellings":["Ataurique","Tawriq"]},"f8abb38d-e51e-5fc5-9493-dc1508482dcf":{"definition":"Plural of Wakf, meaning religious endowments. Also meaning endowments.","spellings":["Awkaf","Awqaf"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"(Pl. *ayat*) Verse in the Qur’an. Tr. ayet.","spellings":["Aya","Ayah","Ayat"]},"b5ff90ab-5823-5d04-95e0-dc19f7472200":{"definition":"A Spanish and Portuguese term for glazed tiles which have been set into a larger pattern to cover walls in courtyards of mosques and palaces. It is a term common all over the Maghreb. See also *zellij*.","spellings":["Azulejo"]},"4c2bb21c-6364-5e2c-ad76-cc117a2e1056":{"definition":"Gate, door.","spellings":["Bab"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Blessings or bounty. Tr. *Bereket*.","spellings":["Baraka","Barakah","Barakat","Barkati","Bereket"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"A formula, *bi-‘ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim*, which is commonly translated as “In the name of God, the Clement, the Merciful”. Fr. *besmala*; Tr. *besmele*.","spellings":["Basmala","Basmalah","Besmala","Besmele","Bi-smi llāh"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"(Pl. *biyut*) Room; in certain cases a house. *baytal-Hikma*: tribunal. *bayt ad-diwan*: reception hall. *bayt al-nar*: furnace, literally “house of the fire”. See also *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt","Bayt-al-diwan","Bayt-al-nar","Beyt","Biyut"]},"9f0f473b-d1c4-579a-830e-8c67cf9124bc":{"definition":"Public market or designated place for commerce; covered market with doors (Persia). Fr. bazar. See also *arasta*, *bedesten*, *qaysariyya*, *suq*.","spellings":["Bazaar","Bazar"]},"d262760a-d7c7-5583-b3d6-98f5a67ea709":{"definition":"A commercial building with at least two aisles (in Istanbul three or four) and covered with domes of equal size. The most precious merchandise was kept in *bedesten*s, which functioned like banks do today. The word was derived from *bezzazistan* where bezzaz means a seller of fabrics. See also *arasta*, *bazaar*, *qaysariyya*, *suq*.","spellings":["Bedesten"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"The ruler of an independent emirate; a title of respect for a man of the upper classes; title held by the sovereign vassals of the sultan. *Beylerbeyi*: The bey of beys: the highest rank in the provincial government of the Ottoman Empire. *Beylicat*, *beylik*: soverignty of or territory ruled by a bey. See also *agha*, *dey*.","spellings":["Bey","Beylicat","Beylik"]},"5f340924-0a32-5b50-8c50-755492945fed":{"definition":"In the Islamic world blue-and-white ceramics appeared in Mesopotamia in the AH 3rd / AD 9th century. Blue-and-white porcelain in China produced from the 8th / 14th century onwards had great influence in the Islamic world where it was collected at court and was imitated in the workshops of Ottoman Iznik and Safawid Iran.","spellings":["Blue-and-white"]},"5a9bc858-c027-5f9a-91c2-3756c4d27816":{"definition":"A universal oriental rug design element. Boteh is Persian for \"bush\" and buta is Hindi for \"flower\".","spellings":["Boteh","Buta"]},"9a9a89fb-e90f-5cab-beec-84b022128bf3":{"definition":"A burqa is a full body veil, and sometimes also refers to a part of the *kiswa*, the textile cover of the Ka’ba.","spellings":["Burka","Burqa"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"The Byzantine empire (306 to 1453) which was preceded by the Roman empire and succeeded by the Ottoman Empire.","spellings":["Byzantine"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ar. *khalifa* literally “successor”. The supreme head of the Muslim community. Caliphate: the territory under the power of the caliph.","spellings":["Caliph","Khalifa","Khalifah"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"The “art of beautiful writing” (Greek) is one of the highest artforms of Islamic culture. As the Arabic language is connected with the revelation of Islam, calligraphy has deep spiritual undertones and is valued as a symbol of beauty and mystery. There are many types of calligraphy with variations according to period, place and context. Many artists of the Arab and Muslim world continue to practise calligraphy today. See also *diwani*, *farsi*, *kufic*, Maghribi-Andalusi, *muhaqqaq*, *naskhi*, *nas*ta’liq**, *rayhani*, *ruq’a*, *ta’liq*, *thuluth*.","spellings":["Calligraphy"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"From Persian. Hostel along main travelling routes to accommodate travellers and safeguard their goods. See also *funduq*, *khan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Caravanserai"]},"a27048f2-e463-56af-bb14-17e5dd57b741":{"definition":"A title of respect, given to men of the upper classes; the epithet of Sultan Mehmed I. Tr. *Çelebi*.","spellings":["Çelebi","Chalabi"]},"e6ca4d52-63e1-5c91-8d45-5c007bd19735":{"definition":"Artistic motifs originally from China that were used in Islamic art reflecting the strong Chinese influence since the Mongol periods. Typical designs are cloudbands, lotus-flowers and fabulous creatures such as the qilin. See also blue-and-white, *hatayi*, Ming-style, wave-and-rock motif.","spellings":["Chinoiserie","Ming-style"]},"cf4307ca-f437-5c58-80b8-f9b0100711fa":{"definition":"A term used in enamelled metalwork. The enamel colours are laid in separate compartments as required by the design. These compartments are formed from thin metal strips set on edge so that the different colours cannot fuse during the firing process.","spellings":["Cloisonné"]},"a3daea50-dcf5-5a68-8ef1-532b1f81ebb3":{"definition":"Woman’s court robe, characteristic for Romanian courts during the Ottoman period.","spellings":["Conteş"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Sacred text of the Islamic Revelation transmitted by the Archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad. From the root *qr*’, “to recite, to read”.","spellings":["Coran","Koran","Kuran","Qur’an","Quran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) House. *Dar al-imara*: Governor’s house. Dar al-Islam: Domain of Islam: countries under Islamic rule; where Islam did not rule was considered war territory. *Dar al-Hadith*: A school for studying the Hadith; Tr. *Darülhadis*. *Dar al-Hijra*: Abode for migration. *Dar al-khuffaz*: A school for training of memorising the Qur’an; Tr. *Darülhuffaz*. Dar al-Qurra’: school for teaching Qur’an recitation as a science ; Tr. *Darülkurra*. *Dar al-shifa’*: hospital; Tr. **darüşşifa**. *Dar al-tibb*: A school where the medical sciences were taught; Tr. *Darüttıb*. See also *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar","Dar al-Hadith","Dar al-Hijra","Dar al-imara","Dar al-Islam","Dar al-khuffaz","Dar al-shifa’","Dar al-tibb","Darülhadis","Darülhuffaz","Darülkurra","Darüşşifa","Darüttıb"]},"a4f8f7c7-245b-5188-b8fe-8085676b0785":{"definition":"Mausoleum. See also *maqam*, *mashhad*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Darih"]},"b64a1f79-8f29-5ad4-8e98-379f8e05cb1b":{"definition":"Member of a Muslim religious order noted for its devotional practices. Fr. *derviche*.","spellings":["Darvesh","Darwish","Derviche","Dervish"]},"eb4ec166-81db-5b55-9f7c-de12b453b102":{"definition":"The term dhikr comes from the triliteral root that means \"to remember\". In the context of the Islamic tradition, dhikr means the remembrance of God. This remembrance of God can take many forms. The word dhikr is also used to mean litanies and specific phrases in remembrance of God. This term could mean the Quran.","spellings":["Dhikr","Thikr","Zekr","Zikar","Zikr"]},"a63b6fb1-4ed2-5e10-a649-69af7e23c299":{"definition":"Diamonds (today) are known as the most prized gemstones, but they have not always had this reputation. They were primarily valued for their physical properties, particularly their hardness and fire resistance. Due to these traits, numerous myths have been created about diamonds, some of which date back to the 17th century or before. Several powers have been attributed to the stone, including purification, invincibility, and even the ability to spontaneously create others of its kind. In ancient Arabic medicine there was a belief that diamonds could cure all illnesses of the body and mind. One of the most popular legends involving diamonds is of the so-called Diamond Valley. Dating from the 4th century BC, the legend speaks of an inaccessible valley filled with snakes and other terrifying creatures, the floor of which is covered with an endless amount of diamonds. This legend has further contributed to the idea that diamonds are rare and immensely hard to find.","spellings":["Diamond","Diamonds"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"An office of government; audience hall, reception chamber; a collection of poems. Tr. divan; divan-ı Hümayun: the Imperial Council, chaired by the Grand Vizier, forming the central organ of the Ottoman government.","spellings":["Divan","Diwan","Diwani","Diwaniya"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"A military commander, prince or senior official; the ruler of an emirate or principality; Tr. *emir*. amir akhur: *amir* responsible for sultan’s stables, camels and postal service; Tr. *emir* *ahur* or imrahor. amir al-Mu’minin: Prince of Believers; Tr. *emirü’l-müminin*. amir al-Muslimin: Prince of Muslims; Tr. *emirü’l-müslimin*. amir al-silah: *amir* responsible for arms. amir kabir: Great Amir. Fr. *émir*.","spellings":["Ahur","Amir","Amir Akhur","Amir al-Muslimin","Amir al-silah","Emir","Emirü’l-müminin","Imahor"]},"5d77d3cf-d7dc-59de-8fe9-16b4846e152d":{"definition":"Another name for slip, now largely obsolete.","spellings":["Engobe"]},"f11aedf0-52d5-531a-89ae-fe60981d7a51":{"definition":"Floor covering of a type apparently woven by all Turkmen tribes, with enough similarity in format to suggest that they are all descended from the same basic design. The field is usually quartered, with a thick band up the middle, at times culminating in an arch, as on the Tekke ensi.","spellings":["Ensi"]},"6f9e5b1d-8c35-59ba-9052-011f4c240ecf":{"definition":"The evaluation of the goodness or badness of deeds according to the Islamic point of view was called *fiqh* (understanding), and the person holding the qualities of knowledge and competence to produce opinions in this respect was called faqih (the knowledgeable who understands well). The consideration of human actions within an Islamic religious context was encouraged by sayings of the Prophet, such as \"He whom God favours with good, God makes him the one who understands in religion (*faqih*)\".","spellings":["Faqih"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"\"Farsi\" refers to the Persian language. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and is written in the Persian script.  \n  \n1\\. An inhabitant of Persia. 2. Cursive, particularly elegant calligraphic style which emphasises the curves of the Arabic letters by reducing the angular figures. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"38f9b696-41fe-5bb6-aea9-f97476afeed6":{"definition":"This term has different meanings:  \n  \nFez  \nCity in northern Morocco  \n  \nFez  \nA brimless cylindrical or somewhat cone-shaped hat with a flat top that usually has a tassel, is typically made of red felt, and is worn especially by men in eastern Mediterranean countries","spellings":["Fes","Fez"]},"664a6020-4914-5595-8215-d0a0af9a4b9e":{"definition":"(Pl. *fuqaha’*) Muslim canonical jurisprudence. *Fqih*: jurisconsult versed in the code of Islam, the person specialising in *fiqh’*. There are four schools of Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. See also Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, Shafi’i.","spellings":["Fiqh","Fuqaha'"]},"111b1877-22ac-5026-90bf-a0267a993a00":{"definition":"An edict of a sultan with official court directives. Firmans of the Ottoman sultans are paper scrolls of different length with an artistic signature (*tughra*) of the sultan as a heading, a written text in an official script followed by a number of testifying signatures at the end.","spellings":["Farman","Ferman","Firman"]},"30b4ea5c-4774-5bfc-bea3-025184b06e0f":{"definition":"A designation for a ceramic body consisting mainly of quartz and some glaze mixture. In the firing process the quartz and the glaze fuse to a white body, sometimes also called stonepaste.","spellings":["Fritware"]},"720487c1-6546-5ad8-96ce-6caedac4ddab":{"definition":"A leaf with illustration preceding the title-page of a book.","spellings":["Frontispiece"]},"27868be9-9431-528b-afde-ded951a1e72a":{"definition":"Pencase","spellings":["Ghalamdan","Qalamdaan","Qalamdan"]},"09e9e553-3757-50e9-a411-6aaea263cdac":{"definition":"The so-called Turkish knot in a pile rug or carpet. Another term is symmetrical knot or double knot. The asymmetrical knot exists in Persian carpets, called a Senneh knot.","spellings":["Ghiordes (Gördes) knot"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Applying gold to the surface of an artwork. Gilding can be applied to most materials, including marble, stone, stucco, wood, metalwork, ceramics, glass and paper. Different techniques are used to apply gold, as it can be applied in a light wash or as gold-leaf foil. Tr. *tombak*, gilded copper technique.","spellings":["Gilding (gold)","Tombak"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"A thin layer of glass is applied to the surface of a ceramic before firing. In the kiln firing the glaze fuses, protecting the ceramic and making it waterproof and suitable for different purposes. Lead glaze is transparent and soft but vulnerable to cracking and chemical deformation. Tin glaze: an opaque white glaze containing tin, developed in Baghdad in the AH 3rd / AD 9th century to rival Chinese porcelain and transmitted from there to Moorish Spain and then the rest of Europe. Faience, maiolica and Delft wares have tin glazing.","spellings":["Glaze"]},"2fb79a2a-639b-5703-9b25-ab627b16aef8":{"definition":"A gift of real estate bequeathed in perpetuity under certain conditions in favour of a mosque or other religious institution, such as a *madrasa* or *khanqah*, or a civil institution such as a *sabil*, or even a house. See also *waqf*.","spellings":["Habus"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Literally, “sayings”. Body of traditions related to the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions. *Dar al-Hadith*: see *dar*.","spellings":["Hadis","Hadith"]},"9cfbd1b0-7a85-51d2-aebc-fd0b6ad1c5b6":{"definition":"A celebration observed on the 15th of Sha’ban in the United Arab Emirates and other Gulf Cooperation Countries to welcome the coming holy month of Ramadan.","spellings":["Hag al Layla"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"A high government official. The term originally designated a chamberlain, but under the Spanish Umayyads the *hajib* functioned as a chief minister, paralleling the position of vizier in the eastern caliphates.","spellings":["Hadjib","Hajib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"One of the five pillars of Islam: pilgrimage to Mecca and holy places, which all believers must accomplish at least once during their lifetime if they have the means to do so. By extension it also refers to someone who undertakes the pilgrimage. Hajj takes place two months after Ramadan and finishes with the Feast of Sacrifice (Eid al-Adha). ‘Umra has almost the same rituals as the Hajj but takes place outside the Hajj season. ‘Umra’s significance is growing because there is no means to house the increasingly large numbers (over three million) who want to go on Hajj.","spellings":["Hadj","Hadji","Haj","Hajj"]},"cc92b83e-cb72-55df-b6de-8ddaf5a44e3f":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. Tr. Hanbeli. See also *fiqh’*.","spellings":["Hanbali"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Ar. literally “sacred”, “forbidden”. Sanctuary. An illicit act from the religious point of view. Haram al-Sharif: the Noble Sanctuary in Jerusalem including al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock.","spellings":["Haram","Haramsarā","Harem","Harīm"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Common living space in a Turkish house. Tr. also *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Madina in AD 622. The beginning of the Muslim Hijri (Hegira) calendar, which follows a lunar year.","spellings":["Hegira","Hijra","Hijrah"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"A prose description of the Prophet Muhammad. Hilya-i Sharif: noble description of the prophet, a work of art bearing the noble description.","spellings":["Hilya","Hilye"]},"30791f6d-6352-5d7a-8002-6f4f250bd3c4":{"definition":"Necklace, could also refer to an amulet.","spellings":["Hirz"]},"d847fbc2-ce74-54e5-8546-78b1da2e747e":{"definition":"Belt.","spellings":["Hizam"]},"f02daf1a-8cf3-537e-9527-27663513c0ba":{"definition":"The term Huri refers to a beautiful maiden who awaits the devout Muslim in paradise. The Arabic word *ḥawrāʾ *signifies the contrast of the clear white of the eye to the blackness of the iris. There are numerous references to the houri in the Qurʾān describing them as 'purified wives' and 'spotless virgins'.**","spellings":["Hawra","Houri","Huri"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Son of, used in names. To indicate a clan the plural form *Bani / Banu*. is used. Tr. –*oğlu*.","spellings":["Ben","bin","ibn"]},"3dc337fc-c4b3-5090-8e5a-a4545babb59a":{"definition":"Belt worn by a male pilgrim and used for carrying valuables while performing the Hajj rites, also donates a state of mind in which a Muslim must enter in order to embark on Hajj. Also refers to the unsewn textile outfit worn by pilgrims.","spellings":["Ihram"]},"78382734-788f-5068-b99e-3cc129b1f007":{"definition":"Political entity officially known as Iranzamin. It was established and ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu.","spellings":["Ilkhanate","Ilkhanid"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"One who presides over Islamic prayers, a guide, chief, spiritual model or cleric; sometimes also a political leader in Muslim society.","spellings":["Imam"]},"0b81a7a9-57fd-5a5c-b6f0-f67773236be6":{"definition":"Imam refers to a holy person in Shia Islam. Imamzadeh refers to their offspring.","spellings":["Imamzada"]},"471e3135-0bfb-5648-b37a-608939ef3fed":{"definition":"Arabic name for the Gospel of Jesus (*Isa*), or any gospel in general. It is usually spelled *injil*.","spellings":["Indjil","Injil"]},"a23158c9-7afc-5a3c-ad75-9ecc73727c13":{"definition":"A technique in which cut ivory, mother-of-pearl, tortoiseshell or the like are arranged in a geometrical pattern, often within a wooden framework.","spellings":["Inlaying"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"A vaulted hall or domed hall, walled on three sides with a large opening arch. Tr. eyvan.","spellings":["Eyvan","Ivan","Iwan"]},"eb5afced-0046-5fd2-aa51-8192d7a0f140":{"definition":"Fragment of lintel, a textile outfit.","spellings":["Izar"]},"96a4f75a-c342-596d-869f-1064cf498d88":{"definition":"A period of ignorance, referring to the paganism of pre-Islamic Arabia. Tr. Cahiliye.","spellings":["Jahiliyya"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Main mosque where daily prayers and Friday prayers are celebrated. Tr. *cami*. See also *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Cami","Djama'a","Djamaa","Djemaa","Jama","Jama'a","Jama’","Jamaa","Jami","Jami‘"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"Literally \"beautiful garden\". Heaven/Paradise. Tr. *cennet*.","spellings":["Cennet","Djena","Djenaïn","Djenan","Janna"]},"90bd1da2-abb0-5d9c-b340-7fc034249c2e":{"definition":"Striving towards moral and religious perfection, the motivation for which may lead to fighting “on the path to God” against dissidents or pagans.","spellings":["Jehad","Jihad"]},"b3d75c6a-1878-50e5-88da-5dc169dc75c0":{"definition":"A spirit inhabiting the earth but unseen by humans, capable of assuming various forms and exercising extraordinary powers. Belief in jinn was common in pre-Islamic Arabia, where they were thought to inspire poets and soothsayers. Their existence was affirmed in the Qurʾān, and they are conceptualized in Islam as creatures parallel to human beings who are capable of choosing between good and evil and must thus face eventual salvation or damnation. They are beings of smokeless flame by nature, in the same manner in which humans are said to be made of earth, and they cannot be seen by human beings.","spellings":["Djinn","Genie","Jinn"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"The text of the Qur’an can be divided into 30 equal sections. One-thirtieth is therefore called a *juz’* (pl. ajza). When Qur’ans were written in 30 volumes, as in Mamluk Egypt, one volume was a *juz’*.","spellings":["Ajza","Juz’"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"Literally “cube”. Temple in Mecca, the centre of the Islamic religion.","spellings":["Ka'bah","Ka‘ba","Kaaba","Kabah"]},"dde3bab2-6c93-59de-b512-d4ebe4ea584d":{"definition":"A usually cotton or silk ankle-length garment with long sleeves that is common throughout the Islamic world.","spellings":["Caftan","Kaftan","Khaftan"]},"ba012528-e332-58db-968d-165b78bc6d94":{"definition":"A kilim is a traditionally crafted flat tapestry-woven carpet or rug originating from countries that were part of the former Persian Empire, such as Iran, the Balkans, and Turkic nations.  \nKilim is woven from silk, goat hair, sheep's wool, or other domestic quadrupeds.","spellings":["Gilim","Kelim","Kilim","Klim"]},"1a551412-ba3d-5a82-89e6-07e97018fb70":{"definition":"Brocade, a multi-coloured Ottoman compound-woven fabric using polychrome silk with gold, gilded silver and silver metallic threads to achieve colourful designs.","spellings":["Kemha"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Ar. Inn, lodgings on the main caravan routes for travellers (pilgrims and merchants) and where merchandise could be stored. See also *caravanserai*, *funduq*, *wikala*. Tr. *han*.","spellings":["Han","Khan"]},"1863aa1c-4cad-53d2-a497-ecb16318e81f":{"definition":"Monastery or hostel for itinerant Sufis or dervishes. Tr. *hanikah*, *hankah*. See also *zawiya*.","spellings":["Hanikah","Hankah","Khankah","Khanqa","Khanqah"]},"aace2213-b96e-55dc-90b1-8852a726d654":{"definition":"The weekly sermon of the Friday prayer. Tr. *hutbe*.","spellings":["Hutbe","Khutba"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"A cloth composed of different parts to cover the Ka’ba in Mecca. It is embroidered in silk and gold with Qur’anic verses. A new one is made each year. The change takes places during the Hajj, when the old *kiswa* is cut up and distributed among the people. Cloths with zigzag patterns of calligraphy that cover mausolea cenotaphs are also called *kiswa* (e.g. in Palestine).","spellings":["Kiswa","Kiswah","Kiswat"]},"493375fc-3554-5e13-aecc-2cf8ffc093d8":{"definition":"Term used to describe a dome.","spellings":["Kubpa"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"An Arabic script of angular and stylised characters used in Qur’ans in the early period of Islam. It is attributed to the city of Kufa in Iraq. From the AH 4th / AD 10th century it was less used because it could be difficult to read. Foliated *kufic*: a script that combines the angular style of the letters with decorative floral and vegetal motifs as finials, popular during the Fatimid and Atabeg period. See also calligraphy.  \n  \nKufic script emerged as an Arabic script style, initially rising to prominence as the favoured choice for transcribing the Qurʾan and adorning architectural structures. Over time, it evolved into a point of reference and an exemplary model for various other Arabic scripts. Kufic script is characterised by its markedly angular form within the Arabic alphabet, originating in the initial copies of the Qurʾan.","spellings":["Kufic"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"An Ottoman Turkish term that refers to religious and charitable complexes comprising several buildings with the mosque is at the centre. The other buildings were the hospital, bathhouse, soup-kitchen *darüşşifa* (hospital), *hammam* (bathhouse), *han* (lodgings), *imaret* (soup-kitchen), *madrasa* (school).","spellings":["Külliye"]},"6d80067a-11d1-5a05-8e27-1c1e30ff12b0":{"definition":"Word used for chair or throne, depending on the context.","spellings":["Kursi"]},"767908ab-0b28-53cf-9774-1e73c7a6b4d0":{"definition":"A type of Turkish robe.","spellings":["Lampas"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Theological institution that provided instruction on Islamic law (*shari’a*), jurisprudence (*fiqh*), Quran, Hadith, and Arabic, as well as accomodations for students.  \n  \nToday, a school. Fr. *medersa*, Tr. *medrese*.","spellings":["Madrasa","Madrasah","Madrasas","Madrasat","Madrassa","Madraza","Medrese","Medresse"]},"be71e06b-ee9d-56dd-9643-241707440030":{"definition":"Maghribi calligraphy takes its name from the Arabic word \"Maghribi,\" meaning \"western,\" and is associated with the western Islamic regions of North Africa and Spain, where this script and its variations originated in the 10th century. Its distinguishing characteristics include descending strokes with large, sweeping curves or loops, uniform stroke thickness, the frequent use of brown ink, a horizontal baseline, flat vowel markings, and its lineage traces back to the earliest rounded script of the Arabian Peninsula.","spellings":["Maghribi"]},"b1520fd2-381d-5d56-a9d2-7d019d4f34c2":{"definition":"A richly decorated tent-like structure used on the back of a camel to transport noble ladies. Also used as a means to transport the *kiswa* in the yearly Hajj caravan sent by sovereigns to Mecca with pilgrimage delegations.","spellings":["Mahmal"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. Founded by Imam Malik and spread throughout the western Muslim world including al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malik","Maliki"]},"82f05a30-a07c-5d4f-83a3-2156afc3ed35":{"definition":"Light, lamp, beacon. See also *fanar*.","spellings":["Manar","Manara","Me'zana","Minar","Minaret"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Building of one or more architectural units, usually with a dome, that contains the tomb of an important religious figure. A place of worship, and pilgrimage. See also darih, *mashhad*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"5f70c6f4-762e-5438-bf74-53c9daaa431c":{"definition":"Area of sanctuary in congregational mosques reserved for the caliph or the *imam* during public prayer times. Also, a place in a public building that is set aside for private use (as found in a *hammam*). Fr. *maqsoura*.","spellings":["Macsura","Maksura","Maqsoura","Maqsura","Maxura"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"Building of one or more architectural units, usually with a dome, that contains the tomb of an important religious figure. A place of worship, and pilgrimage. See also darih, mashhad, qubba, türbe.  \nAdditionally, Mashhad, alternatively spelled as Mashad or Meshed, serves as the city and capital of the Khorasan-e Razavi province in north-eastern Iran.  \n  \nSee also darih, *maqam*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Mashad","Mashhad"]},"3bcfdeb5-5c8a-58e9-8dfd-9ad2a9f98fdb":{"definition":"Wooden lattice screens made of turned pieces of wood assembled to form a window grille. Fr: *machrabiyya*. Tr. *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Mashrabiya","Mashrabiyya","Meşrebiye"]},"f176a992-6546-55ba-a3e5-6877adc61b76":{"definition":"Literally, “place of prostration”. A mosque where daily prayers are held, usually with the exception of the Friday prayers, which cannot take place in a *meşrebiye* owing to the absence of a *minbar*. Tr. *mescit*. See also *jami’*.","spellings":["Masjid","Mescit"]},"0cdf2b3a-f444-5757-a5d7-009cdb4ac1b7":{"definition":"(Turkish *Mevlid*) Birthday of the Prophet. Along with being referred to as the celebration of the birth of Muhammad, the term Mawlid refers to the \"text especially composed for and recited at Muhammad's nativity celebration\" or \"a text recited or sung on that day\".**","spellings":["Mawlid al-nabi","Mevlid"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Town, the old quarter, self-sufficient city centre. Also the name of a city in Saudi Arabia where the Muslims migrated in AD 622 and where the Prophet Muhammad is buried.","spellings":["Madina","Madinat","Medina","Medinat"]},"32178605-4854-58d8-b7b4-f35cf3cf68f4":{"definition":"Ascension of the Great Prophet Muhammad to Heaven to the throne of Allah, where he received the divine instruction for the five daily prayers (*salat*) for Muslims. Along with Muhammad’s night journey *Isrāʾ *from the “sacred place of worship” (Mecca) to the “further place of worship” (Jerusalem), the Mi’raj creates the two parts of the night journey of Muhammad.**","spellings":["Mi'raj"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Arched niche, usually concave but sometimes flat, in religious Islamic buildings indicating the direction of Mecca, which worshippers face when praying.","spellings":["Maharib","Mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"A stepped pulpit for delivering the sermon during the Friday prayers and the first morning prayers during the two big Muslim feasts. It is placed to the right of the *mihrab* in a mosque. *minbar*s first appeared in the Umayyad period.","spellings":["Mimber","Minbar"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"In the Christian kingdoms of the Peninsula the name given to Muslims who formally converted to Christianity after the Reconquista.","spellings":["Morisco"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"See *jami’* and *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Mosque"]},"a26fcbf5-43f5-53e6-8d77-b2efc78c5302":{"definition":"Funerary stele which is usually made out of marble. Mqabriya is an equivalent of a tomb stone.","spellings":["Mashrabiyya","Mqabriya"]},"b01a26b1-9ff1-5e29-aedd-bb4316a59907":{"definition":"A volume measuring instrument that has been widely used as a reference measure in the Islamic region for the payment of *zakat*, *fidya* and *kaffara*. Many well-known literatures have their own definition of the mudd, but never being discussed technically in term of volume calibration. It equals to 628 ml (KSA).","spellings":["Mudd"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"From Ar. *mudajjan*. Muslims who were allowed to remain among their Christian conquerors, without changing their religion, in exchange for tribute. The adjective Mudéjar is also used to describe traditional craftsmanship begun under Islamic domination and continued for Christian clients after the Christian conquest.","spellings":["Mudajjan","Mudéjar"]},"b9deabe4-38f9-5144-9eed-f59423fe7ddc":{"definition":"Muslim religious official charged with announcing from the mosque minaret the five prayers of the day. *Müezzin mahfili*: Tr., special platform for the *muezzin*s. See also *adhan*.","spellings":["Mu'azzin","Mu’addin","Mu’adhdhin","Muezzin"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Muhaqqaq is an Islamic calligraphic style that emerged in the 10th century and was employed widely in the Islamic world for creating elaborate, large Qur'ans and architectural inscriptions. Its defining characteristics include a precise, angular script with upright letters, meticulously balanced ascenders and horizontal elements, a distinct horizontal emphasis (wider than it is tall), descending strokes terminating in straight, sharp points rather than curving upwards, and the frequent use of descending round strokes that encircle the following letter. Muhaqqaq is typically employed in combination with \"Rayhani,\" a smaller rendition of the same script.  \n  \nA large cursive script related to the *naskhi* script used in the Middle Ages. It is one of the six basic styles of writing. Tr. *muhaqqaq*. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"23ba4d6b-6ce4-504a-b495-efdcb419b6ed":{"definition":"Literally the \"chosen one\". This term designate the person responsible for the clan or tribe; typically an elder.","spellings":["Mukhtar"]},"03227851-5ee8-50c8-854d-1dd15bf4e700":{"definition":"Roasted almonds coated with a thin layer of sugar mixed with rose water.","spellings":["Mulabbas"]},"cfc9414f-7ca4-5e8a-80ea-d0fc4865d5c9":{"definition":"From Ar. *muwallad*. Christians who were converted to Islamism and lived as Muslims during the domination of the Arabs in the Iberian Peninsula.","spellings":["Muladi","Mullawad"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"Kingdom or sovereignty. The word is often applied in calligraphic ornamentation to decorate courtly items.","spellings":["Mulk"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Stalactite- or honeycomb-like architectural ornamentation which adorns many surfaces including domes and corbels. In the Maghreb *muqarbas*. Fr. *mouqarnas*.","spellings":["Mouqarnas","Muqarbas","Muqarnas"]},"b43d4539-8c8e-5de3-ba56-a72f1632c7c8":{"definition":"Meaning \"bitter\", often used to describe coffee.","spellings":["Murra"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Literally “copied”. One of the most widespread styles of Islamic calligraphy used in Qur’ans and other books. It combines the flexibility of the *farsi* style with the harmony of the *kufic* script. Tr. *nesih*.","spellings":["Naskhi","Nesih"]},"ea137b2c-4b18-5db2-bba2-703e333c897d":{"definition":"Whilst prevailing belief is that Naskh calligraphy emerged in 310 AH (922-23 AD), recent research suggests it evolved from the Kufic script that dates back to the early days of Islam. Over time, Naskh supplanted Kufic as the preferred script for the Qur'an. Today, Naskh is the dominant script used in Qur'an transcription, surpassing all other scripts combined due to its enhanced legibility.","spellings":["Naskh"]},"ddabdcad-fe35-518d-a9c0-32923e6bd220":{"definition":"One the most widespread styles of Arabic calligraphy (with *thuluth* and *naskhi*), developed by Persian calligraphers. A stronger and more stylish form of *ta’liq*, it is characterised by its rounded forms, clarity and geometrical purity. Although written without vowel marks it was much favoured as it was easy to read. Tr. *nestalik*.  \n  \nEmerged as the prominent form of Persian calligraphy during the 15th and 16th centuries. This cursive style was a fusion of the naskhi and taʿliq scripts, characterised by elongated horizontal strokes and exaggerated rounded shapes. In nastaʿliq, diacritical marks were informally positioned, and lines flowed with a curvaceous grace rather than adhering to a strict straightness. This script often found its way into the artwork of the early Safavid era (16th century) and is traditionally regarded as the most refined among Persian calligraphic styles.","spellings":["Nasta‘liq","Nastaleeq","Nastaliq","Nestalik"]},"d99278fb-cfa3-513e-9af1-4e39e27f241b":{"definition":"A technique used in metalwork, where engraved areas are filled with a mixture of different materials such as lead, copper and silver. Fr. *niel*.","spellings":["Niel","Niello"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"A Turkish honorific title, arabicised as *Basha*.","spellings":["Pacha","Pasha"]},"60068ca4-be84-58d0-a590-341306ae5e41":{"definition":"Pearls, the only organic material considered to be precious gemstones, can be widely divided into two categories: natural and cultivated. The formation of the pearl occurs when a foreign body such as a grain of sand or a parasite enters the shell of an oyster or mussel. Due to their very specific origin, pearls have come to be focal points of many legends and myths. Because of their circular shape, they are frequently associated with the moon. They can also symbolize life in general, as well as birth. Some old beliefs state that morning dew, when hardened, turns into pearls. Civilizations from areas with pearl fishing cultures, such as the Middle East and Asia, have for centuries viewed pearls as symbols of supremacy, innocence and female charm.","spellings":["Pearl","Pearls"]},"dc0561a2-2592-560f-8a87-20cd58a96753":{"definition":"\"Chest Panel  \nFrom the head of the right shoulder to the end of the left shoulder.\"","spellings":["Qabbe"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"(Pl. qilâ’) Citadel. See also *kasbah*, *hisn*.","spellings":["Qal'at","Qal‘a","Qala","Qalaa","Qalaat","Qalat"]},"644520d0-0549-5413-aad0-2115f7fb372a":{"definition":"Writing instrument in the form of a brush, usually made out of bamboo or reed, predominantly used for calligraphy.","spellings":["Qalam"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"From Latin *castrum*. Palace, castle. *Qusayr*: diminutive form of *qasr*. Tr. kasr. See also *bayt*, dar.","spellings":["Ksar","Qasr","Qusair","Qusayr","Quseir"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Direction of the Ka‘ba in Mecca, which Muslims face during prayer. The qibla wall of the mosque is where the *mihrab* is situated.","spellings":["Kibla","Qibla","Qiblah","Quibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Dome; by extension a monument or chamber built over the grave of a saint or important person, which is usually marked with a dome. Fr. *koubba*. Tr. *kubbe* (dome only).","spellings":["Koubba","Kubbat","Kubbe","Qubba","Qubbat"]},"389ffbb1-3a7e-5ec3-a9fc-efdd3e0f54ca":{"definition":"The fourth month of the Islamic calendar. Its name means  the 'second spring'.","spellings":["Rabi al-Awwal","Rabi ath-Thani","Rabi‘","Rabi’a"]},"79ad5742-3251-5a48-afdc-3eadbe4bc902":{"definition":"The ninth month of the Hijri / lunar calendar when Muslims fast. It is the last of the three consecutive holy months. Tr. Ramazan.","spellings":["Ramadan","Ramadhan","Ramathan","Ramazan"]},"2f088e48-669e-5b0f-b7ef-a94fb24641eb":{"definition":"Rayhani is a calligraphic style that was used for copying Qur’ans. It is characterised by its smaller rendition of muhaqqaq, featuring letter forms with sharper, more pointed shapes compared to naskh, and often distinguished by a prominent spike on the initial alif-lam letter shape.  \n  \nAlthough this script shows close resemblance to *muhaqqaq*, it is written on a smaller scale. It was used in large Qur’ans produced in AH 7th–8th / AD 13th–14th centuries. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Rayhan","Rayhani","Reyhan","Rihani"]},"44b5dcf7-b45d-5206-b3e1-f77d5f220d80":{"definition":"A metalworking technique. To make a design appear in relief on the front of a metal work of art, it has to be worked in repoussé (hammered) from the back.","spellings":["Repoussé"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fortified enclosure for religious warriors (North Africa); a hospice for pilgrims (Mamluk Egypt, Palestine and Syria). The name of the town Rabat comes from Ribat al-Fath (Ribat of the Conquest).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"Pl. of *rawda* “garden”. Always used in plural form, in Morocco *riyad* means a garden within residential housing.","spellings":["Rawda","Riad","Riyad","Riyadh"]},"9b3eb14d-ccb9-5bdf-b3a6-ae4fd27367cf":{"definition":"Rosewater is a fragrant liquid crafted by immersing rose petals in water. Prior to the advancement of the distillation method for producing rosewater, Persian cuisine already employed rose petals to enhance the aroma and taste of dishes. Rose water likely had its beginnings in Persia, where it was identified as \"gulab\". The technique of steam distillation to create rosewater was perfected by Persian chemist, Ibn Sina/ Avicenna, within the medieval Islamic world.","spellings":["Gulab","Rose Water","Rosewater"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"Split-palmette motif. One of the most popular and basic motifs in Islamic decorative arts, applied to every medium from woodcarving to tiles. It is mostly seen in arabesques. It was named after an earlier name for Anatolia.","spellings":["Rumi"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"(Pl. *subul* or *asbila*) Small structures that were designed to dispense and provide free and clean drinking water to the public. *Sabil*s can be freestanding buildings or parts of small or large charitable complexes.  \n  \nTr. sebil – a chamber where an attendant serves free drink to the public.","spellings":["Asbila","Sabil","Sebil","Subul"]},"b96fb0ed-83cb-5316-ab1d-f4e286f25845":{"definition":"Safavid Dynasy.","spellings":["Safavid","Safawid"]},"e83fa4a5-45f3-5663-8489-ce86086e6417":{"definition":"Term used for a prayer rug. It could mean prostration or prostrate, and also may refer to a mark in the text of the Quran.","spellings":["Sajada"]},"0f26046e-3b67-5601-baf6-72d291d77ad0":{"definition":"Straight, double-edged sword. The sayf varied in appearance throughout Islamic history.","spellings":["Saif","Sayf","Seif"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendants of Prophet Muhammad. See also *sharif*.","spellings":["Sada","Sayyed"]},"9ba68a24-0e40-52cc-9957-968da7055d9a":{"definition":"Arabic title of respect, meaning Heir to the grandson of the prophet Muhammad.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"405f1bc4-d301-552c-8f10-fc6e68168f45":{"definition":"A Prayer rug. It varies in size and decoration.","spellings":["Seccade"]},"d9561d95-09e3-53a8-a3d9-022df6d80d3b":{"definition":"Type of Ottoman silk fabrics, usually woven in designs and motifs quite different from the typical Ottoman artistic language, organized in narrow horizontal bands of small-scale decoration.","spellings":["Seraser"]},"5dfb0beb-240c-5fb8-a4ba-14bd15936137":{"definition":"Title of the kings of Iran, or Persia. The title shah was also used in Afghanistan until the overturn of the monarchy in 1973 and has been used by rulers and princelings in other countries of central and southern Asia.","spellings":["Šâh","Shah"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profession of Muslim faith. Tr. *Şahadet*.","spellings":["Sahadet","Shahada","Shahadah"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"An elder, respected for his knowledge and age, learned man instructed in the religious sciences, member of a religious brotherhood, sufi master. Tr. *Şeyh*. Shaykh al-Islam: The head of the hierarchy of the doctors of Muslim canon law, tradition and theology. Tr. Şeyhülislam.","spellings":["Şeyh","Shaykh","Sheikh"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(Pl. *shurafa*) Descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. See also *sayyed*.","spellings":["Sharif","Shurafa"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"Correctly, Shi‘at ‘Ali, meaning “the party of ‘Ali”. Shi‘ites rejected the legitimacy of all caliphs who succeed after the assassination of Ali (AH 40 / AD 661), the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law. See also Sunna.","spellings":["Shi‘a","Shia"]},"ea7ba680-cfdb-5f45-9030-dd43782bebb2":{"definition":"A style of Islamic calligraphy originating from China for using the Arabic script. It gained importance and fame through its hybrid style, and its historic value is related to the hybrid nature of the Chinese Muslim ethnic group, known as the Hui. It can also refer to Chinese ceramics.","spellings":["Sini"]},"288b2150-8838-5cdf-8779-d98b7d476915":{"definition":"The Sira are the prophetic biographies.  In addition to what is written in the Quran and Hadith, the sira also provide information on Muhammed's life and the early period of Islam.","spellings":["Seera","Sira","Sirah","Sirat"]},"b68f8c65-978e-5a31-bb68-5994ae43ec75":{"definition":"A Muslim acetic and mystic who represents the mystical aspect of Islam.","spellings":["Sufi"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"An Islamic mystical or ascetic order. Derived from *suf*, wool, which is the fabric in which devotees (*sufi*) clothe themselves. Fr. *soufisme*.","spellings":["Soufisme","Sufism"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Honorary title used by independent sovereigns (in particular Ottomans and Seljuks) whose authority, however, does not question the nominal superiority recognised to the ruling caliph.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"f21a9ff0-ae8f-5ff9-be18-36b4a4db6794":{"definition":"State or territories that are ruled by a sultan. Sultan is a title given to the ruler of such a place.","spellings":["Sultanate"]},"aa9eeba9-8ad8-555a-8988-13c068bdac81":{"definition":"Turkish word for box or chest.","spellings":["Sanadiq","Sanduq","Senduq","Sunduq"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Literally “tradition”. For Orthodox Islam, the group of traditions of the Prophet in which legal advisers and theologians find support and foundations to establish the content of Islamic law arising from the Qur’an. Sunni: Follower of Sunna. Sunnis are divided into four schools: Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, Shafi’i. Sunnism: a political and religious system opposed to Shi‘ism. See also Fiqh, Shi’a.","spellings":["Sunna"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marketplace. See also *arasta*, *bazaar*, *bedesten*.","spellings":["Esouk","Sooq","Souk","Souq","Suk","Suq"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Chapter of the Qur’an. There are 114 surahs in the Qur’an. Tr. Sure.","spellings":["Sura","Surah"]},"78fd8be3-f58d-5f6b-b249-3f3c97b9ef97":{"definition":"Tabby Weave has all the character of a hand-woven silk but with a high-performance level.","spellings":["Tabby"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"One of the six main styles of calligraphy developed in Persia in the AH 9th / AD 15th century. Used especially for official correspondence, it is characterised by fine lines with no vowel. Tr. *talik*. See also *nas*ta’liq**, calligraphy.  \n  \nTaliq is characterised by an unauthodox use of ligatures, which connect letters on the left that typically wouldn't be joined. It features descending strokes that form loops, rounded letter shapes with pronounced variations in letter spacing, wide spacing between lines, as well as lines that ascend from right to left.","spellings":["ta‘liq","Talik","Taliq"]},"c8f3bbcb-a8cd-550d-87a2-e50f399b9921":{"definition":"The Arabic-language name for the Torah within its context as an Islamic holy book believed by Muslims to have been given by God to the prophets and messengers amongst the Children of Israel.","spellings":["Taurat","Tawrah","Tawrat"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"Arabic: “one-third”. A style of calligraphy named after the size of the pen used. The prolongation of its letters allow for very complex decorative compositions. It was used in calligraphy, books and civil and religious architecture. From the AH 12th / AD 18th century it was widely used in panels particular to Ottoman art. Fr. *toulouth*. Tr. *sülüs*.  \n  \nThe thuluth script, a medieval Islamic calligraphic style, features an alphabet written in a distinctive manner. The name \"thuluth\" (Arabic for \"one-third\") refers to the principle that each letter's form encompasses a slope of about one-third of its size. This script is both spacious and refined, characterized by its cursive nature. During the medieval period, thuluth script found its place on mosque embellishments.  \nFunctionally, thuluth script assumed some of the roles initially held by the early Kufic script. It was employed for crafting headings for suras (chapters) of the Qurʾan, religious inscriptions, princely titles, and inscriptions of importance. Additionally, from the 13th century AD (597-700 AH) onwards, it was favoured for producing large copies of the Qurʾan.","spellings":["Sülüs","Thoulouth","Thuluth"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"First used for embroidered inscriptions on textiles, this term became synonymous with textile robes with inscriptions giving the ruler’s name and the workshop where the textiles were made. Such robes were presented by the caliph to people who were to be honoured. Dar al-tiraz: royal textile factories supervised by the court.","spellings":["Taraz","Teraz","Tiraz"]},"9c8dfd7c-96f7-590d-8c3e-dacf904f0e4a":{"definition":"A brass alloy usually referred to as red bronze. It is also mentioned as gilded copper and as a technique which uses copper and zinc alloy and gilt. Could also refer to tobacco.","spellings":["Tombac","Tombak"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"A calligraphic signature of an Ottoman sultan that was affixed to official documents. Each sultan had his own *tughra*. Tr. *tuğra*.","spellings":["Tughra","Tuğra"]},"84d9ad68-024a-5ca8-9f67-268e29d1e040":{"definition":"A particular style of calligraphy, originating from India.","spellings":["Turabi"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Turkish people located in the region east of the Caspian Sea and South of the Aral Sea. This area now comprises of Turkmenistan and parts of Iran and Afghanistan.","spellings":["Turkmen","Türkmenler","Turkoman"]},"fd4ff19f-5ca3-5bdd-b26e-79e1ad771914":{"definition":"\"Turquoise is a blue-green gemstone made from hydrated copper aluminium phosphate. It between five and six on the Mohs scale, and is mainly cut in the cabochon style since it is not transparent. This gemstone comes in a variety of shades of blue and green. Turquoise was known in Egypt from a very early time and was later described by Pliny the Elder under the name *callias*. For him and those who studied his works, the blueish-green stone was attributed only virtues shared by other green or blue gems. However, in the 13th century, the term turquoise was introduced in Western Europe, and the gemstone started to be affiliated with new powers. These included the ability to prevent injuries from falling, especially from horseback, and the power to protect horses from sickness. For this reason Turks were said to attach turquoise stones to the bridles and stirrups of their horses.  \nTurquoise has traditionally been sold in Turkey, since it mostly originates in Iran. It still passes through Turkey on the way to Europe. Ancient Persians fully appreciated the beauty and power of this gemstone, and it was the national stone of the vast empire. There is a saying that good fortune can be obtained by seeing the reflection of the new moon either on a friend’s face, on a copy of the Quran, or on a turquoise. Turquoise is also popular for religious use in Hindu mystic circles, as well as among Indigenous people of North and Central America.\"","spellings":["Turquoise"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Minister. Tr. *vezir*. The highest vizier (Prime Minister) was the Grand Vizier, Prime Minister. Tr. *Sadrazam*.","spellings":["Sadrazam","Vasir","Vazir","Vesir","Vezir","Visir","Vizier","Vizir","Wazir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Endowment in perpetuity, usually of land or property, from which the revenue was reserved for the upkeep of religious foundations. *waqfiyya*: the deed of endowment of a *waqf*. Tr. *vakıf*, *vakfiye*. See also *habus*.","spellings":["Vakif","Vakifiye","Wakf","Waqf"]},"cc1e247a-53d7-5c70-9399-89357963e5cf":{"definition":"A style in Ottoman art which uses Chinoiserie decorations. The designs incorporate stylised lotus blossoms, buds and leaves in decorative scrolls. Hatayi is derived from Chatay in China. See also Chinoiserie.","spellings":["Hatayi"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"An officer’s rank in the Turkish army. Tr. Ağa. See also *bey*, *dey*.","spellings":["Ağa","agha"]},"bcebf34c-f01e-5220-896e-b24e7d5c3220":{"definition":"Hostel for merchants and their pack animals, a store for merchandise, a commercial centre. See also *caravanserai*, *khan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Funduq"]},"00cb9155-a05e-57be-b845-f2828bcd7de6":{"definition":"Another of the five pillars of Islam, Zakat is a tithe that is to be paid each year by all Muslim adults in the amount of 2.5 percent of their income and wealth.","spellings":["Zakah","Zakat","Zakat al-mal"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Establishment for religious teaching dedicated to preparing men to become *shaykhs*, which includes the shrine of a saint and built where he was born or lived. In Turkey also a small *tekke*, a hospice for dervishes and travellers. See also *khanqah*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zaouia","Zawija","Zawiya","Zawiyah","Zwaya"]}}

package/translations/glossary.es.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"Purificación ritual con agua que se realiza antes de la oración.","spellings":["Ablución"]},"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Nombre de los territorios de la Península Ibérica bajo dominio musulmán entre 711 y 1492.","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Adjetivo cuyo significado es «la más lejana», denomina la mezquita al-Aqsa de Jerusalén, reverenciada por los musulmanes como la primera *qibla* (ver) y el primer lugar sagrado, donde tuvo lugar el ascenso del Profeta al cielo (ver *al-Israa wa al-Miray*).**","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"Bandera, pendón o estandarte.","spellings":["Alem"]},"39b15d5c-120b-51e4-b058-0cc18bb7226a":{"definition":"Del ár. *farsh*. Techo plano con maderas labradas y entrelazadas artísticamente, dispuesto o no para pisar encima.","spellings":["Alfarje","Farsh"]},"d622d348-fe31-5163-9440-a84a07e7456c":{"definition":"(Pl. *ulama*) Erudito, doctor en derecho y ciencias teológicas islámicas. Esp.: ulema.","spellings":["Alim","Ulama","Ulema"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Dibujo de adorno en dos dimensiones muy frecuente en el arte islámico, compuesto de tracerías, follajes, cintas y roleos que crean un motivo continuo, a veces combinado con volutas o elementos geométricos.","spellings":["Arabesco"]},"78fafab8-3f5e-5796-824d-1b42baff7c16":{"definition":"Del ár. *tawriq*. Este adorno, inspirado en la hoja de acanto clásica, con motivos vegetales estilizados, fue utilizado abundantemente en el arte hispano-musulmán.","spellings":["Ataurique","Tawriq"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"Versículo del Corán.","spellings":["Aleya"]},"4c2bb21c-6364-5e2c-ad76-cc117a2e1056":{"definition":"Puerta.","spellings":["Bab"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Bendición, bondad.","spellings":["Baraka"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"Fórmula, *bi-’ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim*, frecuentemente traducida como “En nombre de Dios, el Clemente, el Misericordioso”.","spellings":["Basmala"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"Sala; en algunos casos, casa. *Bayt al-Hikma*: tribunal; *bayt al-diwan*: vestíbulo de recepción; *bayt al-nar*: caldera, literalmente, la “casa del fuego”. Palabras relacionadas: *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt"]},"9f0f473b-d1c4-579a-830e-8c67cf9124bc":{"definition":"Mercado público o lugar destinado al comercio; mercado cubierto, con puertas. Palabras relacionadas: *arasta*, *bedesten*, *qaysariyya*, *suq*.","spellings":["Bazar"]},"d262760a-d7c7-5583-b3d6-98f5a67ea709":{"definition":"Establecimiento comercial provisto al menos de dos alas (tres o cuatro en Estambul) y cubierto de cúpulas, todas del mismo tamaño. Las mercancías más valiosas eran conservadas en los *bedesten*, que funcionaban como los bancos actuales. El término procede de *bezzazistani*; *bezzaz* significa “vendedor de tejidos”. Palabras relacionadas: *arasta*, *bazar*, *qaysariyya*, *suk*.","spellings":["Bedesten"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"Dirigente de un emirato independiente; título de respeto atribuido a una persona de las clases superiores; título detentado por los soberanos que rendían vasallaje al sultán. *Beylerbey*: bey de beyes, el más alto rango del gobierno provincial del imperio otomano. *Beylicato*, *beylik*: soberanía o territorio bajo el poder de un bey. Palabras relacionadas: *aga/ağa*, *dey*.","spellings":["Bey"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Región a menudo denominada «Levante» o «Gran Siria», comprende las actuales Siria, Jordania, Líbano y Palestina.","spellings":["Bilad al-Sham"]},"5f340924-0a32-5b50-8c50-755492945fed":{"definition":"En el mundo islámico, la cerámica azul y blanca apareció en Mesopotamia en el siglo III/IX. La porcelana azul y blanca de China producida a partir del siglo VIII/XIV tuvo gran influencia en el mundo islámico, donde fue recibida en la corte e imitada en los talleres del Iznik otomano y el Irán safawí.","spellings":["Azul y blanco","Blanquiazul"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"El imperio bizantino (306 a 1453), precedido por el Imperio romano y sucedido por el Imperio otomano.","spellings":["Bizantino"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Del ár. *jalifa*, literalmente “sucesor”. Dirigente supremo de la comunidad musulmana. Califato: territorio bajo el poder del califa.","spellings":["Califa","Jalifa"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"El “arte de la bella escritura” (griego) es una de las más eminentes expresiones de la cultura islámica. Dado que la lengua árabe está ligada à la revelación del Islam y ésta fue plasmada en textos, la caligrafía tiene profundas connotaciones espirituales y es considerada como un símbolo de belleza y misterio. Existen numerosos tipos de caligrafía dependiendo del periodo, el lugar y el contexto. Numerosos artistas del mundo arabo-musulmán continúan practicando el arte de la caligrafía actualmente. Palabras relacionadas: *cúfico*, *diwani*, *farsi*, *magrebí-andalusí*, *muhaqqaq*, *nasji*, *nastaliq*, *rayhani*, *ruqa*, *taliq*, *zuluz*.","spellings":["Caligrafía"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Del persa *karvansara*. Hospedería situada al borde de las principales rutas, que permite el alojamiento de los viajeros y el almacenamiento de sus mercancías. Ár.: *caravansaray* Palabras relacionadas: *funduq*, *jan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Caravasar"]},"a27048f2-e463-56af-bb14-17e5dd57b741":{"definition":"Título otomano de respeto dado a los hombres de las clases superiores; epíteto del sultán Mehmed I.","spellings":["Çelebi"]},"cf4307ca-f437-5c58-80b8-f9b0100711fa":{"definition":"Término francés utilizado en el arte del esmaltado. Los esmaltes de colores se disponen en compartimentos separados por finas tiras de metal, para que no se mezclen durante el proceso de cocción.","spellings":["Cloisonné"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Cristianos egipcios principalmente; seguidores de una de las formas más antiguas de cristianismo, que comprendía comunidades desde África oriental hasta Etiopía. Tenían su propia lengua, el copto, y su propio calendario.","spellings":["Coptos"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Texto sagrado de la revelación islámica transmitido por el arcángel Gabriel al profeta Muhammad. Ár. *Qur‘an*, de la raíz *qr‘*, ‘leer, recitar’.","spellings":["Corán","Kuran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) Casa. *Dar al-Imara*: casa del gobernador. *Dar al-Islam*: dominio del Islam: país bajo dominación islámica; los países que no estaban bajo el dominio del Islam eran considerados como territorios de guerra. *Dar al-hadiz*: escuela donde se estudian los hadices. *Dar al-hiyra*: residencia para emigrantes. *Dar al-juffaz*: escuela especializada en la memorización del Corán. *Dar al-qurra*: escuela dedicada a enseñar la recitación del Corán. *Dar al-shifa*: hospital. *Dar al-tibb*: escuela de medicina. Palabras relacionadas: *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar"]},"b64a1f79-8f29-5ad4-8e98-379f8e05cb1b":{"definition":"Miembro de una orden religiosa musulmana conocida por sus prácticas devotas.","spellings":["Derviche"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"Estilo de caligrafía otomana utilizada en los documentos oficiales del *Divan-ı Hümayun*, de donde procede su nombre. Aunque presenta similitudes con el *taliq*, también fue desarrollado por los turcos otomanos y representaba un poder grandioso. Se llama *jali diwani* cuando se escribe con letras grandes y *divani kirmasi* cuando adopta una forma más simple. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Diván","Diwan","Diwani"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante, príncipe o alto funcionario.","spellings":["Amir","Emir"]},"5d77d3cf-d7dc-59de-8fe9-16b4846e152d":{"definition":"Solución de arcilla diluida que se aplica a un recipiente de cerámica para recubrirlo antes de decorarlo.","spellings":["Engobe"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"1\\. Persa. 2. Estilo de caligrafía cursiva particularmente elegante, que valoriza las curvas de los caracteres árabes y reduce las formas angulares. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"664a6020-4914-5595-8215-d0a0af9a4b9e":{"definition":"(Pl. *fuqaha*) Jurisprudencia canónica musulmana. *Faqih* (alfaquí): jurisconsulto versado en el código del Islam, especialista en *fiqh*. Hay cuatro escuelas jurídicas sunníes (Islam ortodoxo): hanafíes, hanbalíes, malikíes y shafiíes.","spellings":["Fiqh"]},"111b1877-22ac-5026-90bf-a0267a993a00":{"definition":"Decreto de un sultán que enuncia las directivas oficiales de la corte. Los firmanes de los sultanes otomanos eran rollos de papel de diferente extensión con un elegante monograma (*tugra*) del sultán como encabezamiento y un texto redactado en una escritura oficial, seguido por autentificaciones.","spellings":["Firmán"]},"30b4ea5c-4774-5bfc-bea3-025184b06e0f":{"definition":"Término que designa un material cerámico compuesto principalmente de cuarzo y de un vidriado mixto. Durante la cocción, el cuarzo y el vidriado se funden y generan un cuerpo blanco, muchas veces llamado también “pasta de piedra”.","spellings":["Frita"]},"720487c1-6546-5ad8-96ce-6caedac4ddab":{"definition":"Página de un libro anterior a la portada, que suele contener el título y alguna ilustración.","spellings":["Frontispicio"]},"09e9e553-3757-50e9-a411-6aaea263cdac":{"definition":"“Nudo turco”, “nudo simétrico” o “doble nudo” utilizado en alfombras de pelo. El nudo asimétrico que se encuentra en las alfombras persas se llama “nudo de Senneh”.","spellings":["Gordës (nudo de)"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Aplicación de oro sobre la superficie de una obra de arte. El dorado puede aplicarse a la mayoría de los materiales, como el mármol, la piedra, el estuco, la madera, los metales, la cerámica, el vidrio y el papel. Existen diferentes técnicas de aplicación, como al agua o en hoja. Tr.: *tombak*, técnica del cobre dorado.","spellings":["Dorado","Tombak"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Técnica consistente en aplicar a la superficie cerámica una fina capa de vedrío antes de la cocción. En el horno, el vedrío se funde, protege la cerámica, la vuelve impermeable y la prepara para diferentes usos. El vidriado plumbífero es transparente y suave, pero vulnerable a las roturas y la deformación química. El vidriado estannífero es un vidriado blanco opaco que contiene estaño; se perfeccionó en Bagdad en el siglo III/IX para competir con las porcelanas chinas, y se extendió hasta la España musulmana y luego al resto de Europa.","spellings":["Vidriado"]},"15f99ce5-e2bb-5a62-b80f-3c61ce352a95":{"definition":"Estilo arquitectónico vigente entre los siglos xii a xvi en Europa. Los cruzados trasplantaron formas de la arquitectura gótica al mundo musulmán.","spellings":["Gótico"]},"2fb79a2a-639b-5703-9b25-ab627b16aef8":{"definition":"Legado de bienes inmuebles a perpetuidad y bajo determinadas condiciones a favor de una mezquita u otra institución religiosa, como una *madrasa* o una *janqa*, o una institución civil como un *sabil*, o incluso una casa. Palabras relacionadas: *waqf*.","spellings":["Habiz"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Literalmente “dicho”. Conjunto de tradiciones relacionadas con palabras y acciones del profeta Muhammad y sus compañeros. *Dar al-Hadiz*: ver *dar*.","spellings":["Hadiz"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"Alto funcionario del gobierno. El término designaba inicialmente a un chambelán, pero bajo los omeyas de al-Andalus, el *hayib* ejercía de primer ministro, con igual rango que el visir en los califatos orientales.","spellings":["Hayib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Uno de los cinco pilares del Islam; peregrinación a La Meca y a los Santos Lugares que todos los creyentes deben llevar a cabo al menos una vez en su vida, si tienen los medios. Por extensión, el término también se refiere a una persona que hace esta peregrinación. El *hayy* se realiza dos meses después de ramadán y termina con la Fiesta del Sacrificio (Aid al-Ada). La *Umra* presenta casi los mismos rituales que el *hayy*, pero no tiene lugar durante la misma temporada; su importancia es cada vez mayor debido a las dificultades para acoger al creciente número de peregrinos que cada año quieren cumplir con el *hayy* (más de tres millones).","spellings":["Hayy"]},"cc92b83e-cb72-55df-b6de-8ddaf5a44e3f":{"definition":"Una de las cuatro escuelas jurídicas sunníes del Islam ortodoxo. Palabras relacionadas: *fiqh*.","spellings":["Hanbalíes"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Literalmente, “sagrado”, “prohibido”. Santuario. Acto ilícito, en términos religiosos. Haram al-Sharif: el Noble Santuario, en Jerusalén, que comprende la mezquita al-Aqsa y la Cúpula de la Roca.","spellings":["Haram","Harén"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Espacio de vida en común en una casa turca. También *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"b653a1f8-bca3-5070-8ee8-9e24eef5e3ed":{"definition":"Peregrinación a La Meca y quinto pilar del islam. Es obligación de todos los musulmanes realizar el *hayy* al menos una vez en la vida, si disponen de medios económicos y su salud se lo permite.","spellings":["Hayy"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(del ár. *hiyra*, «migración») Éxodo del Profeta de La Meca a Medina en 622, año de referencia para el comienzo de la era islámica. El calendario musulmán se rige por años lunares de 354 días.","spellings":["Hégira"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Descripción en prosa sobre el profeta Muhammad. *Hilya i-sharif*: “noble descripción” sobre el Profeta; obra de arte que ostenta esta “noble descripción”.","spellings":["Hilya"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"«Hijo de», a menudo forma parte de los nombres. El plural, *banu*, se utiliza para denominar un clan.","spellings":["Ben","Bin","Ibn"]},"78382734-788f-5068-b99e-3cc129b1f007":{"definition":"Entidad política conocida oficialmente como Iranzamin. Fue establecido y gobernado por la casa mongola de Hulagu.","spellings":["Ikanato","Ilkhanid"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Persona que preside la plegaria islámica, guía, líder, modelo espiritual o eclesiástico; a veces, también dirigente político en la sociedad musulmana.","spellings":["Imam"]},"a23158c9-7afc-5a3c-ad75-9ecc73727c13":{"definition":"Técnica de embutido de piezas de marfil tallado, nácar, carey o materiales similares formando motivos decorativos, normalmente sobre una base de madera.","spellings":["Taracea"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Gran nicho abovedado o con cúpula, cerrado por tres lados y con un gran arco de abertura.","spellings":["Iwan"]},"96a4f75a-c342-596d-869f-1064cf498d88":{"definition":"Periodo de ignorancia, en alusión al paganismo de la Arabia preislámica. Tr.: *Cahiliye*.","spellings":["Yahiliyya"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Mezquita mayor o aljama donde tienen lugar las oraciones cotidianas y las del viernes. Palabras relacionadas: *masyid*.","spellings":["Yamaa"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"Literalmente, “bello jardín”. Paraíso.","spellings":["Yanna"]},"90bd1da2-abb0-5d9c-b340-7fc034249c2e":{"definition":"Esfuerzo destinado a alcanzar la perfección moral y religiosa; la motivación puede llevar al combate “en la senda de Dios” contra disidentes o paganos.","spellings":["Yihad"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"El texto del Corán se puede dividir en 30 secciones iguales, a las que se denomina *yuz* (pl. *ayza*). Cuando los coranes estaban escritos en 30 volúmenes, como en el Egipto mameluco, cada volumen era un *yuz*.","spellings":["Ayza","Yuz"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(«cubo») Pequeño templo de La Meca que pasó a convertirse en el centro del islam. Se cree que fue construido por el profeta Abraham y su hijo Ismael.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"1a551412-ba3d-5a82-89e6-07e97018fb70":{"definition":"Brocado, tela multicolor otomana de tejido compuesto, con coloridos motivos hechos en seda policromada con hilos de oro, plata dorada y plata.","spellings":["Kemha"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Término árabe que designa una posada o alojamiento en las principales rutas de caravanas para los viajeros (peregrinos y mercaderes) y donde las mercancías podían ser almacenadas. Palabras relacionadas: *caravasar*, *funduq*, *wikala*. Tr.: *han*.","spellings":["Jan"]},"1863aa1c-4cad-53d2-a497-ecb16318e81f":{"definition":"Monasterio o albergue para sufíes o derviches itinerantes. Palabras relacionadas: *zawiya*.","spellings":["Janqa"]},"aace2213-b96e-55dc-90b1-8852a726d654":{"definition":"Sermón semanal de la plegaria del viernes.","spellings":["Jutba"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"Manto compuesto de varias piezas para cubrir la Kaaba de La Meca. Está bordado en seda y oro, con aleyas del Corán. La *kiswa* se sustituye cada año durante el *hayy*, cuando la antigua tela se corta y distribuye entre los peregrinos. También se llama *kiswa* (por ejemplo, en Palestina) a las telas con motivos caligráficos en zigzag con las que se cubren los cenotafios de los mausoleos.","spellings":["Kiswa"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Escritura árabe de caracteres angulares estilizados, utilizada en los coranes de los primeros tiempos del Islam. Se atribuye a la ciudad de Kufa, en Irak. A partir del siglo IV/X, el cúfico fue menos utilizado, por la dificultad de su lectura. Cúfico florido: escritura que combina el estilo angular de las letras con motivos florales y vegetales, como los florones, de uso frecuente en los periodos fatimí y atabeg. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Cúfica"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"Conjunto de edificios distribuidos alrededor de la mezquita: *darüşşifa* (hospital), *hammam* (baños), *jan* (alojamientos), *imaret* (comedor de beneficencia), *madrasa* (escuela).","spellings":["Külliye"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Escuela islámica de ciencias religiosas (teología, derecho, Corán, etc.) y residencia de los estudiantes. Actualmente, el término designa un colegio.","spellings":["Madrasa"]},"b1520fd2-381d-5d56-a9d2-7d019d4f34c2":{"definition":"Palanquín, estructura en forma de tienda, ricamente decorada, que se colocaba sobre el lomo de los camellos para transportar a las damas de la aristocracia. También se usaba para el transporte de la *kiswa* en la caravana anual del *hayy* enviada por los soberanos a La Meca con las delegaciones de peregrinos.","spellings":["Mahmal"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Una de las cuatro escuelas jurídicas sunníes del Islam ortodoxo. Fue fundada por el imam Malik y se extendió por el mundo musulmán occidental, incluido al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malik","Malikíes"]},"82f05a30-a07c-5d4f-83a3-2156afc3ed35":{"definition":"Luz, linterna, lámpara, baliza.","spellings":["Manar"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Construcción de una o más unidades arquitectónicas, que por lo general incluye un espacio con cúpula que alberga el sepulcro de una importante figura religiosa. Lugar de culto y peregrinación. Palabras relacionadas: *darih*, *kubba*, *türbe*, *turbé*, *turbet*.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"5f70c6f4-762e-5438-bf74-53c9daaa431c":{"definition":"En las mezquitas aljamas, zona reservada para el califa o imam durante las horas de oración pública. También, lugar reservado para uso privado en edificios públicos (por ejemplo, en un *hammam*).","spellings":["Maqsura"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"Mausoleo o santuario.","spellings":["Mashhad"]},"3bcfdeb5-5c8a-58e9-8dfd-9ad2a9f98fdb":{"definition":"Mampara de madera constituida por piezas torneadas y ensambladas. Celosía.","spellings":["Mashrabiyya"]},"f176a992-6546-55ba-a3e5-6877adc61b76":{"definition":"Literalmente, “lugar de prosternación”. Mezquita donde se rezan las plegarias diarias, excepto, en general, las del viernes, que no pueden pronunciarse debido a la ausencia de *minbar*. Palabras relacionadas: *yamaa*.","spellings":["Masyid"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Ciudad; casco antiguo de una ciudad, centro independiente. También es el nombre de una ciudad de Arabia Saudí adonde emigraron los musulmanes en el año 622 y en la que está enterrado el profeta Muhammad.","spellings":["Medina"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Nicho con arco y generalmente cóncavo, aunque a veces sólo está marcado, que en los edificios religiosos islámicos indica la dirección de La Meca, hacia la cual se vuelven los fieles cuando rezan.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Púlpito de las mezquitas desde donde el imam dirige el sermón a los fieles durante las oraciones del viernes y las primeras plegarias de la mañana en las dos grandes fiestas musulmanas. Está situado a la derecha del *mihrab*. Los *minbar* aparecieron en el periodo omeya.","spellings":["Minbar"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"En los reinos cristianos de la Península Ibérica, nombre dado a los musulmanes que se convirtieron oficialmente al cristianismo después de la Reconquista.","spellings":["Morisco"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"Del ár. *mudayyan*. Musulmán autorizado a permanecer entre sus conquistadores cristianos sin cambiar de religión a cambio de un tributo. El adjetivo “mudéjar” designa también un arte tradicional iniciado bajo dominio islámico y continuado para clientes cristianos después de la conquista cristiana de una zona.","spellings":["Mudéjar"]},"b9deabe4-38f9-5144-9eed-f59423fe7ddc":{"definition":"Funcionario religioso musulmán encargado de anunciar desde el alminar de la mezquita las cinco oraciones de la jornada. Tr. *müezzin mahfili*: plataforma creada especialmente para los muecines. Palabras relacionadas: *adhan*.","spellings":["Muecín, almuecín o almuédano"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Gran escritura cursiva asociada al *nasji* utilizado en la Edad Media. Es uno de los seis estilos básicos de escritura. Tr.: *muhaqqaq*. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"cfc9414f-7ca4-5e8a-80ea-d0fc4865d5c9":{"definition":"Del ár. *muwallad*. Cristiano convertido al Islam que vivía como musulmán durante la dominación árabe en la Península Ibérica.","spellings":["Muladí"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"Reinado, soberanía, poder. La palabra se emplea frecuentemente en la decoración caligráfica para ornar objetos refinados.","spellings":["Mulk"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Adorno arquitectónico en forma de estalactitas o panal que adorna las superficies de cúpulas, ménsulas, cornisas, etc. En el Magreb, *muqarbas*.","spellings":["Mocárabe o almocárabe"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Literalmente, “copiado”. Uno de los estilos más difundidos de caligrafía islámica, utilizado en coranes y otras obras. Une la flexibilidad del estilo *farsi* con la armonía de la escritura *cúfica*.","spellings":["Nasji"]},"d99278fb-cfa3-513e-9af1-4e39e27f241b":{"definition":"Técnica utilizada en la metalistería y que consiste en rellenar las zonas grabadas con una mezcla de diferentes materiales, como el plomo, el cuero y la plata.","spellings":["Niel","Nielado"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Título honorífico turco. Pachá. Ár. *bacha*.","spellings":["Paşa"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Ciudadela con características propias de la arquitectura militar, como muros inexpugnables, torres, saeteras y terreno en pendiente antes de la muralla.","spellings":["Qalaa"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"(del lat. castrum) Palacio, castillo.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Dirección de la Kaaba de La Meca, hacia donde se vuelven los musulmanes durante la oración. En el muro de la *qibla* de la mezquita se encuentra el *mihrab*.","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Cúpula; por extensión, monumento o cámara construida sobre la tumba de un santo o de un personaje importante, generalmente señalada por una cúpula.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"389ffbb1-3a7e-5ec3-a9fc-efdd3e0f54ca":{"definition":"El cuarto mes del calendario islámico. Su nombre significa la 'segunda primavera'.","spellings":["Rabi al-Awwal","Rabi ath-Thani"]},"79ad5742-3251-5a48-afdc-3eadbe4bc902":{"definition":"Noveno mes del calendario lunar, durante el cual los musulmanes ayunan entre la salida y la puesta del sol. Es el último de los tres meses santos consecutivos.","spellings":["Ramadán"]},"2f088e48-669e-5b0f-b7ef-a94fb24641eb":{"definition":"Aunque esta escritura presenta gran parecido con la *muhaqqaq*, sus caracteres son más pequeños. Se utilizó en los grandes coranes realizados en los siglos VII-VIII/XIII-XIV. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Rayhani","Rihani"]},"44b5dcf7-b45d-5206-b3e1-f77d5f220d80":{"definition":"Técnica de la metalistería que consiste en crear motivos en relieve en la parte visible de una obra martilleando en el dorso.","spellings":["Repujado"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Recinto fortificado para monjes guerreros (norte de África); hospicio para peregrinos (Egipto mameluco, Palestina y Siria). El nombre de la ciudad de Rabat procede de Ribat al-Fath (‘ribat de la conquista’).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"Pl. de *rawda*, “jardín”. En Marruecos, siempre en plural, designa un jardín dentro de una construcción residencial.","spellings":["Riyad"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"Motivo en media palmeta. Uno de los motivos más populares y elementales de las artes decorativas islámicas. Se encuentra en todos los soportes, desde la madera tallada hasta los azulejos. Aparece principalmente en arabescos. Toma su nombre del antiguo nombre de Anatolia.","spellings":["Rumi"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"(Pl. *subul* o *asbila*) Pequeña edificación desde la que se distribuye agua potable; fuente pública. Tr.: *sebil*, sala donde un criado ofrece bebidas al público.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendiente del profeta Muhammad. Palabras relacionadas: *jerife*.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profesión de fe musulmana.","spellings":["Shahada"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Anciano respetado por su experiencia y edad, cultivado, erudito en el campo de las ciencias religiosas; miembro de una hermandad religiosa; maestro sufí. *Shayj al-Islam*: Cabeza de la jerarquía de doctores en derecho canónico, tradición y teología musulmanes.","spellings":["Shayj"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"Descendiente del profeta Muhammad. Palabras relacionadas: *sayyid*.","spellings":["Jerife"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(*Shiat Ali*, «partido de Ali») Designa a los musulmanes que eligieron a Ali como líder después de la muerte del Profeta; tras el asesinato de Ali en 661, rechazaron la legitimidad de los califas.","spellings":["Shia","Shiíes"]},"b68f8c65-978e-5a31-bb68-5994ae43ec75":{"definition":"Un acético y místico musulmán que representa el aspecto místico del Islam.","spellings":["Sufi"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"Orden islámica ascética o mística. Su nombre deriva de *suf*, lana, con la que los seguidores (sufíes) tejían su ropa.","spellings":["Sufismo"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"(«soberano») Título que se aplica al jefe político supremo, cuya autoridad no amenaza la superioridad nominal del califa regente.","spellings":["Sultán"]},"f21a9ff0-ae8f-5ff9-be18-36b4a4db6794":{"definition":"Estado o territorios gobernados por un sultán. Sultán es el título dado al gobernante de dicho lugar.","spellings":["Sultanato"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Literalmente, “tradición”. Para el Islam ortodoxo, conjunto de tradiciones del Profeta en las que se basan los jurisconsultos y teólogos para establecer la ley islámica que dimana del Corán. Sunní: seguidor de la Sunna. Los sunníes se dividen en cuatro escuelas: hanafíes, hanbalíes, malikíes, shafiíes. Sunnismo: sistema político y religioso opuesto al shiísmo. Palabras relacionadas: *fiqh*, *shiía*.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunní"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Mercado, zoco. Palabras relacionadas: *arasta*, *bazar*, *bedesten*.","spellings":["Suq"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Capítulo del Corán. El Corán tiene 114 suras.","spellings":["Sura"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"En ár., “un tercio”. Estilo de caligrafía cuyo nombre se debe al tamaño de la pluma utilizada. La extensión de sus letras permite realizar composiciones decorativas muy complejas. Se utilizaba en todo tipo de obras de artesanía, en libros y en la arquitectura civil y religiosa. Desde el siglo XII/XVIII, se empleaba frecuentemente en determinados paneles del arte otomano. Tr.: *sülüs*.","spellings":["Zuluz"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Originalmente usado para designar las inscripciones bordadas en telas, este término pronto pasó a denominar las prendas que llevaban inscripciones con el nombre del soberano y el taller donde estos textiles se fabricaban. Estos vestidos eran regalados por el califa a personas que quería honrar. *Dar al-Tiraz*: talleres textiles reales supervisados por la corte.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"Firma caligráfica de un sultán otomano en documentos oficiales. Cada sultán tenía su propia *tugra*.","spellings":["Tugra"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Pueblo turco ubicado en la región al este del Mar Caspio y al Sur del Mar de Aral. Actualmente, esta área comprende Turkmenistán y partes de Irán y Afganistán.","spellings":["Turcomanos"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Ministro. El ministro más prominente en la jerarquía era el Gran Visir, el Primer Ministro. Tr.: *sadrazam*.","spellings":["Visir","Vizir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Dotación a perpetuidad, por lo general de tierras o de una propiedad, cuyas rentas se destinaban al mantenimiento de fundaciones religiosas. *Waqfiyya*: acto de dotación de un *waqf*. Palabras relacionadas: *habiz*.","spellings":["Waqf"]},"cc1e247a-53d7-5c70-9399-89357963e5cf":{"definition":"Estilo decorativo otomano que emplea decoración chinesca. Los motivos incluyen botones, hojas y flores de loto estilizadas en volutas decorativas. El Hatai deriva de Catay, en China.","spellings":["Hatayi"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"Grado de oficial en el ejército turco. Tr.: *Ağa*. Otros grados eran *bey*, *dey*.","spellings":["Aga"]},"bcebf34c-f01e-5220-896e-b24e7d5c3220":{"definition":"Hospedería para los comerciantes y sus animales de carga, almacén para las mercancías, centro de comercio. Palabras relacionadas: *caravasar*, *jan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Funduq"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Establecimiento de enseñanza religiosa destinado a la formación de los *shayjs*; lugar de peregrinación construido donde nació o vivió un santo. En Turquía, el término designa igualmente un pequeño *tekke*, un albergue para derviches y viajeros. Palabras relacionadas: *janqa*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zawiya"]}}

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+{"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"Toilette rituelle à l’eau, à réaliser avant la prière.","spellings":["Ablution"]},"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Le nom de la péninsule Ibérique (Espagne et Portugal) sous hégémonie musulmane (92-711/897-1492).","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Adjectif signifiant “extrême” ; al-Aqsa désigne la Grande Mosquée de Jérusalem, révérée par les musulmans comme première *qibla* (direction de la prière) et principal lieu saint de l’islam – c’est de là que le Prophète est monté au Ciel (voir *Isra*).","spellings":["Aqsa"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"Drapeau, bannière ou étendard. Ils étaient portés en présence d’un commandant lors d’une campagne militaire ou étaient utilisés dans les processions religieuses. Ils pouvaient prendre des formes très différentes et arboraient des motifs géométriques, parfois nantis d’inscriptions. Un *alem* en métal pouvait être monté au sommet d’une hampe.","spellings":["Alem"]},"39b15d5c-120b-51e4-b058-0cc18bb7226a":{"definition":"De l’ar. *farsh*. Plafond plat à lambris de bois sculpté ou à entrelacs sophistiqués. Il peut également s’agir d’un plancher.","spellings":["Alfarje","Farsh"]},"d622d348-fe31-5163-9440-a84a07e7456c":{"definition":"(Pl. ‘*ulama*’) Erudit, docteur en droit et sciences théologiques islamiques. Fr. : ouléma ou uléma. Tr. : alim, pl. ulema.","spellings":["‘Alim","Ulama","Ulema"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Motifs décoratifs caractéristiques de l’art islamique formés d’éléments végétaux stylisés et de lignes géométriques.","spellings":["Arabesques"]},"78fafab8-3f5e-5796-824d-1b42baff7c16":{"definition":"De l’ar. *tawriq*. Inspiré par la feuille d’acanthe classique, cet ornement présentant des motifs de plantes stylisées fut abondamment utilisée dans l’art hispano-musulman.","spellings":["Ataurique","Tawriq"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"(Pl. *ayat*) Verset du Coran.","spellings":["Aya"]},"b5ff90ab-5823-5d04-95e0-dc19f7472200":{"definition":"Terme espagnol et portugais, très courant dans tout le Maghreb, désignant les carreaux de faïence émaillés assemblés pour générer de grands motifs, notamment pour couvrir les murs des cours des mosquées et des palais. Voir également *zelliges*.","spellings":["Azulejo"]},"4c2bb21c-6364-5e2c-ad76-cc117a2e1056":{"definition":"Portail, porte.","spellings":["Bab"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Bénédiction, bonté.","spellings":["Baraka"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"Formule, bi-‘ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim, souvent traduite par “Au nom de Dieu, le Clément, le Miséricordieux”.","spellings":["Besmala"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"(Pl. biyout) Salle ; dans certains cas, maison. **bayt* al-Hikma* : tribunal. **bayt* al-D*iwan** : hall de réception. **bayt* al-Nar* : chaudière, littéralement, la “maison du feu”. Voir également *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt","Beyt"]},"9f0f473b-d1c4-579a-830e-8c67cf9124bc":{"definition":"Marché public ou place destinée au commerce ; marché couvert avec portes (en Perse). Voir également *arasta*, *bedestan*, *qaysariyya*, *souk*.","spellings":["Bazar"]},"d262760a-d7c7-5583-b3d6-98f5a67ea709":{"definition":"Bâtiment commercial disposant d’au moins deux ailes (trois ou quatre à Istanbul) et couvert de dômes de taille égale. Les marchandises les plus précieuses étaient conservées dans des *bedestan*, qui fonctionnaient à la manière des banques d’aujourd’hui. Le terme était dérivé de bezzazistani, où bezzaz signifie vendeur de tissus. Voir également *arasta*, *bazar*, *qaysariyya*, *souk*.","spellings":["Bedestan"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"Dirigeant d’un émirat indépendant ; titre de respect attribué à une personne des classes supérieures ; titre détenu par les vassaux souverains du sultan. *Beylerbey* : le *bey* des *beys*, le plus haut rang dans le gouvernement provincial de l’empire ottoman. *Beylicat*, *beylik* : souveraineté ou territoire sous le pouvoir d’un *bey*. Voir également *agha*, *dey*.","spellings":["Bey"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Région comprenant les actuels Syrie, Jordanie, Liban et Palestine ; souvent appelée Levant ou Grande Syrie.","spellings":["Bilad al-Cham"]},"5f340924-0a32-5b50-8c50-755492945fed":{"definition":"Dans le monde islamique, la céramique bleu-et-blanc est apparue en Mésopotamie au IIIe siècle H (IXe siècle J.-C.). La porcelaine bleu-et-blanc de Chine produite à partir du VIIIe/XIVe siècle a eu une forte influence sur le monde islamique, où elle était reçue à la cour et imitée dans les ateliers d’Iznik l’ottomane et l’Iran séfévide.","spellings":["Bleu-et-blanc"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"L'Empire byzantin (de 306 à 1453) a précédé l'Empire romain et a succédé à l'Empire ottoman.","spellings":["Byzantin"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"De l’arabe *Khalifa*. Chef spirituel et temporel de la communauté musulmane dans la lignée des successeurs du Prophète.","spellings":["Calife","Khalifa"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"L’ “art de la belle écriture” (grec) est l’une des plus éminentes expressions de la culture islamique. Étant donné que la langue arabe est liée à la révélation de l’islam, la calligraphie a de profondes connotations spirituelles et est considérée comme un symbole de beauté et de mystère. Il existe de nombreux types de calligraphie, avec des variations selon la période, le lieu et le contexte. De nombreux artistes du monde arabo-musulman continuent de pratiquer l’art de la calligraphie aujourd’hui. Voir également **coufique*, d*iwan*i, farsi, Maghribi andalou, *muhaqqaq*, *naskhi*, *nasta’liq*, rayhani, ruq’a, ta’liq, *thoulouth**.","spellings":["Calligraphie"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"(voir aussi **khan**) Hôtellerie située sur les grandes voies de communication – commerce et pèlerinage –, destinée à l’hébergement des voyageurs et au stockage de leurs marchandises.","spellings":["Caravansérail"]},"a27048f2-e463-56af-bb14-17e5dd57b741":{"definition":"Titre de respect donné aux hommes des classes supérieures ; épithète du sultan Mohammed Ier.","spellings":["Chalabi"]},"e6ca4d52-63e1-5c91-8d45-5c007bd19735":{"definition":"Motifs artistiques provenant initialement de Chine, utilisés dans l’art islamique et reflétant la forte influence chinoise depuis les périodes mongoles. Les bordures de nuages stylisés, les fleurs de lotus et les créatures fabuleuses telles que le qilin sont des motifs typiques. Voir également bleu-et-blanc, *hatayi*, style Minf, motif vagues-et-rochers.","spellings":["Chinoiserie"]},"cf4307ca-f437-5c58-80b8-f9b0100711fa":{"definition":"Terme utilisé dans l’art des émaux. Les couleurs émaillées sont disposées dans des compartiments  séparés selon le motif requis. Ces compartiments sont constitués de fines bandes de métal  dressées sur le bord, afin que les différentes couleurs ne se mélangent pas pendant le processus de cuisson.","spellings":["Cloisonné"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Chrétiens, surtout égyptiens, adeptes de l’une des plus anciennes formes de christianisme, avec des communautés s’étendant de l’Afrique de l’Est à l’Éthiopie. Ils ont leur propre langue, le copte, et leur propre calendrier.","spellings":["Coptes"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"De la racine *qr*’ (lire) désigne le texte sacré de la Révélation islamique transmise par l’archange Gabriel au prophète Muhammad en arabe.","spellings":["Coran","Kuran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. dur) Maison. *daral-*imara** : maison du gouverneur. Dar al-Islam : domaine de l’Islam : pays sous domination islamique ; les pays qui n’étaient pas sous la domination de l’Islam étaient considérés comme des territoires de guerre. *dar al-Hadith* : école permettant d’étudier les Hadiths ; Tr. : Darülhadis. *dar al-Hijra*: demeure pour la migration. *dar al-khuffaz* : école spécialisée dans la mémorisation du Coran Tr. : Darülhuffaz. *dar* al-Qurra’ : école enseignant la science de la récitation du Coran ; Tr. : Darülkurra. *dar al-shifa’* : hôpital; Tr. : Darüşşifa. *dar al-tibb* : école où étaient enseignées les sciences médicales ; Tr. : Darüttıb. Voir également *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar"]},"a4f8f7c7-245b-5188-b8fe-8085676b0785":{"definition":"Mausolée. Voir également *maqam, *koubba*, *türbe*, turbe, *turbé*, *turbet**.","spellings":["Darih"]},"b64a1f79-8f29-5ad4-8e98-379f8e05cb1b":{"definition":"Membre d’un ordre religieux musulman connu pour ses pratiques de dévotion.","spellings":["Derviche"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"Bureau du gouvernement ; salle d’audience, salle de réception ; collection de poèmes. Tr. : divan; Divan-ı Hümayun : Conseil impérial présidé par le Grand Vizir et formant l’organe central du gouvernement ottoman.","spellings":["Divan","Diwan","Diwani"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Chef militaire, gouverneur, prince, haut dignitaire. Souverain d’un émirat ou d’une principauté.","spellings":["Émir"]},"5d77d3cf-d7dc-59de-8fe9-16b4846e152d":{"definition":"Solution d’argile diluée appliquée à un récipient en céramique pour recouvrir le corps d’argile avant d’ajouter une décoration.","spellings":["Engobe"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"1. Habitant de la Perse. 2. Style de calligraphie cursive particulièrement élégante valorisant les courbes des lettres arabes en réduisant les formes angulaires. Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"664a6020-4914-5595-8215-d0a0af9a4b9e":{"definition":"(Pl. *fuqaha’*) Jurisprudence canonique musulmane. *Fqih* : jurisconsulte versé dans le code de l’islam, spécialiste du *fuqaha’*. On compte quatre écoles juridiques sunnites (islam orthodoxe). Voir également hanafite, hanbalite, malékite, chafiite.","spellings":["Fiqh"]},"111b1877-22ac-5026-90bf-a0267a993a00":{"definition":"Décret d’un sultan énonçant les directives officielles de la cour. Les firmans des sultans ottomans étaient des rouleaux de papier de différentes longueurs arborant à titre d’en-tête un élégant monogramme (*tughra*) du sultan, un texte rédigé dans une écriture officielle et suivi d’un certain nombre d’authentifications.","spellings":["Ferman","Firman"]},"30b4ea5c-4774-5bfc-bea3-025184b06e0f":{"definition":"Terme désignant un matériau céramique composé principalement de quartz et d’une glaçure mixte. En cours de cuisson, le quartz et la glaçure fondent et génèrent un corps blanc, parfois également appelé pâte de pierre.","spellings":["Fritte"]},"720487c1-6546-5ad8-96ce-6caedac4ddab":{"definition":"Feuillet illustré précédant la page de titre d’un livre.","spellings":["Frontispice"]},"09e9e553-3757-50e9-a411-6aaea263cdac":{"definition":"“Nœud turc” “nœud symétrique” ou “double nœud” utilisé dans les tapis de poil. Le nœud asymétrique que l’on trouve dans les tapis persans est dit “nœud de Senneh”.","spellings":["Ghiordès","Gördes (nœud de)","Nœud de Gördes"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Application d’or sur la surface d’une œuvre d’art. La dorure peut être appliquée à la plupart des matériaux, dont le marbre, la pierre, le stuc, le bois, les métaux, la céramique, le verre et le papier. Il existe différentes techniques d’application : la dorure à l’eau ou à la feuille d’or. Tr. : *tombak*, technique du cuivre doré.","spellings":["Dorure","Tombak"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Une fine couche de verre est appliquée à la surface de la céramique avant la cuisson. Dans le four, la glaçure fond, protège la céramique, la rend imperméable et la prépare à différents usages. La glaçure plombifère est transparente et douce mais vulnérable aux craquelures et à la déformation chimique. La glaçure stannifère est une glaçure blanche opaque contenant de l’étain, mise au point à Bagdad au IIIe siècle H (IXe siècle J.-C.) pour rivaliser avec les porcelaines chinoises, qui s’est étendue à l’Espagne musulmane, puis dans le reste de l’Europe. La faïence, la majolique et la faïence de Delft sont à glaçure stannifère.","spellings":["Glaçure"]},"2fb79a2a-639b-5703-9b25-ab627b16aef8":{"definition":"Legs sous forme de terres concédées à perpétuité, et sous certaines conditions, au profit d’une mosquée ou autre institution religieuse, telle qu’une *madrasa* ou une *khanqah*, ou une institution civile telle qu’un *sabil*, ou même une maison. Voir également *waqf*.","spellings":["Habous"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Littéralement, “dits”. Ensemble de traditions liées aux paroles et actions du prophète Muhammad et de ses compagnons. *dar al-Hadith* : voir *dar*.","spellings":["Hadis","Hadith"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"Haut fonctionnaire du gouvernement. Le terme désignait initialement un chambellan, mais sous les Omeyyades d’al-Andalus, le *hadjib* agissait en tant que ministre en chef, de rang égal à celui de vizir dans les califats orientaux.","spellings":["Hadjib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Pèlerinage.","spellings":["Hadjdj","Hajj"]},"cc92b83e-cb72-55df-b6de-8ddaf5a44e3f":{"definition":"Une des quatre écoles juridiques Sunnites de l’islam orthodoxe. Tr. : Hanbeli. Voir également *fuqaha’*.","spellings":["Hanbali"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"En arabe, littéralement “sacré”, “interdit”. Sanctuaire. Acte illicite du point de vue de la religion. Haram al-Charif : le Noble Sanctuaire à Jérusalem, comprenant la mosquée al-Aqsa et le Dôme du Rocher.","spellings":["Haram","Harem"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Espace de vie commun dans une maison turque. Tr. : également *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(de *Hijra*, litt. “émigration”) Exode du Prophète de La Mecque à Médine en 622 J.-C., qui sert de point de départ au calendrier musulman, établi selon une année lunaire de 354 jours.","spellings":["Hégire"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Description prosaïque du prophète Muhammad. Hilya-i Charif : “Noble Description” du Prophète, œuvre d’art arborant cette “Noble Description”.","spellings":["Hilya"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Fils de, souvent utilisé dans la formation des noms. Pour désigner un clan, on emploie la forme plurielle : Bani/Banu/Beni.","spellings":["Ben","Bin","Ibn"]},"78382734-788f-5068-b99e-3cc129b1f007":{"definition":"Entité politique officiellement connue sous le nom d'Iranzamîn. Elle fut établie et gouvernée par la maison mongole de Houlagou.","spellings":["Ilkhanat"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Celui qui dirige la prière islamique. Guide, chef, modèle spirituel ou membre du clergé, quelquefois aussi homme politique, dans une société musulmane.","spellings":["Imam"]},"a23158c9-7afc-5a3c-ad75-9ecc73727c13":{"definition":"Technique dans laquelle l’ivoire sculpté, la nacre, l’écaille ou des matériaux similaires sont disposés pour former un motif géométrique, souvent au sein d’un cadre de bois.","spellings":["Inlaying"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Salle voûtée avec des parois sur trois côtés seulement. Cet élément typique de l’architecture islamique s’ouvre généralement sur une cour ornée d’une fontaine.","spellings":["Iwan"]},"96a4f75a-c342-596d-869f-1064cf498d88":{"definition":"“Ignorance”. Désigne la période de paganisme antéislamique dans la péninsule Arabique.","spellings":["Djahiliyya","Jahiliyya"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Principale mosquée où les prières quotidiennes et celles du vendredi ont lieu. Tr. : *cami*. Voir également *masjid*.","spellings":["Djemaa"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"Littéralement “beau jardin”. Paradis. Tr. : *cennet*.","spellings":["Djena","Djenaïn","Djenan","Janna"]},"90bd1da2-abb0-5d9c-b340-7fc034249c2e":{"definition":"Effort de perfectionnement moral et religieux à travers l’éducation ou des legs de biens meubles et immeubles. Peut conduire au combat “sur la voie de Dieu” contre les dissidents ou les païens.","spellings":["Djihad"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"Le texte du Coran peut être divisé en 30 sections égales. Un trentième du Coran est donc appelé un *juz’* (pl. *ajza*). Lorsque les corans étaient écrits en 30 volumes, comme en Egypte sous les Mamelouks, un volume était appelé un *juz’*.","spellings":["Juz’"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(litt. “cube”) Petit temple de La Mecque devenu le centre de l’islam et supposé avoir été initialement construit par Abraham et son fils Ismaïl.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"ba012528-e332-58db-968d-165b78bc6d94":{"definition":"Textile à endroit lisse tissé dans un type de tapisserie ou de toile à effet de trame. En général, le terme est uniquement appliqué aux tissages non veloutés du Proche-Orient et de l’Asie centrale.","spellings":["Kelim","Kilim","Klim"]},"1a551412-ba3d-5a82-89e6-07e97018fb70":{"definition":"Brocart, tissu multicolore ottoman à tissage composite, utilisant de la soie polychrome avec des fils d’or, d’argent doré et d’argent pour réaliser des motifs colorés.","spellings":["Kemha"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"(voir aussi Caravansérail) Auberge, hôtellerie édifiée le long des principales routes de commerce et de pèlerinage ; les voyageurs (pèlerins et marchands) y descendaient pour la nuit et pouvaient y entreposer leurs marchandises en toute sécurité.","spellings":["Khan"]},"1863aa1c-4cad-53d2-a497-ecb16318e81f":{"definition":"Monastère ou hôtellerie pour les soufis ou les derviches.","spellings":["Khanqah"]},"aace2213-b96e-55dc-90b1-8852a726d654":{"definition":"Sermon prononcé par l’imam au cours de la prière du Vendredi.","spellings":["Khotba","Khutb"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"Tissu composé de différentes pièces pour couvrir la Kaaba à la Mecque. Il est brodé de soie et d’or, avec des versets du Coran. La *kiswa* est remplacée chaque année, le changement s’opérant pendant le Hadjdj, lorsque l’ancienne couverture est découpée et distribuée parmi les pèlerins. Les étoffes aux motif calligraphiques en zigzag de qui couvrent les cénotaphes des mausolées sont également nommés *kiswa* (par ex. en Palestine).","spellings":["Kiswa"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"L’une des premières calligraphies arabes, caractérisée par ses traits angulaires et très stylisés ; elle doit son nom à la ville de Koufa en Irak.","spellings":["Coufique"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"Ensemble de bâtiments distribués autour de la mosquée. Les autres bâtiments étaient le darüşşifa (hôpital), le *hammam* (bains), le *han* (logements), l’*imaret* (soupe populaire), la *madrasa* (école).","spellings":["Külliye"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"École de sciences islamiques (théologie, droit, Coran, etc.) et lieu d’hébergement pour les étudiants.","spellings":["Madrasa","Médersa"]},"b1520fd2-381d-5d56-a9d2-7d019d4f34c2":{"definition":"Palanquin, structure en forme de tente richement décorée, utilisée sur le dos des chameaux pour transporter les dames de l’aristocratie. Egalement utilisé pour transporter la *kiswa* dans la caravane annuelle du Hadjdj envoyée par les souverains à La Mecque avec des délégations de pèlerins.","spellings":["Mahmal"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Une des quatre écoles juridique sunnites de l’islam orthodoxe. Fondée par l’imam Malik et répandue à travers le monde musulman occidental, dont al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malékite","Malik"]},"82f05a30-a07c-5d4f-83a3-2156afc3ed35":{"definition":"Lumière, lanterne, lampe, balise. Voir également *fanar*.","spellings":["Manar"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Bâtiment à une ou plusieurs unités architecturales, comprenant généralement un dôme abritant la sépulture d’un personnage religieux important. Lieu de culte et de pèlerinage. Voir également *darih*, *koubba*, *türbe*, *turbé*, *turbet*.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"5f70c6f4-762e-5438-bf74-53c9daaa431c":{"definition":"Dans les mosquées de congrégation, zone du sanctuaire réservée au calife ou à l’*imam* pendant les heures de prière publique. Egalement, dans un bâtiment public, endroit réservé à un usage privé (par exemple dans un *hammam*).","spellings":["Maqsoura","Maqsura"]},"3bcfdeb5-5c8a-58e9-8dfd-9ad2a9f98fdb":{"definition":"Ecrans en treillis de bois constitué de pièces de bois tournées et assemblées pour former une grille de fenêtre. Tr. : *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Machrabiyya","Moucharabieh"]},"f176a992-6546-55ba-a3e5-6877adc61b76":{"definition":"Littéralement, “lieu de prosternement”. Mosquée où l’on dit les prières quotidiennes, à l’exception, généralement, des prières du vendredi, qui ne peuvent s’y prononcer à cause de l’absence d’un *minbar*. Tr. : *mescit*. Voir également *jami’*.","spellings":["Masjid"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Ville, vieux quartier, centre-ville autonome. Egalement le nom d’une ville d’Arabie saoudite où les musulmans ont émigré en 622 ap J.-C. et où est enterré le prophète Muhammad.","spellings":["Médina","Médine"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Dans une mosquée ou une salle de prière, niche située dans le mur de *qibla* qui indique la direction de La Mecque vers laquelle les croyants doivent se tourner pendant leurs prières. Parfois plate, mais le plus souvent concave, c’est généralement la partie la plus décorée de l’oratoire.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Chaire d’une mosquée d’où l’imam prononce le sermon au cours de la prière du Vendredi.","spellings":["Minbar"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"Dans les royaumes chrétiens de la Péninsule, nom donné aux musulmans qui se sont officiellement convertis au christianisme après la “Reconquista”.","spellings":["Morisque"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"Voir *jami’* et *masjid*.","spellings":["Mosquée"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"De l’arabe *mudajjan*. Musulmans autorisés à rester parmi leurs conquérants chrétiens sans changer de religion, en échange d’un tribut. L’adjectif “mudéjar” est également utilisé pour décrire un artisanat traditionnel qui débuta sous la domination islamique et se maintint pour les clients chrétiens après la conquête chrétienne.","spellings":["Mudéjar"]},"b9deabe4-38f9-5144-9eed-f59423fe7ddc":{"definition":"Fonctionnaire religieux musulman chargé d’annoncer depuis le minaret de la mosquée les cinq prières de la journée. *Müezzin mahfili* : Tr. : plate-forme spécialement conçue pour les *muezzin*s. Voir également *adhan*.","spellings":["Mu’addin","Mu’adhdhin","Muezzin"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Grande écriture cursive associée au *naskhi* utilisé au Moyen Age. Il s’agit d’un des six styles d’écriture de base. Tr. : *muhaqqaq*. Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"cfc9414f-7ca4-5e8a-80ea-d0fc4865d5c9":{"definition":"De l’arabe *muwallad*. Chrétiens convertis à l’islam qui vivaient comme des musulmans pendant la domination des Arabes dans la péninsule Ibérique.","spellings":["Mouladi"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"(“royaume”, “souveraineté”) Mot souvent utilisé dans la décoration calligraphique des luxueux objets de cour.","spellings":["Moulk"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Cet ornement alvéolé en forme de stalactites est l’une des caractéristiques de l’architecture islamique. Les *mouqarnas* peuvent décorer les coupoles, les encorbellements d’un bâtiment, les portails d’accès en retrait, etc.","spellings":["Mouqarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"(litt. “copié”) L’une des calligraphies arabes les plus répandues, aux caractères souples et arrondis, couramment utilisée pour la copie de manuscrits.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"ddabdcad-fe35-518d-a9c0-32923e6bd220":{"definition":"Un des styles de calligraphie arabe les plus répandus (avec le *thoulouth* et le *naskhi*), développé par les calligraphes perses. Forme plus robuste et plus stylisée de *taliq*, elle se caractérise par ses courbes, sa clarté et sa pureté géométrique. Bien qu’elle soit écrite sans marques de voyelle, elle était très appréciée en raison de sa grande lisibilité. Tr. : *nes*talik**.","spellings":["Nasta‘liq"]},"d99278fb-cfa3-513e-9af1-4e39e27f241b":{"definition":"Technique utilisée dans le travail des métaux, où les zones gravées sont remplies d’un mélange de différents matériaux tels que le plomb, le cuivre et l’argent.","spellings":["Niel","Niellage","Nielle"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Titre honorifique turc, arabisé sous la forme *Bacha*.","spellings":["Pacha"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Citadelle, forteresse ; ses caractéristiques sont celles de l’architecture défensive  hauts murs imprenables, tours, meurtrières et glacis.","spellings":["Qalaa"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Palais, château, résidence monumentale. Du latin *castrum*.","spellings":["Ksar","Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Direction de la Kaaba, vers laquelle se tournent les fidèles pour prier. Elle est matérialisée dans la mosquée par le *mihrab* percé dans le mur orienté dans cette même direction et que l’on appelle donc mur *qibla*, ou mur de (la) *qibla*.","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(litt. “coupole”)  Par extension, monument élevé sur la tombe d’un saint ou d’un personnage de haut rang et qui est généralement marqué par un dôme ; mausolée.","spellings":["Koubba"]},"389ffbb1-3a7e-5ec3-a9fc-efdd3e0f54ca":{"definition":"Quatrième mois du calendrier islamique qui signifie \"second printemps\".","spellings":["Rabi al-Awwal","Rabi`a ath-thani"]},"79ad5742-3251-5a48-afdc-3eadbe4bc902":{"definition":"Neuvième mois de l’Hégire / calendrier lunaire, au cours duquel les musulmans observent le jeûne. C’est le dernier des trois mois saints consécutifs. Tr. : Ramazan.","spellings":["Ramadan"]},"2f088e48-669e-5b0f-b7ef-a94fb24641eb":{"definition":"Bien que cette écriture présente une forte ressemblance avec le *muhaqqaq*, les caractères sont plus petits. Elle était utilisée pour les grands corans réalisés aux VIIe et VIIIe siècles H (XIIIe-XIVe siècles J.-C.). Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Rayhani","Rihani"]},"44b5dcf7-b45d-5206-b3e1-f77d5f220d80":{"definition":"Technique du travail du métal. Pour faire apparaître un motif en relief sur la face avant d’une œuvre d’art en métal, elle devait être travaillée au repoussé (martelé) sur la face arrière.","spellings":["Repoussé"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Construction fortifiée hébergeant les moines-soldats (Maghreb) ; lieu dans lequel on offrait l’hospitalité aux pèlerins (Égypte mamelouke, Palestine, Syrie).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"Pl. de *rawda* “jardin”. Toujours utilisé sous sa forme plurielle, au Maroc, *riyad* désigne un jardin dans un logement résidentiel.","spellings":["Riyad"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"Motif en demi-palmette. Un des motifs les plus populaires et les plus  élémentaires des arts décoratifs islamiques, appliqué sur chaque support, du bois sculpté aux carreaux de céramique. Il apparaît principalement dans les arabesques. Il tire son nom de l’ancien nom de l’Anatolie.","spellings":["Roumi"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Édifice caritatif destiné à la distribution d’eau potable. Fontaine publique.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"b96fb0ed-83cb-5316-ab1d-f4e286f25845":{"definition":"Dinastie Safavide.","spellings":["Safavide"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendants du prophète Muhammad. Voir également *chérif*.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profession de foi musulmane. Tr. : *Şahadet*.","spellings":["Chahada"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Un ancien respecté pour son expérience et pour son âge, cultivé, érudit dans le domaine des sciences religieuses, membre d’une fratrie religieuse, maître soufi. Tr. : *Şeyh*. Cheikh al-Islam : A la tête de la hiérarchie des docteurs du droit canon, de la tradition et de la théologie musulmans. Tr. : Şeyhülislam.","spellings":["Cheikh"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(litt. “noble”, “digne”) Les familles dont les ancêtres remontent au Prophète sont appelées *Achraf* ou *Chourafa* et occupent souvent des postes religieux et politiques prestigieux.","spellings":["Chérif","Sharif","Shérif"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(Chiat Ali) Le “parti d’Ali” désigne les musulmans qui ont choisi Ali comme successeur du Prophète après la mort de ce dernier et qui, par conséquent, réfutent la légitimité des califes désignés après l’assassinat d’Ali en 50/661.","spellings":["Chia"]},"b68f8c65-978e-5a31-bb68-5994ae43ec75":{"definition":"Un musulman ascétique et mystique qui représente l'aspect mystique de l'islam.","spellings":["Soufi"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"Ordre islamique ascétique ou mystique. Dérivé de *souf*, laine, fibre utilisée par les adeptes (*soufis*) pour tisser leurs vêtements.","spellings":["Soufisme"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titre honorifique utilisé par des souverains indépendants (notamment ottomans et seldjoukides) dont l'autorité ne remet cependant pas en cause la supériorité nominale reconnue au calife en place.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"f21a9ff0-ae8f-5ff9-be18-36b4a4db6794":{"definition":"État ou territoires gouvernés par un sultan. Le titre de sultan est donné à la personne qui règne sur ces lieux.","spellings":["Sultanat"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(litt. “tradition”) Traditions issues des actes et paroles de la vie du Prophète et que revendiquaient les théoriciens du droit comme fondement de la Loi islamique telle qu’écrite dans le Coran.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunnites"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marché. Voir également *arasta*, *bazar*, *bedestan*.","spellings":["Souk"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Chapitre du Coran. Le Coran compte 114 sourates. Tr. : *Sure*.","spellings":["Sourate"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"Un des six principaux styles de calligraphie développés en Perse au IXe siècle H (XVe siècle J.-C.). Utilisé principalement pour la correspondance officielle, il se caractérise par des lignes fines et sans voyelles. Tr. : *talik*. Voir également *nasta’liq*, calligraphie.","spellings":["Ta‘liq"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"En arabe : “un tiers”. Style de calligraphie tirant son nom de la taille de la plume utilisée. La prolongation de ses lettres permet des compositions décoratives très complexes. Il était utilisé en calligraphie, dans les livres et dans l’architecture civile et religieuse. A partir du XIIe siècle H (XVIIIe siècle. J.-C.), il était couramment utilisé sur des panneaux spécifiques de l’art ottoman. Tr. : *sülüs*.","spellings":["Thoulouth"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Initialement utilisé pour désigner les inscriptions brodées sur les textiles, ce terme a ensuite désigné les vêtements de textile portant des inscriptions donnant le nom du souverain et l’atelier dans lequel ces textiles étaient fabriqués. Ces robes étaient présentées par le calife au peuple qu’il voulait honorer. Dar al-Tiraz : ateliers royaux de textile supervisés par la cour.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"Signature calligraphique d’un sultan ottoman apposée aux documents officiels. Chaque sultan avait son propre *tughra*. Tr. : *tuğra*.","spellings":["Tughra","Tuğra"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Peuple turc situé dans une région à l'est de la mer Caspienne et au sud de la mer d'Aral. Cette région comprend maintenant le Turkménistan et des parties de l'Iran et de l'Afghanistan.","spellings":["Turkmènes"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Titre honorifique donné aux très hauts fonctionnaires ; ministre.","spellings":["Vizir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Bien de mainmorte, donation à perpétuité concernant généralement des terrains et des propriétés, dont les revenus étaient destinés à l’entretien de fondations religieuses.","spellings":["Waqf"]},"cc1e247a-53d7-5c70-9399-89357963e5cf":{"definition":"Style décoratif ottoman utilisant des chinoiseries. Les motifs comprennent des boutons, des feuilles et des fleurs de lotus stylisées dans des enroulements décoratifs. Le Hatayi est dérivé de Cathay, en Chine. Voir également Chinoiserie.","spellings":["Hatayi"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"Grade d’officier dans l’armée turque. Tr. : *Ağa*. Voir également *bey*, *dey*.","spellings":["Ağa","Agha"]},"bcebf34c-f01e-5220-896e-b24e7d5c3220":{"definition":"Auberge pour les commerçants et leurs bêtes de somme, magasin pour les marchandises, centre de commerce. Voir également *caravansérail*, *khan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Fondouk"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Etablissement d’enseignement religieux destiné à la formation des *cheikhs* ; lieu de pèlerinage d’un saint construit à l’endroit où il était né ou vivait. Le terme désigne également en Turquie un petit *tekke*, un hospice pour les derviches et les voyageurs. Voir également *khanqah*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zaouïa","Zawiya"]}}

package/translations/glossary.it.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Nome della penisola iberica (Spagna e Portogallo) sotto il dominio musulmano (dal 711 al 1492).","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Aggettivo che significa ‘il più lontano’, è riferito alla moschea di Gerusalemme, che è stata cronologicamente la prima *qibla* (direzione della preghiera) e il principale luogo sacro che ha visto l’ascensione in cielo del profeta (vedi anche *al-Israa’* wa *al-Mi’raj*).","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Disegni decorativi di foglie intrecciate e forme geometriche che furono creati in epoca islamica.","spellings":["Arabesco"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Regione spesso tradotta col nome di ‘Levante’ o ‘Grande Siria’ che comprende, ai nostri giorni, la Siria, la Giordania, il Libano e la Palestina.","spellings":["Bilad al-Sham"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"(Khalifa) parola araba che indica il supremo capo della comunità musulmana, successore del profeta.","spellings":["Califfo"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"(Caravansarai, vedi anche *khan*) Ostello situato lungo le principali vie di commercio e di pellegrinaggio dove i viaggiatori (mercanti e pellegrini) albergavano e potevano fornire asilo sicuro alle merci.","spellings":["Caravanserraglio"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Cristiani soprattutto egiziani, seguaci di una delle più antiche dottrine cristiane, con comunità presenti anche in Africa orientale ed Etiopia. Usano una propria lingua, il copto, e un proprio calendario.","spellings":["Copti"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"(Qur’an) Dalla radice ‘qr’, ‘leggere’, è riferito al testo sacro della Rivelazione islamica avvenuta ad opera dell’Arcangelo Gabriele al profeta Maometto in arabo.","spellings":["Corano"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante militare, principe o alto ufficiale veterano.","spellings":["Emiro"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(alla lettera ‘emigrazione’) Si riferisce al trasferimento del profeta Maometto dalla Mecca a Medina nel 622.","spellings":["Egira","Hijra"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"‘Figlio di’, usato spesso nei nomi propri. Per indicare un clan, una tribù di appartenenza si usa la forma plurale *Banu* / *Bani*.","spellings":["Bin","Ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Colui che presiede la preghiera comunitaria del venerdì, guida, capo spirituale, sacerdote; normalmente riconosciuto per la sua coerenza religiosa e saggezza, a volte può anche essere un capo politico.","spellings":["Imam"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Spazio coperto peculiare dell’architettura islamica, con muri su tre lati, normalmente aperto su di un cortile con fontana.","spellings":["Iwan"]},"96a4f75a-c342-596d-869f-1064cf498d88":{"definition":"Periodo della ‘ignoranza’, riferito al paganesimo praticato nella penisola araba prima dell’avvento dell’Islam.","spellings":["Jahiliyya"]},"90bd1da2-abb0-5d9c-b340-7fc034249c2e":{"definition":"Ricerca della perfezione morale e religiosa, sia attraverso lo studio, sia con opere di bene, è una motivazione che può condurre a combattere ‘sul sentiero di Dio’ contro dissidenti e infedeli.","spellings":["Jihad"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(letteralmente ‘cubo’) Un piccolo tempio alla Mecca che è diventato il centro dell’Islam; si pensa che originariamente fosse stato costruito dal profeta Abramo e da suo figlio Ismaele.","spellings":["Kaba"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"(vedi anche *caravanserraglio*) Ostello situato lungo le principali vie di commercio e di pellegrinaggio dove i viaggiatori (mercanti e pellegrini) albergavano e potevano fornire asilo sicuro alle merci.","spellings":["Khan"]},"1863aa1c-4cad-53d2-a497-ecb16318e81f":{"definition":"Monastero o ostello riservato a musulmani mistici come i sufi.","spellings":["Khanqah"]},"aace2213-b96e-55dc-90b1-8852a726d654":{"definition":"Omelia che si tiene durante la preghiera del venerdì.","spellings":["Khutba"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Una delle prime forme di calligrafia araba riconoscibile per il suo stile angolato, che prende nome dalla città di Kufa in Iraq.","spellings":["Kufico"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Scuola islamica di scienze religiose (come teologia, legge coranica, ecc.) e alloggio per studenti e insegnanti.","spellings":["Madrasa"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Titolo nobiliare paragonabile a principe o re.","spellings":["Malik"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Nicchia ad arco presente nelle moschee o luoghi di preghiera, normalmente concava, ma talvolta piatta indica la direzione della Mecca verso cui rivolgersi in preghiera ed è la parte più decorata di una moschea o di un luogo di preghiera.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Pulpito rialzato da cui si declama il sermone durante la preghiera del venerdì.","spellings":["Minbar"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"Sostantivo che significa regno o sovranità, spesso usato in decorazioni calligrafiche di oggetti di lusso in uso a corte.","spellings":["Mulk"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Ornamentazione architettonica a forma di stalattite o a celle di alveare. Elemento peculiare dell’architettura islamica, compare su molti tipi di volte, comprese quelle di cupole e portali.","spellings":["Muqarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Uno dei più diffusi stili calligrafici arabi, che comprende anche un corsivo fluente. Il significato letterale del termine è correlato con il copiare e produrre manoscritti.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Cittadella, fortezza con evidenti attributi architettonici di difesa, come alte mura impenetrabili, torri, feritoie e fossati.","spellings":["Qala"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Palazzo, castello, dal latino *castrum*, residenza monumentale.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Direzione della *Kaba* verso cui pregano i credenti.","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(letteralmente ‘cupola’) Per estensione monumento o spazio costruito con cupola sulla tomba di un santo, quindi un mausoleo.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fortificazione abitata da monaci guerrieri (Maghreb), ospizio per pellegrini (Egitto mamelucco, Palestina e Siria).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Edificio per istituzione caritativa, progettato per distribuire acqua potabile e fornire un’educazione di base a titolo gratuito.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(o *sherif*) Discendente del profeta Maometto, alla lettera significa ‘degno d’onore’. Le famiglie imparentate in origine col profeta assunsero il titolo di *Ashraf* o *Shurafa* e spesso ricoprirono cariche religiose e politiche di rilievo.","spellings":["Sharif"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"Per esteso ‘Shi‘at ‘Ali’, significa ‘partito di Ali’ e si riferisce ai musulmani che scelsero ‘Ali dopo la morte del profeta, come capo, ed in seguito disconobbero la legittimità dei califfi che salirono al trono dopo l’assassinio di Ali avvenuto nel 661.","spellings":["Shia"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titolo che significa sovrano, con cui si indica generalmente il governante supremo la cui autorità però non mette in discussione la riconosciuta superiorità nominale del califfo.","spellings":["Sultano"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(letteralmente ‘tradizione’) Si riferisce ad avvenimenti e detti del profeta, tramandati per tradizione, utilizzati da esperti e teologi per integrare con necessari chiarimenti la base della legge islamica così come è scritta nel Corano.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunni"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Mercato, il punto nevralgico della città islamica, centro della vita urbana.","spellings":["Suq"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Titolo onorifico dato ad amministratori decani; ministro.","spellings":["Vizir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Dotazione non tassabile consistente in terre o altre proprietà le cui rendite erano usate per sovvenzionare istituzioni religiose islamiche.","spellings":["Waqf"]}}

package/translations/glossary.pt.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Nome dos territórios da Península Ibérica sob domínio muçulmano entre 711 e 1492.","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Adjectivo cujo significado é «a mais longínqua», denomina a meaquita al-Aqsa de Jerusalém, reverenciada pelos muçulmanos como a primeira *qibla* (ver) e o primeiro lugar sagrado, onde teve lugar a ascensão do Profeta ao céu (ver *al-Israa wa al-Miray*).","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Decoração composta por folhas e formas geométricas entrelaçadas que se desenvolveu  no período islâmico.","spellings":["Arabesco"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Região frequentemente denominada «Levante» ou «Grande Síria», compreende as actuais Síria, Jordânia, Líbano e Palestina.","spellings":["Bilad al-Sham"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"(do ár. *jalifah*, «sucessor») Chefe supremo da comunidade muçulmana na linha sucessória do Profeta.","spellings":["Califa","Jalifah"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Hospedarias situadas nas grandes rotas do comércio e peregrinação, destinadas a albergar viajantes e a armazenar as suas mercadorias. (ver também *khan*.)","spellings":["Caravanserai"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Eram, em grande, parte, cristãos egípcios; seguidores de uma das formas mais antigas de cristianismo, que comprendia comunidades da África oriental até à Etiopía. Tinham a sua própria língua, o copta, e o seu próprio calendário.","spellings":["Coptas"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"(do ár. Quran, cuya raíz é *qr’* «ler») Texto sagrado da revelação islâmica, transmitido pelo arcanjo Gabriel ao profeta Muhammad em árabe.","spellings":["Alcorão"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante, príncipe ou alto funcionário.","spellings":["Emir"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Peregrinação a Meca e quinto pilar do Islão. É obrigação de todos os muçulmanos realizarem o *hajj* pelo menos uma vez na vida, se dispõem de meios económicos e se a sua saúde o permitir.","spellings":["Hajj"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(do ár. hijra, «migração») Êxodo do Profeta de Meca a Medina em 622, ano de referência para o começo da era islâmica. O calendário muçulmano rege-se por anos lunares de 354 dias.","spellings":["Hégira"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"«Filho de», partícula que, com frequência, faz parte dos nomes. O plural, *banu*, utiliza-se para denominar um clã.","spellings":["Ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Pessoa que dirige a oração muçulmana, guia, chefe, modelo espiritual ou clérigo; é sempre famoso pela sua pureza e sabedoria, convertendo-se, por vezes, em líder político.","spellings":["Imam"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Sala abóbadada, fechada em três dos seus lados. É típica da arquitectura islâmica e costuma abrir para um pátio com uma fonte.","spellings":["Iwan"]},"96a4f75a-c342-596d-869f-1064cf498d88":{"definition":"Período de ignorância; aplica-se ao paganismo da Península Arábica antes do surgimento do Islão.","spellings":["Jahiliyya"]},"90bd1da2-abb0-5d9c-b340-7fc034249c2e":{"definition":"Esforço para alcançar a perfeição moral e religiosa; este esforço pode levar à luta “na senda de Deus” contra dissidentes e pagãos.","spellings":["Jihad"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(«cubo») Pequeno templo da Meca que se converteu no centro do Islão. Acredita-se que tenha sido construído pelo profeta Abraão e pelo seu filho Ismael.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Pousada nas principais rotas de comércio ou de peregrinação, onde os viajantes se alojavam e as mercadorias podíam ser guardadas de forma segura. (ver *caravanserai*.)","spellings":["Khan"]},"1863aa1c-4cad-53d2-a497-ecb16318e81f":{"definition":"Mosteiro ou hospederia para os muçulmanos que levam uma vida mística ou sufí.","spellings":["Khanqahs"]},"aace2213-b96e-55dc-90b1-8852a726d654":{"definition":"Sermão semanal que se pronuncia durante a oração de sexta-feira. (ver minbar.)","spellings":["Khotba"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Uma das primeiras formas de caligrafía árabe, distingue-se pelo seu estilo anguloso. Deve o seu nome à ciudad de Kufa (Iraque).","spellings":["Cúfica"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Escola islâmica de ciências religiosas (teologia, direito, Alcorão, etc.) e lugar de alojamento para estudantes.","spellings":["Madrasa"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Título que significa «príncipe» ou «rei».","spellings":["Malik"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Nicho con arco nas mesquitas ou salas de oração, quase sempre côncavo, que marca o muro da qibla (ver) ou direcção da Meca. Costuma ser a parte mais decorada das mesquitas.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Púlpito das mesquitas, a partir do qual se faz o sermão de sexta-feira. (Ver *khotba*.)","spellings":["Minbar"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"Reino ou soberania. O termo aparece com frequência na decoração caligráfica de objectos sumptuários.","spellings":["Mulk"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"(do ár. muqarnas) Ornamentação arquitectónica de estalactites ou prismas. É característica da arquitectura islâmica e aparece em superfícies de cúpulas e de pórticos.","spellings":["Mucarna"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"(«copiado») Um dos estilos caligráficos árabes mais divulgados, e que consiste num cursivo fluido.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"(del lat. castrum) Palácio, castelo.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Direcção da Kaaba (ver), em direcção à qual rezam os crentes.","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(«cúpula») Por extensão, câmara ou monumento construído sobre o túmulo de um santo e que costuma estar coberto por uma cúpula.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Recinto fortificado para monges guerreiros (norte de África e al-Andalus); hospedaria para peregrinos (Egipto, Palestina e Síria na época mameluca).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Edifício de beneficência construído para proporcionar água potável; fonte pública.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(lit. “nobre”, “digno”) As famílias cujos antepassados remontam ao Profeta são chamadas Acraf ou Chourafa e ocupam com frequência lugares religiosos e políticos de prestígio.","spellings":["Cherif","Sharif"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(*Shiat Ali*, «partido de Ali») Designa os muçulmanos que escolheram Ali como líder depois da morte do Profeta; depois do assassinato de Ali, em 661, rejeitaram a legitimidade dos califas.","spellings":["Shia"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"(«soberano») Título que se aplica ao chefe político supremo, cuja autoridade não ameaça  a superioridade nominal do califa regente.","spellings":["Sultão"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(«tradição») Denomina as tradições do Profeta de que se serviram os letrados e os teólogos para fundamentarem convenientemente a criação da Lei Islâmica segundo o Alcorão.","spellings":["Sunita","Sunna"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Mercado, centro da cidade muçulmana e da vida urbana.","spellings":["Suq"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"(dol ár. *wazir*) Título honorífico de altos cargos; ministro.","spellings":["Visir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Legado de terras ou propriedades cujos rendimentos se destinan à manutenção de fundações pias islâmicas.","spellings":["Waqf"]}}

package/translations/glossary.se.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Tvådimensionellt ornament i islamisk konst, uppbyggt kring växter med blad och skott som slingrar sig runt varandra och skapar ett kontinuerligt mönster.","spellings":["Arabesk"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ordet betyder egentligen \"efterträdare\" och betecknar den högste ledaren i den muslimska världen. Kalifatet var riket som kalifen behärskade.","spellings":["Kalif"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"Skönskriften, från grekiskans ord för \"vacker\" och \"skriva\", hör till den islamiska kulturens högsta konstformer. Eftersom det arabiska språket är kopplat till islams uppenbarelser har kalligrafin en andlig innebörd av skönhet och mysterium. De kalligrafiska stilarna har varierat beroende på tid, rum och sammanhang. Många arabiska och muslimska artister fortsätter än idag att utöva kalligrafikonsten.","spellings":["Kalligrafi"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Särskilt anlagd handelsplats längs vägen, med värdshus för köpmän och andra resande. Se också *khan*, *wikala*, *suq* och *bedestan*.","spellings":["Karavanseralj"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Koran eller Qur'an (av qr' som betyder \"att läsa upp\"), den heliga texten i den islamiska uppenbarelse som ärkeängeln Gabriel gav profeten Muhammed.","spellings":["Koran"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Militär befälhavare, prins eller hög tjänsteman som styrde över ett större område, ett emirat.","spellings":["Emir"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Ett tunt lager som läggs utanpå keramiken och som under bränningen i ugnen  förglasas, så att ytan blir ogenomtränglig för vätska och gör keramiken mer användbar. Blyglasyr är genomskinlig, men ömtålig. Tennglasyr är en vit glasyr som utvecklades i Bagdad  på 200-talet / 800-talet för att konkurrera med porslinet från Kina. Den tennglaserade keramiken spreds sedan till det moriska Spanien och övriga Europa. Fajanser som Delftfajanser och så kallad majolika har tennglasyr.","spellings":["Glasyr"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Pilgrimsfärden till Mekka och andra heliga platser som alla muslimer måste göra åtminstone en gång i livet om de kan, en av islams fem pelare. Hajj äger rum två månader efter Ramadan och avslutas med Offerfesten (Eid al-Adha).","spellings":["Hajj"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Betyder helig, helgedom. Jfr det snarlika ordet *haraam* som står för religiöst oacceptabel.","spellings":["Haram","Harem"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(av Hijra som betyder \"utvandring\") Profetens utvandring från Mekka till Medina år 622 som är startåret för den muslimska tideräkningen, som grundar sig på ett månår med 354 dagar. I utställningstexterna förkortas dateringarna enligt följande: (år) e.H. / (år) e.Kr.","spellings":["Hegira"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Son till, används i namn, jfr Andersson, Svensson. För att beteckna en hel klan används pluralformen *bani* eller *banu*.","spellings":["ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Imamen är den som leder den islamiska bönen, som är en andlig förebild och som kan vara religiös befattningshavare. I vissa muslimska samhällen också politisk ledare.","spellings":["imam"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Rum med takvalv, med väggar åt tre håll och en stor bågformad öppning.","spellings":["iwan"]},"90bd1da2-abb0-5d9c-b340-7fc034249c2e":{"definition":"Strävan efter moralisk och religiös fulländning som kan leda till att man \"på vägen till Gud\" slåss mot \"hedningar\" och oliktänkande.","spellings":["Jihad"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"Ordet betyder egentligen \"kub\". Litet tempel i Mekka som har kommit att bli centrum för islam. Antas från början ha byggts av Abraham och hans son Ismael.","spellings":["Kaba"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Handelshus där köpmän kunde övernatta. Se också *karavanseralj* och *wikala*.","spellings":["Khan"]},"1863aa1c-4cad-53d2-a497-ecb16318e81f":{"definition":"Kloster eller vandrarhem för kringvandrande sufier eller dervischer (muslimska mystiker).","spellings":["Khanqa"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"Kabans täcke som är broderat med verser ur Koranen i silke och guldtråd. Kiswa är hopsatt av flera delar och byts ut varje år i samband med Hadj. Då klipps den gamla kiswa upp i smådelar och delas ut bland pilgrimerna.","spellings":["kiswa"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Arabisk skrivstil med stiliserade och rätvinkliga bokstäver. Den har att göra med den irakiska staden Kufa, och den användes i Koranerna under den första islamiska tiden, men från och med 300-talet / 900-talet inte så ofta, eftersom den var svårläst. Ibland kombineras kufisk skrift med dekorativa växtornament i slutet av bokstäverna.","spellings":["kufisk"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Gravkapell, oftast en byggnad som innehåller en känd religiös personlighets grav.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"5f70c6f4-762e-5438-bf74-53c9daaa431c":{"definition":"Avgränsat utrymme i en moské, avsett för imamen eller kalifen. Det kan också beteckna ett privat utrymme i en annars publik lokal, t ex i en hammam.","spellings":["Maqsura"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Gamla staden, den äldsta delen av en stad. Medina är också namnet på den stad i Saudiarabien dit muslimerna flyttade år 622 och där Muhammed är begravd.","spellings":["Medina"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Bågformad eller välvd nisch i en islamisk religiös byggnad som visar böneriktningen mot Mekka.","spellings":["mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Predikstol, talarstol med trappsteg, varifrån bland annat fredagsbönens predikan hålls. Minbar är placerad till höger om mihrab, bönenischen, i en moské.","spellings":["Minbar"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"Av arabiskans *mudajjan*: muslimer som stannade kvar bland de kristna erövrarna, i utbyte mot att de betalade skatt. Adjektivet *mudejar*\\- används också för de traditionella islamiska hantverksprodukter som sedan fortsatte att tillverkas för kristna kunder.","spellings":["Mudejar"]},"b9deabe4-38f9-5144-9eed-f59423fe7ddc":{"definition":"Böneutroparen, den funktionär som från minareten kallar till bön fem gånger om dagen.","spellings":["Muezzin"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"En kursiv stil med stora bokstäver som hör till de klassiska arabiska kalligrafiska stilarna.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Dekoration som liknar bikakor eller stalaktiter. Motivet finns på många ytor i arkitekturen, till exempel i takvalven.","spellings":["Muqarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Betyder egentligen \"kopierad\". En av de mest spridda kalligrafiska stilarna som använts i Koranen och andra böcker.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Av det latinska ordet för befäst slott eller fästning. Diminutivformen, som alltså betyder en mindre fästning, är *qusayr*.**","spellings":["Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Qibla är böneriktningen, den  riktning som visar var Kaba i Mekka finns.","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Gravmonument, se även *mausoleum*.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"79ad5742-3251-5a48-afdc-3eadbe4bc902":{"definition":"Den nionde månaden i Hijri, månkalendern, när muslimerna fastar. Ramadan är den sista i raden av tre heliga månader.","spellings":["Ramadan"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fästning för religiösa krigare (Nordafrika); härbärge för pilgrimer (det mamlukiska Egypten, Palestina och Syrien. Staden Rabats namn kommer från Ribat al-Fath (Erövringens ribat).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Brunnsbyggnad, vattenkiosk.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titel som betyder \"härskare\". Det är en politisk titel, och sultanen är därför underställd kalifen.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Riktning inom islam vars anhängare, sunniter, stöder Sunna-berättelserna om Muhammed.","spellings":["Sunni"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marknadsplats.","spellings":["Suq"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"Skrivstil som uppkallats efter storleken på den penna som användes. Thuluth betyder på arabiska \"en tredjedel\". De utdragna bokstavsformerna ger utrymme för komplicerade dekorativa kompositioner. Stilen användes både i arkitektur och i böcker och från 1100-talet / 1700-talet ser man den ofta på paneler i den ottomanska konsten.","spellings":["Thuluth"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Ett ord som från början stod för broderade inskrifter på tyg, och som kom att beteckna de dräkttyger som hade kalifens namn inbroderat, som tillverkades vid hans ateljéer och som var presenter från honom till personer som han ville gynna. Dar-al-Tiraz: kungliga textilateljéer.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"De ottomanska sultanernas kalligrafiska signatur, som sattes på officiella dokument. Varje sultan hade sin egen tughra.","spellings":["Tughra"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Honnörstitel som gavs till höga hovfunktionärer; minister.","spellings":["Vesir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Stiftelse i form av en gåva av land eller annan egendom för all framtid. Avkastningen användes för underhållet av en religiös inrättning.","spellings":["Waqf"]}}

package/translations/glossary.si.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"spellings":["Medine"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"spellings":["Nesih"]}}

package/translations/glossary.tr.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"56afd259-0505-5d2d-b7f1-9be15cb0dea2":{"definition":"Abbâsîler, Emevî Hanedanı'ndan sonra başa gelerek İslam Devleti'nin yönetimini ve halifeliği beş asırdan daha uzun bir süre elinde tutan Müslüman Arap hanedanı.","spellings":["Abbasiler"]},"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"Tr. abdest. Namazdan önce su ile yapılan ritüel temizlik uygulaması.","spellings":["Abdest"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"“En uzaktaki” anlamında bir sıfattır. Müslümanların ilk kıblesi olan Kudüs’teki Mescid-i Aksa için kullanılır. Ayrıca Hz. Muhammed’in (sav) göğe yükselişi (miraç) de burada gerçekleştiği için Müslümanlar açısından kutsal bir mekandır (bkz. İsrâ ve Miraç).","spellings":["El-Aksa"]},"b29a1eb8-4d03-527c-a470-6d9b2d53269c":{"definition":"Tr. Fatiha Suresi. Kur'an'ın \"İnek\" anlamına gelen ikinci suresidir. Toplam 286 ayetten oluşmaktadır.","spellings":["Fatiha"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Tr. Arabesk. İslam döneminde gelişen, bitki, yaprak motifleri ve geometrik şekillerden oluşan dekoratif desenler.","spellings":["Arabesk"]},"9f0f473b-d1c4-579a-830e-8c67cf9124bc":{"spellings":["Pazar"]},"d262760a-d7c7-5583-b3d6-98f5a67ea709":{"definition":"Bir cadde boyunca sıralanmış, üstü kapalı veya açık olabilen bir dizi dükkan.","spellings":["Bedesten"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"Bağımsız bir emirliğin yöneticisi; üst sınıftan bir adam için saygı unvanı; sultanın egemen vasalları tarafından tutulan unvan. Beylerbeyi: Beylerin beyi: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun taşra yönetimindeki en yüksek rütbe. Beylik, beylik: bir bey tarafından yönetilen bölge veya beyliğin egemenliği.","spellings":["Beylik"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Genellikle, ‘Levant’ veya ‘Büyük Suriye’ olarak da bilinen, bugünkü Suriye, Ürdün, Lübnan ve Filistin topraklarını kapsayan bölge. Bilad ülke anlamındadır.","spellings":["Biladü’ş-Şam"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"Bizans İmparatorluğu (306 - 1453), Roma İmparatorluğu'ndan önce kurulmuş ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun İstanbul fethine kadar hüküm sürmüştür.","spellings":["Bizans"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ar. khalifa, kelime anlamıyla \"halef\". Müslüman toplumunun en üst düzey yöneticisi. Halifelik: halifenin gücü altındaki bölge.","spellings":["Halife"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"Tr. Kaligrafi. \"Güzel yazı sanatı\" (Yunanca) İslam kültürünün en yüksek sanat formlarından biridir. Arap dili İslam'ın vahyiyle bağlantılı olduğundan, hat sanatı derin manevi anlamlar taşır ve güzellik ile gizemin sembolü olarak değer görür. Döneme, yere ve bağlama göre çeşitlilik gösteren birçok hat sanatı türü vardır. Arap ve Müslüman dünyasından pek çok sanatçı bugün hat sanatını icra etmeye devam etmektedir.","spellings":["Kaligrafi"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Farsça kökenli bir kelime, Türkçe okunuşu: kervansaray. Yolcuları barındırmak ve mallarını korumak için ana seyahat yolları üzerinde bulunan hosteller. Türkçe'si kervansaraydır."},"e6ca4d52-63e1-5c91-8d45-5c007bd19735":{"definition":"Asya'dan gelen, 15-17. yüzyıl Osmanlı sanatına özgü, leopar benekleri ve kaplan çizgilerini sembolize ettiği düşünülen çift dalgalı çizgilerle birlikte üçgen şeklinde düzenlenmiş üçlü toplardan oluşan bir motif.","spellings":["Chinoiserie"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"(veya Kıpti) Temel olarak Mısırlı Hıristiyanlar için kullanılmakla beraber Doğu Afrika’da Etiyopya’ya kadar uzanan ve Hıristiyanlığın en eski formlarından birinin takipçilerini anlatır. Koptların kendilerine ait bir dili ve takvimi vardır.","spellings":["Kopt"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Arapça “ikra” (okumak) kökünden gelir.  Baş melek Cebrail Aleyhisselam tarafından Hz. Muhammed’e (sav) Arapça vahyedilen İslam dininin kutsal kitabı.","spellings":["Kur’an","Kuran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"Hadis öğrenimi için bir okul.","spellings":["Darülhadis"]},"b64a1f79-8f29-5ad4-8e98-379f8e05cb1b":{"definition":"Tr. Derviş. Adanmışlık uygulamalarıyla tanınan bir Müslüman dini tarikatının üyesi.","spellings":["Derviş"]},"a63b6fb1-4ed2-5e10-a649-69af7e23c299":{"definition":"Tr. Elmas."},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"Bir hükümet dairesi; dinleyici salonu, kabul odası; şiir koleksiyonu. Sadrazamın başkanlık ettiği, Osmanlı hükümetinin merkezi organını oluşturan İmparatorluk Divanı.","spellings":["Divan"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Tr. Emir. Bir askeri komutan, prens veya üst düzey yetkili; bir emirlik veya prensliğin yöneticisi.","spellings":["Emir"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Tr. Yaldızlama. Bir sanat eserinin yüzeyine altın uygulanması. Yaldızlama mermer, taş, sıva, ahşap, metal işleri, seramik, cam ve kağıt dahil olmak üzere çoğu malzemeye uygulanabilir. Altını uygulamak için farklı teknikler kullanılır, hafif bir yıkama veya altın yapraklı folyo olarak uygulanabilir. Tr. tombak, yaldızlı bakır tekniği.","spellings":["Yaldızlama"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Tr. Sır. Pişirmeden önce seramiğin yüzeyine ince bir cam tabakası uygulanır. Fırınlama sırasında sır kaynaşarak seramiği korur ve onu su geçirmez ve farklı amaçlar için uygun hale getirir. Kurşun sır şeffaf ve yumuşaktır ancak çatlama ve kimyasal deformasyona karşı savunmasızdır. Kalay sır: Kalay içeren opak beyaz bir sırdır, MS. 9. yüzyılda Bağdat'ta Çin porselenine rakip olmak için geliştirilmiş ve oradan Mağribi İspanya'ya ve ardından Avrupa'nın geri kalanına geçmiştir. Fayans, maiolica ve Delft çanak çömlekleri kalay sırlıdır.","spellings":["Sır"]},"15f99ce5-e2bb-5a62-b80f-3c61ce352a95":{"definition":"Kuzey Avrupa ve İspanya’da 12. ve 16. yüzyıllar arasında devam eden bir mimari stil. Gotik eserlerde uzun figürler ve dekoratif dikey detaylar göze çarpar. Gotik mimari örnekleri Müslüman dünyaya Haçlılar aracılığıyla girmiştir.","spellings":["Gotik"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Tr. Hadis. Kelimenin tam anlamıyla \"sözler\". Peygamber Muhammed ve ashabının sözleri ve eylemleriyle ilgili gelenekler bütünü."},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Tr. Harem. Arapça'da \"kutsal\", \"yasak\". Sığınak. Dini açıdan yasadışı bir eylem. Harem-i Şerif: Mescid-i Aksa ve Kubbetü's-Sahra'yı da içeren Kudüs'teki Kutsal Mabet.","spellings":["Harem"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Tr. Sofa also. Bir Türk evinde ortak yaşam alanı.","spellings":["Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"Tr. Hicri. Peygarmber Muhammed'in MS. 622 yılında Mekke'den Medine'ye kaçışı. Bir ay yılını takip eden Müslüman Hicri takviminin başlangıcı.","spellings":["Hicri"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Tr. Hilye. Peygamber Muhammed'in düzyazı bir tasviri. Hilye-i Şerif: Peygamberin asil tasviri, asil tasviri taşıyan bir sanat eseri.","spellings":["Hilye"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Genellikle isimlerde kullanılan ‘oğul’ anlamında sözcük. Kişinin ait olduğu klanı ifade eder. Çoğul formu ise Benu/Beni’dir.","spellings":["Bin","İbn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"İslam âleminde sadece namaza öncülük eden bir kişi olarak algılanmaz. Ayrıca bir ruhani lider figürüdür. Saflığı, bilgeliği temsil eder. Kimi zaman bir politik figür olarak da görülür.","spellings":["İmam"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Üç tarafı duvarla çevrili, büyük bir açıklık kemeri bulunan tonozlu veya kubbeli bir salon. Türkçesi eyvan'dır.","spellings":["Eyvan"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(sözlük anlamı ‘küp’) Mekke’de bulunan ve İslam’ın merkezi olarak kabul edilen, Hz. İbrahim ve oğlu İsmail tarafından inşa edildiğine inanılan yapı.","spellings":["Kâbe","Kıble"]},"dde3bab2-6c93-59de-b512-d4ebe4ea584d":{"definition":"İslam dünyasında yaygın olan, uzun kollu, genellikle pamuklu veya ipekli, ayak bileğine kadar uzanan bir giysi.","spellings":["Kaftan"]},"1a551412-ba3d-5a82-89e6-07e97018fb70":{"definition":"Brokar, renkli tasarımlar elde etmek için altın, yaldızlı gümüş ve gümüş metalik ipliklerle polikrom ipek kullanılan çok renkli bir Osmanlı bileşik dokuma kumaşıdır.","spellings":["Kemha"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Yolcular (hacılar ve tüccarlar) için ana kervan yolları üzerinde bulunan ve malların depolanabildiği konaklama yerleri.","spellings":["Han"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Tr. Kûfî. Irak’taki Kûfe şehrinden gelir. Açılı stiliyle öne çıkan, en eski hat sanatı formlarından biridir.","spellings":["Kûfi"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"Tr. Külliye. Merkezinde caminin bulunduğu birkaç binadan oluşan bir kompleks. Diğer binalar hastane, hamam, aşevi darüşşifa (hastane), hamam, lojman, imaret (aşevi), medrese (okul).","spellings":["Külliye"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Tr. Medrese. İlahiyat, İslam hukuku ve Kur’an gibi dini bilimler eğitiminin verildiği İslamî okul ve bu okulun öğrencilerinin kaldıkları bina.","spellings":["Madrasa","Medrese"]},"82f05a30-a07c-5d4f-83a3-2156afc3ed35":{"definition":"Tr. Minare. Camilerde, namaz zamanının geldiğini bildirmek için müezzinin çıkıp ezan okuduğu, çoğunlukla taştan, tuğladan yapılmış, içinde dolanarak çıkan bir merdiveni olan, bir ya da birkaç şerefeli, yüksek ve ince yapı. En.","spellings":["Minare"]},"f176a992-6546-55ba-a3e5-6877adc61b76":{"definition":"Tr. Mescit. Kelime anlamıyla, \"secde yeri\". Genellikle Cuma namazları haricinde günlük namazların kılındığı alan.","spellings":["Mescit"]},"0cdf2b3a-f444-5757-a5d7-009cdb4ac1b7":{"definition":"Tr. Mevlid. Mevlid terimi, Peygamber Muhammed'in doğumunun kutlanması olarak anılmasının yanı sıra, \"Muhammed'in doğum kutlaması için özel olarak bestelenen ve okunan metin\" veya \"o gün okunan veya söylenen bir metin\" anlamına gelir.","spellings":["Mevlid"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Tr. Medine. Kasaba, eski mahalle, kendi kendine yeten şehir merkezi. Ayrıca Suudi Arabistan'da Müslümanların MS 622 yılında göç ettiği ve Muhammed Peygamber'in gömülü olduğu bir şehrin adıdır."},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Tr. Mihrap. Cami veya bir ibadet mekânında Kıble’nin yönünü gösteren, genellikle içbükey (bazen de düz) olan girintili niş. Mihrap çoğu zaman cami veya mescidin en süslü kısmıdır.","spellings":["Mihrap"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Tr. Minber. Camide hutbenin okunduğu yüksek kürsü.","spellings":["Minber"]},"b9deabe4-38f9-5144-9eed-f59423fe7ddc":{"definition":"Cami minaresinden günün beş vakit namazını duyurmakla görevli Müslüman din görevlisi.","spellings":["Müezzin"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Tr. Muhakkak. Orta Çağ'da kullanılan nesih yazısıyla bağlantılı büyük bir el yazısı. Altı temel yazı stilinden biridir.","spellings":["Muhakkak"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"Devlet veya ülke anlamına gelir. Bu sözcük genellikle hat sanatında lüks saray objelerinin dekorasyonunda kullanılmıştır.","spellings":["Mülk"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Tr. Mukarnas. Sarkıt veya petek şeklinde mimari süsleme. Kubbeler dâhil pek çok yüzeyde görülür. İslam mimarisinin tipik bir unsurudur.","spellings":["Mukarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Tr. Nesih. Kelime anlamıyla \"kopyalanmış\" demektir. Kur'an'larda ve diğer kitaplarda kullanılan en yaygın İslami hat stillerinden biridir. Fars tarzının esnekliği ile kufi yazının uyumunu birleştirir."},"d99278fb-cfa3-513e-9af1-4e39e27f241b":{"definition":"Kazınmış alanların kurşun, bakır ve gümüş gibi farklı malzemelerin karışımıyla doldurulduğu metal işlerinde kullanılan bir teknik.","spellings":["Niello"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Tr. Paşa. Saygıdeğer.","spellings":["Paşa"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Tr. Kıble. Mekke'de Müslümanların namaz kılarken yüzlerini döndükleri Kabe'nin yönü. Caminin kıble duvarı mihrabın bulunduğu yerdir.","spellings":["Kıble"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Sözlük anlamında yarım-küre biçimli üst örtüdür. Arapçada türbe anlamında kullanılır.","spellings":["Kubbe"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"(Kuzey Afrika) Din savaşçılarının müstahkem mevkisi; (Memluk Mısır’ı, Filistin ve Suriye) hacılar için konaklama yeri.","spellings":["Ribat"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"Tr. Rumi. Yarık palmet motifi. İslam süsleme sanatlarının en popüler ve temel motiflerinden biri olup, ahşap oymacılığından çiniye kadar her ortama uygulanmıştır. Daha çok arabesklerde görülür. Adını Anadolu'nun eski bir adından almıştır.","spellings":["Rumi"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Tr. Sebil. Bir cami veya medrese veya hankah gibi başka bir dini kurum ya da sabil gibi bir sivil kurum veya hatta bir ev lehine belirli koşullar altında ebediyen miras bırakılan gayrimenkul hediyesi.","spellings":["Sebil"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"Tr. Seyyid. Peygamber Muhammed'in soyundan gelen kişiler.","spellings":["Seyyid"]},"5dfb0beb-240c-5fb8-a4ba-14bd15936137":{"definition":"Tr. Şah. İran veya Pers krallarının unvanı. Şah unvanı Afganistan'da 1973'te monarşinin yıkılmasına kadar kullanılmış ve Orta ve Güney Asya'nın diğer ülkelerindeki hükümdarlar ve prensler tarafından da kullanılmıştır.","spellings":["Şah"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Yaşlı, bilgisine ve yaşına saygı duyulan, dini ilimlerde eğitilmiş bilgili bir adam, dini bir kardeşliğin üyesi, sufi ustası. Şeyhü'l-İslam: Müslüman kanon hukuku, gelenek ve teoloji doktorlarının hiyerarşisinin başı.","spellings":["Şeyh"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"Sözlük anlamı ‘şerefli’dir. Hz. Muhammed soyundan gelenler için kullanılır. Soyları Hz. Muhammed’e kadar dayanan aileler “Eşraf” veya “Şürefa” olarak bilinirler. Bu aileler genel olarak dini ve politik anlamda prestijli bir konumdadırlar.","spellings":["Şerif"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(Şiîlik) Doğrusu, ‘Şia-i Ali’dir. Ali’nin yandaşları, takipçileri anlamına gelir. Hz. Muhammed’in ölümünün ardından Hz. Ali’yi lider olarak kabul eden ve Ali’nin öldürülmesi sonrasında gelen halifelerin meşruiyetini reddeden Müslüman grup.","spellings":["Şia"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Bağımsız hükümdarlar (özellikle Osmanlılar ve Selçuklular) tarafından kullanılan onursal unvan, ancak otoriteleri hüküm süren halifeye tanınan nominal üstünlüğü sorgulamaz.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(tekil; çoğulu Sünnet) Sünnet’i takip edenler anlamına gelir. Müslüman toplumunun gelenekçi çoğunluğu bu gruba dâhildir.","spellings":["Sünnet","Sünni"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Pazar, çarşı. Müslüman şehrin merkezi.","spellings":["Suk"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"Tr. Sülüs. Arapça: \"üçte bir\". Adını kullanılan kalemin büyüklüğünden alan bir hat sanatı tarzı. Harflerinin uzaması çok karmaşık dekoratif kompozisyonlara izin verir. Hat sanatında, kitaplarda, sivil ve dini mimaride kullanılmıştır. 18. yüzyıldan itibaren Osmanlı sanatına özgü panolarda yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır.","spellings":["Sülüs"]},"9c8dfd7c-96f7-590d-8c3e-dacf904f0e4a":{"definition":"Yaldızlı bakır tekniği.","spellings":["Tombak"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"Tr. Tuğra. Osmanlı padişahlarının resmi belgelere attıkları kaligrafik imza. Her sultanın kendi tuğrası vardı.","spellings":["Tuğra"]},"fd4ff19f-5ca3-5bdd-b26e-79e1ad771914":{"definition":"Tr. Turkuaz. Turkuaz, hidratlı bakır alüminyum fosfattan yapılan mavi-yeşil bir değerli taştır. Mohs ölçeğinde beş ile altı arasında yer alır ve şeffaf olmadığı için çoğunlukla kabaşon tarzında kesilir. Bu değerli taş mavi ve yeşilin çeşitli tonlarında gelir. Turkuaz Mısır'da çok eski zamanlardan beri bilinmektedir ve daha sonra Yaşlı Pliny tarafından callias adı altında tanımlanmıştır. Ona ve eserlerini inceleyenlere göre, mavimsi yeşil taşa yalnızca diğer yeşil veya mavi taşlarla paylaşılan erdemler atfedilmiştir. Ancak 13. yüzyılda Batı Avrupa'da turkuaz terimi kullanılmaya başlandı ve değerli taş yeni güçlerle ilişkilendirilmeye başlandı. Bunlar arasında özellikle at sırtında düşme sonucu yaralanmaları önleme ve atları hastalıktan koruma gücü de vardı. Bu nedenle Türklerin atlarının dizginlerine ve üzengilerine turkuaz taşlar taktıkları söylenir.  \nTurkuaz, çoğunlukla İran menşeli olduğu için geleneksel olarak Türkiye'de satılmıştır. Avrupa'ya giderken hala Türkiye'den geçmektedir. Eski Persler bu değerli taşın güzelliğini ve gücünü tam olarak takdir etmiş ve bu büyük imparatorluğun ulusal taşı olmuştur. Yeni ayın yansımasını bir arkadaşın yüzünde, Kuran'ın bir kopyasında ya da bir turkuazda görerek iyi şans elde edilebileceğine dair bir söz vardır. Turkuaz aynı zamanda Hindu mistik çevrelerinde ve Kuzey ve Orta Amerika'nın yerli halkları arasında dini kullanım için popülerdir.","spellings":["Turkuaz"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Bakan, üst düzey yönetici.","spellings":["Vezir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Tr. Vakıf. Geliri dini vakıfların bakımı için ayrılan, genellikle arazi veya mülkün ebediyen vakfedilmesi.","spellings":["Vakıf"]},"cc1e247a-53d7-5c70-9399-89357963e5cf":{"definition":"Moğol döneminden bu yana güçlü Çin etkisini yansıtan İslam sanatında kullanılan Çin kökenli sanatsal motifler. Tipik tasarımlar bulut bantları, lotus çiçekleri ve qilin gibi masalsı yaratıklardır. Ayrıca bkz. mavi-beyaz, hatayi, Ming tarzı, dalga ve kaya motifi.","spellings":["Hatayi"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"Tr. Ağa. Türk ordusunda bir subay rütbesi.","spellings":["Ağa"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Tr. Zaviye. Gezgin Sufiler veya dervişler için manastır veya pansiyon.","spellings":["Zaviye"]}}