@museumwnf/manuscripts-data 1.0.1

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+{"56afd259-0505-5d2d-b7f1-9be15cb0dea2":{"definition":"Arabic dynasty that initially ruled over most of the Islamic empire after assuming the caliphate in 750 CE.","spellings":["Abbasid","Abbasids"]},"c94f90f7-949a-50b0-93a1-337d3f7e80bf":{"definition":"Abu Zayd Kashani was an Iranian ceramicist, painter, calligrapher, and poet from the late 6th to early 7th century AH (late 12th to early 13th century AD). Abu Zayd is one of the most renowned ceramic artists from before the Mongol era, producing exquisite Minai and Zarrin-faam (gilded) ceramics over an extended period from 582 to 616 AH (1186-1219 AD). His works are considered among the earliest and most significant historical examples in the field of Iranian ceramics.","spellings":["Abu Zayd"]},"199be476-a6fb-5584-8c39-6af25455b9be":{"definition":"A paper-treating process. Paper that was to be used for calligraphy had to be treated to prevent the ink from spreading. The paper was sized (*ahar*) with a special solution to obtain a very smooth surface.","spellings":["Ahar","Aharli"]},"84e97899-231d-5674-b71e-5b985f91973b":{"definition":"A decorative historical interior design technique and remains one of Syria’s best known handcrafts. The word itself describes different elements of the craft: from the act of applying relief paste to a plain surface, to the resulting ornamentation. Ajami also describes the type of room cladded with these artfully painted wooden panels. It is often complemented by the so called opus sectile works and complex carvings.","spellings":["Ajami"]},"85a0ff83-d0ac-53f5-8e2f-e782ef2dbb2b":{"definition":"An official chronicle of the reign of Akbar, the Akbarnama is a collection of texts and illustrated manuscripts written in Farsi by the court historian and biographer Abu’l Fazl ibn Mubarak and commissioned by Akbar himself. Composed between 1590 and 1597 CE, the manuscript consists of 274 folios of text interspersed with 116 illustrated folios and one illuminated front piece.","spellings":["Akbarnama"]},"b167cfe8-dff2-5e19-ba87-f3396f0af125":{"definition":"The 6th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Cattle\". It is composed of 165 verses.","spellings":["Al-An'am"]},"c44302b7-5b2a-5247-b1b7-8c1a06993aa4":{"definition":"The 2nd Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Cow\". It is composed of 286 verses.","spellings":["Al-Baqara","Al-Baqarah"]},"ff459676-63f5-5f92-bb0c-69743e22e7fc":{"definition":"The 85th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Mansions of the Stars\". It is composed of 22 verses.","spellings":["Al-Burooj","Al-Buruj"]},"747e800c-2146-5632-889b-02f277a7ec61":{"definition":"From the Arabic word *Dawla*, meaning to turn, alternate, or come around in a cyclical fashion. The sense of alternating periods of fortune or misfortune led Arab writers to use the word when speaking of dynastic succession. In the 19th century, as Western distinctions between the state and the government began to filter into Muslim countries, Dawla became increasingly disentangled from its more personalistic connotations and began to be used almost exclusively in the sense of \"state\".","spellings":["Ad-Dawla","Al-Dawla"]},"201d853b-4474-51af-9e70-8502823535b6":{"definition":"The 48th Chapter/Surah of the Quran, meaning \"The Victory\". It is composed of 29 verses.","spellings":["Al-Fath"]},"b29a1eb8-4d03-527c-a470-6d9b2d53269c":{"definition":"The 1st Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Opening\". It is composed of 7 verses.","spellings":["Al-Fatiha","Al-Fātiḥah","Fatiha"]},"a4191920-4704-5c00-a335-857aa8d5274e":{"definition":"The 49th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Private Chambers\". It is composed of 18 verses.","spellings":["Al-Hujurat"]},"40da1488-6b0c-5407-91ab-fe344505219c":{"definition":"The 18th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Cave\". It is composed of 110 verses.","spellings":["Al-Kahf"]},"1a52b2c3-0eb5-5312-8a83-f0ba7f6908a0":{"definition":"Men’s traditional embroided cap.","spellings":["Al-Kummah","Kuma","Kummah"]},"b5507ca5-7b73-5ef6-a10a-9bc22a2496b2":{"definition":"The 53rd Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Star\". It is composed of 62 verses.","spellings":["Al-Najm","An-Najm"]},"3d741e10-844b-53b3-bd76-b7ab36e8c586":{"definition":"The 4th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Women\". It is composed of 176 verses.","spellings":["Al-Nisa","An-Nisa"]},"1dd45db8-f741-5e90-9598-aa5bed784e70":{"definition":"The 54th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Moon\". It is composed of 55 verses.","spellings":["Al-Qamar"]},"b6bf9297-6c19-524c-aaab-018a4692c5ad":{"definition":"The 32nd Chapter/ Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Prostration\". It is composed of 3- verses.","spellings":["Al-Sajda","As-Sajdah"]},"1732d847-9072-5d1d-8fac-f261ec1dcf98":{"definition":"An Arab Muslim theologian, writer, and scholar, who was one of the first contributors of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence.","spellings":["Al-Shafi","Al-Shafi'i"]},"9e398194-c9e5-5b5c-ab78-4a4c9c5aea72":{"definition":"Means \"to send down\". In Quranic terminology, it refers to the process by which divine message (the holy Quran) comes to the heart of the messenger.","spellings":["Al-Tanzil","Tanzil"]},"df4c8625-0436-52ec-b25b-4c137d468556":{"definition":"The 86th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Night Comer\" or \"The Night Star\". It is composed of 17 verses.","spellings":["Al-Tariq","At-Tariq"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"A flag, banner or standard. They were carried next to a commander in a military campaign or were used in religious processions. They could be very different in shape and had geometric designs, sometimes with inscriptions. A metal *alem* could be mounted to the head of a pole.","spellings":["Alem"]},"bd05e9dd-5e09-5d30-8a24-431c8cbf57da":{"definition":"Ali Asghar, active around AD 977- 1008 / AD 1570-1600, was an artist in the Safavid court of Iran. He is particularly noteworthy for being the father of the renowned miniaturist Reza Abbasi, whose early artistic style likely bore the influence of Ali Asghar's work. Ali Asghar hailed from Kashan and, according to Qazi Ahmad, was one of Ahmad's teachers in the field of miniature painting. His career is believed to have commenced during the reign of Safavid Shah Tahmasp I (AH 930- 983 / AD 1524- 1576) before he relocated to Mashhad, where he emerged as one of the foremost painters in the service of the princely governor, Ibrahim Mirza, alongside other accomplished artists like Sheikh Mohammad and Abd-Allah.","spellings":["Ali Asghar"]},"b4b7cd95-2eef-5482-9f26-076ce3f742d8":{"definition":"First letter of the Arabic alphabet.","spellings":["Aleph","Alif"]},"d622d348-fe31-5163-9440-a84a07e7456c":{"definition":"(Pl. *‘ulama’*) Scholar, doctor of law and Islamic theological science. Fr: ouléma or uléma. Tr: alim, pl. ulema.","spellings":["‘Alim","Alim","Ulama","Ulema"]},"c202ec3d-b7d3-5add-9412-a92b9475ea09":{"definition":"So called \"Pilgrim’s Companion\". Gives advice to prospective pilgrims on every aspect of the journey.","spellings":["Anis Al-Hujjaj","Anis ul-Hujjaj"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"A designation for a two-dimensional ornamental pattern in Islamic art. Arabesques are constructed designs based on intertwined leaf stems and tendrils that create a continuous pattern sometimes in connection with scrolls or geometrical elements.","spellings":["Arabesque"]},"f80f3b72-49a9-5057-bd6f-021ba24a6071":{"definition":"A medieval scientific instrument used for astronomical calculations and navigation.","spellings":["Astrolabe"]},"1967d28e-68f6-5e68-b680-9a66e81477fb":{"definition":"Commander-in-chief of the armies. Atabegs were appointed as tutors for young Seljuq princes acting as governors of important towns but they gained power and in time their independence.","spellings":["Atabeg","Atabek"]},"6fd1696a-b5d7-52af-9ddf-69cb25fba143":{"definition":"(Pl. *‘attarin*) Merchant of perfume, incense and medicinal plants.","spellings":["‘Attar","Attarin","Ittar"]},"f8abb38d-e51e-5fc5-9493-dc1508482dcf":{"definition":"Plural of Wakf, meaning religious endowments. Also meaning endowments.","spellings":["Awkaf","Awqaf"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"(Pl. *ayat*) Verse in the Qur’an. Tr. ayet.","spellings":["Aya","Ayah","Ayat"]},"1af94c96-d6eb-511f-8cdd-4fca18aafa8e":{"definition":"A spring.","spellings":["‘Ayn","Ayn"]},"4c2bb21c-6364-5e2c-ad76-cc117a2e1056":{"definition":"Gate, door.","spellings":["Bab"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Literally “sons of”, used to refer to members of a clan. Plural of *ibn / bin*.","spellings":["Bani","Banu"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Blessings or bounty. Tr. *Bereket*.","spellings":["Baraka","Barakah","Barakat","Barkati","Bereket"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"A formula, *bi-‘ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim*, which is commonly translated as “In the name of God, the Clement, the Merciful”. Fr. *besmala*; Tr. *besmele*.","spellings":["Basmala","Basmalah","Besmala","Besmele","Bi-smi llāh"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"(Pl. *biyut*) Room; in certain cases a house. *baytal-Hikma*: tribunal. *bayt ad-diwan*: reception hall. *bayt al-nar*: furnace, literally “house of the fire”. See also *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt","Bayt-al-diwan","Bayt-al-nar","Beyt","Biyut"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"The ruler of an independent emirate; a title of respect for a man of the upper classes; title held by the sovereign vassals of the sultan. *Beylerbeyi*: The bey of beys: the highest rank in the provincial government of the Ottoman Empire. *Beylicat*, *beylik*: soverignty of or territory ruled by a bey. See also *agha*, *dey*.","spellings":["Bey","Beylicat","Beylik"]},"5f7e8640-1f2b-52a9-a589-f51ed84f4b50":{"definition":"Hospital, infirmary or asylum.  \n  \nTr. *darüşşifa*, *şifahane*.","spellings":["Bimarestan","Bimaristan","Darüşşifa","Maristan","Şifahane"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"Fort, bastion, tower, sometimes surrounded by an outer wall. The term passed into mediaeval Portuguese toponymy as *alvorge* or porches. In Tunisia it also means a secondary residence surrounded by gardens; a pleasure palace. Maghreb *borj*. Egypt *burg*. Tr. *burç*.","spellings":["Bordj","Borj","Burç","Burg","Burj"]},"5a9bc858-c027-5f9a-91c2-3756c4d27816":{"definition":"A universal oriental rug design element. Boteh is Persian for \"bush\" and buta is Hindi for \"flower\".","spellings":["Boteh","Buta"]},"9c5b0b5e-062a-5b06-ace2-d6a40e4d5cb9":{"definition":"The term \"Bustaan\" or \"Bustan\" directly translates to \"Garden\" or \"Orchard.\" It is also the title of a poetry book penned by the Persian poet Saadi in AH 655/ AD 1257. The book is rich with valuable spiritual guidance and practical wisdom.","spellings":["Boostaan","Boostan","Bostan","Boustan","Bustaan","Bustan"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"The Byzantine empire (306 to 1453) which was preceded by the Roman empire and succeeded by the Ottoman Empire.","spellings":["Byzantine"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ar. *khalifa* literally “successor”. The supreme head of the Muslim community. Caliphate: the territory under the power of the caliph.","spellings":["Caliph","Khalifa","Khalifah"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"The “art of beautiful writing” (Greek) is one of the highest artforms of Islamic culture. As the Arabic language is connected with the revelation of Islam, calligraphy has deep spiritual undertones and is valued as a symbol of beauty and mystery. There are many types of calligraphy with variations according to period, place and context. Many artists of the Arab and Muslim world continue to practise calligraphy today. See also *diwani*, *farsi*, *kufic*, Maghribi-Andalusi, *muhaqqaq*, *naskhi*, *nas*ta’liq**, *rayhani*, *ruq’a*, *ta’liq*, *thuluth*.","spellings":["Calligraphy"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"From Persian. Hostel along main travelling routes to accommodate travellers and safeguard their goods. See also *funduq*, *khan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Caravanserai"]},"a27048f2-e463-56af-bb14-17e5dd57b741":{"definition":"A title of respect, given to men of the upper classes; the epithet of Sultan Mehmed I. Tr. *Çelebi*.","spellings":["Çelebi","Chalabi"]},"e6ca4d52-63e1-5c91-8d45-5c007bd19735":{"definition":"Artistic motifs originally from China that were used in Islamic art reflecting the strong Chinese influence since the Mongol periods. Typical designs are cloudbands, lotus-flowers and fabulous creatures such as the qilin. See also blue-and-white, *hatayi*, Ming-style, wave-and-rock motif.","spellings":["Chinoiserie","Ming-style"]},"4a12c207-113d-5b87-992e-9db5d88374f3":{"definition":"The first Muslim societies continued to use Byzantine solidus gold coins and Sassanian silver dirhams. In time, Qur'anic phrases, place of minting, names of caliph and sultan and Hijri date were added. With the Umayyad coinage revolution in AH 696–7 / AD 1296–7, pure epigraphic coins came into use. Akche: silver coin, basic unit of Ottoman money system; dinar: gold coin, equal to 10 dirhams; fils: copper coin.","spellings":["Coinage"]},"ecb796d7-8a47-5b6b-b1de-735827242cfc":{"definition":"\"Corals, like pearls, are an organic material which have earned their place within the world of precious stones. They are valued not only for their physical properties and beauty, but also because of their symbolic and spiritual properties. Corals are miniature sea organisms called polyps, which live in warm and clear waters. Their skeletons consist mainly of calcium carbonate, which hardens after a coral dies. Coral colonies are made up of individual coral “trees” which, while growing, intertwine. Corals come in many colors, but the most common is red in a variety of shades.  \nCorals are widely used for jewelry and other decorative arts. Many traits, positive and negative, have been attributed to corals, and they are mentioned in the histories of all cultures that had the opportunity to encounter them. The Quran briefly mentions corals, as well as rubies, as the stones that symbolize celestial women in paradise. In Hindu culture, it is believed that the tender young leaves of the Kalpa tree, a symbolical offering to the gods, were made of corals. In general, corals symbolize loyalty and sacrifice, and have also been associated with cures for the plague and other diseases. Belief in the healing powers of the stone has affiliated it with the protection of children.\"","spellings":["Coral","Corals"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Sacred text of the Islamic Revelation transmitted by the Archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad. From the root *qr*’, “to recite, to read”.","spellings":["Coran","Koran","Kuran","Qur’an","Quran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) House. *Dar al-imara*: Governor’s house. Dar al-Islam: Domain of Islam: countries under Islamic rule; where Islam did not rule was considered war territory. *Dar al-Hadith*: A school for studying the Hadith; Tr. *Darülhadis*. *Dar al-Hijra*: Abode for migration. *Dar al-khuffaz*: A school for training of memorising the Qur’an; Tr. *Darülhuffaz*. Dar al-Qurra’: school for teaching Qur’an recitation as a science ; Tr. *Darülkurra*. *Dar al-shifa’*: hospital; Tr. **darüşşifa**. *Dar al-tibb*: A school where the medical sciences were taught; Tr. *Darüttıb*. See also *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar","Dar al-Hadith","Dar al-Hijra","Dar al-imara","Dar al-Islam","Dar al-khuffaz","Dar al-shifa’","Dar al-tibb","Darülhadis","Darülhuffaz","Darülkurra","Darüşşifa","Darüttıb"]},"a4f8f7c7-245b-5188-b8fe-8085676b0785":{"definition":"Mausoleum. See also *maqam*, *mashhad*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Darih"]},"b64a1f79-8f29-5ad4-8e98-379f8e05cb1b":{"definition":"Member of a Muslim religious order noted for its devotional practices. Fr. *derviche*.","spellings":["Darvesh","Darwish","Derviche","Dervish"]},"9e337d3c-af6d-5856-bb0c-0ed39eab0859":{"definition":"Term used in Libya, Tunisia and Algeria for a high-ranking officer in the Turkish militia elected by a local council of janissaries. Below the Ottoman *Beylerbeyi* in rank deys nevertheless represented absolute power in the region. When they came into conflict with the Ottoman court, they were punished heavily. Tr. *dayı*. See also *agha*, *bey*.","spellings":["Daya","Dayi","Dey"]},"eb4ec166-81db-5b55-9f7c-de12b453b102":{"definition":"The term dhikr comes from the triliteral root that means \"to remember\". In the context of the Islamic tradition, dhikr means the remembrance of God. This remembrance of God can take many forms. The word dhikr is also used to mean litanies and specific phrases in remembrance of God. This term could mean the Quran.","spellings":["Dhikr","Thikr","Zekr","Zikar","Zikr"]},"a63b6fb1-4ed2-5e10-a649-69af7e23c299":{"definition":"Diamonds (today) are known as the most prized gemstones, but they have not always had this reputation. They were primarily valued for their physical properties, particularly their hardness and fire resistance. Due to these traits, numerous myths have been created about diamonds, some of which date back to the 17th century or before. Several powers have been attributed to the stone, including purification, invincibility, and even the ability to spontaneously create others of its kind. In ancient Arabic medicine there was a belief that diamonds could cure all illnesses of the body and mind. One of the most popular legends involving diamonds is of the so-called Diamond Valley. Dating from the 4th century BC, the legend speaks of an inaccessible valley filled with snakes and other terrifying creatures, the floor of which is covered with an endless amount of diamonds. This legend has further contributed to the idea that diamonds are rare and immensely hard to find.","spellings":["Diamond","Diamonds"]},"dc07b2ea-551e-5012-a166-43402ac5534c":{"definition":"Silver coins, also used as a weight standard (2.97g).","spellings":["Dirham","Dirhem","Dirhm"]},"5117e6c8-5cec-5590-83a7-081569b2f889":{"definition":"(demon, monster, fiend), often confused with *ḡūl *(orge, ghoul) and jinn in both folk and literary traditions, expresses not only the idea of \"demon\", but also that of \"ogre\", \"giant\", and even \"Satan\". They are often black, with long teeth, black lips, blue eyes, claws on their hands, and large bodies covered with thick hair.**","spellings":["Dev","Div"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"An office of government; audience hall, reception chamber; a collection of poems. Tr. divan; divan-ı Hümayun: the Imperial Council, chaired by the Grand Vizier, forming the central organ of the Ottoman government.","spellings":["Divan","Diwan","Diwani","Diwaniya"]},"476a1ad7-f594-57bd-8ef5-ddfe4dba9e8b":{"definition":"A lacquer technique first seen in Iran in the AH 9th / AD 15th century during the Timurid period. It was named after Edirne in Turkey from where the best examples came. It was used on different media such as bindings, drawers and bows.","spellings":["Edirnekari"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"A military commander, prince or senior official; the ruler of an emirate or principality; Tr. *emir*. amir akhur: *amir* responsible for sultan’s stables, camels and postal service; Tr. *emir* *ahur* or imrahor. amir al-Mu’minin: Prince of Believers; Tr. *emirü’l-müminin*. amir al-Muslimin: Prince of Muslims; Tr. *emirü’l-müslimin*. amir al-silah: *amir* responsible for arms. amir kabir: Great Amir. Fr. *émir*.","spellings":["Ahur","Amir","Amir Akhur","Amir al-Muslimin","Amir al-silah","Emir","Emirü’l-müminin","Imahor"]},"74e6afec-ff94-5208-be36-9ce20440d5ee":{"definition":"A book of omens used by fortune tellers in Iran, India and Turkey during the 16th and 17th centuries. Individuals seeking insight into the future would engage in a series of purification rituals, turn to a random page in the Falnama, and interpret the text and drawings thereon for good or ill. Also known as divination books, they were also composed for rulers in need of guidance during military campaigns or who were caught in difficult political circumstances.","spellings":["Falnama"]},"6f9e5b1d-8c35-59ba-9052-011f4c240ecf":{"definition":"The evaluation of the goodness or badness of deeds according to the Islamic point of view was called *fiqh* (understanding), and the person holding the qualities of knowledge and competence to produce opinions in this respect was called faqih (the knowledgeable who understands well). The consideration of human actions within an Islamic religious context was encouraged by sayings of the Prophet, such as \"He whom God favours with good, God makes him the one who understands in religion (*faqih*)\".","spellings":["Faqih"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"\"Farsi\" refers to the Persian language. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and is written in the Persian script.  \n  \n1\\. An inhabitant of Persia. 2. Cursive, particularly elegant calligraphic style which emphasises the curves of the Arabic letters by reducing the angular figures. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"38f9b696-41fe-5bb6-aea9-f97476afeed6":{"definition":"This term has different meanings:  \n  \nFez  \nCity in northern Morocco  \n  \nFez  \nA brimless cylindrical or somewhat cone-shaped hat with a flat top that usually has a tassel, is typically made of red felt, and is worn especially by men in eastern Mediterranean countries","spellings":["Fes","Fez"]},"664a6020-4914-5595-8215-d0a0af9a4b9e":{"definition":"(Pl. *fuqaha’*) Muslim canonical jurisprudence. *Fqih*: jurisconsult versed in the code of Islam, the person specialising in *fiqh’*. There are four schools of Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. See also Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, Shafi’i.","spellings":["Fiqh","Fuqaha'"]},"9710d010-10f2-5ad9-b13d-b664a92335eb":{"definition":"A Persian poet who authored the Shahnameh. This monumental work stands as one of the most extensive epic poems ever composed by a single poet, and holds the esteemed position of being the preeminent epic within Persian-speaking nations.","spellings":["Ferdausi","Ferdowsi","Firdausi","Firdawsi"]},"111b1877-22ac-5026-90bf-a0267a993a00":{"definition":"An edict of a sultan with official court directives. Firmans of the Ottoman sultans are paper scrolls of different length with an artistic signature (*tughra*) of the sultan as a heading, a written text in an official script followed by a number of testifying signatures at the end.","spellings":["Farman","Ferman","Firman"]},"720487c1-6546-5ad8-96ce-6caedac4ddab":{"definition":"A leaf with illustration preceding the title-page of a book.","spellings":["Frontispiece"]},"b54d5ba9-119e-5200-8993-1d307bd7f285":{"definition":"A compendium of military arts written by Muhammad ibn ʿIsa ibn Ismaʿil al-Hanafi al-Aqsari, who dedicated it to the Mamluk viceroy of Egypt, Ala al-Din Asanbay al-Abu Bakri. It became the most popular Mamluk book on *furusiyya *(horsemanship) and many illustrated copied were made for Mamluk patrons in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.**","spellings":["Furūsīyah","Furusiyya"]},"d0a5c7c0-4aea-55a1-99af-300a6e2be808":{"definition":"A type of knife. Could also refer to the ubiquitous short lyric whose cultivated formal rhetoric readily allows its expressions of private feeling to achieve widespread public outreach through recitation and musical performance as well as written dissemination. Also, could refer to a gazelle.","spellings":["Ghazal"]},"1123d155-1d0c-59e5-8ecc-ca1e2b7a31e9":{"definition":"From ghazwa (military raid), referring to a noble title for those who participated in battles for Islam. It became a military rank during the Mamluk period and was notably applied to Mahmud of Ghazni, as inscribed on Mahmud’s Tower in Ghazni in AH 421 / AD 1030. Tr. *gazi*.","spellings":["Gazi","Ghazi"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Applying gold to the surface of an artwork. Gilding can be applied to most materials, including marble, stone, stucco, wood, metalwork, ceramics, glass and paper. Different techniques are used to apply gold, as it can be applied in a light wash or as gold-leaf foil. Tr. *tombak*, gilded copper technique.","spellings":["Gilding (gold)","Tombak"]},"3c9bbe16-2c54-5e14-a88a-57b9fca326d5":{"definition":"Literally means flower or rose in Turkish but could also refer to a large octagonal design derived from the shape of a rose, a motif on Oriental rugs.","spellings":["Gol","Gul"]},"ed99231a-c0b2-5d20-a744-24e1dda99d0d":{"definition":"Literally meaning rose garden. It also refers to a literary work, a book of Persian prose written in 1258 by Sheikh Sadi Shirazi, a writer widely recognized as one of the greatest masters of the classical Persian literary tradition.","spellings":["Golastan","Golestan","Gulistan"]},"2fb79a2a-639b-5703-9b25-ab627b16aef8":{"definition":"A gift of real estate bequeathed in perpetuity under certain conditions in favour of a mosque or other religious institution, such as a *madrasa* or *khanqah*, or a civil institution such as a *sabil*, or even a house. See also *waqf*.","spellings":["Habus"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Literally, “sayings”. Body of traditions related to the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions. *Dar al-Hadith*: see *dar*.","spellings":["Hadis","Hadith"]},"34de20aa-0e07-573b-bdd7-f5b965cda195":{"definition":"\"Seven Thrones,\" known in Persian as \"Haft Awrang,\" is a renowned work of Persian literature by the poet Jami, believed to have been written between AH 872- 890 / AD 1468 and 1485.","spellings":["Haft Awrang"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"A high government official. The term originally designated a chamberlain, but under the Spanish Umayyads the *hajib* functioned as a chief minister, paralleling the position of vizier in the eastern caliphates.","spellings":["Hadjib","Hajib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"One of the five pillars of Islam: pilgrimage to Mecca and holy places, which all believers must accomplish at least once during their lifetime if they have the means to do so. By extension it also refers to someone who undertakes the pilgrimage. Hajj takes place two months after Ramadan and finishes with the Feast of Sacrifice (Eid al-Adha). ‘Umra has almost the same rituals as the Hajj but takes place outside the Hajj season. ‘Umra’s significance is growing because there is no means to house the increasingly large numbers (over three million) who want to go on Hajj.","spellings":["Hadj","Hadji","Haj","Hajj"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Public or private bathhouse. Apodyterium: changing room; Tr. *soyunmalık*. Caldarium: hot room. Hypocaust: floor and wall heating system by steam in Roman baths and villas. Tepidarium: warm room where bathers would rest after bathing; Tr. *ılıklık*. Also in Turkish bathhouse: *aralık*: passageway between the *soyunmalık* and *ılıklık*; *halvet*: private chambers in a public bath; *traşlık*: small room used for the removal of body hair. Also in Syrian bathhouse: *barrani* (lit. “exterior”): the cold room of a bathhouse because it is usually located furthest from the furnace; *juwwani*: most interior part, closest to furnace – steam room; *wustani*: middle chambers designated as the “warm water chambers”. See also *maqsura*.","spellings":["Hamam","Hammam","Hammams"]},"cc92b83e-cb72-55df-b6de-8ddaf5a44e3f":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. Tr. Hanbeli. See also *fiqh’*.","spellings":["Hanbali"]},"982c3a21-b99b-5c3b-b3d3-65276466c18d":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. Founded by Abu Hanifa al-Nu‘man, it became the chosen school of the Ottomans. Tr. Hanefi. See also *fiqh’*.","spellings":["Hanafi"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Ar. literally “sacred”, “forbidden”. Sanctuary. An illicit act from the religious point of view. Haram al-Sharif: the Noble Sanctuary in Jerusalem including al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock.","spellings":["Haram","Haramsarā","Harem","Harīm"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Common living space in a Turkish house. Tr. also *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"e66e69a5-bb8f-5155-9d62-63d9729f3cfa":{"definition":"Type of Persian rug. Instead of originating from a specific area, these rugs are categorized by their designs and patterns. The designs used in the Herati rugs are labelled as Herati as well, hence where the name originates.","spellings":["Herati"]},"16851f92-8fb5-54ee-8fd1-58ab8dc1b8f5":{"definition":"The collective name for a number of early Arabic scripts that developed in the Hejaz region of the Arabian Peninsula, which includes the cities of Mecca and Medina.","spellings":["Hejazi","Hijazi"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Madina in AD 622. The beginning of the Muslim Hijri (Hegira) calendar, which follows a lunar year.","spellings":["Hegira","Hijra","Hijrah"]},"c0013a33-832b-5aec-b97e-3901d8475a95":{"definition":"The crescent Moon, also known as the most common symbol of Islam.","spellings":["Al-hilal","Hilal"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"A prose description of the Prophet Muhammad. Hilya-i Sharif: noble description of the prophet, a work of art bearing the noble description.","spellings":["Hilya","Hilye"]},"3d299572-ee10-5a78-93a1-b50bfe645ec5":{"definition":"Castle. See also *qal’a*, *kasbah*.","spellings":["Hisn"]},"d847fbc2-ce74-54e5-8546-78b1da2e747e":{"definition":"Belt.","spellings":["Hizam"]},"c8f1dda2-4eb6-56a9-ab2a-90bd17c5301c":{"definition":"The 11th sura of the Quran, it has 123 verses (ayat). It relates in part to the prophet Hud.","spellings":["Hud"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Son of, used in names. To indicate a clan the plural form *Bani / Banu*. is used. Tr. –*oğlu*.","spellings":["Ben","bin","ibn"]},"3dc337fc-c4b3-5090-8e5a-a4545babb59a":{"definition":"Belt worn by a male pilgrim and used for carrying valuables while performing the Hajj rites, also donates a state of mind in which a Muslim must enter in order to embark on Hajj. Also refers to the unsewn textile outfit worn by pilgrims.","spellings":["Ihram"]},"78382734-788f-5068-b99e-3cc129b1f007":{"definition":"Political entity officially known as Iranzamin. It was established and ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu.","spellings":["Ilkhanate","Ilkhanid"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"One who presides over Islamic prayers, a guide, chief, spiritual model or cleric; sometimes also a political leader in Muslim society.","spellings":["Imam"]},"d92f6fd0-31e4-5a3e-a04f-1708743e899b":{"definition":"From Ar. *imara*. A complex of buildings and institutions supported by a *waqf*. After the AH 10th / AD 16th century a public soup-kitchen for the poor.","spellings":["imaret"]},"471e3135-0bfb-5648-b37a-608939ef3fed":{"definition":"Arabic name for the Gospel of Jesus (*Isa*), or any gospel in general. It is usually spelled *injil*.","spellings":["Indjil","Injil"]},"ffd69886-00a2-5968-b0e0-16249a1412eb":{"definition":"A cultural and historical treasure in central Iran, often referred to as \"Nesf-e Jahan\" (Half of the World) due to its grandeur and beauty. Isfahan is famous for its stunning architecture, including the Imam Mosque, Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, and the historic Naqsh-e Jahan Square. It has a rich history as a capital of the Persian Empire during the Safavid dynasty and is renown for its Persian handicrafts and exquisite tilework.","spellings":["Esfahan","Isfahan"]},"1bcff5a5-1586-5d9e-a84e-b16a4a88bdae":{"definition":"The Prophet Muhammad’s midnight journey from Mecca to Jerusalem.","spellings":["Isra"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"A vaulted hall or domed hall, walled on three sides with a large opening arch. Tr. eyvan.","spellings":["Eyvan","Ivan","Iwan"]},"a25816af-9610-5a9b-a762-50fcfbbe7fee":{"definition":"Mountain, mountainous terrain. *Jabaliya*: mountain dwellers.","spellings":["Djebel","Jabal","Jabliya","Jebel"]},"273dff1e-b908-5770-9385-d987f829c77f":{"definition":"\"The term jade refers to two types of minerals: jadeite, which is a silicate of sodium and aluminium; and nephrite, a silicate of magnesium, potassium and iron. The two types are quite difficult to distinguish from one another, and therefore are both commonly called jade. These minerals both measure at six point five to seven on the Mohs scale. When cut, jade has a matte appearance, but possesses extraordinary shininess when polished. It comes in a variety of colors, among which the most prized are green, pink and yellow.  \nThe presence of jade in human history dates back over seven thousand years, and in myths it is one of the most mystical and mysterious gemstones. Cultures from many regions, such as South America, Asia and the Pacific Islands, all have their own versions of the story of how jade got its name. Jade is a very important gem in Chinese culture, appearing in many shapes and forms, and is affiliated with numerous beliefs of both protective and romantic natures. It is also believed that when struck, jade can produce the sound of a loved one’s voice. Talismans made from this precious stone are also popular in the Islamic world, especially among ethnic Turks, who pass them through generations as heirlooms.\"","spellings":["Jade","Jades"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Main mosque where daily prayers and Friday prayers are celebrated. Tr. *cami*. See also *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Cami","Djama'a","Djamaa","Djemaa","Jama","Jama'a","Jama’","Jamaa","Jami","Jami‘"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"Literally \"beautiful garden\". Heaven/Paradise. Tr. *cennet*.","spellings":["Cennet","Djena","Djenaïn","Djenan","Janna"]},"9b746350-d82d-5ab5-9676-62bdb3be99b1":{"definition":"View of the World', a geographical work written by Kâtip Çelebi (Turkish historian, geographer, and bibliographer) that makes the first use, in Turkey, of European atlases and other sources.","spellings":["Cihannüma","Jihannuma"]},"b3d75c6a-1878-50e5-88da-5dc169dc75c0":{"definition":"A spirit inhabiting the earth but unseen by humans, capable of assuming various forms and exercising extraordinary powers. Belief in jinn was common in pre-Islamic Arabia, where they were thought to inspire poets and soothsayers. Their existence was affirmed in the Qurʾān, and they are conceptualized in Islam as creatures parallel to human beings who are capable of choosing between good and evil and must thus face eventual salvation or damnation. They are beings of smokeless flame by nature, in the same manner in which humans are said to be made of earth, and they cannot be seen by human beings.","spellings":["Djinn","Genie","Jinn"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"The text of the Qur’an can be divided into 30 equal sections. One-thirtieth is therefore called a *juz’* (pl. ajza). When Qur’ans were written in 30 volumes, as in Mamluk Egypt, one volume was a *juz’*.","spellings":["Ajza","Juz’"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"Literally “cube”. Temple in Mecca, the centre of the Islamic religion.","spellings":["Ka'bah","Ka‘ba","Kaaba","Kabah"]},"dde3bab2-6c93-59de-b512-d4ebe4ea584d":{"definition":"A usually cotton or silk ankle-length garment with long sleeves that is common throughout the Islamic world.","spellings":["Caftan","Kaftan","Khaftan"]},"5805ea4d-515f-570c-944e-b39504e35c2a":{"definition":"This term has two meanings:  \n  \nHAND OF FATIMA  \nThe “Hand of Fatima” or “Khamsa”, which can be found in souks all around Morocco, be it metallic, ceramic, coloured or made from camel bone, is a very widespread talisman. Khamsa means “five” and refers to the five fingers of the hand. Khamsa is an amulet which is typical of both the Islamic and Jewish religion.  \n  \nQUINTET OF POEMS  \n\"Khamsa\" typically refers to the quintet of poems composed by the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi in the 12th century. This collection, recognized as the \"Khamsa,\" which means five in Persian and Arabic, or \"Quintet,\" the term used in Europe, comprises five epic poems),\" “Makhzan al-Asrar” ( The Treasury of Mysteries), \"Khosrow and Shirin,\" \"The Seven Beauties,\" \"Eskandar-Nameh\" (The Book of Alexander), and \"Layla and Majnun.\" \"Khamsa\" is a compilation of Mathnawi poems, employing rhyming couplets, a specific form of Persian poetry well-suited for longer narrative works. Nezami's \"Khamsa\" is esteemed for its poetic beauty, moral depth, and the adept interweaving of historical and mythical elements. This masterpiece has left an enduring impact on Persian literature, being actively studied and appreciated for its literary and cultural significance.","spellings":["Hamsa","Hamza","Khamsa","Khamse","Khamseh"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Ar. Inn, lodgings on the main caravan routes for travellers (pilgrims and merchants) and where merchandise could be stored. See also *caravanserai*, *funduq*, *wikala*. Tr. *han*.","spellings":["Han","Khan"]},"069e3a86-9304-50ec-85c5-b13302126d14":{"definition":"An Arabised version of the Turkish *Hatun*, a title of respect for women of the upper classes.","spellings":["Hatun","Khatun"]},"b8b82127-2aac-57e8-ba1a-3104f9b6f7a3":{"definition":"Word used to describe a library, but could also mean closet, depending on the dialect and context.","spellings":["Khizana"]},"2a3c0ddd-2061-5547-b807-78d7dfc8a700":{"definition":"A vast historical region in north-eastern Iran, known for its diverse culture and history. It encompasses several major urban centres, including Mashhad, the holiest city in Iran due to it being home to the Imam Reza Shrine. Khurasan has been a centre of trade, scholarship, and civilization for centuries, with influences from various dynasties and empires.","spellings":["Khorasan","Khurasan"]},"c7a6e5ba-2a85-5491-b7e4-4bdb152f4a22":{"definition":"A historically significant city and province located in south-eastern Iran. Kerman is renowned for its rich cultural heritage, including traditional crafts like carpet weaving, as well as its architectural marvels such as the Ganjali Khan Complex and the Jameh Mosque. The region is known for its desert landscapes, particularly the Lut Desert, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kerman is also celebrated for its unique cuisine, blending Persian and Baluchi flavours, and its pivotal role as a hub on the historic Silk Road, fostering trade and cultural exchange between the East and the West.","spellings":["Kerman","Kirman"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"A cloth composed of different parts to cover the Ka’ba in Mecca. It is embroidered in silk and gold with Qur’anic verses. A new one is made each year. The change takes places during the Hajj, when the old *kiswa* is cut up and distributed among the people. Cloths with zigzag patterns of calligraphy that cover mausolea cenotaphs are also called *kiswa* (e.g. in Palestine).","spellings":["Kiswa","Kiswah","Kiswat"]},"64d6c154-9408-5c99-93c4-4d53ffce9b15":{"definition":"Book. Kitabat: inscriptions.","spellings":["Kitaab","Kitab","Kitabat","Kuttab"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"An Arabic script of angular and stylised characters used in Qur’ans in the early period of Islam. It is attributed to the city of Kufa in Iraq. From the AH 4th / AD 10th century it was less used because it could be difficult to read. Foliated *kufic*: a script that combines the angular style of the letters with decorative floral and vegetal motifs as finials, popular during the Fatimid and Atabeg period. See also calligraphy.  \n  \nKufic script emerged as an Arabic script style, initially rising to prominence as the favoured choice for transcribing the Qurʾan and adorning architectural structures. Over time, it evolved into a point of reference and an exemplary model for various other Arabic scripts. Kufic script is characterised by its markedly angular form within the Arabic alphabet, originating in the initial copies of the Qurʾan.","spellings":["Kufic"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"An Ottoman Turkish term that refers to religious and charitable complexes comprising several buildings with the mosque is at the centre. The other buildings were the hospital, bathhouse, soup-kitchen *darüşşifa* (hospital), *hammam* (bathhouse), *han* (lodgings), *imaret* (soup-kitchen), *madrasa* (school).","spellings":["Külliye"]},"ff94889d-f66f-5e04-bc88-5fba2822cea4":{"definition":"Location in southern Jordan, located 218 km from the capital Amman.","spellings":["Ma'an","Maan"]},"f2c933f6-93e1-5c11-a123-36ceacc8076f":{"definition":"Comes from ضيف (*dayf*guest). A *madafa* is a building or specific room within a home designated for receiving guests.","spellings":["Madafa"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Theological institution that provided instruction on Islamic law (*shari’a*), jurisprudence (*fiqh*), Quran, Hadith, and Arabic, as well as accomodations for students.  \n  \nToday, a school. Fr. *medersa*, Tr. *medrese*.","spellings":["Madrasa","Madrasah","Madrasas","Madrasat","Madrassa","Madraza","Medrese","Medresse"]},"be71e06b-ee9d-56dd-9643-241707440030":{"definition":"Maghribi calligraphy takes its name from the Arabic word \"Maghribi,\" meaning \"western,\" and is associated with the western Islamic regions of North Africa and Spain, where this script and its variations originated in the 10th century. Its distinguishing characteristics include descending strokes with large, sweeping curves or loops, uniform stroke thickness, the frequent use of brown ink, a horizontal baseline, flat vowel markings, and its lineage traces back to the earliest rounded script of the Arabian Peninsula.","spellings":["Maghribi"]},"b1520fd2-381d-5d56-a9d2-7d019d4f34c2":{"definition":"A richly decorated tent-like structure used on the back of a camel to transport noble ladies. Also used as a means to transport the *kiswa* in the yearly Hajj caravan sent by sovereigns to Mecca with pilgrimage delegations.","spellings":["Mahmal"]},"b8d16d41-1432-570b-9412-811f1725b1bb":{"definition":"Makhzan al-Asrar is the renowned title of a Mathnawi written by the Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi. This collection represents the initial part of Nizami Ganjavi's most famous work, \"Khamsa of Nizami,\" and stands as a notable instance of didactic literature.","spellings":["Makhzan al-Asrar","Makhzan ol-Asrar"]},"c63eadcb-48c2-5d81-af64-7d25734b9638":{"definition":"This term has different meanings:  \n  \nMala  \nA Turkish word describing a particular part of town, usually used as a suffix after the name of the locality, usually a close by river, or the majority of the living population of the locality  \n  \nMala  \nNecklace","spellings":["Mala"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. Founded by Imam Malik and spread throughout the western Muslim world including al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malik","Maliki"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Building of one or more architectural units, usually with a dome, that contains the tomb of an important religious figure. A place of worship, and pilgrimage. See also darih, *mashhad*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"Building of one or more architectural units, usually with a dome, that contains the tomb of an important religious figure. A place of worship, and pilgrimage. See also darih, mashhad, qubba, türbe.  \nAdditionally, Mashhad, alternatively spelled as Mashad or Meshed, serves as the city and capital of the Khorasan-e Razavi province in north-eastern Iran.  \n  \nSee also darih, *maqam*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Mashad","Mashhad"]},"f176a992-6546-55ba-a3e5-6877adc61b76":{"definition":"Literally, “place of prostration”. A mosque where daily prayers are held, usually with the exception of the Friday prayers, which cannot take place in a *meşrebiye* owing to the absence of a *minbar*. Tr. *mescit*. See also *jami’*.","spellings":["Masjid","Mescit"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Town, the old quarter, self-sufficient city centre. Also the name of a city in Saudi Arabia where the Muslims migrated in AD 622 and where the Prophet Muhammad is buried.","spellings":["Madina","Madinat","Medina","Medinat"]},"32178605-4854-58d8-b7b4-f35cf3cf68f4":{"definition":"Ascension of the Great Prophet Muhammad to Heaven to the throne of Allah, where he received the divine instruction for the five daily prayers (*salat*) for Muslims. Along with Muhammad’s night journey *Isrāʾ *from the “sacred place of worship” (Mecca) to the “further place of worship” (Jerusalem), the Mi’raj creates the two parts of the night journey of Muhammad.**","spellings":["Mi'raj"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Arched niche, usually concave but sometimes flat, in religious Islamic buildings indicating the direction of Mecca, which worshippers face when praying.","spellings":["Maharib","Mihrab"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"In the Christian kingdoms of the Peninsula the name given to Muslims who formally converted to Christianity after the Reconquista.","spellings":["Morisco"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"See *jami’* and *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Mosque"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"From Ar. *mudajjan*. Muslims who were allowed to remain among their Christian conquerors, without changing their religion, in exchange for tribute. The adjective Mudéjar is also used to describe traditional craftsmanship begun under Islamic domination and continued for Christian clients after the Christian conquest.","spellings":["Mudajjan","Mudéjar"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Muhaqqaq is an Islamic calligraphic style that emerged in the 10th century and was employed widely in the Islamic world for creating elaborate, large Qur'ans and architectural inscriptions. Its defining characteristics include a precise, angular script with upright letters, meticulously balanced ascenders and horizontal elements, a distinct horizontal emphasis (wider than it is tall), descending strokes terminating in straight, sharp points rather than curving upwards, and the frequent use of descending round strokes that encircle the following letter. Muhaqqaq is typically employed in combination with \"Rayhani,\" a smaller rendition of the same script.  \n  \nA large cursive script related to the *naskhi* script used in the Middle Ages. It is one of the six basic styles of writing. Tr. *muhaqqaq*. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"89bfc871-8edd-5e4f-81e0-fe5ff704e5e9":{"definition":"Muin Musavvir was a prominent Persian miniaturist during the 17th century in Safavid Iran. It is believed that he was born around AH 1018- 1024 / AD 1610-1615. Mu‘in Musavvir received his artistic education under Reza Abbasi, who was the preeminent painter of that era. It is thought that he probably passed away in AH 1104 / AD 1693.","spellings":["Aqa Muin","Mo'en Mosavver","Mu‘in Musavvir","Muin Musavvir"]},"23ba4d6b-6ce4-504a-b495-efdcb419b6ed":{"definition":"Literally the \"chosen one\". This term designate the person responsible for the clan or tribe; typically an elder.","spellings":["Mukhtar"]},"cfc9414f-7ca4-5e8a-80ea-d0fc4865d5c9":{"definition":"From Ar. *muwallad*. Christians who were converted to Islamism and lived as Muslims during the domination of the Arabs in the Iberian Peninsula.","spellings":["Muladi","Mullawad"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Stalactite- or honeycomb-like architectural ornamentation which adorns many surfaces including domes and corbels. In the Maghreb *muqarbas*. Fr. *mouqarnas*.","spellings":["Mouqarnas","Muqarbas","Muqarnas"]},"032d07d0-de44-5fc4-b2ac-8712cfaa0838":{"definition":"Muraqqa is the Persian term for an album of paintings and calligraphy.","spellings":["Murakka","Muraqqa","Muraqqa'at"]},"b43d4539-8c8e-5de3-ba56-a72f1632c7c8":{"definition":"Meaning \"bitter\", often used to describe coffee.","spellings":["Murra"]},"9f4d1152-e032-5509-a8f6-ac7d6117d2d3":{"definition":"An Arabic word for a codex or collection of sheets, but also refers to a written copy of the Quran.","spellings":["Mus'haf","Mushaf"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Literally “copied”. One of the most widespread styles of Islamic calligraphy used in Qur’ans and other books. It combines the flexibility of the *farsi* style with the harmony of the *kufic* script. Tr. *nesih*.","spellings":["Naskhi","Nesih"]},"ea137b2c-4b18-5db2-bba2-703e333c897d":{"definition":"Whilst prevailing belief is that Naskh calligraphy emerged in 310 AH (922-23 AD), recent research suggests it evolved from the Kufic script that dates back to the early days of Islam. Over time, Naskh supplanted Kufic as the preferred script for the Qur'an. Today, Naskh is the dominant script used in Qur'an transcription, surpassing all other scripts combined due to its enhanced legibility.","spellings":["Naskh"]},"ddabdcad-fe35-518d-a9c0-32923e6bd220":{"definition":"One the most widespread styles of Arabic calligraphy (with *thuluth* and *naskhi*), developed by Persian calligraphers. A stronger and more stylish form of *ta’liq*, it is characterised by its rounded forms, clarity and geometrical purity. Although written without vowel marks it was much favoured as it was easy to read. Tr. *nestalik*.  \n  \nEmerged as the prominent form of Persian calligraphy during the 15th and 16th centuries. This cursive style was a fusion of the naskhi and taʿliq scripts, characterised by elongated horizontal strokes and exaggerated rounded shapes. In nastaʿliq, diacritical marks were informally positioned, and lines flowed with a curvaceous grace rather than adhering to a strict straightness. This script often found its way into the artwork of the early Safavid era (16th century) and is traditionally regarded as the most refined among Persian calligraphic styles.","spellings":["Nasta‘liq","Nastaleeq","Nastaliq","Nestalik"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"A Turkish honorific title, arabicised as *Basha*.","spellings":["Pacha","Pasha"]},"60068ca4-be84-58d0-a590-341306ae5e41":{"definition":"Pearls, the only organic material considered to be precious gemstones, can be widely divided into two categories: natural and cultivated. The formation of the pearl occurs when a foreign body such as a grain of sand or a parasite enters the shell of an oyster or mussel. Due to their very specific origin, pearls have come to be focal points of many legends and myths. Because of their circular shape, they are frequently associated with the moon. They can also symbolize life in general, as well as birth. Some old beliefs state that morning dew, when hardened, turns into pearls. Civilizations from areas with pearl fishing cultures, such as the Middle East and Asia, have for centuries viewed pearls as symbols of supremacy, innocence and female charm.","spellings":["Pearl","Pearls"]},"dc0561a2-2592-560f-8a87-20cd58a96753":{"definition":"\"Chest Panel  \nFrom the head of the right shoulder to the end of the left shoulder.\"","spellings":["Qabbe"]},"4563e43f-260b-5043-9a49-06e5af5a99e0":{"definition":"Muslim judge. Tr. *kadı*.","spellings":["Cadi","Kadi","Kazi","Qadi","Qazi"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"(Pl. qilâ’) Citadel. See also *kasbah*, *hisn*.","spellings":["Qal'at","Qal‘a","Qala","Qalaa","Qalaat","Qalat"]},"21baedfe-a3af-5ec7-b036-b47426bdc117":{"definition":"A title given to a saint who is at a very high level of spirituality. They are different from other saints and have very strong feelings of love for God's creation. Qalandars, among the saints, are those persons who may enjoy freedom from the ties and bounds of time and space.","spellings":["Qalandar"]},"44366451-8359-541a-9be5-8dc8351d0c81":{"definition":"The qasida is the most prestigious poetical creation throughout Arab history. Even nowadays it is deemed the ultimate work of artistic achievement of Arab culture. It is a tripartite composition that follows a thematic sequence. The traditional qasida, its form, and its content, have remained influential not only for Arabic literature, but also for later developments in Turkish and Persian literature.","spellings":["Kasida","Qasida"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"From Latin *castrum*. Palace, castle. *Qusayr*: diminutive form of *qasr*. Tr. kasr. See also *bayt*, dar.","spellings":["Ksar","Qasr","Qusair","Qusayr","Quseir"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Dome; by extension a monument or chamber built over the grave of a saint or important person, which is usually marked with a dome. Fr. *koubba*. Tr. *kubbe* (dome only).","spellings":["Koubba","Kubbat","Kubbe","Qubba","Qubbat"]},"9c6aeb81-7bc2-5ea4-9209-1c4a1345ac29":{"definition":"The division of the Qur’an into 30 parts. Each part (*juz’*) was bound as a separate volume and usually the 30 volumes were housed in an illuminated box.","spellings":["Rab'a","Rab’a","Raba"]},"389ffbb1-3a7e-5ec3-a9fc-efdd3e0f54ca":{"definition":"The fourth month of the Islamic calendar. Its name means  the 'second spring'.","spellings":["Rabi al-Awwal","Rabi ath-Thani","Rabi‘","Rabi’a"]},"79ad5742-3251-5a48-afdc-3eadbe4bc902":{"definition":"The ninth month of the Hijri / lunar calendar when Muslims fast. It is the last of the three consecutive holy months. Tr. Ramazan.","spellings":["Ramadan","Ramadhan","Ramathan","Ramazan"]},"2f088e48-669e-5b0f-b7ef-a94fb24641eb":{"definition":"Rayhani is a calligraphic style that was used for copying Qur’ans. It is characterised by its smaller rendition of muhaqqaq, featuring letter forms with sharper, more pointed shapes compared to naskh, and often distinguished by a prominent spike on the initial alif-lam letter shape.  \n  \nAlthough this script shows close resemblance to *muhaqqaq*, it is written on a smaller scale. It was used in large Qur’ans produced in AH 7th–8th / AD 13th–14th centuries. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Rayhan","Rayhani","Reyhan","Rihani"]},"44b5dcf7-b45d-5206-b3e1-f77d5f220d80":{"definition":"A metalworking technique. To make a design appear in relief on the front of a metal work of art, it has to be worked in repoussé (hammered) from the back.","spellings":["Repoussé"]},"732e2f9b-afda-508f-9938-c167d92f40f2":{"definition":"Reza Abbasi was a renowned Persian artist associated with the Esfahan school. He held a special place as the preferred painter of Shah Abbas I, often referred to as Shah Abbas the Great. Reza Abbasi was born around AH 977 / AD 1570 in Mashhad, which was part of Safavid Iran. His father, Ali Asghar of Kashan, was an artist who worked in the court of Prince Ibrahim Mirza, the Safavid viceroy in Mashhad. During that period (AH 963- 984 / AD 1556-1577), Mashhad was a prominent hub for the development of the arts in Iran.","spellings":["Aqa Reza","Reza Abbasi","Riza yi 'Abbasi"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fortified enclosure for religious warriors (North Africa); a hospice for pilgrims (Mamluk Egypt, Palestine and Syria). The name of the town Rabat comes from Ribat al-Fath (Ribat of the Conquest).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"41cfc342-d602-582b-a279-22302f06909d":{"definition":"The term \"Riqa\" originates from the Arabic word \"ruq’a,\" which translates to \"a fragment or a small piece of fabric.\" This name was assigned to the script because it was frequently used for writing on small paper fragments, often in petitions addressed to royalty.","spellings":["Riqa"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"Pl. of *rawda* “garden”. Always used in plural form, in Morocco *riyad* means a garden within residential housing.","spellings":["Rawda","Riad","Riyad","Riyadh"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"Split-palmette motif. One of the most popular and basic motifs in Islamic decorative arts, applied to every medium from woodcarving to tiles. It is mostly seen in arabesques. It was named after an earlier name for Anatolia.","spellings":["Rumi"]},"310bd3c5-0e81-53d5-8263-8bca44c8007a":{"definition":"A calligraphic style suitable for writing fast used by the Ottoman administration in *waqf* documents, letters, the last prayer pages of the Qur’ans and the diplomas of calligraphy students (hence also called ijaza (diploma) script). Today it is generally used in Arab daily newspapers for the headlines. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Rika","Ruq‘a"]},"1708f744-b3be-5ca3-8384-d8109f48190c":{"definition":"Ruzbihan Mohammad al-Shirazi, a renowned calligrapher and illuminator from Shiraz, was active in the first half of the 10th AH century. His full name is Ruzbihan Muhammad al-Tab‘i al-Shirazi. Although the exact dates of his birth and death are not known, based on his dated and historical works, his period of activity is presumed to be between AH 915-968 / AD 1509-1561. One of the distinctive features of Ruzbihan Mohammad's illumination is his meticulous craftsmanship and use of gentle colours. According to records, in a preserved Quran located in the National Museum of Iran, his father, Hajji Na'im al-Din, was a scribe and illuminator who produced multiple copies in the second half of the 9th century.","spellings":["Ruzbihan Muhammad al-Tab‘i al-Shirazi"]},"0d914aeb-4f85-55c7-874c-71b1090e5fec":{"definition":"Crafted within the confines of Shiraz, this magnificent Qur'an stands as an exceptional representation of the book arts during the 16th century in Iran. The revered master-calligrapher, Ruzbihan, undertook the task of inscribing the sacred text, employing three distinct scripts for the core content and employing additional calligraphic forms for the titles of chapters.","spellings":["Ruzbihan Qur’an"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"(Pl. *subul* or *asbila*) Small structures that were designed to dispense and provide free and clean drinking water to the public. *Sabil*s can be freestanding buildings or parts of small or large charitable complexes.  \n  \nTr. sebil – a chamber where an attendant serves free drink to the public.","spellings":["Asbila","Sabil","Sebil","Subul"]},"b96fb0ed-83cb-5316-ab1d-f4e286f25845":{"definition":"Safavid Dynasy.","spellings":["Safavid","Safawid"]},"469f9c24-c7f1-53c1-89e9-cee0ebd1e160":{"definition":"Manuscripts of a particular format are known by the term safina, a Persian word meaning \"boat\" and an apparent reference to their long and narrow, boat-like shape. Safinas were presumably designed to be carried in the pocket, and most are anthologies of verse.","spellings":["Safina"]},"ab5197e2-ba37-5f84-9a8c-1bc168852cbc":{"definition":"Meaning blessings, pl. of the word Salam. Could also refer to safety.","spellings":["Salama","Salamah"]},"33cef020-667f-52b7-8e7c-a6746c1827af":{"definition":"High court official responsible for overseeing food and drink service or servant providing drinks or entertainment. The sultan had several cupbearers led by the *Saqi al-sultan* (chief cupbearer). The *saqi *was represented by the symbol of a cup.**","spellings":["Al-saqi","Saqi"]},"0f26046e-3b67-5601-baf6-72d291d77ad0":{"definition":"Straight, double-edged sword. The sayf varied in appearance throughout Islamic history.","spellings":["Saif","Sayf","Seif"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendants of Prophet Muhammad. See also *sharif*.","spellings":["Sada","Sayyed"]},"9ba68a24-0e40-52cc-9957-968da7055d9a":{"definition":"Arabic title of respect, meaning Heir to the grandson of the prophet Muhammad.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"e6ca4b0f-8824-5172-9b8e-6f572fcd1de7":{"definition":"A term applied to different works of Ottoman art from AH 960–1010 / AD 1555–1600 that show a repertoire of leaves, flowers and palmettes with imaginary creatures such as dragons. The style uses curving lines and owes much to calligraphy. It is found in album drawings, ceramics, metalwork, textiles and carpets.","spellings":["Saz style"]},"11864cd8-7574-5b81-8dbd-f0180dc203cf":{"definition":"The writer of *Şehname*, equivalent to a court historian.","spellings":["Şehnameci"]},"970967ba-4fb4-5316-b273-742dafe6d401":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni schools of religious law.","spellings":["Al-shafi","Al-shafi'i","Shafiʽi"]},"5dfb0beb-240c-5fb8-a4ba-14bd15936137":{"definition":"Title of the kings of Iran, or Persia. The title shah was also used in Afghanistan until the overturn of the monarchy in 1973 and has been used by rulers and princelings in other countries of central and southern Asia.","spellings":["Šâh","Shah"]},"b574ce4b-f297-5c3f-b370-895a19b2933a":{"definition":"Written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi, the Shahnama or Shahnameh is a long epic poem which dwells on the mythical and historical past of the Persian Empire.","spellings":["Šāhnāme","Shahnama","Shahnameh"]},"6d92f187-6403-5612-9082-88dde5497f13":{"definition":"An intricately decorated rosette or medallion which is used in many contexts, including manuscripts, carpets, ornamental metalwork and architectural decoration such as the underside of domes. It can take several overall shapes, from circles to stars. It can also mean the Sun.","spellings":["Shamsa","Shamseh","Shums"]},"bd727956-74e1-5614-9f39-07003f768b6a":{"definition":"Literally, “road”. Islamic precepts that the believer must follow in order to be on the right road that leads to God. The *Shari‘a* rules the behaviour of the faithful in the spiritual, legal, social and political spheres, and also in the concrete aspects of daily life.","spellings":["Shari‘a","Sharia"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"An elder, respected for his knowledge and age, learned man instructed in the religious sciences, member of a religious brotherhood, sufi master. Tr. *Şeyh*. Shaykh al-Islam: The head of the hierarchy of the doctors of Muslim canon law, tradition and theology. Tr. Şeyhülislam.","spellings":["Şeyh","Shaykh","Sheikh"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(Pl. *shurafa*) Descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. See also *sayyed*.","spellings":["Sharif","Shurafa"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"Correctly, Shi‘at ‘Ali, meaning “the party of ‘Ali”. Shi‘ites rejected the legitimacy of all caliphs who succeed after the assassination of Ali (AH 40 / AD 661), the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law. See also Sunna.","spellings":["Shi‘a","Shia"]},"1a911f25-2169-5473-b48f-e5e9bf7e6aff":{"definition":"A culturally significant city in southern Iran, often referred to as the \"City of Poets\" and \"City of Gardens.\" This is because of its numerous lush gardens, including the famous Eram Garden, and for being the hometown of renowned Persian poets, such as Hafez and Saadi. Shiraz is also known for its historical sites, including the Nasir al-Mulk Mosque and the Tomb of Cyrus the Great.","spellings":["Shiraz"]},"6d2d57b7-54c2-5423-bd0e-5cb6f4137078":{"definition":"Genealogy, with Silsila signifying a genealogy in the form of a chain, as opposed to the one formed as a tree ( *sharaja*).","spellings":["Silsila-nama"]},"717dbbdd-a73f-5072-9370-1b0902785426":{"definition":"A huge ancient bird of Persian legend credited with possessing great wisdom.","spellings":["Senmurv","Simorg","Simorgh","Simorq","Simourv","Simurg","Simurgh"]},"ea7ba680-cfdb-5f45-9030-dd43782bebb2":{"definition":"A style of Islamic calligraphy originating from China for using the Arabic script. It gained importance and fame through its hybrid style, and its historic value is related to the hybrid nature of the Chinese Muslim ethnic group, known as the Hui. It can also refer to Chinese ceramics.","spellings":["Sini"]},"288b2150-8838-5cdf-8779-d98b7d476915":{"definition":"The Sira are the prophetic biographies.  In addition to what is written in the Quran and Hadith, the sira also provide information on Muhammed's life and the early period of Islam.","spellings":["Seera","Sira","Sirah","Sirat"]},"b68f8c65-978e-5a31-bb68-5994ae43ec75":{"definition":"A Muslim acetic and mystic who represents the mystical aspect of Islam.","spellings":["Sufi"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"An Islamic mystical or ascetic order. Derived from *suf*, wool, which is the fabric in which devotees (*sufi*) clothe themselves. Fr. *soufisme*.","spellings":["Soufisme","Sufism"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Honorary title used by independent sovereigns (in particular Ottomans and Seljuks) whose authority, however, does not question the nominal superiority recognised to the ruling caliph.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"ab99a408-a9e3-547f-9a94-45b205e6a57b":{"definition":"Sultan Muḥammad, who lived during the 16th century in Safavid Iran, is regarded as one of the most exceptional Persian painters and stands out as the most prominent artist of the Safavid school based in Tabriz, Iran. Between AH 900- 928 / AD 1495 and 1522, Sultan Muḥammad likely held a preeminent position within the Turkmen school of painting, which was prevalent in western Iran during the reign of the Ak Koyunlu (\"White Sheep\") and Kara Koyunlu (\"Black Sheep\") Turkmens.","spellings":["Sultan Muhammad"]},"f21a9ff0-ae8f-5ff9-be18-36b4a4db6794":{"definition":"State or territories that are ruled by a sultan. Sultan is a title given to the ruler of such a place.","spellings":["Sultanate"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Literally “tradition”. For Orthodox Islam, the group of traditions of the Prophet in which legal advisers and theologians find support and foundations to establish the content of Islamic law arising from the Qur’an. Sunni: Follower of Sunna. Sunnis are divided into four schools: Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, Shafi’i. Sunnism: a political and religious system opposed to Shi‘ism. See also Fiqh, Shi’a.","spellings":["Sunna"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marketplace. See also *arasta*, *bazaar*, *bedesten*.","spellings":["Esouk","Sooq","Souk","Souq","Suk","Suq"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Chapter of the Qur’an. There are 114 surahs in the Qur’an. Tr. Sure.","spellings":["Sura","Surah"]},"1ad49aeb-c4a6-56fa-a5db-9635fe80d767":{"definition":"From Tr. *tekke*, literally “place where food is served free of charge”. Centre where dervishes meet, worship and live. Architectural type introduced by the Ottomans. See also *imaret*, *khan*qah, *zawiya*.","spellings":["Takiyya","Tekke"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"One of the six main styles of calligraphy developed in Persia in the AH 9th / AD 15th century. Used especially for official correspondence, it is characterised by fine lines with no vowel. Tr. *talik*. See also *nas*ta’liq**, calligraphy.  \n  \nTaliq is characterised by an unauthodox use of ligatures, which connect letters on the left that typically wouldn't be joined. It features descending strokes that form loops, rounded letter shapes with pronounced variations in letter spacing, wide spacing between lines, as well as lines that ascend from right to left.","spellings":["ta‘liq","Talik","Taliq"]},"0cb5ca4c-b4bd-55d8-8d21-7fe594c06fcf":{"definition":"Tawqi is a calligraphic script, and the term is etymologically derived from the Arabic verb \"waqa’a,\" which means \"to sign.\" It gained this name because it was commonly employed to inscribe the signature on decrees issued by rulers. Primarily used for scrolls, diplomas, royal documents, and impressive calligraphic works, Tawqi is frequently written alongside riqa, a smaller version of the same script. Developed in the 10th century, Tawqi is characterised by its more compressed and rounded letters, the practice of unauthorised ligatures to connect non-connecting letters on the left for faster writing, and notably shorter ascending and deeply curved horizontal strokes.","spellings":["Tawqi"]},"c8f3bbcb-a8cd-550d-87a2-e50f399b9921":{"definition":"The Arabic-language name for the Torah within its context as an Islamic holy book believed by Muslims to have been given by God to the prophets and messengers amongst the Children of Israel.","spellings":["Taurat","Tawrah","Tawrat"]},"0b7b13a1-8533-5472-85a2-1c589c3a076e":{"definition":"Crafted by Zakariya' al-Qazwini in various Persian and Arabic editions in the years following the Mongol conquest and sack of Baghdad in AH 656  (1258 AD), 'Aja'ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara'ib al-mawjudat (The Wonders of Creation and the Oddities of Existence) emerged as the preeminent medieval compendium of natural history. The author's primary objective was to guide readers in recognising the omnipotence and benevolence of God by inspiring them to marvel at the astounding diversity within creation, and the remarkable perfection evident in all its celestial and terrestrial components.","spellings":["Aja'ib al-Makhluqat wa Ghara'ib al-Mawjudat","Ajayeb al-Makhluqat va Gharayeb al-Mowjudat","The Wonders of Creation and the Oddities of Existence"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"Arabic: “one-third”. A style of calligraphy named after the size of the pen used. The prolongation of its letters allow for very complex decorative compositions. It was used in calligraphy, books and civil and religious architecture. From the AH 12th / AD 18th century it was widely used in panels particular to Ottoman art. Fr. *toulouth*. Tr. *sülüs*.  \n  \nThe thuluth script, a medieval Islamic calligraphic style, features an alphabet written in a distinctive manner. The name \"thuluth\" (Arabic for \"one-third\") refers to the principle that each letter's form encompasses a slope of about one-third of its size. This script is both spacious and refined, characterized by its cursive nature. During the medieval period, thuluth script found its place on mosque embellishments.  \nFunctionally, thuluth script assumed some of the roles initially held by the early Kufic script. It was employed for crafting headings for suras (chapters) of the Qurʾan, religious inscriptions, princely titles, and inscriptions of importance. Additionally, from the 13th century AD (597-700 AH) onwards, it was favoured for producing large copies of the Qurʾan.","spellings":["Sülüs","Thoulouth","Thuluth"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"First used for embroidered inscriptions on textiles, this term became synonymous with textile robes with inscriptions giving the ruler’s name and the workshop where the textiles were made. Such robes were presented by the caliph to people who were to be honoured. Dar al-tiraz: royal textile factories supervised by the court.","spellings":["Taraz","Teraz","Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"A calligraphic signature of an Ottoman sultan that was affixed to official documents. Each sultan had his own *tughra*. Tr. *tuğra*.","spellings":["Tughra","Tuğra"]},"84d9ad68-024a-5ca8-9f67-268e29d1e040":{"definition":"A particular style of calligraphy, originating from India.","spellings":["Turabi"]},"21c32408-3e62-5ec5-a0a4-ea90126bed70":{"definition":"Turabi Bek Khurasani appears to be an artist, or possibly a collector, known for creating paintings that imitated and adapted various Persian painting styles. This artist's identity remains somewhat mysterious and may have been used for commercial purposes, potentially to cater to the tastes of collectors outside Iran. The paintings attributed to Turabi Bek Khurasani were designed to be perceived as genuine Safavid-period works, although they incorporated elements of both reproduction and selective adaptation. It is believed that there may have been an intention to deceive and profit from such deception, indicating a fraudulent aspect to these works. Turabi/Turabasi Bek Khurasani's creations were an attempt to blend traditional Persian painting practices with a contemporary approach for the sake of appealing to collectors in a different cultural context.","spellings":["Turabi Bek Khurasani"]},"5cc4d556-5ce6-575d-a50b-a403e6c59d4f":{"definition":"A headdress consisting of a long scarf wound round the head or a smaller, underlying hat. Turbans vary in shape, colour, and size.","spellings":["Turban","Turbant"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Turkish people located in the region east of the Caspian Sea and South of the Aral Sea. This area now comprises of Turkmenistan and parts of Iran and Afghanistan.","spellings":["Turkmen","Türkmenler","Turkoman"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Minister. Tr. *vezir*. The highest vizier (Prime Minister) was the Grand Vizier, Prime Minister. Tr. *Sadrazam*.","spellings":["Sadrazam","Vasir","Vazir","Vesir","Vezir","Visir","Vizier","Vizir","Wazir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Endowment in perpetuity, usually of land or property, from which the revenue was reserved for the upkeep of religious foundations. *waqfiyya*: the deed of endowment of a *waqf*. Tr. *vakıf*, *vakfiye*. See also *habus*.","spellings":["Vakif","Vakifiye","Wakf","Waqf"]},"cc1e247a-53d7-5c70-9399-89357963e5cf":{"definition":"A style in Ottoman art which uses Chinoiserie decorations. The designs incorporate stylised lotus blossoms, buds and leaves in decorative scrolls. Hatayi is derived from Chatay in China. See also Chinoiserie.","spellings":["Hatayi"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"An officer’s rank in the Turkish army. Tr. Ağa. See also *bey*, *dey*.","spellings":["Ağa","agha"]},"19ba2374-d3c1-58b9-9a5e-7c9421eb5612":{"definition":"A historic city in central Iran, renowned for its well-preserved mud-brick architecture and the ancient Zoroastrian fire temple, Atash Bahram. Yazd is situated in the desert and is also reputed for its distinct windcatcher towers (badgir) that provide natural ventilation in the city's buildings. It's a centre for Zoroastrian culture and has a rich history dating back thousands of years.","spellings":["Yazd"]},"babd8299-36a4-5030-94fb-4d24368825d6":{"definition":"Abu Yahya Zakariya ibn Muhammad ibn Mahmud al-Qazwini (AH 599- 680 / AD 1203-1282) was a Persian polymath with expertise in medicine, astronomy, and geography. He was born in Qazwin and undertook extensive travels in regions such as Mesopotamia and the Levant. He dedicated his work on cosmography, titled 'Aja'ib al-Makhluqat wa Ghara'ib al-Maujudat, to 'Ata-Malik Juwayni (d. AH 681 / AD 1283), a Persian historian who, following the sack of Baghdad in AH 656 / AD 1258, was appointed as governor of the city by the Mongol ruler Hulaqu.","spellings":["Zakaria al-Qazwini","Zakaria bin Muhammad al-Qazwini","Zakaria Qazvini","Zakaria Qazwini"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Establishment for religious teaching dedicated to preparing men to become *shaykhs*, which includes the shrine of a saint and built where he was born or lived. In Turkey also a small *tekke*, a hospice for dervishes and travellers. See also *khanqah*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zaouia","Zawija","Zawiya","Zawiyah","Zwaya"]},"112111b5-7829-509e-a270-9ff69b2a9c0d":{"definition":"A type of knee- length tunic.","spellings":["Zomt"]}}

package/translations/glossary.es.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"199be476-a6fb-5584-8c39-6af25455b9be":{"definition":"Proceso de tratamiento del papel. El papel destinado a la caligrafía debía ser tratado para impedir que se corriera la tinta. Sobre el papel se aplicaba (*ahar*) una solución especial, para obtener una superficie muy lisa.","spellings":["Ahar","Aharli"]},"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Nombre de los territorios de la Península Ibérica bajo dominio musulmán entre 711 y 1492.","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Adjetivo cuyo significado es «la más lejana», denomina la mezquita al-Aqsa de Jerusalén, reverenciada por los musulmanes como la primera *qibla* (ver) y el primer lugar sagrado, donde tuvo lugar el ascenso del Profeta al cielo (ver *al-Israa wa al-Miray*).**","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"Bandera, pendón o estandarte.","spellings":["Alem"]},"d622d348-fe31-5163-9440-a84a07e7456c":{"definition":"(Pl. *ulama*) Erudito, doctor en derecho y ciencias teológicas islámicas. Esp.: ulema.","spellings":["Alim","Ulama","Ulema"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Dibujo de adorno en dos dimensiones muy frecuente en el arte islámico, compuesto de tracerías, follajes, cintas y roleos que crean un motivo continuo, a veces combinado con volutas o elementos geométricos.","spellings":["Arabesco"]},"f80f3b72-49a9-5057-bd6f-021ba24a6071":{"definition":"Instrumento científico medieval utilizado para los cálculos astronómicos y en la navegación.","spellings":["Astrolabio"]},"1967d28e-68f6-5e68-b680-9a66e81477fb":{"definition":"(del. turco *ata*, «padre», y *beg*, «líder».) Comandante en jefe del ejército. Los atabegs eran empleados para enseñar a los príncipes las artes de la guerra.","spellings":["Atabeg"]},"6fd1696a-b5d7-52af-9ddf-69cb25fba143":{"definition":"(Pl. *attarin*) Vendedor de perfumes, incienso y plantas medicinales.","spellings":["Attar"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"Versículo del Corán.","spellings":["Aleya"]},"1af94c96-d6eb-511f-8cdd-4fca18aafa8e":{"definition":"Fuente.","spellings":["Ayn"]},"4c2bb21c-6364-5e2c-ad76-cc117a2e1056":{"definition":"Puerta.","spellings":["Bab"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Ver *ibn*.","spellings":["Bani","Banu","Beni"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Bendición, bondad.","spellings":["Baraka"]},"dd3cf38a-f162-5d5c-ab24-2d36d3b5de1c":{"definition":"Movimiento artístico europeo del siglo xvii. En el periodo otomano, la influencia occidental se deja sentir en el arte islámico con la incorporación de formas barrocas.","spellings":["Barroco"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"Fórmula, *bi-’ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim*, frecuentemente traducida como “En nombre de Dios, el Clemente, el Misericordioso”.","spellings":["Basmala"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"Sala; en algunos casos, casa. *Bayt al-Hikma*: tribunal; *bayt al-diwan*: vestíbulo de recepción; *bayt al-nar*: caldera, literalmente, la “casa del fuego”. Palabras relacionadas: *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"Dirigente de un emirato independiente; título de respeto atribuido a una persona de las clases superiores; título detentado por los soberanos que rendían vasallaje al sultán. *Beylerbey*: bey de beyes, el más alto rango del gobierno provincial del imperio otomano. *Beylicato*, *beylik*: soberanía o territorio bajo el poder de un bey. Palabras relacionadas: *aga/ağa*, *dey*.","spellings":["Bey"]},"5f7e8640-1f2b-52a9-a589-f51ed84f4b50":{"definition":"Hospital o sanatorio que disponía también de una biblioteca médica y funcionaba como centro de formación científica. Era de carácter benéfico, y los enfermos recibían gratuitamente tratamientos que incluían remedios a base de hierbas, música y reposo.","spellings":["Bimaristan","Maristan"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"Fuerte, bastión, torre, a veces rodeada por un muro exterior. El término ingresó en la toponimia portuguesa medieval bajo las formas *alvorge* o *porches*. En Túnez, el término designa así mismo una segunda residencia rodeada de jardines; una residencia de verano. *Borj* o *bordj* en el Magreb; *burg* en Egipto.","spellings":["Bury"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"El imperio bizantino (306 a 1453), precedido por el Imperio romano y sucedido por el Imperio otomano.","spellings":["Bizantino"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Del ár. *jalifa*, literalmente “sucesor”. Dirigente supremo de la comunidad musulmana. Califato: territorio bajo el poder del califa.","spellings":["Califa","Jalifa"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"El “arte de la bella escritura” (griego) es una de las más eminentes expresiones de la cultura islámica. Dado que la lengua árabe está ligada à la revelación del Islam y ésta fue plasmada en textos, la caligrafía tiene profundas connotaciones espirituales y es considerada como un símbolo de belleza y misterio. Existen numerosos tipos de caligrafía dependiendo del periodo, el lugar y el contexto. Numerosos artistas del mundo arabo-musulmán continúan practicando el arte de la caligrafía actualmente. Palabras relacionadas: *cúfico*, *diwani*, *farsi*, *magrebí-andalusí*, *muhaqqaq*, *nasji*, *nastaliq*, *rayhani*, *ruqa*, *taliq*, *zuluz*.","spellings":["Caligrafía"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Del persa *karvansara*. Hospedería situada al borde de las principales rutas, que permite el alojamiento de los viajeros y el almacenamiento de sus mercancías. Ár.: *caravansaray* Palabras relacionadas: *funduq*, *jan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Caravasar"]},"a27048f2-e463-56af-bb14-17e5dd57b741":{"definition":"Título otomano de respeto dado a los hombres de las clases superiores; epíteto del sultán Mehmed I.","spellings":["Çelebi"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Texto sagrado de la revelación islámica transmitido por el arcángel Gabriel al profeta Muhammad. Ár. *Qur‘an*, de la raíz *qr‘*, ‘leer, recitar’.","spellings":["Corán","Kuran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) Casa. *Dar al-Imara*: casa del gobernador. *Dar al-Islam*: dominio del Islam: país bajo dominación islámica; los países que no estaban bajo el dominio del Islam eran considerados como territorios de guerra. *Dar al-hadiz*: escuela donde se estudian los hadices. *Dar al-hiyra*: residencia para emigrantes. *Dar al-juffaz*: escuela especializada en la memorización del Corán. *Dar al-qurra*: escuela dedicada a enseñar la recitación del Corán. *Dar al-shifa*: hospital. *Dar al-tibb*: escuela de medicina. Palabras relacionadas: *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar"]},"b64a1f79-8f29-5ad4-8e98-379f8e05cb1b":{"definition":"Miembro de una orden religiosa musulmana conocida por sus prácticas devotas.","spellings":["Derviche"]},"9e337d3c-af6d-5856-bb0c-0ed39eab0859":{"definition":"Término utilizado en Libia, Túnez y Argelia para designar a un oficial de alto rango de la milicia turca, elegido por un consejo local de jenízaros. Situados jerárquicamente bajo los *beylerbey* otomanos, los deyes representaban sin embargo el poder absoluto en la región. Cuando entraron en conflicto con la corte otomana, fueron severamente castigados. Palabras relacionadas: *aga/ağa*, *bey*.","spellings":["Dey"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"Estilo de caligrafía otomana utilizada en los documentos oficiales del *Divan-ı Hümayun*, de donde procede su nombre. Aunque presenta similitudes con el *taliq*, también fue desarrollado por los turcos otomanos y representaba un poder grandioso. Se llama *jali diwani* cuando se escribe con letras grandes y *divani kirmasi* cuando adopta una forma más simple. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Diván","Diwan","Diwani"]},"476a1ad7-f594-57bd-8ef5-ddfe4dba9e8b":{"definition":"Técnica de lacado cuyas primeras muestras se remontan al Irán del siglo IX/XV, durante el periodo timurí. Toma su nombre de la ciudad de Edirne, en Turquía, de donde proceden los mejores ejemplos. Se utilizaba sobre distintos soportes, tales como encuadernaciones, cajones y arcos (arma).","spellings":["Edirnekari"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante, príncipe o alto funcionario.","spellings":["Amir","Emir"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"1\\. Persa. 2. Estilo de caligrafía cursiva particularmente elegante, que valoriza las curvas de los caracteres árabes y reduce las formas angulares. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"664a6020-4914-5595-8215-d0a0af9a4b9e":{"definition":"(Pl. *fuqaha*) Jurisprudencia canónica musulmana. *Faqih* (alfaquí): jurisconsulto versado en el código del Islam, especialista en *fiqh*. Hay cuatro escuelas jurídicas sunníes (Islam ortodoxo): hanafíes, hanbalíes, malikíes y shafiíes.","spellings":["Fiqh"]},"111b1877-22ac-5026-90bf-a0267a993a00":{"definition":"Decreto de un sultán que enuncia las directivas oficiales de la corte. Los firmanes de los sultanes otomanos eran rollos de papel de diferente extensión con un elegante monograma (*tugra*) del sultán como encabezamiento y un texto redactado en una escritura oficial, seguido por autentificaciones.","spellings":["Firmán"]},"720487c1-6546-5ad8-96ce-6caedac4ddab":{"definition":"Página de un libro anterior a la portada, que suele contener el título y alguna ilustración.","spellings":["Frontispicio"]},"1123d155-1d0c-59e5-8ecc-ca1e2b7a31e9":{"definition":"Guerreros que combaten por la causa del Islam, organizados en grados militares en el seno del Imperio Otomano.","spellings":["Gazi"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Aplicación de oro sobre la superficie de una obra de arte. El dorado puede aplicarse a la mayoría de los materiales, como el mármol, la piedra, el estuco, la madera, los metales, la cerámica, el vidrio y el papel. Existen diferentes técnicas de aplicación, como al agua o en hoja. Tr.: *tombak*, técnica del cobre dorado.","spellings":["Dorado","Tombak"]},"2fb79a2a-639b-5703-9b25-ab627b16aef8":{"definition":"Legado de bienes inmuebles a perpetuidad y bajo determinadas condiciones a favor de una mezquita u otra institución religiosa, como una *madrasa* o una *janqa*, o una institución civil como un *sabil*, o incluso una casa. Palabras relacionadas: *waqf*.","spellings":["Habiz"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Literalmente “dicho”. Conjunto de tradiciones relacionadas con palabras y acciones del profeta Muhammad y sus compañeros. *Dar al-Hadiz*: ver *dar*.","spellings":["Hadiz"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"Alto funcionario del gobierno. El término designaba inicialmente a un chambelán, pero bajo los omeyas de al-Andalus, el *hayib* ejercía de primer ministro, con igual rango que el visir en los califatos orientales.","spellings":["Hayib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Uno de los cinco pilares del Islam; peregrinación a La Meca y a los Santos Lugares que todos los creyentes deben llevar a cabo al menos una vez en su vida, si tienen los medios. Por extensión, el término también se refiere a una persona que hace esta peregrinación. El *hayy* se realiza dos meses después de ramadán y termina con la Fiesta del Sacrificio (Aid al-Ada). La *Umra* presenta casi los mismos rituales que el *hayy*, pero no tiene lugar durante la misma temporada; su importancia es cada vez mayor debido a las dificultades para acoger al creciente número de peregrinos que cada año quieren cumplir con el *hayy* (más de tres millones).","spellings":["Hayy"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Baños públicos o privados. Se dividen en: *apodyterium* (tr.: *soyunmalık*), vestuario; *caldarium*, sala caliente; *hipocausto*, sistema de calefacción por suelo y paredes, mediante vapor, en las villas y termas romanas; *tepidarium* (tr.: *ılıklık*), sala caliente donde se descansaba después del baño. Existían también en los baños turcos: *aralik*: pasaje entre el *soyunmalık* y el *ılıklık*; *halvet*: habitaciones privadas en los baños públicos; *traşlık*: pequeña habitación utilizada para la eliminación del vello. Así mismo, en los baños sirios: *barrani* (lit. “exterior”): sala fría de los baños que normalmente se encuentra más alejada de la caldera; *yuwwani*: la parte interior, cerca de la sala de calderas: la sala de vapor; *wustani*: cámaras intermedias designadas como “salas de agua caliente”. Palabras relacionadas: *maqsura*.","spellings":["Hammam"]},"cc92b83e-cb72-55df-b6de-8ddaf5a44e3f":{"definition":"Una de las cuatro escuelas jurídicas sunníes del Islam ortodoxo. Palabras relacionadas: *fiqh*.","spellings":["Hanbalíes"]},"982c3a21-b99b-5c3b-b3d3-65276466c18d":{"definition":"Una de las cuatro escuelas jurídicas sunníes del Islam ortodoxo. Fue fundada por Abu Hanifa al-Numan y es la que siguieron los otomanos. Palabras relacionadas: *fiqh*.","spellings":["Hanafíes"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Literalmente, “sagrado”, “prohibido”. Santuario. Acto ilícito, en términos religiosos. Haram al-Sharif: el Noble Santuario, en Jerusalén, que comprende la mezquita al-Aqsa y la Cúpula de la Roca.","spellings":["Haram","Harén"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Espacio de vida en común en una casa turca. También *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"b653a1f8-bca3-5070-8ee8-9e24eef5e3ed":{"definition":"Peregrinación a La Meca y quinto pilar del islam. Es obligación de todos los musulmanes realizar el *hayy* al menos una vez en la vida, si disponen de medios económicos y su salud se lo permite.","spellings":["Hayy"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(del ár. *hiyra*, «migración») Éxodo del Profeta de La Meca a Medina en 622, año de referencia para el comienzo de la era islámica. El calendario musulmán se rige por años lunares de 354 días.","spellings":["Hégira"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Descripción en prosa sobre el profeta Muhammad. *Hilya i-sharif*: “noble descripción” sobre el Profeta; obra de arte que ostenta esta “noble descripción”.","spellings":["Hilya"]},"3d299572-ee10-5a78-93a1-b50bfe645ec5":{"definition":"Castillo. Palabras relacionadas: *qalaa*, *qasbah*.","spellings":["Hisn"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"«Hijo de», a menudo forma parte de los nombres. El plural, *banu*, se utiliza para denominar un clan.","spellings":["Ben","Bin","Ibn"]},"ee2f26d8-e2ea-53a3-b764-2204e426e058":{"definition":"Nombre arabizado de «África»; región que en nuestros días comprendería aproximadamente Túnez.","spellings":["Ifriqiya"]},"78382734-788f-5068-b99e-3cc129b1f007":{"definition":"Entidad política conocida oficialmente como Iranzamin. Fue establecido y gobernado por la casa mongola de Hulagu.","spellings":["Ikanato","Ilkhanid"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Persona que preside la plegaria islámica, guía, líder, modelo espiritual o eclesiástico; a veces, también dirigente político en la sociedad musulmana.","spellings":["Imam"]},"d92f6fd0-31e4-5a3e-a04f-1708743e899b":{"definition":"Del ár. *imara*. Conjunto de edificios e instituciones financiado por un *waqf*. Desde el siglo X/XVI, el término alude a un comedor de beneficencia.","spellings":["Imaret"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Gran nicho abovedado o con cúpula, cerrado por tres lados y con un gran arco de abertura.","spellings":["Iwan"]},"a25816af-9610-5a9b-a762-50fcfbbe7fee":{"definition":"Montaña, terreno montañoso. *Yabaliya*: habitantes de las montañas.","spellings":["Yabal"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Mezquita mayor o aljama donde tienen lugar las oraciones cotidianas y las del viernes. Palabras relacionadas: *masyid*.","spellings":["Yamaa"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"Literalmente, “bello jardín”. Paraíso.","spellings":["Yanna"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"El texto del Corán se puede dividir en 30 secciones iguales, a las que se denomina *yuz* (pl. *ayza*). Cuando los coranes estaban escritos en 30 volúmenes, como en el Egipto mameluco, cada volumen era un *yuz*.","spellings":["Ayza","Yuz"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(«cubo») Pequeño templo de La Meca que pasó a convertirse en el centro del islam. Se cree que fue construido por el profeta Abraham y su hijo Ismael.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Término árabe que designa una posada o alojamiento en las principales rutas de caravanas para los viajeros (peregrinos y mercaderes) y donde las mercancías podían ser almacenadas. Palabras relacionadas: *caravasar*, *funduq*, *wikala*. Tr.: *han*.","spellings":["Jan"]},"069e3a86-9304-50ec-85c5-b13302126d14":{"definition":"Arabización del turco *hatun*, título respetuoso que se aplica a las mujeres de las clases superiores.","spellings":["Jatun"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"Manto compuesto de varias piezas para cubrir la Kaaba de La Meca. Está bordado en seda y oro, con aleyas del Corán. La *kiswa* se sustituye cada año durante el *hayy*, cuando la antigua tela se corta y distribuye entre los peregrinos. También se llama *kiswa* (por ejemplo, en Palestina) a las telas con motivos caligráficos en zigzag con las que se cubren los cenotafios de los mausoleos.","spellings":["Kiswa"]},"64d6c154-9408-5c99-93c4-4d53ffce9b15":{"definition":"Libro. *Kitabat*: inscripciones.","spellings":["Kitab","Kuttab"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Escritura árabe de caracteres angulares estilizados, utilizada en los coranes de los primeros tiempos del Islam. Se atribuye a la ciudad de Kufa, en Irak. A partir del siglo IV/X, el cúfico fue menos utilizado, por la dificultad de su lectura. Cúfico florido: escritura que combina el estilo angular de las letras con motivos florales y vegetales, como los florones, de uso frecuente en los periodos fatimí y atabeg. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Cúfica"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"Conjunto de edificios distribuidos alrededor de la mezquita: *darüşşifa* (hospital), *hammam* (baños), *jan* (alojamientos), *imaret* (comedor de beneficencia), *madrasa* (escuela).","spellings":["Külliye"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Escuela islámica de ciencias religiosas (teología, derecho, Corán, etc.) y residencia de los estudiantes. Actualmente, el término designa un colegio.","spellings":["Madrasa"]},"b1520fd2-381d-5d56-a9d2-7d019d4f34c2":{"definition":"Palanquín, estructura en forma de tienda, ricamente decorada, que se colocaba sobre el lomo de los camellos para transportar a las damas de la aristocracia. También se usaba para el transporte de la *kiswa* en la caravana anual del *hayy* enviada por los soberanos a La Meca con las delegaciones de peregrinos.","spellings":["Mahmal"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Una de las cuatro escuelas jurídicas sunníes del Islam ortodoxo. Fue fundada por el imam Malik y se extendió por el mundo musulmán occidental, incluido al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malik","Malikíes"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Construcción de una o más unidades arquitectónicas, que por lo general incluye un espacio con cúpula que alberga el sepulcro de una importante figura religiosa. Lugar de culto y peregrinación. Palabras relacionadas: *darih*, *kubba*, *türbe*, *turbé*, *turbet*.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"Mausoleo o santuario.","spellings":["Mashhad"]},"f176a992-6546-55ba-a3e5-6877adc61b76":{"definition":"Literalmente, “lugar de prosternación”. Mezquita donde se rezan las plegarias diarias, excepto, en general, las del viernes, que no pueden pronunciarse debido a la ausencia de *minbar*. Palabras relacionadas: *yamaa*.","spellings":["Masyid"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Ciudad; casco antiguo de una ciudad, centro independiente. También es el nombre de una ciudad de Arabia Saudí adonde emigraron los musulmanes en el año 622 y en la que está enterrado el profeta Muhammad.","spellings":["Medina"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Nicho con arco y generalmente cóncavo, aunque a veces sólo está marcado, que en los edificios religiosos islámicos indica la dirección de La Meca, hacia la cual se vuelven los fieles cuando rezan.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"En los reinos cristianos de la Península Ibérica, nombre dado a los musulmanes que se convirtieron oficialmente al cristianismo después de la Reconquista.","spellings":["Morisco"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"Del ár. *mudayyan*. Musulmán autorizado a permanecer entre sus conquistadores cristianos sin cambiar de religión a cambio de un tributo. El adjetivo “mudéjar” designa también un arte tradicional iniciado bajo dominio islámico y continuado para clientes cristianos después de la conquista cristiana de una zona.","spellings":["Mudéjar"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Gran escritura cursiva asociada al *nasji* utilizado en la Edad Media. Es uno de los seis estilos básicos de escritura. Tr.: *muhaqqaq*. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"cfc9414f-7ca4-5e8a-80ea-d0fc4865d5c9":{"definition":"Del ár. *muwallad*. Cristiano convertido al Islam que vivía como musulmán durante la dominación árabe en la Península Ibérica.","spellings":["Muladí"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Adorno arquitectónico en forma de estalactitas o panal que adorna las superficies de cúpulas, ménsulas, cornisas, etc. En el Magreb, *muqarbas*.","spellings":["Mocárabe o almocárabe"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Literalmente, “copiado”. Uno de los estilos más difundidos de caligrafía islámica, utilizado en coranes y otras obras. Une la flexibilidad del estilo *farsi* con la armonía de la escritura *cúfica*.","spellings":["Nasji"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Título honorífico turco. Pachá. Ár. *bacha*.","spellings":["Paşa"]},"4563e43f-260b-5043-9a49-06e5af5a99e0":{"definition":"Juez musulmán.","spellings":["Cadí"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Ciudadela con características propias de la arquitectura militar, como muros inexpugnables, torres, saeteras y terreno en pendiente antes de la muralla.","spellings":["Qalaa"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"(del lat. castrum) Palacio, castillo.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Cúpula; por extensión, monumento o cámara construida sobre la tumba de un santo o de un personaje importante, generalmente señalada por una cúpula.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"9c6aeb81-7bc2-5ea4-9209-1c4a1345ac29":{"definition":"División del Corán en 30 partes. Cada parte (*yuz*) se encontraba en un volumen diferente, y los 30 volúmenes se conservaban generalmente en una caja con iluminaciones.","spellings":["Raba"]},"389ffbb1-3a7e-5ec3-a9fc-efdd3e0f54ca":{"definition":"El cuarto mes del calendario islámico. Su nombre significa la 'segunda primavera'.","spellings":["Rabi al-Awwal","Rabi ath-Thani"]},"79ad5742-3251-5a48-afdc-3eadbe4bc902":{"definition":"Noveno mes del calendario lunar, durante el cual los musulmanes ayunan entre la salida y la puesta del sol. Es el último de los tres meses santos consecutivos.","spellings":["Ramadán"]},"2f088e48-669e-5b0f-b7ef-a94fb24641eb":{"definition":"Aunque esta escritura presenta gran parecido con la *muhaqqaq*, sus caracteres son más pequeños. Se utilizó en los grandes coranes realizados en los siglos VII-VIII/XIII-XIV. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Rayhani","Rihani"]},"44b5dcf7-b45d-5206-b3e1-f77d5f220d80":{"definition":"Técnica de la metalistería que consiste en crear motivos en relieve en la parte visible de una obra martilleando en el dorso.","spellings":["Repujado"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Recinto fortificado para monjes guerreros (norte de África); hospicio para peregrinos (Egipto mameluco, Palestina y Siria). El nombre de la ciudad de Rabat procede de Ribat al-Fath (‘ribat de la conquista’).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"Pl. de *rawda*, “jardín”. En Marruecos, siempre en plural, designa un jardín dentro de una construcción residencial.","spellings":["Riyad"]},"3b2db79a-c0e9-5ba0-87de-869284e97970":{"definition":"Estilo artístico europeo del siglo xviii, continuación del Barroco. El Rococó está presente en cierta arquitectura otomana.","spellings":["Rococó"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"Motivo en media palmeta. Uno de los motivos más populares y elementales de las artes decorativas islámicas. Se encuentra en todos los soportes, desde la madera tallada hasta los azulejos. Aparece principalmente en arabescos. Toma su nombre del antiguo nombre de Anatolia.","spellings":["Rumi"]},"310bd3c5-0e81-53d5-8263-8bca44c8007a":{"definition":"Estilo caligráfico para escribir con rapidez, utilizado por la Administración otomana en los documentos de *waqf*, cartas, últimas páginas de oración de coranes y títulos de los estudiantes de caligrafía (también llamados escritura de *ijaza*, ‘diploma’, por este hecho). Hoy en día suele usarse en algunos diarios árabes. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Rika","Ruqaa"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"(Pl. *subul* o *asbila*) Pequeña edificación desde la que se distribuye agua potable; fuente pública. Tr.: *sebil*, sala donde un criado ofrece bebidas al público.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendiente del profeta Muhammad. Palabras relacionadas: *jerife*.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"e6ca4b0f-8824-5172-9b8e-6f572fcd1de7":{"definition":"Término que designa diferentes obras de arte otomano de los años 960-1010/1555-1600 que presentan una variedad de hojas, flores y palmetas con criaturas imaginarias como dragones. Sus líneas son curvas y debe mucho a la caligrafía. Se encuentra en ilustraciones de álbumes, cerámica, metalistería, telas y alfombras.","spellings":["Saz (estilo de)"]},"b574ce4b-f297-5c3f-b370-895a19b2933a":{"definition":"Escrito por el poeta persa Ferdowsi, el Shahnama o Shahnameh es un largo poema épico que trata sobre el pasado mítico e histórico del Imperio Persa.","spellings":["Shahnama"]},"bd727956-74e1-5614-9f39-07003f768b6a":{"definition":"Literalmente, “ruta”. Preceptos islámicos que el creyente debe obedecer con el fin de seguir el camino que conduce a Dios. La","spellings":["Sharia"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Anciano respetado por su experiencia y edad, cultivado, erudito en el campo de las ciencias religiosas; miembro de una hermandad religiosa; maestro sufí. *Shayj al-Islam*: Cabeza de la jerarquía de doctores en derecho canónico, tradición y teología musulmanes.","spellings":["Shayj"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"Descendiente del profeta Muhammad. Palabras relacionadas: *sayyid*.","spellings":["Jerife"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(*Shiat Ali*, «partido de Ali») Designa a los musulmanes que eligieron a Ali como líder después de la muerte del Profeta; tras el asesinato de Ali en 661, rechazaron la legitimidad de los califas.","spellings":["Shia","Shiíes"]},"b68f8c65-978e-5a31-bb68-5994ae43ec75":{"definition":"Un acético y místico musulmán que representa el aspecto místico del Islam.","spellings":["Sufi"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"Orden islámica ascética o mística. Su nombre deriva de *suf*, lana, con la que los seguidores (sufíes) tejían su ropa.","spellings":["Sufismo"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"(«soberano») Título que se aplica al jefe político supremo, cuya autoridad no amenaza la superioridad nominal del califa regente.","spellings":["Sultán"]},"f21a9ff0-ae8f-5ff9-be18-36b4a4db6794":{"definition":"Estado o territorios gobernados por un sultán. Sultán es el título dado al gobernante de dicho lugar.","spellings":["Sultanato"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Literalmente, “tradición”. Para el Islam ortodoxo, conjunto de tradiciones del Profeta en las que se basan los jurisconsultos y teólogos para establecer la ley islámica que dimana del Corán. Sunní: seguidor de la Sunna. Los sunníes se dividen en cuatro escuelas: hanafíes, hanbalíes, malikíes, shafiíes. Sunnismo: sistema político y religioso opuesto al shiísmo. Palabras relacionadas: *fiqh*, *shiía*.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunní"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Mercado, zoco. Palabras relacionadas: *arasta*, *bazar*, *bedesten*.","spellings":["Suq"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Capítulo del Corán. El Corán tiene 114 suras.","spellings":["Sura"]},"1ad49aeb-c4a6-56fa-a5db-9635fe80d767":{"definition":"Del turco *tekke*, literalmente “lugar donde se ofrece alimento”. Lugar donde se encuentran, rezan y viven los derviches. Este tipo de edificio fue introducido por los otomanos. Palabras relacionadas: *imaret*, *janqah*, *zawiya*.","spellings":["Takiyya"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"En ár., “un tercio”. Estilo de caligrafía cuyo nombre se debe al tamaño de la pluma utilizada. La extensión de sus letras permite realizar composiciones decorativas muy complejas. Se utilizaba en todo tipo de obras de artesanía, en libros y en la arquitectura civil y religiosa. Desde el siglo XII/XVIII, se empleaba frecuentemente en determinados paneles del arte otomano. Tr.: *sülüs*.","spellings":["Zuluz"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Originalmente usado para designar las inscripciones bordadas en telas, este término pronto pasó a denominar las prendas que llevaban inscripciones con el nombre del soberano y el taller donde estos textiles se fabricaban. Estos vestidos eran regalados por el califa a personas que quería honrar. *Dar al-Tiraz*: talleres textiles reales supervisados por la corte.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"Firma caligráfica de un sultán otomano en documentos oficiales. Cada sultán tenía su propia *tugra*.","spellings":["Tugra"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Pueblo turco ubicado en la región al este del Mar Caspio y al Sur del Mar de Aral. Actualmente, esta área comprende Turkmenistán y partes de Irán y Afganistán.","spellings":["Turcomanos"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Ministro. El ministro más prominente en la jerarquía era el Gran Visir, el Primer Ministro. Tr.: *sadrazam*.","spellings":["Visir","Vizir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Dotación a perpetuidad, por lo general de tierras o de una propiedad, cuyas rentas se destinaban al mantenimiento de fundaciones religiosas. *Waqfiyya*: acto de dotación de un *waqf*. Palabras relacionadas: *habiz*.","spellings":["Waqf"]},"cc1e247a-53d7-5c70-9399-89357963e5cf":{"definition":"Estilo decorativo otomano que emplea decoración chinesca. Los motivos incluyen botones, hojas y flores de loto estilizadas en volutas decorativas. El Hatai deriva de Catay, en China.","spellings":["Hatayi"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"Grado de oficial en el ejército turco. Tr.: *Ağa*. Otros grados eran *bey*, *dey*.","spellings":["Aga"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Establecimiento de enseñanza religiosa destinado a la formación de los *shayjs*; lugar de peregrinación construido donde nació o vivió un santo. En Turquía, el término designa igualmente un pequeño *tekke*, un albergue para derviches y viajeros. Palabras relacionadas: *janqa*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zawiya"]}}

package/translations/glossary.fr.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"199be476-a6fb-5584-8c39-6af25455b9be":{"definition":"Procédé de traitement du papier. Le papier destiné à la calligraphie devait être traité pour empêcher les bavures d’encre. Le papier était enduit (*ahar*) d’une solution spéciale afin d’obtenir une surface très lisse.","spellings":["Ahar","Aharli"]},"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Le nom de la péninsule Ibérique (Espagne et Portugal) sous hégémonie musulmane (92-711/897-1492).","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Adjectif signifiant “extrême” ; al-Aqsa désigne la Grande Mosquée de Jérusalem, révérée par les musulmans comme première *qibla* (direction de la prière) et principal lieu saint de l’islam – c’est de là que le Prophète est monté au Ciel (voir *Isra*).","spellings":["Aqsa"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"Drapeau, bannière ou étendard. Ils étaient portés en présence d’un commandant lors d’une campagne militaire ou étaient utilisés dans les processions religieuses. Ils pouvaient prendre des formes très différentes et arboraient des motifs géométriques, parfois nantis d’inscriptions. Un *alem* en métal pouvait être monté au sommet d’une hampe.","spellings":["Alem"]},"d622d348-fe31-5163-9440-a84a07e7456c":{"definition":"(Pl. ‘*ulama*’) Erudit, docteur en droit et sciences théologiques islamiques. Fr. : ouléma ou uléma. Tr. : alim, pl. ulema.","spellings":["‘Alim","Ulama","Ulema"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Motifs décoratifs caractéristiques de l’art islamique formés d’éléments végétaux stylisés et de lignes géométriques.","spellings":["Arabesques"]},"f80f3b72-49a9-5057-bd6f-021ba24a6071":{"definition":"Instrument de mesure des distances entre la Terre et les étoiles.","spellings":["Astrolabe"]},"1967d28e-68f6-5e68-b680-9a66e81477fb":{"definition":"Commandant en chef des armées (du turc *ata*, père, et *beg*, leader). Les atabegs étaient chargés d’enseigner les arts militaires aux jeunes princes.","spellings":["Atabeg","Atabek"]},"6fd1696a-b5d7-52af-9ddf-69cb25fba143":{"definition":"(Pl. ‘*attarine*) Marchand de parfums, d’encens et de plantes médicinales.","spellings":["‘Attar"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"(Pl. *ayat*) Verset du Coran.","spellings":["Aya"]},"1af94c96-d6eb-511f-8cdd-4fca18aafa8e":{"definition":"Source.","spellings":["‘Ayn"]},"4c2bb21c-6364-5e2c-ad76-cc117a2e1056":{"definition":"Portail, porte.","spellings":["Bab"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"(sg. Bin/Ibn) “Fils de”, désigne les membres d’un clan ou d’une tribu.","spellings":["Bani","Banu","Beni"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Bénédiction, bonté.","spellings":["Baraka"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"Formule, bi-‘ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim, souvent traduite par “Au nom de Dieu, le Clément, le Miséricordieux”.","spellings":["Besmala"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"(Pl. biyout) Salle ; dans certains cas, maison. **bayt* al-Hikma* : tribunal. **bayt* al-D*iwan** : hall de réception. **bayt* al-Nar* : chaudière, littéralement, la “maison du feu”. Voir également *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt","Beyt"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"Dirigeant d’un émirat indépendant ; titre de respect attribué à une personne des classes supérieures ; titre détenu par les vassaux souverains du sultan. *Beylerbey* : le *bey* des *beys*, le plus haut rang dans le gouvernement provincial de l’empire ottoman. *Beylicat*, *beylik* : souveraineté ou territoire sous le pouvoir d’un *bey*. Voir également *agha*, *dey*.","spellings":["Bey"]},"5f7e8640-1f2b-52a9-a589-f51ed84f4b50":{"definition":"Hôpital ou infirmerie comprenant aussi une bibliothèque médicale et fonctionnant comme centre d’enseignement scientifique. Le traitement médical était à base de plantes, de musique et de relaxation.","spellings":["Bimaristan","Maristan"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"Fort, bastion, tour, parfois entourée d’un mur extérieur. Le terme est entré dans la toponymie portugaise médiévale sous les formes *alvorge* ou *porches*. En Tunisie, le terme désigne également une résidence secondaire entourée de jardins ; une résidence de villégiature. *Borj* ou *bordj* au Maghreb. *Burg* en Égypte.","spellings":["Bordj","Borj","Burg"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"L'Empire byzantin (de 306 à 1453) a précédé l'Empire romain et a succédé à l'Empire ottoman.","spellings":["Byzantin"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"De l’arabe *Khalifa*. Chef spirituel et temporel de la communauté musulmane dans la lignée des successeurs du Prophète.","spellings":["Calife","Khalifa"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"L’ “art de la belle écriture” (grec) est l’une des plus éminentes expressions de la culture islamique. Étant donné que la langue arabe est liée à la révélation de l’islam, la calligraphie a de profondes connotations spirituelles et est considérée comme un symbole de beauté et de mystère. Il existe de nombreux types de calligraphie, avec des variations selon la période, le lieu et le contexte. De nombreux artistes du monde arabo-musulman continuent de pratiquer l’art de la calligraphie aujourd’hui. Voir également **coufique*, d*iwan*i, farsi, Maghribi andalou, *muhaqqaq*, *naskhi*, *nasta’liq*, rayhani, ruq’a, ta’liq, *thoulouth**.","spellings":["Calligraphie"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"(voir aussi **khan**) Hôtellerie située sur les grandes voies de communication – commerce et pèlerinage –, destinée à l’hébergement des voyageurs et au stockage de leurs marchandises.","spellings":["Caravansérail"]},"a27048f2-e463-56af-bb14-17e5dd57b741":{"definition":"Titre de respect donné aux hommes des classes supérieures ; épithète du sultan Mohammed Ier.","spellings":["Chalabi"]},"e6ca4d52-63e1-5c91-8d45-5c007bd19735":{"definition":"Motifs artistiques provenant initialement de Chine, utilisés dans l’art islamique et reflétant la forte influence chinoise depuis les périodes mongoles. Les bordures de nuages stylisés, les fleurs de lotus et les créatures fabuleuses telles que le qilin sont des motifs typiques. Voir également bleu-et-blanc, *hatayi*, style Minf, motif vagues-et-rochers.","spellings":["Chinoiserie"]},"4a12c207-113d-5b87-992e-9db5d88374f3":{"definition":"En matière de monnaie, les premières sociétés musulmanes continuaient à utiliser des solidus byzantins en or et des dirhams sassanides argent. On ajouta au fil du temps des versets coraniques, le lieu d’émission, des noms de califes et de sultans et la date hégirienne. Avec la révolution omeyyade de la monnaie en 696-697 H / 1296-1297 J.-C, des pièces purement épigraphiques commencèrent à être utilisées. Akche : pièce en argent, unité de base du système monétaire ottoman ; dinar : pièce en or valant 10 dirhams ; fils : pièce en cuivre.","spellings":["Monnaie"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"De la racine *qr*’ (lire) désigne le texte sacré de la Révélation islamique transmise par l’archange Gabriel au prophète Muhammad en arabe.","spellings":["Coran","Kuran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. dur) Maison. *daral-*imara** : maison du gouverneur. Dar al-Islam : domaine de l’Islam : pays sous domination islamique ; les pays qui n’étaient pas sous la domination de l’Islam étaient considérés comme des territoires de guerre. *dar al-Hadith* : école permettant d’étudier les Hadiths ; Tr. : Darülhadis. *dar al-Hijra*: demeure pour la migration. *dar al-khuffaz* : école spécialisée dans la mémorisation du Coran Tr. : Darülhuffaz. *dar* al-Qurra’ : école enseignant la science de la récitation du Coran ; Tr. : Darülkurra. *dar al-shifa’* : hôpital; Tr. : Darüşşifa. *dar al-tibb* : école où étaient enseignées les sciences médicales ; Tr. : Darüttıb. Voir également *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar"]},"a4f8f7c7-245b-5188-b8fe-8085676b0785":{"definition":"Mausolée. Voir également *maqam, *koubba*, *türbe*, turbe, *turbé*, *turbet**.","spellings":["Darih"]},"b64a1f79-8f29-5ad4-8e98-379f8e05cb1b":{"definition":"Membre d’un ordre religieux musulman connu pour ses pratiques de dévotion.","spellings":["Derviche"]},"9e337d3c-af6d-5856-bb0c-0ed39eab0859":{"definition":"Terme utilisé en Libye, en Tunisie et en Algérie pour désigner un officier de haut rang de la milice turque élu par un conseil local de janissaires. Situés hiérarchiquement en dessous des *Beylerbeys* ottomans, les *deys* représentaient néanmoins le pouvoir absolu dans la région. Lorsqu’ils entrèrent en conflit avec la cour ottomane, ils furent sévèrement punis. Voir également *agha*, *bey*.","spellings":["Dey"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"Bureau du gouvernement ; salle d’audience, salle de réception ; collection de poèmes. Tr. : divan; Divan-ı Hümayun : Conseil impérial présidé par le Grand Vizir et formant l’organe central du gouvernement ottoman.","spellings":["Divan","Diwan","Diwani"]},"476a1ad7-f594-57bd-8ef5-ddfe4dba9e8b":{"definition":"Technique de laquage observée pour la première fois en Iran au IXe siècle H (XVe siècle J.-C.) pendant la période timouride. Elle tire son nom de la ville d’Edirne, en Turquie, d’où venaient les meilleurs exemples. Elle était utilisée sur différents supports, tels que les reliures, les tiroirs et les arcs.","spellings":["Edirnekari"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Chef militaire, gouverneur, prince, haut dignitaire. Souverain d’un émirat ou d’une principauté.","spellings":["Émir"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"1. Habitant de la Perse. 2. Style de calligraphie cursive particulièrement élégante valorisant les courbes des lettres arabes en réduisant les formes angulaires. Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"664a6020-4914-5595-8215-d0a0af9a4b9e":{"definition":"(Pl. *fuqaha’*) Jurisprudence canonique musulmane. *Fqih* : jurisconsulte versé dans le code de l’islam, spécialiste du *fuqaha’*. On compte quatre écoles juridiques sunnites (islam orthodoxe). Voir également hanafite, hanbalite, malékite, chafiite.","spellings":["Fiqh"]},"111b1877-22ac-5026-90bf-a0267a993a00":{"definition":"Décret d’un sultan énonçant les directives officielles de la cour. Les firmans des sultans ottomans étaient des rouleaux de papier de différentes longueurs arborant à titre d’en-tête un élégant monogramme (*tughra*) du sultan, un texte rédigé dans une écriture officielle et suivi d’un certain nombre d’authentifications.","spellings":["Ferman","Firman"]},"720487c1-6546-5ad8-96ce-6caedac4ddab":{"definition":"Feuillet illustré précédant la page de titre d’un livre.","spellings":["Frontispice"]},"1123d155-1d0c-59e5-8ecc-ca1e2b7a31e9":{"definition":"Guerriers combattant pour la cause de l’islam, organisés en grades militaires au sein de l’empire ottoman. Tr. : *gazi*.","spellings":["Gazi","Ghazi"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Application d’or sur la surface d’une œuvre d’art. La dorure peut être appliquée à la plupart des matériaux, dont le marbre, la pierre, le stuc, le bois, les métaux, la céramique, le verre et le papier. Il existe différentes techniques d’application : la dorure à l’eau ou à la feuille d’or. Tr. : *tombak*, technique du cuivre doré.","spellings":["Dorure","Tombak"]},"2fb79a2a-639b-5703-9b25-ab627b16aef8":{"definition":"Legs sous forme de terres concédées à perpétuité, et sous certaines conditions, au profit d’une mosquée ou autre institution religieuse, telle qu’une *madrasa* ou une *khanqah*, ou une institution civile telle qu’un *sabil*, ou même une maison. Voir également *waqf*.","spellings":["Habous"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Littéralement, “dits”. Ensemble de traditions liées aux paroles et actions du prophète Muhammad et de ses compagnons. *dar al-Hadith* : voir *dar*.","spellings":["Hadis","Hadith"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"Haut fonctionnaire du gouvernement. Le terme désignait initialement un chambellan, mais sous les Omeyyades d’al-Andalus, le *hadjib* agissait en tant que ministre en chef, de rang égal à celui de vizir dans les califats orientaux.","spellings":["Hadjib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Pèlerinage.","spellings":["Hadjdj","Hajj"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Bains publics ou privés. Apodyterium : vestiaire; Tr. : *soyunmalık*. Caldarium : salle chaude. Hypocauste : système de chauffage du plancher et des murs employant la vapeur dans les villas et les bains romains. Tepidarium : pièce chaude où l’on se reposait après le bain ; Tr. : *ılıklık*. Existait également dans les bains turcs : *aralık* : passage entre le *soyunmalık* et l’*ılıklık* ; *halvet* : chambres privées dans les bains publics ; *traşlık* : petite pièce utilisée pour l’épilation. Egalement dans les bains syriens : *barrani* (lit. Bains publics ou privés. Apodyterium : vestiaire; Tr. : *soyunmalık*. Caldarium : salle chaude. Hypocauste : système de chauffage du plancher et des murs employant la vapeur dans les villas et les bains romains. Tepidarium : pièce chaude où l’on se reposait après le bain ; Tr. : *ılıklık*. Existait également dans les bains turcs : *aralık* : passage entre le *soyunmalık* et l’*ılıklık* ; *halvet* : chambres privées dans les bains publics ; *traşlık* : petite pièce utilisée pour l’épilation. Egalement dans les bains syriens : *barrani* (litt. “extérieur”) : pièce froide des bains située généralement le plus à l’écart de la chaudière ; *jouwwani* : partie la plus intérieure, près de la chaudière – la pièce à vapeur ; *woustani* : chambres intermédiaires désignées comme les “chambres d’eau chaude”. Voir également *maqsoura*. “extérieur”) : pièce froide des bains située généralement le plus à l’écart de la chaudière ; *jouwwani* : la principalement la partie intérieure, près de la chaudière – la pièce à vapeur ; *woustani* : chambres intermédiaires désignées comme les “chambres d’eau chaude”. Voir également *maqsoura*.","spellings":["Hammam"]},"cc92b83e-cb72-55df-b6de-8ddaf5a44e3f":{"definition":"Une des quatre écoles juridiques Sunnites de l’islam orthodoxe. Tr. : Hanbeli. Voir également *fuqaha’*.","spellings":["Hanbali"]},"982c3a21-b99b-5c3b-b3d3-65276466c18d":{"definition":"Une des quatre écoles juridiques Sunnites de l’islam orthodoxe. Fondée par Abou Hanifa al-Nu‘man, c’est l’obédience que choisirent les Ottomans. Tr. : Hanefi. Voir également *fuqaha’*.","spellings":["Hanafite"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"En arabe, littéralement “sacré”, “interdit”. Sanctuaire. Acte illicite du point de vue de la religion. Haram al-Charif : le Noble Sanctuaire à Jérusalem, comprenant la mosquée al-Aqsa et le Dôme du Rocher.","spellings":["Haram","Harem"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Espace de vie commun dans une maison turque. Tr. : également *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(de *Hijra*, litt. “émigration”) Exode du Prophète de La Mecque à Médine en 622 J.-C., qui sert de point de départ au calendrier musulman, établi selon une année lunaire de 354 jours.","spellings":["Hégire"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Description prosaïque du prophète Muhammad. Hilya-i Charif : “Noble Description” du Prophète, œuvre d’art arborant cette “Noble Description”.","spellings":["Hilya"]},"3d299572-ee10-5a78-93a1-b50bfe645ec5":{"definition":"Château. Voir également *qalaa*, *casbah*.","spellings":["Hisn"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Fils de, souvent utilisé dans la formation des noms. Pour désigner un clan, on emploie la forme plurielle : Bani/Banu/Beni.","spellings":["Ben","Bin","Ibn"]},"78382734-788f-5068-b99e-3cc129b1f007":{"definition":"Entité politique officiellement connue sous le nom d'Iranzamîn. Elle fut établie et gouvernée par la maison mongole de Houlagou.","spellings":["Ilkhanat"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Celui qui dirige la prière islamique. Guide, chef, modèle spirituel ou membre du clergé, quelquefois aussi homme politique, dans une société musulmane.","spellings":["Imam"]},"d92f6fd0-31e4-5a3e-a04f-1708743e899b":{"definition":"De l’arabe *imara*. Ensemble de bâtiments et d’institutions financé par un *waqf*. Après le Xe siècle H (XVIe siècle J.-C.), le terme désigne la soupe populaire pour les démunis.","spellings":["Imaret"]},"1bcff5a5-1586-5d9e-a84e-b16a4a88bdae":{"definition":"Le miraculeux Voyage nocturne du prophète Muhammad de La Mecque à la mosquée al-Aqsa à Jérusalem, d’où se produit son ascension au Ciel – où il rencontrera les prophètes qui l’ont précédé et où il s’entretiendra avec Dieu.","spellings":["Isra"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Salle voûtée avec des parois sur trois côtés seulement. Cet élément typique de l’architecture islamique s’ouvre généralement sur une cour ornée d’une fontaine.","spellings":["Iwan"]},"a25816af-9610-5a9b-a762-50fcfbbe7fee":{"definition":"Montagne, terrain montagneux. *Djabaliya* : habitants des montagnes.","spellings":["Djebel"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Principale mosquée où les prières quotidiennes et celles du vendredi ont lieu. Tr. : *cami*. Voir également *masjid*.","spellings":["Djemaa"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"Littéralement “beau jardin”. Paradis. Tr. : *cennet*.","spellings":["Djena","Djenaïn","Djenan","Janna"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"Le texte du Coran peut être divisé en 30 sections égales. Un trentième du Coran est donc appelé un *juz’* (pl. *ajza*). Lorsque les corans étaient écrits en 30 volumes, comme en Egypte sous les Mamelouks, un volume était appelé un *juz’*.","spellings":["Juz’"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(litt. “cube”) Petit temple de La Mecque devenu le centre de l’islam et supposé avoir été initialement construit par Abraham et son fils Ismaïl.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"(voir aussi Caravansérail) Auberge, hôtellerie édifiée le long des principales routes de commerce et de pèlerinage ; les voyageurs (pèlerins et marchands) y descendaient pour la nuit et pouvaient y entreposer leurs marchandises en toute sécurité.","spellings":["Khan"]},"069e3a86-9304-50ec-85c5-b13302126d14":{"definition":"Version arabisée du *Hatun* turc, un titre de respect pour les femmes des classes supérieures.","spellings":["Khatun"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"Tissu composé de différentes pièces pour couvrir la Kaaba à la Mecque. Il est brodé de soie et d’or, avec des versets du Coran. La *kiswa* est remplacée chaque année, le changement s’opérant pendant le Hadjdj, lorsque l’ancienne couverture est découpée et distribuée parmi les pèlerins. Les étoffes aux motif calligraphiques en zigzag de qui couvrent les cénotaphes des mausolées sont également nommés *kiswa* (par ex. en Palestine).","spellings":["Kiswa"]},"64d6c154-9408-5c99-93c4-4d53ffce9b15":{"definition":"Livre. Kitabat : inscriptions.","spellings":["Kitab"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"L’une des premières calligraphies arabes, caractérisée par ses traits angulaires et très stylisés ; elle doit son nom à la ville de Koufa en Irak.","spellings":["Coufique"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"Ensemble de bâtiments distribués autour de la mosquée. Les autres bâtiments étaient le darüşşifa (hôpital), le *hammam* (bains), le *han* (logements), l’*imaret* (soupe populaire), la *madrasa* (école).","spellings":["Külliye"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"École de sciences islamiques (théologie, droit, Coran, etc.) et lieu d’hébergement pour les étudiants.","spellings":["Madrasa","Médersa"]},"b1520fd2-381d-5d56-a9d2-7d019d4f34c2":{"definition":"Palanquin, structure en forme de tente richement décorée, utilisée sur le dos des chameaux pour transporter les dames de l’aristocratie. Egalement utilisé pour transporter la *kiswa* dans la caravane annuelle du Hadjdj envoyée par les souverains à La Mecque avec des délégations de pèlerins.","spellings":["Mahmal"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Une des quatre écoles juridique sunnites de l’islam orthodoxe. Fondée par l’imam Malik et répandue à travers le monde musulman occidental, dont al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malékite","Malik"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Bâtiment à une ou plusieurs unités architecturales, comprenant généralement un dôme abritant la sépulture d’un personnage religieux important. Lieu de culte et de pèlerinage. Voir également *darih*, *koubba*, *türbe*, *turbé*, *turbet*.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"f176a992-6546-55ba-a3e5-6877adc61b76":{"definition":"Littéralement, “lieu de prosternement”. Mosquée où l’on dit les prières quotidiennes, à l’exception, généralement, des prières du vendredi, qui ne peuvent s’y prononcer à cause de l’absence d’un *minbar*. Tr. : *mescit*. Voir également *jami’*.","spellings":["Masjid"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Ville, vieux quartier, centre-ville autonome. Egalement le nom d’une ville d’Arabie saoudite où les musulmans ont émigré en 622 ap J.-C. et où est enterré le prophète Muhammad.","spellings":["Médina","Médine"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Dans une mosquée ou une salle de prière, niche située dans le mur de *qibla* qui indique la direction de La Mecque vers laquelle les croyants doivent se tourner pendant leurs prières. Parfois plate, mais le plus souvent concave, c’est généralement la partie la plus décorée de l’oratoire.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"Dans les royaumes chrétiens de la Péninsule, nom donné aux musulmans qui se sont officiellement convertis au christianisme après la “Reconquista”.","spellings":["Morisque"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"Voir *jami’* et *masjid*.","spellings":["Mosquée"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"De l’arabe *mudajjan*. Musulmans autorisés à rester parmi leurs conquérants chrétiens sans changer de religion, en échange d’un tribut. L’adjectif “mudéjar” est également utilisé pour décrire un artisanat traditionnel qui débuta sous la domination islamique et se maintint pour les clients chrétiens après la conquête chrétienne.","spellings":["Mudéjar"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Grande écriture cursive associée au *naskhi* utilisé au Moyen Age. Il s’agit d’un des six styles d’écriture de base. Tr. : *muhaqqaq*. Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"cfc9414f-7ca4-5e8a-80ea-d0fc4865d5c9":{"definition":"De l’arabe *muwallad*. Chrétiens convertis à l’islam qui vivaient comme des musulmans pendant la domination des Arabes dans la péninsule Ibérique.","spellings":["Mouladi"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Cet ornement alvéolé en forme de stalactites est l’une des caractéristiques de l’architecture islamique. Les *mouqarnas* peuvent décorer les coupoles, les encorbellements d’un bâtiment, les portails d’accès en retrait, etc.","spellings":["Mouqarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"(litt. “copié”) L’une des calligraphies arabes les plus répandues, aux caractères souples et arrondis, couramment utilisée pour la copie de manuscrits.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"ddabdcad-fe35-518d-a9c0-32923e6bd220":{"definition":"Un des styles de calligraphie arabe les plus répandus (avec le *thoulouth* et le *naskhi*), développé par les calligraphes perses. Forme plus robuste et plus stylisée de *taliq*, elle se caractérise par ses courbes, sa clarté et sa pureté géométrique. Bien qu’elle soit écrite sans marques de voyelle, elle était très appréciée en raison de sa grande lisibilité. Tr. : *nes*talik**.","spellings":["Nasta‘liq"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Titre honorifique turc, arabisé sous la forme *Bacha*.","spellings":["Pacha"]},"4563e43f-260b-5043-9a49-06e5af5a99e0":{"definition":"Juge musulman. Tr. : *kadı*.","spellings":["Cadi"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Citadelle, forteresse ; ses caractéristiques sont celles de l’architecture défensive  hauts murs imprenables, tours, meurtrières et glacis.","spellings":["Qalaa"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Palais, château, résidence monumentale. Du latin *castrum*.","spellings":["Ksar","Qasr"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(litt. “coupole”)  Par extension, monument élevé sur la tombe d’un saint ou d’un personnage de haut rang et qui est généralement marqué par un dôme ; mausolée.","spellings":["Koubba"]},"9c6aeb81-7bc2-5ea4-9209-1c4a1345ac29":{"definition":"Division du Coran en 30 parties. Chaque partie (*juz’*) était reliée dans un volume distinct, et les 30 volumes étaient généralement conservés sous un boîtier enluminé.","spellings":["Rab’a"]},"389ffbb1-3a7e-5ec3-a9fc-efdd3e0f54ca":{"definition":"Quatrième mois du calendrier islamique qui signifie \"second printemps\".","spellings":["Rabi al-Awwal","Rabi`a ath-thani"]},"79ad5742-3251-5a48-afdc-3eadbe4bc902":{"definition":"Neuvième mois de l’Hégire / calendrier lunaire, au cours duquel les musulmans observent le jeûne. C’est le dernier des trois mois saints consécutifs. Tr. : Ramazan.","spellings":["Ramadan"]},"2f088e48-669e-5b0f-b7ef-a94fb24641eb":{"definition":"Bien que cette écriture présente une forte ressemblance avec le *muhaqqaq*, les caractères sont plus petits. Elle était utilisée pour les grands corans réalisés aux VIIe et VIIIe siècles H (XIIIe-XIVe siècles J.-C.). Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Rayhani","Rihani"]},"44b5dcf7-b45d-5206-b3e1-f77d5f220d80":{"definition":"Technique du travail du métal. Pour faire apparaître un motif en relief sur la face avant d’une œuvre d’art en métal, elle devait être travaillée au repoussé (martelé) sur la face arrière.","spellings":["Repoussé"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Construction fortifiée hébergeant les moines-soldats (Maghreb) ; lieu dans lequel on offrait l’hospitalité aux pèlerins (Égypte mamelouke, Palestine, Syrie).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"Pl. de *rawda* “jardin”. Toujours utilisé sous sa forme plurielle, au Maroc, *riyad* désigne un jardin dans un logement résidentiel.","spellings":["Riyad"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"Motif en demi-palmette. Un des motifs les plus populaires et les plus  élémentaires des arts décoratifs islamiques, appliqué sur chaque support, du bois sculpté aux carreaux de céramique. Il apparaît principalement dans les arabesques. Il tire son nom de l’ancien nom de l’Anatolie.","spellings":["Roumi"]},"310bd3c5-0e81-53d5-8263-8bca44c8007a":{"definition":"Style calligraphique permettant d’écrire rapidement, utilisé par l’administration ottomane dans les documents *waqf*, les lettres, les dernières pages de prière des corans et les diplômes des étudiants en calligraphie (également appelés écriture ijaza, diplôme, pour ce fait). Aujourd’hui, il est couramment employé dans les unes des journaux quotidiens arabes. Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Rika","Ruqaa"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Édifice caritatif destiné à la distribution d’eau potable. Fontaine publique.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"b96fb0ed-83cb-5316-ab1d-f4e286f25845":{"definition":"Dinastie Safavide.","spellings":["Safavide"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendants du prophète Muhammad. Voir également *chérif*.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"e6ca4b0f-8824-5172-9b8e-6f572fcd1de7":{"definition":"Terme désignant différentes œuvres d’art ottoman de 960-1010 H / 1555-1600 J.-C. présentant une variété de feuilles, de fleurs et de palmettes avec des créatures imaginaires telles que des dragons. Le style utilise des lignes courbes et doit beaucoup à la calligraphie. On le retrouve dans les illustrations d’albums, la céramique, l’art du métal, les textiles et les tapis.","spellings":["Saz (style)"]},"b574ce4b-f297-5c3f-b370-895a19b2933a":{"definition":"Écrit par le poète perse Ferdowsi, Shâhnâmeh est une épopée qui raconte les mythes et l'histoire de l'Empire perse.","spellings":["Shâhnâmeh"]},"bd727956-74e1-5614-9f39-07003f768b6a":{"definition":"Littéralement, “route”. Préceptes islamiques que le croyant doit suivre afin de parcourir le chemin qui mène à Dieu. La *Charia* régit le comportement des croyants dans les sphères spirituelle, juridique, sociale et politique, ainsi que dans les aspects concrets de la vie quotidienne.","spellings":["Charia"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Un ancien respecté pour son expérience et pour son âge, cultivé, érudit dans le domaine des sciences religieuses, membre d’une fratrie religieuse, maître soufi. Tr. : *Şeyh*. Cheikh al-Islam : A la tête de la hiérarchie des docteurs du droit canon, de la tradition et de la théologie musulmans. Tr. : Şeyhülislam.","spellings":["Cheikh"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(litt. “noble”, “digne”) Les familles dont les ancêtres remontent au Prophète sont appelées *Achraf* ou *Chourafa* et occupent souvent des postes religieux et politiques prestigieux.","spellings":["Chérif","Sharif","Shérif"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(Chiat Ali) Le “parti d’Ali” désigne les musulmans qui ont choisi Ali comme successeur du Prophète après la mort de ce dernier et qui, par conséquent, réfutent la légitimité des califes désignés après l’assassinat d’Ali en 50/661.","spellings":["Chia"]},"b68f8c65-978e-5a31-bb68-5994ae43ec75":{"definition":"Un musulman ascétique et mystique qui représente l'aspect mystique de l'islam.","spellings":["Soufi"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"Ordre islamique ascétique ou mystique. Dérivé de *souf*, laine, fibre utilisée par les adeptes (*soufis*) pour tisser leurs vêtements.","spellings":["Soufisme"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titre honorifique utilisé par des souverains indépendants (notamment ottomans et seldjoukides) dont l'autorité ne remet cependant pas en cause la supériorité nominale reconnue au calife en place.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"f21a9ff0-ae8f-5ff9-be18-36b4a4db6794":{"definition":"État ou territoires gouvernés par un sultan. Le titre de sultan est donné à la personne qui règne sur ces lieux.","spellings":["Sultanat"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(litt. “tradition”) Traditions issues des actes et paroles de la vie du Prophète et que revendiquaient les théoriciens du droit comme fondement de la Loi islamique telle qu’écrite dans le Coran.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunnites"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marché. Voir également *arasta*, *bazar*, *bedestan*.","spellings":["Souk"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Chapitre du Coran. Le Coran compte 114 sourates. Tr. : *Sure*.","spellings":["Sourate"]},"1ad49aeb-c4a6-56fa-a5db-9635fe80d767":{"definition":"Du turc *tekke*, littéralement “lieu où la nourriture est offerte”. Centre où se rencontrent, prient et vivent les derviches. Type d’architecture introduit par les Ottomans. Voir également *imaret*, *khanqah*, *zaouïa*, *zawiya*.","spellings":["Takiyya"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"Un des six principaux styles de calligraphie développés en Perse au IXe siècle H (XVe siècle J.-C.). Utilisé principalement pour la correspondance officielle, il se caractérise par des lignes fines et sans voyelles. Tr. : *talik*. Voir également *nasta’liq*, calligraphie.","spellings":["Ta‘liq"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"En arabe : “un tiers”. Style de calligraphie tirant son nom de la taille de la plume utilisée. La prolongation de ses lettres permet des compositions décoratives très complexes. Il était utilisé en calligraphie, dans les livres et dans l’architecture civile et religieuse. A partir du XIIe siècle H (XVIIIe siècle. J.-C.), il était couramment utilisé sur des panneaux spécifiques de l’art ottoman. Tr. : *sülüs*.","spellings":["Thoulouth"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Initialement utilisé pour désigner les inscriptions brodées sur les textiles, ce terme a ensuite désigné les vêtements de textile portant des inscriptions donnant le nom du souverain et l’atelier dans lequel ces textiles étaient fabriqués. Ces robes étaient présentées par le calife au peuple qu’il voulait honorer. Dar al-Tiraz : ateliers royaux de textile supervisés par la cour.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"Signature calligraphique d’un sultan ottoman apposée aux documents officiels. Chaque sultan avait son propre *tughra*. Tr. : *tuğra*.","spellings":["Tughra","Tuğra"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Peuple turc situé dans une région à l'est de la mer Caspienne et au sud de la mer d'Aral. Cette région comprend maintenant le Turkménistan et des parties de l'Iran et de l'Afghanistan.","spellings":["Turkmènes"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Titre honorifique donné aux très hauts fonctionnaires ; ministre.","spellings":["Vizir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Bien de mainmorte, donation à perpétuité concernant généralement des terrains et des propriétés, dont les revenus étaient destinés à l’entretien de fondations religieuses.","spellings":["Waqf"]},"cc1e247a-53d7-5c70-9399-89357963e5cf":{"definition":"Style décoratif ottoman utilisant des chinoiseries. Les motifs comprennent des boutons, des feuilles et des fleurs de lotus stylisées dans des enroulements décoratifs. Le Hatayi est dérivé de Cathay, en Chine. Voir également Chinoiserie.","spellings":["Hatayi"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"Grade d’officier dans l’armée turque. Tr. : *Ağa*. Voir également *bey*, *dey*.","spellings":["Ağa","Agha"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Etablissement d’enseignement religieux destiné à la formation des *cheikhs* ; lieu de pèlerinage d’un saint construit à l’endroit où il était né ou vivait. Le terme désigne également en Turquie un petit *tekke*, un hospice pour les derviches et les voyageurs. Voir également *khanqah*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zaouïa","Zawiya"]}}

package/translations/glossary.it.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Nome della penisola iberica (Spagna e Portogallo) sotto il dominio musulmano (dal 711 al 1492).","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Aggettivo che significa ‘il più lontano’, è riferito alla moschea di Gerusalemme, che è stata cronologicamente la prima *qibla* (direzione della preghiera) e il principale luogo sacro che ha visto l’ascensione in cielo del profeta (vedi anche *al-Israa’* wa *al-Mi’raj*).","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Disegni decorativi di foglie intrecciate e forme geometriche che furono creati in epoca islamica.","spellings":["Arabesco"]},"f80f3b72-49a9-5057-bd6f-021ba24a6071":{"definition":"Strumento per misurare la distanza fra la terra e le stelle.","spellings":["Astrolabio"]},"1967d28e-68f6-5e68-b680-9a66e81477fb":{"definition":"Comandante in capo militare. Il termine è turco (atabeg) *ata* significa padre e *beg* significa capo. Gli atabeg furono assunti per insegnare ai principi il comando nelle arti militari.","spellings":["Atabeg"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Figli di, usato per indicare gli appartenenti ad una tribù. Il singolare è Ibn/Bin.","spellings":["Bani","Banu"]},"5f7e8640-1f2b-52a9-a589-f51ed84f4b50":{"definition":"Ospedale o infermeria fornita anche di biblioteca medica, era adibito a centro di formazione scientifica. Le cure mediche erano prestate gratis a titolo caritativo e le terapie facevano ricorso anche all’erboristeria, alla musica e alle tecniche di rilassamento.","spellings":["Bimaristan"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"(Khalifa) parola araba che indica il supremo capo della comunità musulmana, successore del profeta.","spellings":["Califfo"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"(Caravansarai, vedi anche *khan*) Ostello situato lungo le principali vie di commercio e di pellegrinaggio dove i viaggiatori (mercanti e pellegrini) albergavano e potevano fornire asilo sicuro alle merci.","spellings":["Caravanserraglio"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"(Qur’an) Dalla radice ‘qr’, ‘leggere’, è riferito al testo sacro della Rivelazione islamica avvenuta ad opera dell’Arcangelo Gabriele al profeta Maometto in arabo.","spellings":["Corano"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante militare, principe o alto ufficiale veterano.","spellings":["Emiro"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(alla lettera ‘emigrazione’) Si riferisce al trasferimento del profeta Maometto dalla Mecca a Medina nel 622.","spellings":["Egira","Hijra"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"‘Figlio di’, usato spesso nei nomi propri. Per indicare un clan, una tribù di appartenenza si usa la forma plurale *Banu* / *Bani*.","spellings":["Bin","Ibn"]},"ee2f26d8-e2ea-53a3-b764-2204e426e058":{"definition":"Nome islamico arcaico dato alla regione che oggi comprende grosso modo la Tunisia.","spellings":["Ifriqiya"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Colui che presiede la preghiera comunitaria del venerdì, guida, capo spirituale, sacerdote; normalmente riconosciuto per la sua coerenza religiosa e saggezza, a volte può anche essere un capo politico.","spellings":["Imam"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Spazio coperto peculiare dell’architettura islamica, con muri su tre lati, normalmente aperto su di un cortile con fontana.","spellings":["Iwan"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(letteralmente ‘cubo’) Un piccolo tempio alla Mecca che è diventato il centro dell’Islam; si pensa che originariamente fosse stato costruito dal profeta Abramo e da suo figlio Ismaele.","spellings":["Kaba"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"(vedi anche *caravanserraglio*) Ostello situato lungo le principali vie di commercio e di pellegrinaggio dove i viaggiatori (mercanti e pellegrini) albergavano e potevano fornire asilo sicuro alle merci.","spellings":["Khan"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Una delle prime forme di calligrafia araba riconoscibile per il suo stile angolato, che prende nome dalla città di Kufa in Iraq.","spellings":["Kufico"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Scuola islamica di scienze religiose (come teologia, legge coranica, ecc.) e alloggio per studenti e insegnanti.","spellings":["Madrasa"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Titolo nobiliare paragonabile a principe o re.","spellings":["Malik"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Nicchia ad arco presente nelle moschee o luoghi di preghiera, normalmente concava, ma talvolta piatta indica la direzione della Mecca verso cui rivolgersi in preghiera ed è la parte più decorata di una moschea o di un luogo di preghiera.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Ornamentazione architettonica a forma di stalattite o a celle di alveare. Elemento peculiare dell’architettura islamica, compare su molti tipi di volte, comprese quelle di cupole e portali.","spellings":["Muqarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Uno dei più diffusi stili calligrafici arabi, che comprende anche un corsivo fluente. Il significato letterale del termine è correlato con il copiare e produrre manoscritti.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Cittadella, fortezza con evidenti attributi architettonici di difesa, come alte mura impenetrabili, torri, feritoie e fossati.","spellings":["Qala"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Palazzo, castello, dal latino *castrum*, residenza monumentale.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(letteralmente ‘cupola’) Per estensione monumento o spazio costruito con cupola sulla tomba di un santo, quindi un mausoleo.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fortificazione abitata da monaci guerrieri (Maghreb), ospizio per pellegrini (Egitto mamelucco, Palestina e Siria).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Edificio per istituzione caritativa, progettato per distribuire acqua potabile e fornire un’educazione di base a titolo gratuito.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(o *sherif*) Discendente del profeta Maometto, alla lettera significa ‘degno d’onore’. Le famiglie imparentate in origine col profeta assunsero il titolo di *Ashraf* o *Shurafa* e spesso ricoprirono cariche religiose e politiche di rilievo.","spellings":["Sharif"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"Per esteso ‘Shi‘at ‘Ali’, significa ‘partito di Ali’ e si riferisce ai musulmani che scelsero ‘Ali dopo la morte del profeta, come capo, ed in seguito disconobbero la legittimità dei califfi che salirono al trono dopo l’assassinio di Ali avvenuto nel 661.","spellings":["Shia"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titolo che significa sovrano, con cui si indica generalmente il governante supremo la cui autorità però non mette in discussione la riconosciuta superiorità nominale del califfo.","spellings":["Sultano"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(letteralmente ‘tradizione’) Si riferisce ad avvenimenti e detti del profeta, tramandati per tradizione, utilizzati da esperti e teologi per integrare con necessari chiarimenti la base della legge islamica così come è scritta nel Corano.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunni"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Mercato, il punto nevralgico della città islamica, centro della vita urbana.","spellings":["Suq"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Titolo onorifico dato ad amministratori decani; ministro.","spellings":["Vizir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Dotazione non tassabile consistente in terre o altre proprietà le cui rendite erano usate per sovvenzionare istituzioni religiose islamiche.","spellings":["Waqf"]}}

package/translations/glossary.pt.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Nome dos territórios da Península Ibérica sob domínio muçulmano entre 711 e 1492.","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Adjectivo cujo significado é «a mais longínqua», denomina a meaquita al-Aqsa de Jerusalém, reverenciada pelos muçulmanos como a primeira *qibla* (ver) e o primeiro lugar sagrado, onde teve lugar a ascensão do Profeta ao céu (ver *al-Israa wa al-Miray*).","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Decoração composta por folhas e formas geométricas entrelaçadas que se desenvolveu  no período islâmico.","spellings":["Arabesco"]},"f80f3b72-49a9-5057-bd6f-021ba24a6071":{"definition":"Instrumento para medir a distância entre a terra e as estrelas.","spellings":["Astrolábio"]},"1967d28e-68f6-5e68-b680-9a66e81477fb":{"definition":"(do turco *ata*, «pai», e beg, «líder».) Comandante em chefe do exército. Os atabegs tinham a função de ensinar aos príncipes as artes da guerra.","spellings":["Atabeg"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Ver *ibn*.","spellings":["Banu"]},"5f7e8640-1f2b-52a9-a589-f51ed84f4b50":{"definition":"Hospital ou sanatório que dispunha também de uma biblioteca médica e funcionava como centro de formação científica. Tinha carácter de beneficência, e os doentes recibiam gratuitamente tratamentos que incluiam remédios à base de ervas, música e repouso.","spellings":["Bimaristan"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"(do ár. *jalifah*, «sucessor») Chefe supremo da comunidade muçulmana na linha sucessória do Profeta.","spellings":["Califa","Jalifah"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Hospedarias situadas nas grandes rotas do comércio e peregrinação, destinadas a albergar viajantes e a armazenar as suas mercadorias. (ver também *khan*.)","spellings":["Caravanserai"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"(do ár. Quran, cuya raíz é *qr’* «ler») Texto sagrado da revelação islâmica, transmitido pelo arcanjo Gabriel ao profeta Muhammad em árabe.","spellings":["Alcorão"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante, príncipe ou alto funcionário.","spellings":["Emir"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Peregrinação a Meca e quinto pilar do Islão. É obrigação de todos os muçulmanos realizarem o *hajj* pelo menos uma vez na vida, se dispõem de meios económicos e se a sua saúde o permitir.","spellings":["Hajj"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(do ár. hijra, «migração») Êxodo do Profeta de Meca a Medina em 622, ano de referência para o começo da era islâmica. O calendário muçulmano rege-se por anos lunares de 354 dias.","spellings":["Hégira"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"«Filho de», partícula que, com frequência, faz parte dos nomes. O plural, *banu*, utiliza-se para denominar um clã.","spellings":["Ibn"]},"ee2f26d8-e2ea-53a3-b764-2204e426e058":{"definition":"Nome arabizado de «África»; região que, nos nossos dias, corresponde aproximadamente à Tunísia.","spellings":["Ifriqiya"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Pessoa que dirige a oração muçulmana, guia, chefe, modelo espiritual ou clérigo; é sempre famoso pela sua pureza e sabedoria, convertendo-se, por vezes, em líder político.","spellings":["Imam"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Sala abóbadada, fechada em três dos seus lados. É típica da arquitectura islâmica e costuma abrir para um pátio com uma fonte.","spellings":["Iwan"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(«cubo») Pequeno templo da Meca que se converteu no centro do Islão. Acredita-se que tenha sido construído pelo profeta Abraão e pelo seu filho Ismael.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Pousada nas principais rotas de comércio ou de peregrinação, onde os viajantes se alojavam e as mercadorias podíam ser guardadas de forma segura. (ver *caravanserai*.)","spellings":["Khan"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Uma das primeiras formas de caligrafía árabe, distingue-se pelo seu estilo anguloso. Deve o seu nome à ciudad de Kufa (Iraque).","spellings":["Cúfica"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Escola islâmica de ciências religiosas (teologia, direito, Alcorão, etc.) e lugar de alojamento para estudantes.","spellings":["Madrasa"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Título que significa «príncipe» ou «rei».","spellings":["Malik"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Nicho con arco nas mesquitas ou salas de oração, quase sempre côncavo, que marca o muro da qibla (ver) ou direcção da Meca. Costuma ser a parte mais decorada das mesquitas.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"(do ár. muqarnas) Ornamentação arquitectónica de estalactites ou prismas. É característica da arquitectura islâmica e aparece em superfícies de cúpulas e de pórticos.","spellings":["Mucarna"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"(«copiado») Um dos estilos caligráficos árabes mais divulgados, e que consiste num cursivo fluido.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"(del lat. castrum) Palácio, castelo.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(«cúpula») Por extensão, câmara ou monumento construído sobre o túmulo de um santo e que costuma estar coberto por uma cúpula.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Recinto fortificado para monges guerreiros (norte de África e al-Andalus); hospedaria para peregrinos (Egipto, Palestina e Síria na época mameluca).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Edifício de beneficência construído para proporcionar água potável; fonte pública.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(lit. “nobre”, “digno”) As famílias cujos antepassados remontam ao Profeta são chamadas Acraf ou Chourafa e ocupam com frequência lugares religiosos e políticos de prestígio.","spellings":["Cherif","Sharif"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(*Shiat Ali*, «partido de Ali») Designa os muçulmanos que escolheram Ali como líder depois da morte do Profeta; depois do assassinato de Ali, em 661, rejeitaram a legitimidade dos califas.","spellings":["Shia"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"(«soberano») Título que se aplica ao chefe político supremo, cuja autoridade não ameaça  a superioridade nominal do califa regente.","spellings":["Sultão"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(«tradição») Denomina as tradições do Profeta de que se serviram os letrados e os teólogos para fundamentarem convenientemente a criação da Lei Islâmica segundo o Alcorão.","spellings":["Sunita","Sunna"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Mercado, centro da cidade muçulmana e da vida urbana.","spellings":["Suq"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"(dol ár. *wazir*) Título honorífico de altos cargos; ministro.","spellings":["Visir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Legado de terras ou propriedades cujos rendimentos se destinan à manutenção de fundações pias islâmicas.","spellings":["Waqf"]}}

package/translations/glossary.se.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Tvådimensionellt ornament i islamisk konst, uppbyggt kring växter med blad och skott som slingrar sig runt varandra och skapar ett kontinuerligt mönster.","spellings":["Arabesk"]},"f80f3b72-49a9-5057-bd6f-021ba24a6071":{"definition":"Vetenskapligt instrument som användes inom astronomin, för att beräkna stjärnornas positioner, och för att kunna orientera sig, navigera, på havet.","spellings":["Astrolabium"]},"5f7e8640-1f2b-52a9-a589-f51ed84f4b50":{"definition":"Sjukhus","spellings":["Bimaristan"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ordet betyder egentligen \"efterträdare\" och betecknar den högste ledaren i den muslimska världen. Kalifatet var riket som kalifen behärskade.","spellings":["Kalif"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"Skönskriften, från grekiskans ord för \"vacker\" och \"skriva\", hör till den islamiska kulturens högsta konstformer. Eftersom det arabiska språket är kopplat till islams uppenbarelser har kalligrafin en andlig innebörd av skönhet och mysterium. De kalligrafiska stilarna har varierat beroende på tid, rum och sammanhang. Många arabiska och muslimska artister fortsätter än idag att utöva kalligrafikonsten.","spellings":["Kalligrafi"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Särskilt anlagd handelsplats längs vägen, med värdshus för köpmän och andra resande. Se också *khan*, *wikala*, *suq* och *bedestan*.","spellings":["Karavanseralj"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Koran eller Qur'an (av qr' som betyder \"att läsa upp\"), den heliga texten i den islamiska uppenbarelse som ärkeängeln Gabriel gav profeten Muhammed.","spellings":["Koran"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Militär befälhavare, prins eller hög tjänsteman som styrde över ett större område, ett emirat.","spellings":["Emir"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Pilgrimsfärden till Mekka och andra heliga platser som alla muslimer måste göra åtminstone en gång i livet om de kan, en av islams fem pelare. Hajj äger rum två månader efter Ramadan och avslutas med Offerfesten (Eid al-Adha).","spellings":["Hajj"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Allmänt eller privat badhus.","spellings":["Hammam"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Betyder helig, helgedom. Jfr det snarlika ordet *haraam* som står för religiöst oacceptabel.","spellings":["Haram","Harem"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(av Hijra som betyder \"utvandring\") Profetens utvandring från Mekka till Medina år 622 som är startåret för den muslimska tideräkningen, som grundar sig på ett månår med 354 dagar. I utställningstexterna förkortas dateringarna enligt följande: (år) e.H. / (år) e.Kr.","spellings":["Hegira"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Son till, används i namn, jfr Andersson, Svensson. För att beteckna en hel klan används pluralformen *bani* eller *banu*.","spellings":["ibn"]},"ee2f26d8-e2ea-53a3-b764-2204e426e058":{"definition":"Gammalt muslimskt namn på det landområde som ungefär motsvarar dagens Tunisien (jfr Afrika).","spellings":["Ifriqiya"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Imamen är den som leder den islamiska bönen, som är en andlig förebild och som kan vara religiös befattningshavare. I vissa muslimska samhällen också politisk ledare.","spellings":["imam"]},"d92f6fd0-31e4-5a3e-a04f-1708743e899b":{"definition":"Anläggning med byggnader och institutioner som tillsammans stöddes av en *waqf* (religiös stiftelse). Från 900-talet / 1500-talet betecknar ordet *imaret* också den soppa som serverades åt de fattiga.","spellings":["imaretan"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Rum med takvalv, med väggar åt tre håll och en stor bågformad öppning.","spellings":["iwan"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"Ordet betyder egentligen \"kub\". Litet tempel i Mekka som har kommit att bli centrum för islam. Antas från början ha byggts av Abraham och hans son Ismael.","spellings":["Kaba"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Handelshus där köpmän kunde övernatta. Se också *karavanseralj* och *wikala*.","spellings":["Khan"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"Kabans täcke som är broderat med verser ur Koranen i silke och guldtråd. Kiswa är hopsatt av flera delar och byts ut varje år i samband med Hadj. Då klipps den gamla kiswa upp i smådelar och delas ut bland pilgrimerna.","spellings":["kiswa"]},"64d6c154-9408-5c99-93c4-4d53ffce9b15":{"definition":"Koranskola för barn.","spellings":["kuttab"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Arabisk skrivstil med stiliserade och rätvinkliga bokstäver. Den har att göra med den irakiska staden Kufa, och den användes i Koranerna under den första islamiska tiden, men från och med 300-talet / 900-talet inte så ofta, eftersom den var svårläst. Ibland kombineras kufisk skrift med dekorativa växtornament i slutet av bokstäverna.","spellings":["kufisk"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Gravkapell, oftast en byggnad som innehåller en känd religiös personlighets grav.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Gamla staden, den äldsta delen av en stad. Medina är också namnet på den stad i Saudiarabien dit muslimerna flyttade år 622 och där Muhammed är begravd.","spellings":["Medina"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Bågformad eller välvd nisch i en islamisk religiös byggnad som visar böneriktningen mot Mekka.","spellings":["mihrab"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"Av arabiskans *mudajjan*: muslimer som stannade kvar bland de kristna erövrarna, i utbyte mot att de betalade skatt. Adjektivet *mudejar*\\- används också för de traditionella islamiska hantverksprodukter som sedan fortsatte att tillverkas för kristna kunder.","spellings":["Mudejar"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"En kursiv stil med stora bokstäver som hör till de klassiska arabiska kalligrafiska stilarna.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Dekoration som liknar bikakor eller stalaktiter. Motivet finns på många ytor i arkitekturen, till exempel i takvalven.","spellings":["Muqarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Betyder egentligen \"kopierad\". En av de mest spridda kalligrafiska stilarna som använts i Koranen och andra böcker.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Av det latinska ordet för befäst slott eller fästning. Diminutivformen, som alltså betyder en mindre fästning, är *qusayr*.**","spellings":["Qasr"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Gravmonument, se även *mausoleum*.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"79ad5742-3251-5a48-afdc-3eadbe4bc902":{"definition":"Den nionde månaden i Hijri, månkalendern, när muslimerna fastar. Ramadan är den sista i raden av tre heliga månader.","spellings":["Ramadan"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fästning för religiösa krigare (Nordafrika); härbärge för pilgrimer (det mamlukiska Egypten, Palestina och Syrien. Staden Rabats namn kommer från Ribat al-Fath (Erövringens ribat).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Brunnsbyggnad, vattenkiosk.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"bd727956-74e1-5614-9f39-07003f768b6a":{"definition":"Sharia betyder \"vägen\", d v s vägen till Gud. Sharia styr hur den troende uppträder i det dagliga livet och andligen, juridiskt, socialt och politiskt.","spellings":["Sharia"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titel som betyder \"härskare\". Det är en politisk titel, och sultanen är därför underställd kalifen.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Riktning inom islam vars anhängare, sunniter, stöder Sunna-berättelserna om Muhammed.","spellings":["Sunni"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marknadsplats.","spellings":["Suq"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"Skrivstil som uppkallats efter storleken på den penna som användes. Thuluth betyder på arabiska \"en tredjedel\". De utdragna bokstavsformerna ger utrymme för komplicerade dekorativa kompositioner. Stilen användes både i arkitektur och i böcker och från 1100-talet / 1700-talet ser man den ofta på paneler i den ottomanska konsten.","spellings":["Thuluth"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Ett ord som från början stod för broderade inskrifter på tyg, och som kom att beteckna de dräkttyger som hade kalifens namn inbroderat, som tillverkades vid hans ateljéer och som var presenter från honom till personer som han ville gynna. Dar-al-Tiraz: kungliga textilateljéer.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"De ottomanska sultanernas kalligrafiska signatur, som sattes på officiella dokument. Varje sultan hade sin egen tughra.","spellings":["Tughra"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Honnörstitel som gavs till höga hovfunktionärer; minister.","spellings":["Vesir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Stiftelse i form av en gåva av land eller annan egendom för all framtid. Avkastningen användes för underhållet av en religiös inrättning.","spellings":["Waqf"]}}

package/translations/glossary.si.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"spellings":["Medine"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"spellings":["Nesih"]}}

package/translations/glossary.tr.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"56afd259-0505-5d2d-b7f1-9be15cb0dea2":{"definition":"Abbâsîler, Emevî Hanedanı'ndan sonra başa gelerek İslam Devleti'nin yönetimini ve halifeliği beş asırdan daha uzun bir süre elinde tutan Müslüman Arap hanedanı.","spellings":["Abbasiler"]},"199be476-a6fb-5584-8c39-6af25455b9be":{"definition":"Tr. Aharlı. Bir kağıt işleme süreci. Hat sanatı için kullanılacak kâğıdın, mürekkebin yayılmasını önlemek için işlenmesi gerekiyordu. Kağıt, çok pürüzsüz bir yüzey elde etmek için özel bir çözelti ile boyutlandırılırdı (ahar).","spellings":["Aharlı"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"“En uzaktaki” anlamında bir sıfattır. Müslümanların ilk kıblesi olan Kudüs’teki Mescid-i Aksa için kullanılır. Ayrıca Hz. Muhammed’in (sav) göğe yükselişi (miraç) de burada gerçekleştiği için Müslümanlar açısından kutsal bir mekandır (bkz. İsrâ ve Miraç).","spellings":["El-Aksa"]},"b29a1eb8-4d03-527c-a470-6d9b2d53269c":{"definition":"Tr. Fatiha Suresi. Kur'an'ın \"İnek\" anlamına gelen ikinci suresidir. Toplam 286 ayetten oluşmaktadır.","spellings":["Fatiha"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Tr. Arabesk. İslam döneminde gelişen, bitki, yaprak motifleri ve geometrik şekillerden oluşan dekoratif desenler.","spellings":["Arabesk"]},"f80f3b72-49a9-5057-bd6f-021ba24a6071":{"definition":"Tr. Usturlap. Eskiden gökcisimlerinin dünyaya olan uzaklığını hesaplamada kullanılan bir alet.","spellings":["Usturlap"]},"1967d28e-68f6-5e68-b680-9a66e81477fb":{"definition":"Tr. Atabek, atabey. Ordu başkumandanı. Atabekler şehzadelere askeri liderlik sanatını öğretmekle yükümlüydü.","spellings":["Atabeg","Atabek","Atabey"]},"dd3cf38a-f162-5d5c-ab24-2d36d3b5de1c":{"definition":"17. yüzyılda Avrupa’da gelişen bir sanat akımıdır. Barok sanat eserleri gösterişli, dinamik ve duygu yüklü olmalarıyla ön plana çıkarlar. Osmanlı döneminde İslam sanatı bir dönem Batı’dan etkilenmiş ve bazı Barok formlar İslam repertuarında yer bulmuştur.","spellings":["Barok"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"Bağımsız bir emirliğin yöneticisi; üst sınıftan bir adam için saygı unvanı; sultanın egemen vasalları tarafından tutulan unvan. Beylerbeyi: Beylerin beyi: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun taşra yönetimindeki en yüksek rütbe. Beylik, beylik: bir bey tarafından yönetilen bölge veya beyliğin egemenliği.","spellings":["Beylik"]},"5f7e8640-1f2b-52a9-a589-f51ed84f4b50":{"definition":"(ya da maristan, darüşşifa) İslam dünyasında hem tıp fakültesi hem de hastane olarak hizmet veren yerlerdir. Hastalara ücretsiz verilen tıbbi tedavide bitkisel ilaçlar, müzik ve gevşeme terapileri uygulanırdı.","spellings":["Bimaristan","Darüşşifa","Maristan"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"Bizans İmparatorluğu (306 - 1453), Roma İmparatorluğu'ndan önce kurulmuş ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun İstanbul fethine kadar hüküm sürmüştür.","spellings":["Bizans"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ar. khalifa, kelime anlamıyla \"halef\". Müslüman toplumunun en üst düzey yöneticisi. Halifelik: halifenin gücü altındaki bölge.","spellings":["Halife"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"Tr. Kaligrafi. \"Güzel yazı sanatı\" (Yunanca) İslam kültürünün en yüksek sanat formlarından biridir. Arap dili İslam'ın vahyiyle bağlantılı olduğundan, hat sanatı derin manevi anlamlar taşır ve güzellik ile gizemin sembolü olarak değer görür. Döneme, yere ve bağlama göre çeşitlilik gösteren birçok hat sanatı türü vardır. Arap ve Müslüman dünyasından pek çok sanatçı bugün hat sanatını icra etmeye devam etmektedir.","spellings":["Kaligrafi"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Farsça kökenli bir kelime, Türkçe okunuşu: kervansaray. Yolcuları barındırmak ve mallarını korumak için ana seyahat yolları üzerinde bulunan hosteller. Türkçe'si kervansaraydır."},"e6ca4d52-63e1-5c91-8d45-5c007bd19735":{"definition":"Asya'dan gelen, 15-17. yüzyıl Osmanlı sanatına özgü, leopar benekleri ve kaplan çizgilerini sembolize ettiği düşünülen çift dalgalı çizgilerle birlikte üçgen şeklinde düzenlenmiş üçlü toplardan oluşan bir motif.","spellings":["Chinoiserie"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Arapça “ikra” (okumak) kökünden gelir.  Baş melek Cebrail Aleyhisselam tarafından Hz. Muhammed’e (sav) Arapça vahyedilen İslam dininin kutsal kitabı.","spellings":["Kur’an","Kuran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"Hadis öğrenimi için bir okul.","spellings":["Darülhadis"]},"b64a1f79-8f29-5ad4-8e98-379f8e05cb1b":{"definition":"Tr. Derviş. Adanmışlık uygulamalarıyla tanınan bir Müslüman dini tarikatının üyesi.","spellings":["Derviş"]},"a63b6fb1-4ed2-5e10-a649-69af7e23c299":{"definition":"Tr. Elmas."},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"Bir hükümet dairesi; dinleyici salonu, kabul odası; şiir koleksiyonu. Sadrazamın başkanlık ettiği, Osmanlı hükümetinin merkezi organını oluşturan İmparatorluk Divanı.","spellings":["Divan"]},"476a1ad7-f594-57bd-8ef5-ddfe4dba9e8b":{"definition":"Tr. Edirnekârî. İlk olarak İran'da MS. 15. yüzyılda Timurlular döneminde görülen bir lake tekniğidir. Adını en iyi örneklerinin bulunduğu Türkiye'deki Edirne'den almıştır. Ciltler, çekmeceler ve yaylar gibi farklı ortamlarda kullanılmıştır.","spellings":["Edirnekari"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Tr. Emir. Bir askeri komutan, prens veya üst düzey yetkili; bir emirlik veya prensliğin yöneticisi.","spellings":["Emir"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Tr. Yaldızlama. Bir sanat eserinin yüzeyine altın uygulanması. Yaldızlama mermer, taş, sıva, ahşap, metal işleri, seramik, cam ve kağıt dahil olmak üzere çoğu malzemeye uygulanabilir. Altını uygulamak için farklı teknikler kullanılır, hafif bir yıkama veya altın yapraklı folyo olarak uygulanabilir. Tr. tombak, yaldızlı bakır tekniği.","spellings":["Yaldızlama"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Tr. Hadis. Kelimenin tam anlamıyla \"sözler\". Peygamber Muhammed ve ashabının sözleri ve eylemleriyle ilgili gelenekler bütünü."},"aa2da5c3-d1f8-56a6-8ee7-0b12da078b4f":{"definition":"Hz. Muhammed’in ardından İslam toplumunun en üst lideri.","spellings":["Halife"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Tr. Hamam. Kamuya açık veya özel yıkanma evi.","spellings":["Hamam"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Tr. Harem. Arapça'da \"kutsal\", \"yasak\". Sığınak. Dini açıdan yasadışı bir eylem. Harem-i Şerif: Mescid-i Aksa ve Kubbetü's-Sahra'yı da içeren Kudüs'teki Kutsal Mabet.","spellings":["Harem"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Tr. Sofa also. Bir Türk evinde ortak yaşam alanı.","spellings":["Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"Tr. Hicri. Peygarmber Muhammed'in MS. 622 yılında Mekke'den Medine'ye kaçışı. Bir ay yılını takip eden Müslüman Hicri takviminin başlangıcı.","spellings":["Hicri"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Tr. Hilye. Peygamber Muhammed'in düzyazı bir tasviri. Hilye-i Şerif: Peygamberin asil tasviri, asil tasviri taşıyan bir sanat eseri.","spellings":["Hilye"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Genellikle isimlerde kullanılan ‘oğul’ anlamında sözcük. Kişinin ait olduğu klanı ifade eder. Çoğul formu ise Benu/Beni’dir.","spellings":["Bin","İbn"]},"ee2f26d8-e2ea-53a3-b764-2204e426e058":{"definition":"Kabaca bugünkü Tunus ve doğu Cezayir’i içeren bölgeye verilen isim.","spellings":["İfrikiye"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"İslam âleminde sadece namaza öncülük eden bir kişi olarak algılanmaz. Ayrıca bir ruhani lider figürüdür. Saflığı, bilgeliği temsil eder. Kimi zaman bir politik figür olarak da görülür.","spellings":["İmam"]},"d92f6fd0-31e4-5a3e-a04f-1708743e899b":{"definition":"Bir vakıf tarafından desteklenen bina ve kurumlardan oluşan bir kompleks. MS. 16. yüzyıldan sonra yoksullar için bir aşevi.","spellings":["İmaret"]},"1bcff5a5-1586-5d9e-a84e-b16a4a88bdae":{"definition":"Hz. Muhammed’in Mekke’den Kudüs’teki Mescid-i Aksa’ya mucizevî seyahati. Hz. Peygamber buradan göğe yükseldi, kendisinden önce gelen peygamberleri gördü ve Allah’la konuştu.","spellings":["İsra ve Miraç"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Üç tarafı duvarla çevrili, büyük bir açıklık kemeri bulunan tonozlu veya kubbeli bir salon. Türkçesi eyvan'dır.","spellings":["Eyvan"]},"273dff1e-b908-5770-9385-d987f829c77f":{"definition":"Tr. Yeşim Taşı.","spellings":["Yeşim Taşı"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(sözlük anlamı ‘küp’) Mekke’de bulunan ve İslam’ın merkezi olarak kabul edilen, Hz. İbrahim ve oğlu İsmail tarafından inşa edildiğine inanılan yapı.","spellings":["Kâbe","Kıble"]},"dde3bab2-6c93-59de-b512-d4ebe4ea584d":{"definition":"İslam dünyasında yaygın olan, uzun kollu, genellikle pamuklu veya ipekli, ayak bileğine kadar uzanan bir giysi.","spellings":["Kaftan"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Yolcular (hacılar ve tüccarlar) için ana kervan yolları üzerinde bulunan ve malların depolanabildiği konaklama yerleri.","spellings":["Han"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Tr. Kûfî. Irak’taki Kûfe şehrinden gelir. Açılı stiliyle öne çıkan, en eski hat sanatı formlarından biridir.","spellings":["Kûfi"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"Tr. Külliye. Merkezinde caminin bulunduğu birkaç binadan oluşan bir kompleks. Diğer binalar hastane, hamam, aşevi darüşşifa (hastane), hamam, lojman, imaret (aşevi), medrese (okul).","spellings":["Külliye"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Tr. Medrese. İlahiyat, İslam hukuku ve Kur’an gibi dini bilimler eğitiminin verildiği İslamî okul ve bu okulun öğrencilerinin kaldıkları bina.","spellings":["Madrasa","Medrese"]},"f176a992-6546-55ba-a3e5-6877adc61b76":{"definition":"Tr. Mescit. Kelime anlamıyla, \"secde yeri\". Genellikle Cuma namazları haricinde günlük namazların kılındığı alan.","spellings":["Mescit"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Tr. Medine. Kasaba, eski mahalle, kendi kendine yeten şehir merkezi. Ayrıca Suudi Arabistan'da Müslümanların MS 622 yılında göç ettiği ve Muhammed Peygamber'in gömülü olduğu bir şehrin adıdır."},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Tr. Mihrap. Cami veya bir ibadet mekânında Kıble’nin yönünü gösteren, genellikle içbükey (bazen de düz) olan girintili niş. Mihrap çoğu zaman cami veya mescidin en süslü kısmıdır.","spellings":["Mihrap"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Tr. Muhakkak. Orta Çağ'da kullanılan nesih yazısıyla bağlantılı büyük bir el yazısı. Altı temel yazı stilinden biridir.","spellings":["Muhakkak"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Tr. Mukarnas. Sarkıt veya petek şeklinde mimari süsleme. Kubbeler dâhil pek çok yüzeyde görülür. İslam mimarisinin tipik bir unsurudur.","spellings":["Mukarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Tr. Nesih. Kelime anlamıyla \"kopyalanmış\" demektir. Kur'an'larda ve diğer kitaplarda kullanılan en yaygın İslami hat stillerinden biridir. Fars tarzının esnekliği ile kufi yazının uyumunu birleştirir."},"9b186b78-e2d1-571a-a002-8f22a51690ff":{"definition":"Akıcı bir eğimi olan ve çok yaygın olarak kullanılan Arap hat stillerinden biridir. Sözlük anlamı “kopyalamak” ve el yazısından türemiştir.","spellings":["Nesih"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Tr. Paşa. Saygıdeğer.","spellings":["Paşa"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Sözlük anlamında yarım-küre biçimli üst örtüdür. Arapçada türbe anlamında kullanılır.","spellings":["Kubbe"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"(Kuzey Afrika) Din savaşçılarının müstahkem mevkisi; (Memluk Mısır’ı, Filistin ve Suriye) hacılar için konaklama yeri.","spellings":["Ribat"]},"3b2db79a-c0e9-5ba0-87de-869284e97970":{"definition":"18.yy.da Avrupa’da Barok dönem sonrasında görülen sanat stili. Abartılı süslemeleri ve hafifmeşrep tarzıyla dikkat çeker.  Rokoko stilinin örneklerine Osmanlı mimarisinde de rastlanır.","spellings":["Rokoko"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"Tr. Rumi. Yarık palmet motifi. İslam süsleme sanatlarının en popüler ve temel motiflerinden biri olup, ahşap oymacılığından çiniye kadar her ortama uygulanmıştır. Daha çok arabesklerde görülür. Adını Anadolu'nun eski bir adından almıştır.","spellings":["Rumi"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Tr. Sebil. Bir cami veya medrese veya hankah gibi başka bir dini kurum ya da sabil gibi bir sivil kurum veya hatta bir ev lehine belirli koşullar altında ebediyen miras bırakılan gayrimenkul hediyesi.","spellings":["Sebil"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"Tr. Seyyid. Peygamber Muhammed'in soyundan gelen kişiler.","spellings":["Seyyid"]},"11864cd8-7574-5b81-8dbd-f0180dc203cf":{"definition":"Şehname yazarı, saray tarihçisine eşdeğerdir.","spellings":["Şehnameci"]},"5dfb0beb-240c-5fb8-a4ba-14bd15936137":{"definition":"Tr. Şah. İran veya Pers krallarının unvanı. Şah unvanı Afganistan'da 1973'te monarşinin yıkılmasına kadar kullanılmış ve Orta ve Güney Asya'nın diğer ülkelerindeki hükümdarlar ve prensler tarafından da kullanılmıştır.","spellings":["Şah"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Yaşlı, bilgisine ve yaşına saygı duyulan, dini ilimlerde eğitilmiş bilgili bir adam, dini bir kardeşliğin üyesi, sufi ustası. Şeyhü'l-İslam: Müslüman kanon hukuku, gelenek ve teoloji doktorlarının hiyerarşisinin başı.","spellings":["Şeyh"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"Sözlük anlamı ‘şerefli’dir. Hz. Muhammed soyundan gelenler için kullanılır. Soyları Hz. Muhammed’e kadar dayanan aileler “Eşraf” veya “Şürefa” olarak bilinirler. Bu aileler genel olarak dini ve politik anlamda prestijli bir konumdadırlar.","spellings":["Şerif"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(Şiîlik) Doğrusu, ‘Şia-i Ali’dir. Ali’nin yandaşları, takipçileri anlamına gelir. Hz. Muhammed’in ölümünün ardından Hz. Ali’yi lider olarak kabul eden ve Ali’nin öldürülmesi sonrasında gelen halifelerin meşruiyetini reddeden Müslüman grup.","spellings":["Şia"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Bağımsız hükümdarlar (özellikle Osmanlılar ve Selçuklular) tarafından kullanılan onursal unvan, ancak otoriteleri hüküm süren halifeye tanınan nominal üstünlüğü sorgulamaz.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(tekil; çoğulu Sünnet) Sünnet’i takip edenler anlamına gelir. Müslüman toplumunun gelenekçi çoğunluğu bu gruba dâhildir.","spellings":["Sünnet","Sünni"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Pazar, çarşı. Müslüman şehrin merkezi.","spellings":["Suk"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"Tr. Sülüs. Arapça: \"üçte bir\". Adını kullanılan kalemin büyüklüğünden alan bir hat sanatı tarzı. Harflerinin uzaması çok karmaşık dekoratif kompozisyonlara izin verir. Hat sanatında, kitaplarda, sivil ve dini mimaride kullanılmıştır. 18. yüzyıldan itibaren Osmanlı sanatına özgü panolarda yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır.","spellings":["Sülüs"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"Tr. Tuğra. Osmanlı padişahlarının resmi belgelere attıkları kaligrafik imza. Her sultanın kendi tuğrası vardı.","spellings":["Tuğra"]},"5cc4d556-5ce6-575d-a50b-a403e6c59d4f":{"definition":"Tr. Türban.  Başın etrafına sarılan uzun bir eşarptan veya daha küçük, altta yatan bir şapkadan oluşan bir başlık. Türbanlar şekil, renk ve boyut bakımından çeşitlilik gösterir.","spellings":["Türban"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Bakan, üst düzey yönetici.","spellings":["Vezir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Tr. Vakıf. Geliri dini vakıfların bakımı için ayrılan, genellikle arazi veya mülkün ebediyen vakfedilmesi.","spellings":["Vakıf"]},"cc1e247a-53d7-5c70-9399-89357963e5cf":{"definition":"Moğol döneminden bu yana güçlü Çin etkisini yansıtan İslam sanatında kullanılan Çin kökenli sanatsal motifler. Tipik tasarımlar bulut bantları, lotus çiçekleri ve qilin gibi masalsı yaratıklardır. Ayrıca bkz. mavi-beyaz, hatayi, Ming tarzı, dalga ve kaya motifi.","spellings":["Hatayi"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"Tr. Ağa. Türk ordusunda bir subay rütbesi.","spellings":["Ağa"]},"5cd4e576-60e0-5d35-ad3c-92fa1a1f175d":{"definition":"13. Yüzyıl’da Yakut Mustasimî tarafından idame ettirilen “nesta’lik” hat sanatı.","spellings":["Yakut"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Tr. Zaviye. Gezgin Sufiler veya dervişler için manastır veya pansiyon.","spellings":["Zaviye"]}}