@museumwnf/arms-armoury-data 1.0.5 → 1.0.7

package/translations/items.en.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"019530a6-cc5d-510e-8a02-0122394f5817":{"name":"Revolver","description":"The Lebel Revolver was the standard issue sidearm in the French military during the First World War, produced in Saint Etienne and used by the French army between 1892 and before 1924. The 1892 Model is a double/single action, six round cylinder revolver that fires 8-millimetre rounds. It was issued to officers in the French Army, Navy, and National Gendarmerie, amongst others. It is commonly called the Lebel Revolver after the gun designer Colonel Nicolas Lebel. For loading and releasing the empty cases, the chambers are accessed through swinging the cylinder to the right. Originally chambered for an 8mm gunpowder cartridge round, later models issued during World War I and thereafter fired the same 8mm cartridge loaded with smokeless powder. Serial number 21093.","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Folklore Museum, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20th century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 23 cm, barrel 12 cm, cartridge 6","provenance":"France, St. Etienne","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Revolver","solid frame","chamber cylinder","ejector","grip plates","checking","barrel","arms","armours","metalwork","war","warfare","military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"0c19f7d6-2610-589f-a3df-5820477d393a":{"name":"Captured arms (with accessories) from the occupation-campaign in Bosnia-Herzegovina 1878","short_description":"The 1878 Treaty of Berlin put the two Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the administration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Between the 20th of July and the 29th of October 1878, the Austro-Hungarian Empire led a military campaign in those two provinces in order to establish its administration. During this armed conflict, several objects were taken, like a 16mm flintlock pistol with an Oriental-style snaphaunce lock (miquelet lock) entirely wrought from iron and richly decorated, showing as high a quality of craftsmanship as the accompanying gunpowder pourers, ramrods and bullet pouches.","type":"Arms","holder":"Austrian Military Museum / Institute of Military History","dates":"1878","location":"Vienna","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Pistols","Bosnia","arms","armours","metalwork","military objects","accessories","Ottoman Balkans","Ottoman amy","war","warfare"]},"0e006c19-7de8-5aa1-b346-0a40a7dbcbd8":{"name":"Bow quiver","short_description":"This bow quiver was in the collection of Archduke Ferdinand II of Tyrol (AD 1529–95) at Ambras Castle near Innsbruck. Its exterior is edged in red and covered all over with delicate spiral vines made of white leather and set with dark-blue lamellae (scales); two red medallions are placed among them. The back of the quiver is dark-blue except for a narrow edging and two oval gold medallions. The arrow quiver is identical and complements the bow quiver.","type":"Arms","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira c. 956–957 / AD c. 1550","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Height: 68cm, Width: 35cm","method_for_datation":"Collection Ambras Castle, Inventory AD 1583","method_for_provenance":"Collection Ambras Castle, Inventory AD 1583","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Collection Ambras Castle, Inventory AD 1583","bibliography":"Beaufort-Spontin, Christian and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias, *Meisterwerke der Hofjagd- und Rüstkammer*, Wien: Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, 2005.  \nGamber, Ortwin and Beaufort-Spontin, Christian, *Katalog der Leibrüstkammer II. Teil. Der Zeitraum von 1530-1560*, Busto Arsizio: Bramante, 1990.  \nGamber, Ortwin, Thomas, Bruno and Schedelmann, Hans, *Armi e Armature Europee*, Milan: Bramante, 1974.  \nThomas, Bruno, \"Aus der Waffensammlung in der Neuen Burg zu Wien: Orientalische Kostbarkeiten\", *Bustan*, 4 : 5 (1963/64).","dynasty":"Ottoman","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["armours","arms","collection","military object","military wear","Ottoman arms","ottoman empire","quiver","weapon"],"materials":["Damast, gold embroidery"]},"0f137923-bf0e-59e9-aa6b-2af58599a73c":{"name":"Flint lock pistol","short_description":"Following the fall of Seringapatam in 1799 AD, this gun was handed over to Lord Cornwallis (1738–1805 AD), a Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of British army during the third Anglo-Mysorean war (1789–1792 AD) as a trophy. The gun is rich with tiger motifs with complete form of tiger figure on the butt and stylised *bubri* on the barrel as well as inscriptions on different parts of the gun. Images of tigers mauling European soldier on the side plate of the gun represents Tipu’s propaganda in degrading the British East India Company. The gun possessed advanced technology of its time where shooter could fire twice continuously with only a single load.","type":"Arms and Armour","holder":"Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia","dates":"c. Hegira 1193-94 / c. AD 1793-94","location":"Kuala Lumpur","dimensions":"138cm","method_for_provenance":"\\- Presented to Lord Cornwallis after the Fall of Seringapatam, 1799;  \n  \n\\- By descent to the Earls of Pembroke, Wilton House;  \n  \n\\- Robin Wigington collection, the Arms and Armour Museum, Stratford-upon-Avon;  \n  \n\\- Private collection, acquired at Sotheby's, The Tipu Sultan Sale, 25th May 2005, lot 54.","provenance":"India","bibliography":"Buddle, Anne, Rohatgi, Pauline and Brown, Iain Gordon, *The Tiger and the Thistle: Tipu Sultan and the Scots in India 1760–1800*, Edinburgh: National Gallery of Scotland, 1999: 22-25.  \nBuddle, Anne, *Tigers around the Throne: The Court of Tipu Sultan (1750-99)*, London: Zamana Gallery, 1990: 42-43.  \nSkelton, Robert, *The Indian Heritage: Court Life and Arts under Mughal Rule*, London: Victoria & Albert Museum, 1982: 139, 464.  \nWigington, Robin, *The Firearms of Tipu Sultan 1783-1799*, Hatfield, 1992: 67-73. Stronge, Susan, *Tipu's Tigers*, London, 2009: 39.","dynasty":"Kingdom of Mysore","materials":["Carved hardwood with stained black and inlaid with silver and brass"]},"117e4311-5f29-5b99-9692-18b2ed19cd70":{"name":"Persian sabre","short_description":"The handle of this sabre is set with ivory, the crossguard with large sapphires and emeralds; the blade is decorated with gilt engraved etchings that contain the year AD 1813 and the name of Fath Ali (AD 1797–1834), the then reigning Shah. Following a long and costly war with Russia, the Shah signed the Peace of Golestan in AD 1813. Perhaps the sword was presented to Emperor Franz I of Austria (AD 1768–1835) that year in an attempt to build a new alliance with Austria as a counterweight to Russia.","type":"Sword; arms","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira early 13th century / AD early 19th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Sabre: Length: 92cm, Width: 17.4cm, Depth: 3cm;  \nScabbard: Length: 83.5cm, Width: 7.5cm, Depth: 3cm","method_for_datation":"Diplomatic gift; engravings/etchings","method_for_provenance":"Diplomatic gift","provenance":"Iran","obtention":"Diplomatic gift","bibliography":"Beaufort-Spontin, Christian and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias, *Meisterwerke der Hofjagd- und Rüstkammer*, Wien: Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, 2005.  \nLeitner-Böchzelt, Susanne and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias (eds), *Die Welt des Orients. Kunst und Kultur des Islam*, Leoben: Stadtgemeinde Leoben, 2006.  \nThomas, Bruno, \"Aus der Waffensammlung in der Neuen Burg zu Wien: Orientalische Kostbarkeiten\", *Bustan*, 4 : 5 (1963/64).","dynasty":"Qajar","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["armours","arms","damascening","diplomacy","Fath Ali Shah","Franz I","gift","Habsburg","metalwork","military object","Persia","Persian-Austrian relations","precious stones","Qajar arms","sabre","sword","swords","weapon"],"materials":["Ivory, gold, semi-precious stones, painter enamel, rose damask, gold damascening, black velvet"]},"15311622-4522-596a-a0dc-620f3b4687fe":{"name":"Knife in leather sheath","short_description":"The Kunstkammer of Rudolf II contained over 100 Turkish knives and daggers. This is a particularly sumptuous example of these knives used mainly as flatware; its iron handle is decorated with gold damascene work. The leather scabbard is embellished with rubies, turquoises and Arab inscriptions.","type":"Tableware","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira 11th century / AD 17th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Length: 24.9cm","method_for_datation":"Arthistorical and historical analysis, archival and inventory research","method_for_provenance":"Listed in the AD 1875 inventory of the imperial treasury in Vienna","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Imperial treasury","bibliography":"Leitner-Böchzelt, Susanne and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias (eds), *Die Welt des Orients. Kunst und Kultur des Islam*, Leoben: Stadtgemeinde Leoben, 2006.","dynasty":"Ottoman","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["damascening","epigraphic decoration","Habsburg","inscription","kitchenware","military object","Ottoman army","Ottoman-Austrian relations","Rudolf II","weapon"],"materials":["Gold damascening on iron, rubies, tourqoises, leather"]},"156506f6-1fb1-58ab-8228-704b9a0cd0f9":{"name":"Sabre","short_description":"This sword was likely made for the Ottoman Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520–66). Its blade is chiselled in relief with Qur’anic verses, with the surrounding areas inlaid in gold. The inscriptions refer to victory in the Holy War and to the magical powers of the biblical King Solomon (Sulayman). Its guard is chiselled with gold-damascened flowers and was formerly inlaid with rubies. The grip, covered with dyed green fishskin (shagreen), is a later replacement.","type":"Sword","holder":"The Metropolitan Museum of Art","dates":"Hegira 10th century / AD mid-16th century","location":"New York","dimensions":"L: 96.2cm; Length of blade: 78.1cm, W: 15.5cm, Wt: 2lb5oz/1049g","provenance":"Ottoman Empire","obtention":"Bequest of George C. Stone, 1935","bibliography":"Alexander, David, Pyhrr, Stuart W. and Kwiatkowski, Will, *Islamic Arms and Armor in the Metropolitan Museum of Art*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2015: 2, 155–57, no. 58, ill.  \nAlexander, David G., \"European Swords in the Collections of Istanbul: Part 2\", *Waffen- Und Kostümkunde: Zeitschrift Der Gesellschaft Für Historische Waffen Und Kostümkunde*, (1987): no. 95.  \nEkhtiar, Maryam, Canby, Shelia R., Haidar, Navina and Soucek, Priscilla P. (eds), *Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in The Metropolitan Museum of Art*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011: 313–14, no. 222, ill.  \nGrancsay, Stephen V., \"The George C. Stone Bequest: Indian and Persian Arms and Armor\", *The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin*, (July 1937): 168, fig. 2a.  \nGrancsay, Stephen V., \"The New Galleries of Oriental Arms and Armor\", *The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin*, (May 1958): 246, ill.  \nGrancsay, Stephen V. and Pyhrr, Stuart W., *Arms & Armor: Essays by Stephen V. Grancsay from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 1920–1964*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986: 177–185, fig. 63.17.  \nNickel, Helmut, \"Arms and Armor from the Permanent Collection\", *The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin*, (Summer, 1991): 52–53, 64, ill.  \nPyhrr, Stuart W., \"Of Arms and Men: Arms and Armor at the Metropolitan, 1912–2012\", *The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin*, (Summer 2012): 36–37, fig. 57.  \nWelch, Anthony, *Calligraphy in the Arts of the Muslim World*, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979: 94–95, no. 30, ill.  \nWelch, Stuart Cary, *The Islamic World. Metropolitan Museum of Art Series 11*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1987: 124–25, no. 95, ill.  \nWelch, Stuart Cary, *The Islamic World*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008: 124–25, no. 95, ill.","dynasty":"Ottoman","copyright":"The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Bequest of George C. Stone, 1935","keywords":["Anatolia","arms and armours","Blade","gold","hilt","inscription","iron","Ottoman","Qur'an","Qur'anic inscriptions","steel","sword","Turkey","weapon","weaponry","wood"],"materials":["Steel, iron, gold, wood, shagreen"]},"18e02623-b9ad-5163-8ba9-d958a15a6f01":{"name":"Dagger","short_description":"Wooden handled dagger with thin silver sheath; incurved geometric designs on the obverse side; inset with turquoise and black stones. The dagger was used by both Bedouins and villagers as part of men’s traditional garb. This object reflects the diverse population composition of Jordan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It also demonstrates personal attire, fashion, local costumes and rites.","type":"Men’s holdings; arms; weapon","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length without sheath 28 cm, sheath length 19.5 cm","provenance":"Jordan","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Thin silver","Hammering","sheath","geometric motifs","turquoise","arms","armours","metalwork","fashion","accessories"],"materials":["Thin silver, wood, metal; casting handmade"]},"18eaab56-4106-57be-8e1b-519c5c4f9546":{"name":"Arrow quiver","short_description":"This arrow quiver was in the collection of Archduke Ferdinand II of Tyrol (AD 1529–95) at Ambras Castle near Innsbruck. The quiver is edged in red and decorated all over with delicate vines made of white leather set with dark-blue lamellae (scales).","type":"Arms","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira c. 956–957 / AD c. 1550","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Height: 42cm, Width: 26cm","method_for_datation":"Collection Ambras Castle, Inventory AD 1583","method_for_provenance":"Collection Ambras Castle, Inventory AD 1583","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Collection Ambras Castle, Inventory AD 1583","bibliography":"Beaufort-Spontin, Christian and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias, *Meisterwerke der Hofjagd- und Rüstkammer*, Wien: Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, 2005.  \nGamber, Ortwin and Beaufort-Spontin, Christian, *Katalog der Leibrüstkammer II. Teil. Der Zeitraum von 1530-1560*, Busto Arsizio: Bramante, 1990.  \nGamber, Ortwin, Thomas, Bruno and Schedelmann, Hans, *Armi e Armature Europee*, Milan: Bramante, 1974.  \nThomas, Bruno, \"Aus der Waffensammlung in der Neuen Burg zu Wien: Orientalische Kostbarkeiten\", *Bustan*, 4 : 5 (1963/64).","dynasty":"Ottoman","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["armours","arms","collection","military object","military wear","Ottoman arms","ottoman empire","quiver","weapon"],"materials":["Coloured leather, linen"]},"1a6fd108-7bb7-5e52-b70a-6d8c81c37f18":{"name":"Battle-shield with coat of arms inspired by Oriental motifs","description":"Some people like to claim that everything used to be better in the old days. Indeed, the oldest extant battle-shield, too, once shone in bright colours. Analysis has shown that, 800 years ago, the greyish green used to be a vibrant blue. The lion, too, wasn’t always as lacklustre as it is now; it used to stand out in shiny silver leaf. The shield belonged to the noble von Brienz family, which used to hold feudal rights in today’s Canton of Uri, on the road to the Gotthard pass. When its owner, the knight Arnold von Brienz, died in 1225, his battle-shield was placed above his tomb in commemoration of his deeds. This is how it survived the ages. The shield’s many notches, holes and nicks remind us of the brutal reality of medieval battles.","type":"Shield","holder":"Swiss National Museum","owner":"Swiss Confederation","dates":"1180–1225","location":"Zurich","method_for_datation":"Style analysis. Coat of arms of the lineage von Brienz. Last owner: Knight Arnold von Brienz.","provenance":"Switzerland, Canton of Uri","obtention":"Bought in 1897 as part of the Denier-collection","keywords":["armaments","horseman’s shield","shield"],"materials":["Alderwood","leather-coated, painted"]},"1d0bb991-65bb-5ca4-a706-534f9745fd08":{"name":"*Saif* (Straight, double-edged sword)","short_description":"Until recently it was a rare occurrence for Omani artisans, poets, authors and others to sign their work. This custom of anonymity reflects the central belief of Ibadhi Muslims that work is done for the glory of God, not for the glory of self. Today, this custom of humility before God persists, with work being signed for reasons of practicality, not self-aggrandisement. Signatures are typically modest in terms of scale, placement and style of execution. This blade is a rare example, stamped on one side indicating it as \"The work of Ali bin Rah'meen\". It is common now for artisans to sign their work with the name of the town or *souq* (local market) where their workshop is located in lieu of a personal signature.","type":"Weaponry","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"13th–14th centuries AH / 19th–20th centuries","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Length: 103cm, Blade Length: 68,5cm, Blade Width: 7cm, Blade thickness 3.7mm","provenance":"Oman","obtention":"Office of His Highness the Ministry of Heritage and Culture","dynasty":"Al-Busaid","copy_editor":"Valerie Pulsifer","keywords":["Saif","sword"],"materials":["Steel, silver, wood and leather?"]},"1df2efa8-09f6-56fe-b40d-5cff853bf496":{"name":"Revolver","description":"A Belgian produced double action revolver, serial number 6647, with a five-shot cylinder. Fitted with chequered wooden grips, this revolver features some simple leaf and scroll pattern and border engraving of the frame and cylinder. The base of the cylindrical barrel, where it is attached to the cylinder, has a crowned “R”. The cylinder itself is decorated with a strand of small 6-pointed stars. On the left side of the revolver are the words \"*Dassen Patent, Guss Stahl*\".","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Folklore Museum, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20 century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 26 cm, barrel 14 cm, 5-shot cylinder","provenance":"Belgium","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Revolver","solid frame","chamber cylinder","ejector","grip plates","checking","barrel","arms","armours","metalwork","war","warfare","military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"1e88ab3a-3f62-5a22-b9a2-264a8573788d":{"name":"Two pistols","short_description":"These Turkish flintlock pistols were used by the Ottoman soldiers in Lebanon in the 19th century to quash resistance movements. As the Lebanese resistance had no weapons of their own, the fighters frequently ambushed Ottoman soldiers and took their weapons. These pistols are an example of such weaponry, which was taken by the resistance and used against the Ottomans. They were commonly known as \"knee pistols\", as they were fired from horseback by placing the butt of the pistol against the rider's knee. Both have a typical blunderbuss style stock with a beautifully shaped butt stock, a wooden forend and a round barrel. They are made of wood and cast steel.","type":"Military object; metalwork; firearms; arms and armour","holder":"Lebanese Heritage Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"`Ayn Najm","provenance":"Turkey","author":"Marie Therese Moujabber","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Military object","Metalwork","Steel","Arms","armour","Pistol"],"materials":["Cast steel; wood"]},"1eb2a94c-9bbe-50cd-9506-87b470659f68":{"name":"Moorish shield (*adarga*)","short_description":"The shape of this shield is derived from North African and Moorish models. The name of this kidney-shaped shield also informed the name of an oval shield popular in the Occident, the *Tartsche*. The *adarga* is covered with colourful silk embroidery, suggesting a high-ranking owner. The shield, now in Vienna, probably entered the Habsburg collections when Juana I of Castile (AD 1479–1555) married Philip I (Philip the Handsome) (AD 1478–1506). In the late 16th century the shield was in the collection of Archduke Ferdinand II (AD 1529–95) at Ambras Castle near Innsbruck.","type":"Armour","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira before 897 / AD before 1492","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Height: 89cm, Width: 75cm","method_for_datation":"Craftsmanship","method_for_provenance":"Castle Ambras inventory","provenance":"Spain","obtention":"Most likely Battle of Lucena in AD 1483 and from there through Philip I or Charles V to Austria","bibliography":"Beaufort-Spontin, Christian and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias, *Meisterwerke der Hofjagd- und Rüstkammer*, Wien: Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, 2005.  \nDodds, Jerrilynn (ed), *Al-Andalus. Las artes islamicas en espana/The Art of Islamic Spain*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum, 1992.  \nThomas, Bruno, \"Aus der Waffensammlung in der Neuen Burg zu Wien: Orientalische Kostbarkeiten\", *Bustan*, 4 : 5 (1963/64).  \nThomas, Bruno and Gamber, Ortwin, *Katalog der Leibrüstkammer I. Teil. Der Zeitraum von 500 bis 1530*, Wien: Verlag Anton Schroll & Co, 1976.","dynasty":"Nasrid","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["arms","collection","embroidery","Grenada","military object","Moorish","Muslim Spain","shield","silk","targe","weapon"],"materials":["Natural coloured calf leather, coloured silk embroidery"]},"2462e2d8-8762-51dd-918c-0c13489c5218":{"name":"Powder box","description":"A powder box of the horn type decorated with geometric motifs and crafted in Marrakesh in the early 20th century. While maintaining an old-style form, European influences are apparent in the decoration and production technology.","type":"Fittings; metalwork; arms and armour; munitions","holder":"Dar Si Said Museum","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Marrakesh","dimensions":"H: 33cm","keywords":["Metalwork","copper","European influence","geometric motifs","geometric decoration","Applied arts","craftsmanship","traditional craftsmanship","arms","armours","weapons","war","warfare","military objects","Moroccan craftsmen"],"materials":["Copper"]},"2820044b-9046-518a-901e-821f3cb8b715":{"name":"Arabian gold dagger","short_description":"Arabian (Omani) dagger belonging to Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim. The dagger sheath is made of leather and embroidered with golden thread. The top and base of the sheath is decorated with a traditional flower design whilst the middle of the sheath is decorated with a leaf pattern. The dagger handle is made of rhinoceros ivory and is decorated with ten pearls. The dagger blade is steel called ‘*al-jawhar*’ which is derived from the finest Arabian Damascus plate.","type":"Weapon; arms","holder":"Weaponry Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Doha","keywords":["Weaponry","dagger","Arabian","Arab","floral decoration","weapon","arms","armours","costume","accessories","fashion","dance"],"materials":["Leather, gold, rhinoceros ivory, steel"]},"28712296-3b43-5ca3-b4e9-c6cec4c1ce1a":{"name":"Revolver","short_description":"Yusuf Bey Karam's revolver, which he used in the resistance against the Ottomans. It is made of cast steel and fitted with a wooden grip.","type":"Military object; metalwork; firearms; arms and armour","holder":"Lebanese Heritage Museum","dates":"Early 19th century","location":"`Ayn Najm","author":"Marie Therese Moujabber","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Military object","Metalwork","Cast steel","Arms and armour","Wooden grip plates"],"materials":["Cast steel; wood"]},"298f1be0-1a70-55ec-8567-86eda6c195f5":{"name":"Revolver","description":"This solid-frame, short-barrel pocket revolver was manufactured in Britain. This type of revolver became very popular and had been copied by many gun makers in different countries such as Belgium, Spain, and France among others. The American President James Garfield in 1881 was assassinated by one of these revolvers, probably an American copy of the British Bull Dog. This revolver is fitted with wooden grip plates. The cylinder is smooth and no serial number can be seen on it. The only engravement is what can be read as British Bull Dog at the top of the barrel. The base of the barrel was broken and mended.","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Folklore Museum, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20 century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 16 cm, barrel 6.4 cm, cartridge 5","provenance":"United Kingdom","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Solid frame","revolver","wooden grip plates","barrel","cylinder","mended","arms","armours","metalwork","war","warfare","military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"34093957-9215-5f74-8896-55c092200e01":{"name":"Artillery piece – Half-cannon – Muzzleloader","alternate_name":"Canhão de Bocarro – Bocarro cannon","description":"Although the military armaments industry of India and China flourished more than it did in Europe in the early 15th century, developments in Europe took advantage later in the century – the Portuguese learning armament techniques. During the 16th and 17th centuries with their arrival in China, the Portuguese were able to profit from their ability to help the warring factions in the Chinese Empire. In Japan, the Shogun authorities learned about guns from the Portuguese in the 16th century.  \nThis half-canon dates to the 17th-century. Cast in bronze, it has a caliber of 13.8 cm and a length of 3.62 m; it weighs over 3026 kg. It uses iron canon balls of 8.2 kg.  \nThe object displays the coat of arms of the city of Macao in China, below which is a rampant lion with a Marquis' crown. Engraved in a frame is the following inscription: “ANT. TELES DE MENEZES Govºr DA INDIA A MANDOU FAZER NO ANO DE 1640” (“ANTONIO TELES DE MENEZES GOVERNOR OF INDIA ORDERED IT TO BE MADE IN 1640”).  \nHolding in its breech the name of the Caster “M\\[anu\\]el TAVARES BOCARRO”, as a personal touch, the cascable ending is in the shape of a lotus flower. Manuel Tavares Bocarro, son of Pedro Dias Bocarro also a gun founder, was the leading officer of the gun foundry of cannons in the Chunambeiro, Macao, during the mid-17th century. The cannons he produced were famous worldwide; two of them are in the Tower of London.","short_description":"A bronze half-cannon muzzleloader from the first half of the 17th century, used to attack and defend fortresses.","type":"Artillery","holder":"Army Museum","owner":"Museu Militar","initial_owner":"Portuguese State","dates":"Fist Half of the 17th Century","location":"Lisbon, Lisbon","dimensions":"Total length (from the outside) 3.62 m","place_of_production":"Forged in Macao","method_for_datation":"The piece exhibits the coat of arms of the city of Macao and holds an inscription engraved in a frame “ANT. TELES DE MENEZES Govºr DA INDIA A MANDOU FAZER NO ANO DE 1640” (“ANTONIO TELES DE MENEZES GOVERNOR OF INDIA ORDERED IT TO BE MADE IN 1640”).","provenance":"Mozambique, 1866","obtention":"Recovered in Mozambique in 1866","bibliography":"*Guia da Artilharia Histórica,* Lisbon, 1979.  \nSantos, N. V., “Manuel Bocarro o grande fundidor”, *Boletim do Museu e centro de estudos marítimos de Macau*, Macau, 1990, No.3, pp. 15–102.","artist_birthdate":"Unknown","author":"Museu Militar","translator":"Conceição Marques","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["armours","arms","Bocarro","bronze","firearm","Half-cannon","military object","weapon"],"materials":["Cast bronze"]},"3a110f14-cb1d-5cf4-bcbf-686eae047043":{"name":"Horse bridle.","description":"A part of a bridle or halter that would have been placed around a horse’s head; made of gold and enamel sections through which leather straps pass. These small oblong-shaped sections are decorated with gold filigree alternating with blue, red, white and green cloisonné enamel. The enamel compartments are filled with arabesques in opaque red and white against a background of translucent green and blue. The style and decorative techniques belong to a long tradition in Islamic Spain. However, the design of this bridle relates to Nasrid architecture, in particular certain stucco panels in the Alhambra Palace in Granada. Therefore this piece was certainly made in Granada but not necessarily for a Muslim patron.  \nThe decoration on this bridle can be connected to that seen on a hilt and scabbard (in the Museo del Ejercito), and a scabbard and mounts of a dagger (in the Real Armería). Previously in the collection of the Vieana Family, it has been suggested that after the battle of Lucana in AH 887/ AD 1483, one of the ancestors of this family took these pieces of armoury, which had belonged to Abu Abd Allah Muhammad XI (or Boabdil) the last sultan of the Nasrid dynasty of Granada (r. AH 886–96 / AD 1482–92).","short_description":"It is uncertain exactly where and when this luxury horse bridle was made. Gold and enamel decoration belonged to a long tradition known in many parts of Islamic Spain, however, it was probably made for the Nasrid court as the design recalls certain stucco panels in the Alhambra Palace in Granada.","type":"Metalwork, decoration object, gold","holder":"The British Museum.","dates":"Hegira late 9th–early 10th century / AD late 15th–early 16th century.","location":"London, England","dimensions":"Length 38 cm, width 21 cm.","method_for_datation":"This bridle is close in design to a group of objects associated with Abu Abd Allah Muhammad XI (or Boabdil), the last sultan of the Nasrid dynasty of Granada (r. 886–96 / 1482–92).  \nAlthough it is not certain that it was made for this ruler, the technique and design fit with other gold and enamel work produced in the late 9th / 15th century.","method_for_provenance":"The enamel and gold filigree on this bridle recall stucco designs in the Alhambra Palace, Granada, Spain.","provenance":"Andalucia, Spain.","obtention":"Bequeathed by Augustus Wollaston Franks in 1890.","bibliography":"Dodds, J., Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain, New York, 1992, p.298, cat. no. 68.  \n  \nLevenson, J. A., (ed.), Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration, Washington D.C., 1991, pp.172–5, cat. no. 55.","dynasty":"Nasrid","author":"Emily Shovelton","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["horsemanship"],"materials":["Gold and blue, red, white and green cloisonné enamel."]},"3d5efcb2-fd89-51e3-ac74-47777b9edbb6":{"name":"Saber (*shamshir*)","short_description":"Attributed to Imam Saif bin Sultan al-Yarubi I (*Qaid al-Ard’*)  \n*Collections of Sultan Qaboos bin Said bin Taimur*  \n  \nThe blade of this saber is by Asadallah of Isfahan, one of the most celebrated swordsmiths of Islamic civilisation in the Hegira 11th century / AD 17th century. It is made from Damascus steel and patterned with the most complex design, known as the “forty steps”. The swordsmith’s signature appears in the middle gold cartouche of the blade reading “the work of Asadallah 186”, and “property of Sheikh Saif” in the lower cartouche, as well as the inscription “Shah Abas year 5”.  \n  \nThe blade’s inscription proves that the sabre was not taken as loot. Rather, the maker had been commissioned directly. The design and inscriptions make it likely that it was made for presentation to Saif, perhaps by the Safavid Court of Persia, who, in Hegira 1086 / AD 1675, saw him as a future leader of Oman.","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"1086 AH / 1675 AD","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Sword length: 97cm, handle length: 11.5cm, blade width: 3.5cm","dynasty":"Al-Yarubi","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","materials":["Gold and ivory (handle), Damascus steel (blade)"]},"40b94627-118d-5dff-a831-ecd2614c6078":{"name":"Turban Helmet","short_description":"Helmets of this type are traditionally referred to as turban helmets because of their bulbous shape. The wide bowl of the helmet was forged from a single plate of steel tapering to a separately attached finial at the top. The bowl preserves several of the pierced lugs for the attachment of mail, which protected the neck. Just above the fitted opening for the eyes is a remnant of the sliding *nasil* bar and its bracket, now missing. Above and below the wide band of fluted groves at the center of the bowl are silver inlaid inscription bands in *naskh* on a scrolling ground; the text reads in part: Everlasting glory and prosperity to the…sultan. Incised above the left eye cup is the mark or *tamğa* of the Ottoman arsenal, suggesting that the helmet was taken to Turkey as booty.","holder":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)","dates":"Heigra late 9th century / AD late 15th century","location":"Los Angeles","dimensions":"29.8 x 22.8cm","method_for_datation":"Such helmets are usually attributed to lands controlled by the Aq Quyunlu dynasty. This helmet is especially close to an example in the Metropolitan Museum (04.3.211), likewise incised with the mark of the Ottoman arsenal and inscribed perhaps with the name of the Aq Quyunlu Sultan Yaqub (Hegira 883-896 / AD 1478-1490) and can thereby be similarly dated.","method_for_provenance":"Helmets of this type are generally associated with the Aq Quyunlu dynasty (Hegira 780-914/1378-1508 AD), which ruled northwestern Iran and eastern Anatolia.","provenance":"Iran","obtention":"Collection of Nasli M. Heeramaneck (1902-1971), New York, until 1973 (sold to); LACMA, The Nasli M. Heeramaneck collection, gift of Joan Palevsky.","bibliography":"Komaroff, Linda, *Lo Terrenal y lo Divino: Arte Islámico siglos VII al XIX Colección del Museo de Arte del Condado de Los Ángeles*, Santiago: Centro Cultural La Moneda, 2015: 145.  \nKomaroff, Linda, *Beauty and Identity: Islamic Art from the Los Angeles County Museum of Art*, Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2016: 172-173, cat. no. 87.  \nPal, Pratapaditya (ed), *Islamic Art: The Nasli M. Heeramaneck Collection*, Los Angeles: Museum Associates, 1973: 170-171.","dynasty":"Aq Quyunlu","author":"LACMA Staff","keywords":["armour","calligraphy","inlay","inscription","metalwork","military wear","silver","steel"],"materials":["Steel with silver inlay"]},"42a95db0-705d-5ebb-926f-d8bab4c95c82":{"name":"Sword.","description":"A sword composed of a double-edged curved blade, a crosspiece and a hilt. The crosspiece assumes the form of a cross: the short side is adhered to the hilt and blade, while the long side projects from the blade and runs perpendicular to it, ending in two oval ornamented units. The blade is decorated with gilt inscriptions, bearing the name of the Mamluk Sultan al-Adil Tumanbay, who ruled for several months only and was deposed in the month of Ramadan in AH 907 (1501). The inscription reads: 'The sultan, al-Malik al-Adil Abu al-Nasr Tumanbay, Sultan of Islam and the Muslims, Father of the Poor and Miserable, Destroyer of Infidels and Idolators, Reviver of Justice to all. May God grant him a lasting reign and may his triumph be glorious'.  \nIn general, swords from the Mamluk Period were embellished with gilt inscriptions that included the name of the sultan and their title; occasionally verses from the Qur'an were also engraved on them. The office of the *silahdar* (weapon bearer) was one of the highest positions in the Mamluk state, thus *amirs* who ascended to this position often had the form of the sword represented in their blazons.  \nIslamic swords were forged from Syrian steel, which was considered one of the best available. Swords were crafted in two parts: a pliable iron foil and a rigid one, they were then hammered together.","short_description":"One of the terrifying Mamluk weapons, the sword was used in war, for hunting and on courtly occasions. Swords were usually decorated with gilt inscriptions praising their owners, like this double-edged sword bearing the name of Sultan al-Adil al-Nasr Tumanbay.","type":"Sword, ivory, arms, armours","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art","initial_owner":"Al-Adil Sayf al-Din Tumanbay (reigned for a few months only, deposed Ramadan AH 907 (1501)).","dates":"Hegira 907 / AD 1501.","location":"Cairo","dimensions":"Length 93 cm.","method_for_datation":"The sword is dated based on the inscription carved on the blade: 907 (1501).","method_for_provenance":"It is likely that the sword was made in Egypt, particularly as it carries the name of Sultan Tumanbay, the ruler of Egypt at the time.","provenance":"It is likely that this piece was forged in Cairo.","obtention":"This piece was bought in 1919 from an antiquities dealer, Janon.","bibliography":"Atil, E., *Renaissance of Islam: Art of the Mamluks,* Washington D.C., 1987.  \nAtil, E., et al, *Islamic Metalwork in the Freer Gallery of Art,* Washington D.C., 1985.  \nStierlin, H., and Stierlin, A., *Splendours of the Islamic World: Mamluk Art in Cairo (1250–1517),* London, New York, 1997.  \nWard, R., *Islamic Metalwork,* New York, 1993.  \nYujal, O., (trans. M. O. Taha), *Al-Suyuf al-Islamiya wa Sona'uha \\[Islamic Swords and their Manufacture\\],* Kuwait, 1988.  \nZaki, Abd al-Rahman, Al-*Sayf fi al- Islam \\[The Sword in Islam\\],* Cairo, 1951.","dynasty":"Mamluk","linkcatalogs":"IAM_EG_EN_001","author":"Al-Sayyed Muhammad Khalifa Hammad","copy_editor":"Majd Musa","translator":"Amal Sachedina (from the Arabic).","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["epigraphic decoration","gilding","inscription","military object","sword","weapon","weaponry"],"materials":["its distinctive colour indicates that it is rhinoceros horn.","The blade: gilded steel","the crosspiece: gilt silver. The hilt is crafted from ivory"]},"45ccc1b2-62ae-540c-ba7c-d71565ea58c3":{"name":"Palestine Gendarmerie badge","description":"The Palestine Gendarmerie, established on 1 July 1921, consisted of Arabs and Jews under British officers. It consisted of cavalry, camelry and infantry units. Enlistment of recruits was regulated so as to maintain a certain proportion amongst the various sects and religious creeds, which comprised Arabs, Jews, Circassians and Druse. In 1922, the strength of the Palestine Gendarmerie was as follows: 234 Arabs, 157 Jews, 72 Circassians and 27 Druses, of whom 250 were mounted on horses and 50 on camels, the remainder consisting of infantry. The badge was usually seen worn on black kalpak hats. It consists of the British imperial crown leaned on the letters PG, the abbreviation of Palestine Gendarmerie written in capital French script. Two crossed flags in the middle of the letters PG, based on a band that displays the full name of the PALESTINE GENDARMERIE and below the date 1921 written on a small band. The flag in the right side is broken.","type":"Police Badge","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1921","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Height 25 mm, width 22 mm","provenance":"Palestine","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Gendarmerie","Arabs","Jews","British officers","cavalry","camelry and infantry","Circassians and Druse"]},"4f197f6e-373b-5299-bc3c-8c7b6db1240e":{"name":"Pair of pistols, a diplomatic present of Sidi Mohammed II, Bey (1855–1859) of Tunis, to Emperor Franz Joseph","short_description":"This pair of flintlock pistols was ordered by the Bey of Tunis from the French gunsmith Claude Bizouard, who worked in Marseille. This commission showed the growing French influence in Tunisia after the French conquest of Algeria in 1830. In 1857, the Bey of Tunis presented these weapons to Emperor Franz Joseph I.","type":"Arms; firearms","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum, Collection of Arms and Armour","dates":"1857","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"40,7 cm","provenance":"France/Tunis","artist_birthdate":"1840","artist_birthplace":"Marseille","artist_deathdate":"1866","artist_deathplace":"Marseille","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Tunis","arms","armours","weapons","diplomatic gifts"],"materials":["Wood, iron, diamonds and gold"]},"53b64031-daec-570d-8bd3-6cd325cad7a9":{"name":"Dagger (Tams Type)","short_description":"This dagger provides an excellent example of the Arabesque in Islamic design. The term, \"Arabesque\", can be defined in two ways; as a specific decorative element consisting of a continuous branching stem with split palmate leaves, or in a larger sense, used to refer to an entire range of designs based on stylised floral, foliar and animal motifs. The aesthetics of the Arabesque are derived from the imposition of order on the natural world. Arabesque patterns are used extensively in traditional Omani woodwork, plasterwork and metalwork as a means of covering entire surfaces or precise areas within a defined geometric framework.","type":"Weaponry, *Khanjar* (Dagger)","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"13th-14th century AH / 19th-20th century AD","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Length: 33cm, Width: 24.5cm, Weight: 920.5g","provenance":"Northern Oman","obtention":"Museum of the Ministry of Heritage and Culture","dynasty":"Al-Busaid","copy_editor":"Valerie Pulsifer","keywords":["arabesque","dagger","metalwork"],"materials":["Ivory, wood, gold threads, silver, steel"]},"53ec6f4f-bd40-5ba2-8874-cb460c22b748":{"name":"Privateer ship flags","short_description":"This flag is divided into three sections, arranged in parallel along a long mast. The topmost flag has a red stripe and a black stripe, the middle is in the same shade of red, with three gold crescents in the centre, and the final flag is also red with a sword resembling that of the Prophet's cousin and fourth caliph, 'Ali.","type":"Painting","holder":"Palais de la Rose – Musée de l’Armée","dates":"19th century","location":"La Manouba, Tunis","author":"Bechir Yazidi","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Privateer ship","piracy"],"materials":["Wood, fabric"]},"55519584-25f8-5377-bd87-8e67cbc0dc2c":{"name":"Matchlock gun","short_description":"19th century Matchlock gun.","type":"Arms; firearms","holder":"Weaponry Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Doha","keywords":["Weaponry","weapon","arms","armours","military object","metalwork","dance"],"materials":["Iron"]},"5747fe8d-4ab0-565c-9e90-6e797f311e64":{"name":"Four guns","short_description":"These Turkish flintlock pistols were used by the Ottoman soldiers in Lebanon in the 19th century to quash resistance movements. As the Lebanese resistance had no weapons of their own, the fighters frequently ambushed Ottoman soldiers and took their weapons. These pistols are an example of such weaponry, which was taken by the resistance and used against the Ottomans. They have a wooden butt stock, a slightly broken wooden forend and a round barrel. They are made of wood and cast steel.","type":"Military object; metalwork; firearms; arms and armour","holder":"Lebanese Heritage Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"`Ayn Najm","provenance":"Turkey","author":"Marie Therese Moujabber","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Military object","Metalwork","Steel","Arms","armour","Gun"],"materials":["Cast steel; wood"]},"582735bb-91b8-5a1b-b50e-a4d74176b7d7":{"name":"Knife","short_description":"The surface of this silver-plated bronze knife is covered in beautiful engravings, and the handle is decorated with floral motifs. Various coats of arms are engraved on the blade, along with a stylised ship with an Arabic inscription on the other side. The handle is 65 cm long and the blade is 21 cm long.","type":"Ironwork; weaponry","holder":"Palais de la Rose – Musée de l’Armée","dates":"19th century","location":"La Manouba, Tunis","author":"Bechir Yazidi","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Tunisian army","Musée de l'Armée","Palais de la Rose"],"materials":["Metal"]},"58ffe3b7-a7c4-59ea-a3f7-15adee4841cf":{"name":"Sword that belonged to Carol of Hohenzollern","short_description":"In April 1866, Carol of Hohenzollern was elected by plebiscite ruler of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. However, according to the Paris Convention of 1858, an act signed by the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Austria, Prussia, France, Great Britain and Sardinia, which established the internal organization of the Principalities, they were supposed to each have their own local prince. So, Carol’s election had to be recognized by the Sublime Porte, the sovereign power, and by the other Great Powers. Following negotiations held at Istanbul, in October sultan Abdul Aziz agreed to give his consent. Carol then travelled to Istanbul, where he was invested as ruler of the Principalities and was given by the sultan five Arabian horses and a sword decorated with 1140 brilliants and 46 diamonds.","type":"Damascus steel sword","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"1866","location":"Bucharest","provenance":"Turkey"},"59c2a789-38b6-526c-8c2e-10450f77128f":{"name":"Long Moorish musket","description":"This musket, along with other pieces, was taken by Salvador de Foronda, a member of the Spanish Army, awarded for his actions in battle. He was a relative of the Marquis of Cerralbo and donated to his uncle’s museum these exceptional pieces in 1918. The Moorish musket, a long firearm that could be shot with a single arm while riding the horse, was described by Salvador as “one of the most ancient and authentic\", a truly beauty with damascene work, romantically infused with the testimony of the war.","type":"Armoury","holder":"Cerralbo Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Madrid","dimensions":"125 cm","provenance":"North Africa","author":"Cecilia Casas Desantes","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell","keywords":["Arms and armours","War","Morocco"],"materials":["Wood, metal, fabric; handmade, damascene work"]},"5b111959-0e06-5d73-9d98-5177f4d07663":{"name":"Mamluk armour","short_description":"In the AD 1559 inventory of the collection of Archduke Ferdinand II of Tyrol (AD 1529–95) this helmet and cuirassier armour were wrongly attributed to \"N. König zu Cuba in India“ (a king of Cuba in India). In AD 1788 the shield was correctly added and the ensemble, for no apparent reason, identified as belonging to the North African maritime hero, Dragut Reis, King of Kairun (died AD 1565). Modern attribution to a Mamluk prince is based on the artefact's similarity to the *morion* (open helmet) of Khairbak, the Mamluk governor of Aleppo (Istanbul, Topkapı Sarayı Museum) who handed over Syria to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I in AD 1517. It is the most sumptuous example of this type of Oriental armour.","type":"Armour","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira 10th century / AD 1st quarter of the 16th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Helmet: Height: 33cm, Width: 23.5cm, Depth: 28.5cm;  \nArmour: Height: 72.5cm, Width: 65cm, Depth: 34cm;  \nShield: Height: 12.5cm, Diameter: 63cm","method_for_datation":"Comparison with similar objects","method_for_provenance":"Collection Ambras Castle, Inventory AD 1559","provenance":"Egypt?","obtention":"Collection Ambras Castle, Inventory AD 1559","bibliography":"Mayer, L. A., \"Saracenic Arms and Armor\", *Ars Islamica*, 10 (1943).  \nThomas, Bruno and Gamber, Ortwin, *Katalog der Leibrüstkammer I. Teil. Der Zeitraum von 500 bis 1530*, Wien: Verlag Anton Schroll & Co, 1976.","dynasty":"Mamluk","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Armor","armours","collection","gilding","iron","Khairbak","Mamluck","Mamluk arms","metalwork","military wear","Selim I","shield"],"materials":["chain mail, partly made of punched rings","Repoussé iron, with punched decor, fire gilded"]},"5b229743-fc47-5975-b220-b56bbbada7be":{"name":"Pair of pistols","short_description":"These Turkish flintlock pistols were used by the Ottoman soldiers in Lebanon in the 19th century to quash resistance movements. As the Lebanese resistance had no weapons of their own, the fighters frequently ambushed Ottoman soldiers and took their weapons. These pistols are an example of such weaponry, which was taken by the resistance and used against the Ottomans. They have a wooden bulbous butt plate and engraved silver mounts ornamented with coral. They are made of wood and cast steel and have a small, ornamental, engraved silver piece on the wooden grip.","type":"Military object; metalwork; firearms; arms and armour","holder":"Lebanese Heritage Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"`Ayn Najm","provenance":"Turkey","author":"Marie Therese Moujabber","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Military object","Metalwork","Steel","Arms and armour","Pistol","Coral","Silver"],"materials":["Cast steel; wood, silver, coral"]},"5c632cff-a778-5f7b-80ee-620050c5a5a0":{"name":"Archery ring","short_description":"Archery ring cast in silver, engraved, champleve and basse-taille enamels, gilded.","type":"Archery and hunting","holder":"Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah","dates":"Hegira 11th century / AD 17th century","location":"Kuwait City","provenance":"India, Deccan, probably Hyderabad","dynasty":"Mughal","keywords":["Archer","floral decoration","India","silver"]},"64d4e82c-fbbb-5b33-9d84-d34775716419":{"name":"Sword","short_description":"The sword has a short curved blade with a single-edged upper section and widened point with double edges on the lower part. One side of the blade bears a signature cartouche that reads ‘Amal Dawud, (Dawud, the maker). The stained walrus ivory hilt of the sword is decorated with inset diamond botehs and gold inset stellar motifs with green enamelled centres. The scabbard of green velvet is decorated with silver wire floral motifs with attached cultures pearls.","type":"Arms and Armour","holder":"Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia","dates":"c. Hegira 1100 / c. AD 1700","location":"Kuala Lumpur","dimensions":"Sword: 55cm; scabbard: 48.5cm","provenance":"Turkey","bibliography":"Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia, *IAMM Guide Book*, Kuala Lumpur: IAMM Publications, 2014: 16.  \nIslamic Arts Museum Malaysia, *Symbols Of Power And Beauty: The collection of the Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia*, Kuala Lumpur: IAMM Publications, 2015: 153.","dynasty":"Ottoman","materials":["Pearl, velvet, thread, turquoise stone, diamond, ruby, green stone, iron, brass, gold, wood, silver","stone setting, hammering, binding, chain making"]},"663338db-5ffa-529f-908c-a0f453f898ea":{"name":"Dagger","short_description":"Katar or thrust-dagger, the hilt overlaid with gold set with diamonds, emeralds and rubies, the exterior of the side-bars in a geometricized floral design, and the interior in a pattern of hexagons; the upper part of the blade with a flowering plant motif in gold. The hilt of gold is over an iron core, worked in *kundan* technique and set with gemstones; blade forged from *jawhar* steel, ground, polished and lightly etched, hatched and overlaid with gold.","type":"Arms and armour","holder":"Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah","dates":"Hegira probably 1060–1085 / AD probably 1650–1675","location":"Kuwait City","provenance":"India","dynasty":"Mughal","keywords":["armours","arms","dagger","geometrical decoration","gold","India","weapon"]},"689d7b0e-6f46-5838-8061-a55cbfd196fc":{"name":"*Kitarah* (Curved single-edged Sword with Kattara Hilt)","short_description":"This curved, single-edged sword with Kattara hilt from the al-Busaid Dynasty demonstrates the use of Arabesque, a specific decorative element consisting of a continuous branching stem with split palmate leaves to decorate Islamic weaponry. In a larger sense, the word Arabesque is used to refer to an entire range of designs based on stylised floral, foliar and animal motifs, the aesthetics of which are derived from the imposition of order on the natural world. Arabesque patterns are used extensively in traditional Omani woodwork, plasterwork and metalwork as a means of covering entire surfaces or precise areas within a defined geometric framework.","type":"Weaponry; Sword","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"13th century AH / 19th century AD","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Length: 105.6cm, Blade L: 78cm, Blade W: 2.8cm","provenance":"Oman","obtention":"Ministry of Heritage and Culture Collection","dynasty":"Al-Busaid","copy_editor":"Valerie Pulsifer","keywords":["arabesque","Kattara","sword","weaponry"],"materials":["Steel, leather, wood, silver"]},"68fae760-47a2-58aa-986f-28473ca5d989":{"name":"Revolver","description":"Leopold Gasser Austrian navy revolver produced between 1870 and 1919. Serial number 156122 engraved on the frame and on the smooth surface of the cylinder. On the left side of the revolver, the plate at the base barrel has an inscription: \"PATENT RAST & GASSER WIEN 171290 GUSS STAHL\". On the frame right under the cylinder serial number 156122 and to the left of it an apple pierced with an arrow and L. G. with the word \"MARKE\" was engraved. The revolver is fitted with chequered wooden grips fixed to the frame by a screw within an oval with ears of steel insert pressed into the wood of the grip plates. On the right side of the revolver an illegible marking was stamped with two Arabic letters ا ح under the marking. The letters are obviously initials of either the maker or the owner. The same initials in Arabic letters were engraved on the cylinder. At the top of the barrel a crown with two letters NI was engraved.","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Folklore Museum, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20 century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 37 cm, barrel 24 cm, cartridge 6-chamber cylinder","provenance":"Austria, Vienna","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Navy revolver","solid frame","revolver","wooden grip plates","barrel","cylinder","arms","armours","metalwork","war","warfare","military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"6a2319dc-c001-58b4-a048-bd55561d140e":{"name":"Yataghan","short_description":"This is the earliest known Imperial Ottoman *yataghan* believed to be commissioned by Sultan Bayezid II (r. AH 885-917 / AD 1481-1512). It is a Turkish weapon used by elite troops of the Ottoman army (janissaries) from the AH mid-9th to 13th century / AD mid-15th to 19th century. An inscription executed in *thuluth* script in gold overlay on both sides of the blade and along its spine, bearing the names of the Sultan, its owner, maker and benedictory inscriptions enumerating the Sultan’s attributes.","type":"Arms, armours","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art","dates":"Hegira late 9th - early 10th century / AD late 15th - early 16th century","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 74.5 cm, width: 4.5 cm, depth: 4.5 cm","provenance":"Turkey, Istanbul","obtention":"Sultan Mehmed VI (1861–1926), Istanbul; Rex Ingram (1893–1950), Nice; his estate sale, A. N. Abel Auction Company, Los Angeles, 1989; sold through Bashir Mohamed Ltd in 1997; Khalil Talhouni Collection of Important Islamic Art until 1997; sold to Qatar Museums","bibliography":"Al Khemir, Sabiha, *From Cordoba To Samarqand, Masterpieces from the Museum of Islamic Art in Doha*, Milan: Musée du Louvre Editions, 2006.  \n  \nJodidio, Philip, *Museum of Islamic Art, Doha Qatar*, London: Prestel Verlag, 2008.  \n  \nGonnella, Julia, et al. *Museum of Islamic Art: The Collection. *London: Thames & Hudson, 2022.  \n  \nWatson, Oliver, *Museum of Islamic Art, Doha, Qatar*, Munich: Prestel Verlag, 2008.**","dynasty":"Ottoman","author":"Tara Desjardins","keywords":["amrs","armours","Bayezid II","diplomatic gift","Hersekzade Ahmet Pasha","inscription","military","Ottoman","sword","Turkey","weapon"],"materials":["Forged Steel, Gold inlay","Wood, Leather, Metal Thread, Black Compound Gold, Iron Alloy"]},"6d67dd68-9a25-5aff-9ff7-90c6c6b016bb":{"name":"Dagger handle.","description":"A dagger handle made of ivory, carved with arabesque patterns and two narrow horizontal bands with circular motifs. In contrast to the popularity of ivory carving in other periods of Islamic art, such as under the Umayyads of Spain, Ottoman works in carved ivory are relatively rare. Those that were made, however, are exquisite; they include hand-mirror backings, belt segments, and dagger handles like this one. The surface is carved with arabesque motifs which strongly recall the so-called 'Baba Naqqash' style, a distinctive Ottoman idiom that employs traditional Islamic arabesques combined with Chinese elements, and one which remained fashionable in other media long after it had gone out of style in ceramics. An ivory dagger handle much like this one is owned by the British Museum (inv. no. OA 409), while a dagger made in AH 949 / AD 1543 in Ottoman-ruled Hungary has a gilt-silver handle with similar decoration (National Museum of Hungary, 55.3237). Such objects were undoubtedly made for the wealthy and powerful.","short_description":"A dagger handle carved with arabesques and circular motifs. The decoration is similar to the ‘Baba Naqqash’ style known from ceramics of the early AH 10th / AD 16th century. Ottoman carved ivories are comparatively rare but quite exquisite, and they were undoubtedly made for the wealthy and powerful.","type":"Arms, armours","holder":"Victoria and Albert Museum.","dates":"Probably hegira 10th / AD 16th century.","location":"London, England","dimensions":"Length 13 cm, width 4.6 cm.","method_for_datation":"Stylistic comparison (see description).","method_for_provenance":"Comparison with similarly decorated objects in ivory and metal known to be Ottoman.","provenance":"Turkey.","obtention":"Purchased by the Museum in 1895.","bibliography":"Allan, J., and Raby, J., \"Metalwork\", Tulips, Arabesques and Turbans: Decorative Arts from the Ottoman Empire (ed. Y. Petsopoulos), London, 1982, pp.25–6 (fig. 8a shows a dagger with a similar handle in gilt silver).  \n  \nRogers, M., \"Osmanische Elfenbeinkunst,\" Türkische Kunst und Kultur aus osmanischer Zeit, Recklinghausen, 1985, pp.339–42 (fig. 10/2 shows a similar object in the British Museum).","dynasty":"Ottoman","linkcatalogs":"IAM_TR_EN_001","author":"Barry Wood","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["armours","arms","floral decoration","weapon"],"materials":["Carved ivory."]},"6f3c1d83-c1d2-5207-a72e-e6b0bd916f8d":{"name":"Sword and scabbard","short_description":"The Ottoman sword is made by one of the master sword smiths of the late 18th and early 19th century, Ahmad al-Khurasani. He served under the Ottoman royal patronage at the sword smiths’ guild “the *simsirgeran*” together with renowned masters such as Acem Oglu, Ismail al-Farghani, Osman ibn Haji Muhammad and Qara Sabar al-Erserumi. All share similar elements and standard decorations of typical Ottoman swords produced in the 18th and 19th centuries. This style highlights the curved blade with chiselled and gilded foliage on a recess and *kufic* inscription arranged along the blade. The hilt takes the shape of a pistol grip made of horn and the wooden scabbard mounted with gilded sheets. The blade has been inscribed with Qur’anic verses and signed with the maker’s name in square *kufic* panel.","type":"Arms and Armour","holder":"Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia","dates":"Hegira 12th century / AD 18th century","location":"Kuala Lumpur","dimensions":"90cm","provenance":"Turkey","bibliography":"Alexander, David G., *Islamic Arms and Armor in The Metropolitan Museum of Art*, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015.","dynasty":"Ottoman","materials":["Watered-steel (Kara-Khorasan) blade with the hilt set with horn grips with silver rivets, leather-covered wood scabbard with gilt mounts and two hooks for hanging"]},"6f9fb1e8-99e0-571f-8a20-02431dd74f73":{"name":"Yatagan","short_description":"This yatagan boasts the typical traditional ear-shaped hilt, fastidiously decorated with gems, and a blade decorated with simple ornaments. The scabbard is made of sheet metal, the fittings are made of punched brass. The condition is used, with signs of age and regular wear and some gems have been lost. The scabbard is partially showing signs of removed rust and has some minor bruises and spots. This yatagan seems to have been a well-worn part of its owner’s attire.","type":"Arms; sword","holder":"Austrian Military Museum / Institute of Military History","dates":"19th century","location":"Vienna","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Yatagan","ÖWG","Bosnia","arms","armours","metalwork","military object","war","warfare"]},"729b315c-3fb9-575e-96d9-d9e48639cd90":{"name":"Revolver","description":"Revolver of Leopold Gasser (serial number 8106) used for land/terrestrial defence as opposed to the navy. It is also known as “Montenegrin” as it was used not only by the Austrian army but also by the army of Montenegro. The exterior was nickelled, but the nickel finish has mostly worn away leaving only traces on the barrel and the frame. The revolver is fitted with genuine ivory grips. The absence of any indication for Austria and the presence of the crown “R” might indicate to its production in Liege/Belgium.","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Folklore Museum, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20 century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 25 cm, barrel 13 cm, cartridge 5","provenance":"Belgian copy of Leopold Gasser revolver","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Solid frame","revolver","wooden grip plates","barrel","cylinder","arms","armours","metalwork","war","warfare","military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"760fa584-9cdb-54e9-a484-39638db07064":{"name":"Moorish dagger","description":"This dagger, along with other pieces, was taken by Salvador de Foronda, a member of the Spanish Army, awarded for his actions in battle. He was a relative of the Marquis of Cerralbo and donated to his uncle’s museum these exceptional pieces in 1918. This piece is enriched with damascene work, and the fabric rope still holds some metallic threads. This dagger was a traditional self-defence tool for North African men.","type":"Armoury","holder":"Cerralbo Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Madrid","dimensions":"46 cm","provenance":"North Africa","author":"Cecilia Casas Desantes","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell","keywords":["Arms and armours","War","Morocco"],"materials":["Metal, fabric; handmade"]},"763ee7df-878c-58a5-84f4-122b7dc9a7e0":{"name":"Helmet","short_description":"This Islamic helmet, known as a \"casque de Rostem\", has Persian origins. It is 21 cm long from its tip to the joint at the front, the serrated iron mesh is 30 cm long, and the front perimeter is 70 cm long. This helmet is lavishly decorated, coming to two points on either side, and with an Ottoman point at the front and floral motifs all over the surface.","type":"Ironwork","holder":"Palais de la Rose – Musée de l’Armée","dates":"19th century","location":"La Manouba, Tunis","author":"Bechir Yazidi","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Tunisian army","Musée de l'Armée","Palais de la Rose"],"materials":["Metal"]},"78a9e1c9-8dab-57a9-9884-2e65ee67f308":{"name":"Nephrite thumb ring","short_description":"Archers wore thumb rings made of semi-precious stone on the thumb of their right hand to help them draw their bows. A seminal part of a weapon held in high esteem in the Orient, these richly-embellished thumb rings were ideal expressions of a warrior’s status and wealth.","type":"Jewellery","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira second half of the 10th century / AD 2nd half of the 16th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Length: 4.1cm, Width: 3.2cm","method_for_datation":"Arthistorical and historical analysis, archival and inventory research","method_for_provenance":"Listed in the AD 1750 inventory of the imperial treasury in Vienna","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Imperial treasury","bibliography":"Leitner-Böchzelt, Susanne and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias (eds), *Die Welt des Orients. Kunst und Kultur des Islam*, Leoben: Stadtgemeinde Leoben, 2006.  \nRainer, Paulus, *Glanz der Macht. Kaiserliche Pretiosen aus der Wiener Kunstkammer*, exhibition catalogue Pforzheim, Wien/Bozen: Folio Verlag, 2010.  \nRainer, Paulus, *Splendour and Power. Imperial Treasures from Vienna*, exhibition catalogue, Cambridge: Fitzwilliam Museum, 2011.  \nRoxburgh, David. J. (ed), *Turks. A Journey of a thousand Years 600-1600*, exhibition catalogue, London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2005.","dynasty":"Ottoman Empire (Istanbul?)","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["armours","arms","floral decoration","military object","Ottoman army"],"materials":["Nephrite, rubies, gold"]},"7ec5b54e-b5f6-55dc-bba6-dbab52faa88a":{"name":"Yataghan from the court of Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520–66)","short_description":"The exquisite workmanship and lavish use of precious materials employed in this sword’s construction exemplifies the opulence and refinement of Ottoman luxury arts. It is almost certainly from the same imperial workshop as a nearly identical *yataghan* produced in 1526–27 by the court jeweller Ahmed Tekel for the Ottoman sultan Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520–66). The gold incrustation on the blade depicts a combat between a dragon and a phoenix against a background of foliate scrolls. These figures, like the gold-inlaid cloud bands and foliate scrolls on the ivory grips, are Chinese in inspiration, and were probably introduced into Ottoman art through contacts with Persia.","type":"Sword","holder":"The Metropolitan Museum of Art","dates":"Hegira c. 931–32 / AD c. 1525","location":"New York","dimensions":"L: 59.3cm; L of blade: 46.7 cm; Wt: 1lb.8oz./691g","provenance":"Istanbul, Turkey","obtention":"Purchase, Lila Acheson Wallace Gift, 1993  \nSword maker: Workshop of Ahmed Tekelü, possibly Iranian, active Istanbul, ca. 1520–30  \nProvenance: Rex Ingram (1893–1950), Los Angeles; his estate sale, A. N. Abel Auction Company, Los Angeles, 1989","bibliography":"Alexander, David, Pyhrr, Stuart W. and Kwiatkowski, Will, *Islamic Arms and Armor in the Metropolitan Museum of Art*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2015: 152–54, no. 57, ill.  \nEkhtiar, Maryam, Canby, Shelia R., Haidar, Navina and Soucek, Priscilla P. (eds), *Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in The Metropolitan Museum of Art*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011: 287, 312–13, no. 221, ill.  \nPyhrr, Stuart W., \"Workshop of Ahmed Tekelü (Iranian \\[?\\], active in Istanbul, ca. 1520–30), Yatagan\", *The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin: Recent Acquisitions: A Selection*, 1992–1993 (Autumn 1993): 21, ill.  \nPyhrr, Stuart W., La Rocca, Donald J. and Ogawa, Morihiro, *Arms and Armor: Notable Acquisitions, 1991–2002*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002: 38, no. 34, fig. 14.  \nPyhrr, Stuart W., \"Of Arms and Men: Arms and Armor at the Metropolitan, 1912–2012\", *The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin*, (Summer 2012): 46–47, fig. 77.  \nSamgin, Sergey and Barkan, Ariel, \"A New Hypothesis of the Genesis of the Ottoman Yataghan: the Crimean Connection\", *Waffen- und Kostümkunde: Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Historische Waffen- und Kostümkunde*, (2016): 49, fig. 2.","dynasty":"Ottoman","copyright":"The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Purchase, Lila Acheson Wallace Gift, 1993","keywords":["Anatolia","arms and armours","Blade","cloud pattern","dragon","gold","inscription","Istanbul","ivory","Ottoman","Ottoman army","Ottoman metalwork","Phoenix","precious gems","semiprecious stones","silver","steel","sword","Turkey","weapon","weaponry"],"materials":["Steel, walrus ivory, gold, silver, ruby, turquoise, pearl"]},"84046e76-f5c4-58c1-bb91-359397489ded":{"name":"Fragment of an ivory dagger.","description":"A triangle-shaped ivory dagger that is broken with some pieces missing. Finely decorated with flora, fauna and architecture, it has incised decoration on both faces. On one side there is a central palm tree together with a trace of the columns that form an arch either side of it and a lamp hanging in the middle, unfortunately the upper part of the arch is missing. The other side depicts a she-camel with her young. Similar architectural motifs to those used on this ivory dagger appear on the steatite vessels found at the same site.  \n  \nBackgammon dice and other ivory objects were found together with this piece in the same area of excavation. The function of such an object is not entirely clear but it was probably a decorative element used in the palace.","short_description":"Fragment of a carved triangular ivory dagger from al-Fudayn in Mafraq. It is finely decorated with flora, fauna and architecture on both faces. Backgammon dice and other ivory objects were found together with this piece, the function of which is not entirely clear.","type":"Dagger, ivory, arms, armours","holder":"Jordan Archaeological Museum.","dates":"Hegira 2nd century / AD 8th century.","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 28 cm, width 7 cm.","method_for_datation":"The object was dated by its stratigraphic context and association with other Umayyad vessels.","method_for_provenance":"Where this object was produced is unknown but it was found during archaeological excavation work at al-Fudayn, a site located in Mafraq.","provenance":"Unknown.","obtention":"The object was obtained in 1986 during an archaeological excavation that took place at al-Fudayn in Mafraq which lies about 70 km north-east of Amman.","bibliography":"**La voie royale: 9000 ans d'art au royaume de Jordanie**, exhibition catalogue, Paris, 1986, p.369, fig. 355.  \n  \nZabern, P., *Der Königs Weg: 9000 Jahre Kunst und Kultur in Jordanien und Palästina*, exhibition catalogue, Mainz, 1987, p.350.","dynasty":"Umayyad","linkcatalogs":"IAM_JO_EN_001","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Architecural motifs","armours","arms","camel","floral decoration","weapon"],"materials":["Cut and incised ivory."]},"859283ff-dbce-5eca-aab7-fe1bee0640a1":{"name":"Dagger","description":"A dagger decorated with geometric and floral motifs and crafted in southern Morocco in the 19th century. Dagger blades were imported from Europe.","type":"Arms","holder":"National Museum of Jewellery","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Rabat","dimensions":"H: 38cm, L: 6cm; 450g","keywords":["Trade","arms","armours","metalwork","European influence","geometric motifs","geometric decoration","floral decoration","vegetal motifs","vegetal decoration","craftsmanship","war","warfare","military objects"],"materials":["Gold; precious stones; horn, enamel; steel; cord"]},"865fb995-6617-5b7a-9f9e-71a7a96732e5":{"name":"Arabian gold sword","short_description":"Sword belonging to Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim. The sword’s sheath is made out of leather and gold. The sword handle is made from elephant ivory whilst the blade is a type of steel called ‘*al-jawhar*’ which is derived from the finest Arabian Damascus plate.","type":"Weapon; arms","holder":"Weaponry Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Doha","keywords":["Weaponry","sword","Arabian","Arab","weapon","arms","armours","costume","accessories","fashion","dance"],"materials":["Leather, gold, elephant ivory, steel"]},"87839162-d295-566b-8702-37a9e59ccbec":{"name":"Cap Helmet (*kulah khud*) with Design of Interlaced Vines, Arabic Inscriptions, and Mail Neck Curtain","short_description":"A hemispherical cap helmet (*kulah khud*) with a four-sided spike attached to the top. Approximately a quarter of the way down the spike from its tip the sides are flat, then they become deeply fluted, creating four sharp ridges. Each flute is decorated with diamond-shapes of varying sizes in gold overlay. The spike then joins a gold leafed ball atop a conical foot, sides decorated in vegetal and geometric designs in gold.  \nThe majority of the helmet is decorated in a regular, intertwined pattern of arabesques, and there is a band around the bottom with a much more dense pattern of geometric and vegetal decoration, interspersed with Arabic inscriptions. Attached at the front, center of the helmet is a vertical, squared rod that follows the curve of the helmet. It is attached by a short, horizontal clamp attached to the helmet with two rivets, and decorated with gold overlay. The ends of the vertical bar flatten into leaves decorated in gold. A short distance, both to the left and right of the vertical bar, is a short, vertical, hollow rod that flattens into a leaf at its bottom end, also riveted to the helmet.  \nThe bottom lip of the helmet is perforated around the circumference with small circular holes for the attachment of thin wire jump rings. To these rings is attached a network of circular links, forming an aventail or mail neck curtain that hangs short across the front of the helmet, then longer around the remainder, coming to six triangular points.  \nThe helmet is in good condition, with the exception of a number of deep nicks and abrasions around the top of the spike, and the chain mail is missing some areas at the back of the helmet.","type":"Arms and Armor","holder":"Saint Louis Art Museum","dates":"Hegira Early 12th to early 13th century / AD 18th century","location":"Saint Louis","dimensions":"Height: 66cm","method_for_datation":"Scholarly review and/or comparison to similar objects from the period.","method_for_provenance":"Scholarly review and/or comparison to similar objects from the period.","provenance":"Iran, Asia","obtention":"Museum Purchase, 1921","dynasty":"Safavid","keywords":["Armor","arms","gold","helmet","Iran: Asia","Overlay","Persian","steel"],"materials":["Steel with gold overlay"]},"8b7e80b3-625e-596c-a8d5-9f93e1bdc94b":{"name":"Cannon","short_description":"This small cannon on wheels was used by the Ottoman soldiers in Lebanon in the 19th century to quash resistance movements. As the Lebanese resistance had no weapons of their own, the fighters frequently ambushed Ottoman soldiers and took their weapons. This cannon is an example of such weaponry, which was taken by the resistance and used against the Ottomans. The cannon is made of cast steel, with the chase, reinforce and cascable forged as one single part. It has two trunnions, used to mount the cannon on its carriage, a wooden body which is hollowed in the middle to make space for the cannon can pivot. It rest on a wooden cylinder and is linked by two wooden wheels.","type":"Military object; firearms; arms and armour; artillery","holder":"Lebanese Heritage Museum","dates":"Early 19th century","location":"`Ayn Najm","provenance":"Turkey","author":"Marie Therese Moujabber","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Military object","Metalwork","Cast steel","Arms","armour","Wood","Carriage","Cannon"],"materials":["Cast steel; wood"]},"8ba7883e-69b4-512d-95ec-03ed8ae859d5":{"name":"Ottoman *shamshir*","short_description":"This Persian-style sword has a richly decorated quadrangular cross with endings in floral shape made of silver-gilt. The hilt is made of horn. The scabbard is a wooden construction which has been covered with leather. All fittings are silver-gilt, decorated with punched ornaments in Ottoman style.","type":"Sword; arms","holder":"Austrian Military Museum / Institute of Military History","dates":"19th century","location":"Vienna","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Arms","armours","metalwork","military object","war","warfare","Ottoman army"],"materials":["Silver, horn-handled, wood covered with leather"]},"8ca42471-fa97-56f9-94ac-a3f4088b69ff":{"name":"Cannon","short_description":"This cast bronze cannon is 156 cm long, has a front diameter of 50 cm and a back diameter of 85 cm. The Beylik of Tunis' coat of arms can be seen near the muzzle, and the Kingdom of Italy's near the back, as well as the name of the manufacturer, Fonderia di Torino, and the date, 1867.","type":"Ironwork; weaponry","holder":"Palais de la Rose – Musée de l’Armée","dates":"19th century","location":"La Manouba, Tunis","author":"Bechir Yazidi","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Tunisian army","Musée de l'Armée","Palais de la Rose"],"materials":["Metal"]},"8f4f45ac-f6ac-5ff3-bfc0-d96fae01d30f":{"name":"Revolver","description":"This is a solid-frame revolver with 9-chamber cylinder and 8 mm calibre. The ejector and the screw for attaching the cylinder to the frame are missing. This revolver is fitted with two grip silver plates, highly decorated with checking and with a lion under a palm tree on both sides. The screw to attach the plates is installed with the grip plated diamond shape. The base of the barrel is octagonal in shape and the barrel had an inverted lip at its end. On the crown, “R”, a star and “E” are the only visible markings on the right side of the barrel. Right under the screw of the ejector, the number 16 is engraved. Only the last digit “3” of the serial number is visible and most of it is under the museum's inventory number.","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20 century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 21.5 cm, barrel 10 cm, cartridge 9","provenance":"Belgium","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Revolver","solid frame","9-chamber cylinder","ejector","grip silver plates","checking","barrel","arms","armours","metalwork","war","warfare","military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"9487e20d-9d1a-5f88-8e17-a1dad5b04484":{"name":"Saddle","short_description":"This saddle comprises a wooden base covered with leather cushions and semi-circular saddle-bags. Note the elaborate lacquer painting: intertwined gold vines and blue flowers and red carnations on a black ground, and red-gold Chinese cloud motifs. In the 16th century this Oriental saddle was at Ambras Castle near Innsbruck and was probably part of the Turkish booty bought back by Archduke Ferdinand II of Tyrol (AD 1529–95) in AD 1556.","type":"Saddle","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira c. 957–957 / AD c. 1550","location":"Vienna","method_for_datation":"Collection Ambras Castle","method_for_provenance":"Collection Ambras Castle","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Trophies of Archduke Ferdinand of Tyrol in AD 1556, Collection Ambras Castle","bibliography":"Gamber, Ortwin and Beaufort-Spontin, Christian, *Katalog der Leibrüstkammer II. Teil. Der Zeitraum von 1530-1560*, Busto Arsizio: Bramante, 1990.  \nLuchner, Laurin, *Denkmal eines Renaissancefürsten. Versuch einer Rekonstruktion des Ambraser Museums von 1583*, Wien: Schroll, 1958.","dynasty":"Ottoman","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Chinese motifs","floral decoration","floral motifs","horsemanship","military object","Ottoman army","ottoman empire","Saddle"],"materials":["Wood, parchment, lacquer painting, thick brown felt, deer leather"]},"969f28d7-18db-53c5-8afc-a2bab8697217":{"name":"Shirt of Mail and Plate","short_description":"In Islamic lands arms and armor were not only a means of conquest or defense but were indicators of status, wealth and power. As such, they were made by master craftsmen working in partnership with courtly designers, goldsmiths, and jewelers, who helped to transform utilitarian military gear into works of art. This shirt, constructed of small interlocking rings known as mail, was reinforced with rigid plates to cover the vital areas of the body. It is decorated with sumptuous silver inlaid inscriptions including anonymous titles and benedictions some of which appear to be garbled.","holder":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)","dates":"Hegira late 9th century / AD late 15th century","location":"Los Angeles","dimensions":"99.1 x 61cm","method_for_datation":"The armor was probably worn in conjunction with a so-called turban helmet, of a type generally attributed to later 15th-century northwestern Iran. Because the armor bears similar decoration and inscriptions, it perhaps can be similarly linked to the Aq Quyunlu territories.","method_for_provenance":"This type of armor is generally attributed to the Turkman territories of northwestern Iran or else to Ottoman Turkey. Without more concrete evidence of place of production, it is perhaps best to consider this armor within a Turko-Iranian context.","provenance":"Iran or Turkey","obtention":"Collection of Nasli M. Heeramaneck (1902-1971), New York, until 1973 (sold to); LACMA, The Nasli M. Heeramaneck collection, gift of Joan Palevsky.","bibliography":"Komaroff, Linda, *Lo Terrenal y lo Divino: Arte Islámico siglos VII al XIX Colección del Museo de Arte del Condado de Los Ángeles*, Santiago: Centro Cultural La Moneda, 2015: 143-145.  \nKomaroff, Linda, *Beauty and Identity: Islamic Art from the Los Angeles County Museum of Art*, Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2016: 172-173, cat. no. 88.  \nPal, Pratapaditya (ed), *Islamic Art: The Nasli M. Heeramaneck Collection*, Los Angeles: Museum Associates, 1973: 170, cat. no. 323.","dynasty":"Aq Quyunlu","author":"LACMA Staff","keywords":["armour","calligraphy","gilding","inlay","inscription","metalwork","military wear","silver","steel"],"materials":["Steel with silver inlay and traces of gilding"]},"9759fb2e-169a-5a39-8d80-11289577854b":{"name":"Al-Haswa Dagger (*khanjar*)","short_description":"Attributed to Imam Saif bin Sultan al-Yarubi I (*Qaid al-Ard’*)  \nCollections of Sultan Qaboos bin Said bin Taimur  \n  \nSaif bin Sultan I was the fourth of the al-Ya’aruba dynasty Imams of Oman (ruled Hegira 1104–23 / AD 1692–1711). He made the ar-Rustaq Fort his residence, adding the *Burj al-Riah,* “the wind tower”.  \n  \nThe Omani navy reached a great degree of development during the Imam’s reign, where his foreign policy was based on renewing the struggle against the Portuguese on the Persian, Indian and East African coasts. In Hegira 1110 / AD 1696, the Omani naval fleet attacked Mombasa, besieging the Portuguese who had taken refuge in Fort Jesus. The Siege of Fort Jesus (also known as the Battle of Mombasa), ended after 33 months when the remaining survivors surrendered. Soon after the Omanis took Pemba, Kilwa and Zanzibar, becoming the dominant power on the coast.  \n  \nAt home, Imam Saif bin Sultan invested in agrarian reform, building new *aflaj* water management systems and maintaining old systems; expanding the plantation of crops such as wheat, barley and sugar cane; planting date palm and fruit trees; introducing new varieties of plants such as turmeric, saffron and coffee; and establishing beekeeping.  \n  \nSaif bin Sultan earned the title Qaid al-Ard’ meaning \"the Earth's bond\" or \"the chain of the Earth\" for the benefits he brought to the people of Oman.","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"Hegira 1104–23 / AD 1692–1711","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Dagger width: 17cm, dagger length: 33cm; Belt length: 133cm; Blade length: 31.5cm, blade width: 7.2cm","dynasty":"Al-Yarubi","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","materials":["Rhinoceros horn, steel, wood, leather and silver"]},"99c365eb-e061-5123-97ee-c6128fee870f":{"name":"Arab / Bedouin Gun","short_description":"This matchlock musket, locally made based on a European prototype, is known as 'Abu Futtila'. It is an  example of the type of weapon used from the early 18th century until as late as the early 20th century in the Arabian Peninsula. The type was typically simply stocked, but generally as with this example, fitted with an extremely high quality barrel.  The tang is stamped with a maker's mark. This gun is a good example as it retains what is possibly its original match consisting of twisted fibre cord bound with cotton and two large copper alloy tubular fittings,  probably to hold lighted sections of the match. The gun is muzzle loaded and has a  .50 calibre smoothbore barrel with a single shot firing capacity. The musket shows fine fluting and has a chiseled barrel with geometric designs and silver inlay, as well as a copper alloy mounted forward grip. The copper taper holders under the wick do not appear to be original, but this gun still has its primer pan protector.Weapons were among the most coveted and desirable, if often illicit commodities in the Arab Gulf. European weapons were mainly imported through Muscat and Bushire on the Persian coast of the Gulf, with many than copied locally.","type":"Weapon; firearms; arms and armour","holder":"Sharjah Al-Hisn Museum / Sharjah Museums Department","dates":"Hegira 12th century / AD 18th century","location":"Sharjah","dimensions":"1590 mm","provenance":"Arabian Penninsula / Oman","author":"Ulrike Al-Khamis","keywords":["Abu Futtila"],"materials":["Wood, iron, copper alloy, fibre"]},"9acacc6d-17be-5ff9-92a2-a820a66feee1":{"name":"Dagger and scabbard","short_description":"Blade of *jawhar* steel, hatched and overlaid with gold; iron hilt, as well as locket, chape and front of scabbard overlaid with gold and worked in *kundan* technique, set with precious stones, engraved and chiselled. The scabbards wood is covered on the back with gold sheet hammered in relief; hilt and scabbards set with a total of 1,685 rubies, 321 pieces of transparent emeralad-green glass, 39 pieces of transparent dark middle blue glass, 9 pieces of ivory and 6 layered agates (grand total of 2,393 'stones', to which another 26, now missing, must be added, for an original total of 2,419).","type":"Arms and armour","holder":"Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah","dates":"Hegira 1029–1030 / AD 1620","location":"Kuwait City","provenance":"India","dynasty":"Mughal","keywords":["amrs","armours","dagger","gold","Kundan","Scabbard","weapon"]},"9f6f6d17-a330-58b4-8043-735c770a690a":{"name":"Dagger (*Kard*)","short_description":"This outstanding dagger with its lapis-lazuli hilt has a deeply engraved calligraphic inscription on its blade that is compartmentalised within a continous arabesque scroll. The calligraphy reads “Ya Muhammad, Ya ‘Ali” alternatively. The quality of the blade indicates a royal commission and an experienced metal smith. The dagger is signed on its spine with the attribute name of Ghulam Shah ‘Abbasi, in gold damascened foliage. The attribution ‘Ghulam Shah ‘Abbasi or ‘Slave of Shah ‘Abbasi’ indicates a period in Iranian history when Nadir Shah rose to power and deposed the last members of the Safavid dynasty.","type":"Arms and Armour","holder":"Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia","dates":"c. Hegira 1200 / c. AD 1800","location":"Kuala Lumpur","dimensions":"30.9 x 2.9cm","provenance":"Iran","bibliography":"Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia, *Symbols Of Power And Beauty: The collection of the Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia*, Kuala Lumpur: IAMM Publications, 2015: 52-53.","dynasty":"Afsharid or Zand","materials":["inlay, damascene, rivet","Iron, gold, lapis-lazuli"]},"a1e1c4a1-795f-51e4-afb8-1a29468bb285":{"name":"Receptacle","short_description":"This container for short cavalry spears (*dschirid*) comprises a high cylindrical case made of blue damask embroidered with arabesques and crescent moons in gold and red silk. Set among these purely ornamental motifs is a tulip with red embroidered petals. Mounted Ottoman warriors used the short lances originally stored in this receptacle both in battle and in equestrian games; they were thrown at a target by a warrior mounted on a galloping horse.","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira 10th century / AD 16th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Length: 92cm","method_for_datation":"Comparison with similar objects","method_for_provenance":"ILG / BOEHEIM, 1883  \nInventory of Furniture and Small Artefacts held at Ambras Castle, page 6","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Collection of Ambras castle; documented since AD 1882","bibliography":"Sandbichler, Veronika, *Türkische Kostbarkeiten aus dem Kunsthistorischen Museum Wien*, exh. cat., Wien: Kunsthistorisches Museum, 1997.  \nScheicher, Elisabeth et al. (eds), *Kunsthistorisches Museum Sammlungen Schloss Ambras. Die Kunstkammer*, Innsbruck: Kunsthistorisches Museum, 1977.","dynasty":"Ottoman","author":"Veronika Sandbichler, Thomas Kuster","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["arabesque","embroidery","embroides","floral decoration","floral motifs","horsemanship","military object","Ottoman army","ottoman empire","textile"],"materials":["Damast, gold embroidery"]},"a22ef18b-d87e-5980-a2f7-21310eb82200":{"name":"Revolver","description":"Revolver of Leopold Gasser, used for land/terrestrial defence as opposed to the navy. It is also known as “Montenegrin” as it was used not only by the Austrian army but also by the army of Montenegro. The exterior was nickelled, but the nickel finish has mostly worn away leaving only traces on the barrel and the frame. The plates of grip are missing. It is similar to item 65.","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20 century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 25 cm, barrel 12.5 cm, cartridge 5-chamber cylinder","provenance":"Belgium","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Solid frame","revolver","wooden grip plates","barrel","cylinder","arms","armours","metalwork","war","warfare","military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"a34c1a9f-ced6-5d46-9b24-f76e88d32863":{"name":"Sword.","description":"This sword, produced in the Mongol style, consists of four parts: the blade, hilt, cross-guard and scabbard. This style of weaponry, which filtered through to Persia, was known by the name of *al-Shamshir.*  \nThe blade is narrow and tapers at the head. It is attached at the top by a wooden hilt in the middle of which is a notch 1.5 cm wide. Inserted in the blade is a copper band decorated with gold lines. A cross-guard separates the blade from the hilt assuming a cruciform shape, and the long side of which is perpendicular to the hilt and the sword blade, its two sides ending in two ornamental globules. There is an inscription on each side of the cross-guard.  \nThe blade also bears decorative engraved inscriptions such as Qur'anic verses, popular sayings and poetry stanzas. One of the two edges of the sword bears illuminated inscriptions with an illuminated frame. One of them reads: “There is no hero like 'Ali and no sword like Zulfikar”. And another reads: “Oh Judge of Necessities”. Written on the blade at the hilt is the following text: “Victory is from God and Conquest is near, year AH 785 \\[AD 1383\\]”. There are two non-illuminated inscriptions engraved on the blade within a cartouche. The first reads: “The work of As'ad Allah”. And the second: “‘Abbas bi Nadir Shah”. In the middle of the blade is an inscription that extends approximately 43 cm. It consists of what is probably popular poetry and begins with the verse: “Unsheath the sword of destruction from its scabbard of support and cleave with it, the preponderance of envy and aggression”.  \nThe scabbard is made of wood, copper-plated at the top to about 18.5 cm. There are three engraved inscriptions written in *thuluth* script on the copper section. The inscriptions are contained within a linear frame that is surrounded by depictions of flowers and vegetal stems. The copper section is adjacent to two bands each of which is 7 cm wide. A 27.5 cm-long copper section at the end of the scabbard holds five inscriptions; its decoration is similar to that on the copper hilt. In the area between the two copper sections, the scabbard is covered with a piece of carpet-like fabric 47 cm long, woven in red, brown and gold. The inscriptions on the scabbard include popular sayings and poetry in praise of the sword and supplications to God for victory.","short_description":"This sword consists of the scabbard, blade, hilt and cross-guard. It is in the Mongol style, which was taken to Persia. It has a narrow blade and the cross guard has a cruciform shape.  The sword is filled with inscriptions and vegetal decoration. The date engraved on it does not concur with the lifespan of its maker, As'ad Allah.","type":"Sword, blade, arms, armours","holder":"Islamic Museum, al-Aqsa Mosque / al-Haram al-Sharif.","initial_owner":"Shah ‘Abbas I (r. AH 996–1038 / AD 1588–1629).","dates":"Hegira 785 / AD 1383.","location":"Jerusalem","dimensions":"Entire length 107 cm, length (of blade) 90 cm, width (of blade) 3.3 cm, length (of Scabbard) 93 cm.","method_for_datation":"This sword has an inscribed date on it, but like tens of other swords it poses a historical puzzle. The date of production engraved on it does not agree with the life-span of the original owner, Shah ‘Abbas I. In addition, it does not concur with the life-span of its craftsman, As'ad Allah, who was a renowned sword-maker and a contemporary of Shah ‘Abbas. It is worth noting that there are about 300 swords distributed in museums worldwide that are associated with As'ad Allah and bear his name. The oldest of them is the sword exhibited here, which dates to 785 / 1383; the most recent dates to 1223/ 1808. Thus, the association of the swords to this skilled craftsman continued for more than four centuries.","method_for_provenance":"Iran has been narrowed down as the place of manufacture of this sword because the craftsman associated with it and original owner have links with Iran.","provenance":"Iran.","bibliography":"—————, *Al-Asliha al-Islamiya: al-Suyuf wa al-Duru' \\[Islamic Weaponry and Armour\\],* The King Faisal Centre for Research and Islamic Studies, (n.d).  \nElgood, R., *Islamic Arms and Armour,* London, 1979.  \nMayer, L., *Islamic Armours and their Works,* Geneva, 1962.","dynasty":"Safavid","author":"Khader Salameh","copy_editor":"Majd Musa","translator":"Amal Sachedina (from the Arabic).","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["armours","arms","Asad Allah","cross-guard","epigraphic decoration","hilt","Scabbard","Thuluth","weapon","weaponry"],"materials":["The blade: forged and smelted cast steel with engraved inscriptions","the scabbard: Wood and copper with fabric."]},"a5b2fd9b-e8df-5b2a-b618-52f1601e4e7a":{"name":"Powder container.","description":"This very curved horn-shaped container is made of wood covered with red velvet. It was fitted with two rings that enabled it to be attached to a rider's neck or waist with a strap. The mouth, tip and centre are decorated with cylindrical and conical plaques in gilded, engraved silver openwork. Whether embroidered with gold thread on the velvet covering or engraved and rendered in openwork on the silver plaques, the decoration consists mainly of plant motifs: stems, foliage, palms and fleurons borrowed from the traditional artistic repertoire of Morocco and Andalusia. A single geometric element, an eight-pointed star that marks the centre of the central metal plaque, stands alone among the plant decoration.  \nThis type of container, whose curving shape is reminiscent of the Yemen *jambiya* dagger, contained the powder used to load the rifles used in the *fantasia* and was part of the equipment carried by the horsemen of the north of Morocco who took part in games on richly harnessed steeds.","short_description":"Powder horns of this type, whose shape is reminiscent of the curve of the Yemeni *jambia* dagger, carried the powder used to load the rifles used in *fantasias*. They were carried by the horsemen of Northern Morocco who participated in such games on sumptuously harnessed horses.","type":"Woodwork, container, wood","holder":"Museum of the Udayas.","dates":"Hegira 13th–14th century / AD 19th century.","location":"Rabat.","dimensions":"Height 24 cm, width 30 cm, depth 9 cm.","method_for_datation":"Charles de Foucauld first made reference to this type of powder container in 1888, allowing us to consider this date a *terminus* *ante quem*.","method_for_provenance":"The embroidery is typical of the north of Morocco.","provenance":"Northern Morocco.","obtention":"Purchased.","bibliography":"Buttin, Ch., *Catalogue de la collection des armes anciennes européennes et orientales*, Rumilly, 1933, pp.265–77.  \nFoucauld, Ch. de, *Reconnaissance au Maroc (1883–1884)*, Paris, 1888.","dynasty":"Alawid","linkcatalogs":"IAM_MA_EN_001","author":"Naima El Khatib-Boujibar","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Laurence Nunny","translation_copy_editor":"Monica Allen","keywords":["armours","arms","floral decoration","geometric decoration","military object","military wear","War","warfare"],"materials":["engraved, gilded silver openwork","gold-embroidered velvet.","Wood"]},"a5f4cf65-f406-56b6-91f6-a6bdbe9b499f":{"name":"Thumb ring","short_description":"Archers wore thumb rings made of semi-precious stone on the thumb of their right hand to help them draw their bows. A seminal part of a weapon held in high esteem in the Orient, these richly-embellished thumb rings were ideal expressions of a warrior’s status and wealth.","type":"Jewellery","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira second half of the 10th century / AD 2nd half of the 16th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Length: 4.1cm, Width: 3.2cm","method_for_datation":"Arthistorical and historical analysis, archival and inventory research","method_for_provenance":"Listed in the AD 1750 inventory of the imperial treasury in Vienna","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Imperial treasury","bibliography":"Leitner-Böchzelt, Susanne and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias (eds), *Die Welt des Orients. Kunst und Kultur des Islam*, Leoben: Stadtgemeinde Leoben, 2006.  \nRoxburgh, David. J., *Turks: A Journey of a thousand Years 600-1600*, London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2005.","dynasty":"Ottoman Empire (Istanbul?)","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["armours","arms","floral decoration","military object","Ottoman army"],"materials":["Nephrite, rubies"]},"a9281dfb-f5ce-5f06-9747-94bf00a2f99e":{"name":"Shield","short_description":"These shields were used by the Ottoman soldiers in Lebanon in the 19th century to quash resistance movements. As the Lebanese resistance had no weapons of their own, the fighters frequently ambushed Ottoman soldiers and took their weapons. This shield is an example of such weaponry, which was taken by the resistance and used against the Ottomans. It was used mainly by foot soldiers, and was hand-held with straps going around the wearer's arm. Although ineffective against newer weaponry such as guns, the shield was used by soldiers to deflect arrows or swords. It is made of cast steel, with no decorative elements of notes. It features four bosses and reverse arm fixings.","type":"Military object; arms and armour","holder":"Lebanese Heritage Museum","dates":"Early 19th century","location":"`Ayn Najm","provenance":"Turkey","author":"Marie Therese Moujabber","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Military object","Metalwork","Cast steel","Arms and armour","Shield"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"aa69e40a-8b6f-5533-b199-6d9e6bc16fba":{"name":"*Ghazal* (Knife)","short_description":"The highest quality of these pocket knives have a blade made of steel and handle made of the core of a ghazal’s horns. The sheath is usually made of wood and decorated with silver plated leather. Arabesque patterns are used extensively in traditional Omani woodwork, plasterwork and metalwork as a means of covering entire surfaces or precise areas within a defined geometric framework. The symmetry of this design can be noted in this excellent example, a *ghazal* (knife) from the mid-20th century. The term, \"Arabesque\", can be defined in two ways within the context of Islamic design; as a specific decorative element consisting of a continuous branching stem with split palmate leaves, or in a larger sense, referring to an entire range of designs based on stylised floral, foliar and animal motifs. The aesthetics of the Arabesque are derived from the imposition of order on the natural world.","type":"Weaponry; Knife","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"Mid 14th century AH / Mid 20th century AD","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Length: 34cm, Weight: 311.4g","provenance":"Northern Oman","obtention":"Ministry of Heritage and Culture Collection","dynasty":"Al-Busaid","copy_editor":"Valerie Pulsifer","keywords":["arabesque","Ghazal","Knife","metalwork","weaponry"],"materials":["Steel, wood, leather, silver"]},"aaa3d2b6-39e1-57a0-8e51-58d7bf3405b2":{"name":"Sword Hilt with Design of Lion Heads, Arabesque Scrollwork, and Arabic Inscription","short_description":"A gold sword hilt worked in repoussé and elaborately engraved with panels of scrollwork and a band of inscription highlighted with niello (a black metallic alloy of sulfur, copper, silver, and lead that was laid into the engraved area and heated to create the contrasting background). The inscription surrounds the blade opening. Lion heads adorn the quillions (the horizontal element of the handle which protects the hand). The handle and blade openings are surrounded by finely worked gold twisted rope rings. The handle socket is octagonal, its panels alternating between sides of overall-engraved scrollwork, with single delicate arabesque designs in the center. The cross-section of the handle socket is octagonal.","type":"Arms and Armor","holder":"Saint Louis Art Museum","dates":"Hegira 7th century / AD 13th century","location":"Saint Louis","dimensions":"Height: 8.9cm, Width: 12.4cm, Depth: 2.9cm","method_for_datation":"Scholarly review and/or comparison to similar objects from the period.","method_for_provenance":"This sword hilt was excavated in Hamadan in western Iran, but the titles given in the inlaid Arabic inscription suggest that it was made for a minor lord of the Seljuq dynasty in Anatolia, in modern Turkey.","provenance":"Made: Anatolia, Turkey, Asia; Excavated: Hamadan, Iran, Asia","obtention":"Museum Purchase, 1924","bibliography":"Nicolle, David, *Medieval Warfare Source Book: Christian Europe and its Neighbors*, London: Arms and Armour Press, 1996.","keywords":["Anatolia","Armor","arms","Asia","Excavated","gold","Hamadan","hilt","Iran","niello","sword","Turkey","Turkish"],"materials":["Gold with niello"]},"aaef1d8a-bfc0-52ec-a6fc-9e01b30cc9d4":{"name":"Capsule-charge handgun","description":"A capsule-charge gun called *Ida o Semlale* and crafted in southern Morocco in the early 19th century.","type":"Arms; firearms; weapon","holder":"Dar Si Said Museum","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Marrakesh","dimensions":"L: 142cm","keywords":["craftsmanship","arms","armours","metalwork","weapons","war","warfare","military objects","bone","copper"],"materials":["Iron; wood; bone; copper, silver"]},"ae6f6ec4-691b-5669-b111-72db8f48362c":{"name":"Dagger","short_description":"This dagger is a Turkish divan dagger worn on the chest. At the Ottoman court sumptuous ceremonial arms were worn by high-ranking courtiers at council meetings held in the presence of the Sultan. The delicate craftsmanship suggests a Persian artist. In 1874 the weapon was presented to Emperor Franz Josef I (AD 1830–1916) by Dr Ottokar Freiherr von Schlechta the elder, the director of the Oriental Academy and chief translator at the Internuntiature at the Ottoman Porte.","type":"Armour","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira c. 905 / AD c. 1500","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Dagger: Length: 28.7cm, Width: 3.5cm, Depth: 2.3cm;  \nSheath: Length: 22cm, Width: 3.2cm, Depth: 2.3cm","method_for_datation":"Craftsmanship","method_for_provenance":"Noted in the inventories","provenance":"Afghanistan?","obtention":"Gift by Dr. Ottokar Freiherr von Schlechta in AD 1874","bibliography":"Leitner-Böchzelt, Susanne and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias (eds), *Die Welt des Orients. Kunst und Kultur des Islam*, Leoben: Stadtgemeinde Leoben, 2006.  \nThomas, Bruno and Gamber, Ortwin, *Katalog der Leibrüstkammer I. Teil. Der Zeitraum von 500 bis 1530*, Wien: Verlag Anton Schroll & Co, 1976.","dynasty":"Persian (Herat)","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["costumes","court life","dagger","damascening","diplomacy","Habsburg","metalwork","Ottoman arms","Ottoman-Austrian relations","Persia","Persian influence","weapon"],"materials":["Gold damascening, smooth, gilt copper"]},"b458b662-ea31-5d70-aeae-7c9d3510d350":{"name":"Dagger","short_description":"Sultan Ali Adil Shah of Bijapur (1558-1579) was depicted several times in contemporary miniatures with a similar dagger.  \nOne side of the hilt is made up of a lion holding a elephant between its paws, while a phoenix and a long-tailed dragon are engaged in a battle on the other side. The guard consists of two phoenixes whose heads are turned toward the steel blade.","type":"Dagger, metalwork","holder":"The David Collection","dates":"Hegira mid-10th century / AD mid-16th century","location":"Copenhagen","provenance":"India, Vijayanagar or Deccan","dynasty":"Kingdom of Vijayanagar or Deccan Sultanates","keywords":["animal decoration","armours","arms","imaginary animal","India","metalwork","Phoenix","Sultan Ali Adil Shah","weapon","zoomorphic imagery"],"materials":["Steel blade, gilded bronze hilt, set with a few rubies"]},"ba422441-e1c1-5256-9187-632e779470fd":{"name":"Firearm","short_description":"This firearm is a French model from 1822. Its total length measures 353 mm, with the barrel measuring 200 mm and the calibre 17.7 mm. All the embellishments, except the ring, are made of brass. It has a hollow-headed ramrod, and an elongated breech which extends to the pommel.","type":"Ironwork; weaponry","holder":"Palais de la Rose – Musée de l’Armée","dates":"19th century","location":"La Manouba, Tunis","author":"Bechir Yazidi","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Tunisian army","Musée de l'Armée","Palais de la Rose"],"materials":["Metal"]},"bbad2081-7784-53a4-806b-ff1932fc5849":{"name":"Battle axe","short_description":"This axe is decorated with gilt Arabic letters on both sides. The inscription names the Ottoman Sultans until Muhammad III but only in a cursory and incomplete way. The hammer of the axe features the name of Sultan Muhammad III, suggesting that the weapon was made for a member of his Life Guards. The central medallion contains an appelation to Allah. We do not know how this axe entered the imperial collection.","type":"Armour","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira late 10th – beginning of 11th century / AD late 16th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Length: 83cm, Width: 27.3cm, Depth: 4.2cm","method_for_datation":"Inscription","method_for_provenance":"Inventories of the Imperial property","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Unknown; long-standing Imperial property","bibliography":"Beaufort-Spontin, Christian and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias, *Meisterwerke der Hofjagd- und Rüstkammer*, Wien: Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, 2005.  \nLeitner-Böchzelt, Susanne and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias (eds), *Die Welt des Orients. Kunst und Kultur des Islam*, Leoben: Stadtgemeinde Leoben, 2006.  \nThomas, Bruno, \"Aus der Waffensammlung in der Neuen Burg zu Wien: Orientalische Kostbarkeiten\", *Bustan*, 4: 5 (1963/64).","dynasty":"Ottoman","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["arms","axe","epigraphic decoration","gilding","inscription","metalwork","Muhammad III","Ottoman army","ottoman empire","weapon"],"materials":["chiselled and fire gilt silver, fish skin","Iron, partially etched and fire gilded"]},"c2a299db-8a3b-54b1-a698-fc2c5173928e":{"name":"Battle axe of a member of the Sultan's Guard","short_description":"This axe belonged to a member of the Life Guards of Sultan Muhammad ibn Qaytbay from the Caucasian-Burji Mamluks. The Mamluks ruled Egypt and Syria from AD 1250 until their empire fell to the Ottomans in AD 1517, when a wealth of Mamluk booty was removed to Istanbul.","type":"Armour","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira 900–904 / AD 1495–1499","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Length: 99.5cm, Width: 20.5cm","method_for_datation":"Inscription","method_for_provenance":"Inventories of the Imperial property","provenance":"Egypt?","obtention":"Via Istanbul; long-standing Imperial property","bibliography":"Pfaffenbichler, Matthias and Sternthal, Barbara (eds), *Kreuzritter. Pilger. Krieger. Abenteurer*, Schallaburg: Schallaburg Kulturbetriebsgesellschaft, 2007.  \nThomas, Bruno and Gamber, Ortwin, *Katalog der Leibrüstkammer I. Teil. Der Zeitraum von 500 bis 1530*, Wien: Verlag Anton Schroll & Co, 1976.  \nThomas, Bruno, \"Aus der Waffensammlung in der Neuen Burg zu Wien: Orientalische Kostbarkeiten\", *Bustan*, 4 : 5 (1963/64).","dynasty":"Mamluk","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["arms","axe","Burji","Mamluck","Mamluk arms","Mamluk army","Muhammad ibn Qaytbay","weapon"],"materials":["Iron, gold damascening, heat-blued"]},"c57df15d-93f3-5f9e-bece-295781bfd341":{"name":"British incendiary bomb from World War II","description":"Composed of a steel shell and a detonator, this bomb weighs around 6.2 kg and is 82.5 cm long. It is connected to a cotton parachute measuring 35cm in diameter. When the parachute opened, the bomb was armed; it was intended also to allow the bomb to strike the ground upright, point first – only in this way was it able to detonate. By the time of the armistice on 22 June 1940, Nazi Germany had occupied northern France and had effective control of the south of the country. Eight days later, a British bomber jettisoned this incendiary device at 0100 hours on 30 June 1940 above Altmatt in central Switzerland. Although the warring parties were prohibited from flying over neutral Switzerland, its airspace was regularly violated. It is not known why the bomb was jettisoned, but it certainly failed to detonate on impact. The Swiss Army impounded the unexploded bomb, and on 4th July 1940, the signals battalion produced a report that is restricted to a detailed technical description of its construction and workings. Made in Norwich and dropped over Switzerland one summer’s night, this World War II bomb was finally handed over to the Swiss National Museum in 1976.","type":"Bomb","holder":"Swiss National Museum","owner":"Swiss Confederation","dates":"around 1940","location":"Zurich","dimensions":"H: 82.5cm, Diameter: 13cm, Weight: 6.2kg","method_for_datation":"Research","provenance":"Norwich, England","obtention":"Impounded by the Swiss Army in 1940. Handed over to the Swiss National Museum in 1976","keywords":["Altmatt","British","Incendiary Bomb","Switzerland","World War 2","World War II","WW II"],"materials":["Steel shell, Detonater, Cotton parachute"]},"ca942ff7-606f-5ad2-bbe5-0716cf554458":{"name":"Prick spur.","description":"Originally one of a pair of prick spurs, this spur would have been fixed to footwear, to the sides of the ankle, with the prick pointing out at the back of the heel. A horse-rider (cavalryman, horse-archer, or knight) would use it to prick his horse when commanding it to move or run. The spur has straight sides with two holes at the end of each for the straps that tie around the ankles. These two straight sides meet in the middle to form an elliptical arch. Attached to the point where the two sides meet is a section that has a conical shaped tip (the prick). The spur's straight sides indicate that it could not have been made after the AH 6th century / AD 12th century, while the two strap-holes on the end of the sides of the spur show that this item was not likely to have been made before 1100.","short_description":"Every Crusader knight, cavalryman and horse-archer would have had a pair of prick spurs like these fixed onto the heel of their footwear. The European Crusader would use the prick to coax his horse into moving or picking up speed.","type":"Metalwork, iron, arms, armours","holder":"Burrell Collection, Glasgow Museums.","dates":"About hegira 6th century / AD 12th century.","location":"Glasgow, Scotland","dimensions":"Length 15.2 cm, width 8 cm.","method_for_datation":"Artistic analysis, and from extensive research carried out into the manufacture of European arms and armour. The spur's straight sides indicate that it could not have been made after the 12th century, while the strap-holes on the end of the sides of the spur show that this item was not likely to have been made before 1100 AD.","provenance":"Northern Europe (Germany or Austria).","obtention":"Part of the collection given to the City of Glasgow by Sir William and Lady Burrell in 1944.","bibliography":"Nicolle, D., *The Crusades*, Oxford, 1988.","dynasty":"Crusader","linkcatalogs":"IAM_PA_EN_001","author":"Noorah Al-Gailani","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Crusader","military object","pilgrimage"],"materials":["Iron."]},"d1dd52e7-9117-58ed-9803-87a620891cda":{"name":"Moorish gunpowder flask","description":"This gunpowder container, along with other pieces, was taken by Salvador de Foronda, a member of the Spanish Army, awarded for his actions in battle. He was a relative of the Marquis of Cerralbo and donated to his uncle’s museum these exceptional pieces in 1918. These kinds of pieces typically display rich decoration that in this case is hand made in local workshops. As with the other two pieces, both the Moorish dagger and musket, the flask has a fabric rope for the rider to carry it more easily.","type":"Armoury","holder":"Cerralbo Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Madrid","dimensions":"10 cm","provenance":"North Africa","author":"Cecilia Casas Desantes","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell","keywords":["Arms and armours","War","Morocco"],"materials":["Metal, fabric; handmade, damascene work"]},"d389d855-8b86-5926-9175-35f1c9a7b75b":{"name":"Vambrace","short_description":"Dawud Pasha's vambrace. Made of cast steel, this vambrace contains two hollowed circles with engraved floral patterns.","type":"Military object; arms and armour","holder":"Lebanese Heritage Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"`Ayn Najm","provenance":"Turkey","author":"Marie Therese Moujabber","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Military object","Metalwork","Cast steel","Arms and armour"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"d5394661-4645-57e7-b329-fa21ef1c08fd":{"name":"Scaled armours (cuirass), and swords.","description":"Two iron and ivory swords and two protective lamellar cuirasses or scaled armour, made out of overlapping metal rings. Usually worn over a thick linen or leather shirt, the cuirass protected the soldier from direct sword, arrow or dagger hits during battle. Sometimes it was hidden under a surcoat (burda).  \n  \nThere were two main types of cuirasses: the first was wider and more constrictive, although more protective; while the second was a shorter, sleeveless cuirass that allowed more freedom of movement, but which offered less protection. Foot soldiers and archers were known to cut the sleeves off their cuirasses because of the weight and hindrance of movement.  \n  \nProtective armours have a long history and are therefore difficult to date. In the AH 6th–7th / AD 12th–13th century, the manufacture of scaled armours reached its peak, especially during the Crusader wars. Cuirasses like this one were made of copper, steal and Iron.  \n  \nThe Arabs greatly valued the sword, giving it more than 100 different names. In the Middle Islamic period (AH 6th–10th / AD 12th–15th centuries) the manufacture of swords, shields and armour was active in Damascus, Cairo and Aleppo. Sometimes the name of the maker appears on the sword itself like 'Ali' who made the sword of the Mamluk Sultan Husam al-Din Lajin (r. AH 695–8 / AD 1296–9) and 'Hajji Yusuf' from Aleppo who made the sword of Sultan Qaytbay (r. AH 872–901 / AD 1468–96).","short_description":"Two iron and ivory swords and two protective lamellar cuirasses, or scaled armour, made out of overlapping metal rings. A cuirass was worn over a thick linen or leather shirt to protect the soldier from direct hits during battle. Sometimes it was hidden under a surcoat (*burda*).","type":"Armour, sword, arms, armours","holder":"Jordan Archaeological Museum.","dates":"Hegira 7th century / AD 13th century.","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Scale armour (cuirass) length 55 cm, width 45cm; sword length 84 cm.","method_for_datation":"By comparison with other, similar swords and cuirasses some of which were found in Syria and Egypt. For instance there is a similar cuirass found at Aleppo and now at Damascus National Museum.","method_for_provenance":"Syria and Egypt were the two principal centres for the manufacture of scaled armour and swords in the Mamluk period; it is possible that this cuirass and sword were purchased there.","provenance":"Unknown, but probably Syria or Egypt.","obtention":"The objects were purchased from an antiquities dealer.","bibliography":"الهندي.صفاء، تقنية الأسلحة الأيوبية و المملوكية و تطورها: القرن 6-10 ه / 12-16م، رسالة ماجستير، الجامعة الأردنية، ص. 49، شكل 72.  \n  \n*National Museum in Damascus Catalogue*, Damascus, 1969, fig. 77.  \n  \nStocklein, H. 'Die waffenscharze im Topkapu Sarayi Muzesi zu Istanbule', *Ars Islamica*, Vol. I, part 2, 1934, pp.200–19, fig. 10","dynasty":"Mamluk","linkcatalogs":"IAM_EG_EN_001","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["armours","arms","military object","military wear","soldier","weapon","weaponry"],"materials":["Cuirass: iron","swords: iron and ivory."]},"d747ca97-275a-501b-b4a0-acb9af093d12":{"name":"Powder box","description":"A powder box – a receptacle for gunpowder – decorated with geometric and floral motifs and crafted in southern Morocco in the 19th century. The decorative style is influenced by European designs, seen particularly in the suspension loops.","type":"Fittings; metalwork; arms and armour; munitions","holder":"Dar Jamaï Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Meknès","dimensions":"H: 10cm, W: 17cm","keywords":["Metalwork","copper","European influence","geometric motifs","geometric decoration","floral decoration","vegetal motifs","vegeta ldecoration","applied arts","craftsmanship","traditional craftsmanship","weapons","war","warfare","military objects","Moroccan craftsmen"],"materials":["Silver, copper, carnelian"]},"dd44c4b3-03fc-5979-8e45-d6162ea57c5a":{"name":"Sword.","description":"Although this sword was not found in Crusader lands, it is a typical example of a Crusader sword brought to the Holy Land and used by European warriors and knights. The sword has a double-edged slashing blade, which tapers off to a sharp point. It has a central, single channel (fuller) running along the blade on each side, the presence of which lightens the sword without affecting its strength thus making it more effective for cutting and hacking. The handle has a pommel (the knob at the top of the grip) in the shape of a chamfered wheel that is inlaid with brass in the form of a cross design on one side, and a design consisting of three half circles linked in the middle with three lines, on the other. This type of pommel came into use in about the AH 5th / AD 11th century, when sword blades increased in length too. Despite the disappointing number of artefacts that have survived from the Crusades, contemporary European manuscripts and their miniature paintings, together with monuments and their carvings, have depicted with impressive accuracy the types of arms and armour used during the Crusader period.","short_description":"Although this sword was not found in Crusader lands in the Middle East, it is a typical example of a Crusader sword brought to the Holy Land and used by European warriors and knights. Contemporary Medieval European manuscripts depict, with remarkable accuracy, Crusader arms and armour.","type":"Metalwork, iron, arms, armours","holder":"Burrell Collection, Glasgow Museums.","dates":"About hegira 6th century / AD 12th century.","location":"Glasgow, Scotland","dimensions":"Length 119.4 cm: comprising (pommel) 4.8 cm, (grip) 10 cm, (blade) 104 cm.","method_for_datation":"Artistic analysis: several reasonably accurate examples of these swords appear in contemporary European miniatures in manuscripts, and on stone carvings, confirming that northern European Crusader knights in the Holy Land used this type of sword.","provenance":"Continental / Northern Europe.","obtention":"Part of the collection given to the City of Glasgow by Sir William and Lady Burrell in 1944.","bibliography":"Coe, M. D., et al, *Swords and Hilt Weapons*, New York, 1989.  \n  \nNicolle, D., *The Crusades*, Oxford, 1988.","dynasty":"Crusader","linkcatalogs":"IAM_PA_EN_001","author":"Noorah Al-Gailani","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["armours","arms","Crusader","military object","pilgrimage","weapon","weaponry"],"materials":["Iron, with brass inlay on pommel."]},"e3f7d3b9-509a-5b0d-8591-95270af03e15":{"name":"Horse tack.","description":"This full set of horse tack includes a saddle, cloth, bridle, collar, stirrups, saddlebags and girths. These elements, which used numerous different materials and trades in their manufacture, were the work of many craftsmen and women employed by the master saddler.  \nThe wooden tree (the frame of the saddle) is covered with a camel-skin shabraque (saddle-cloth). It differs from European saddles with its two very high arches. The saddle cloth, which was placed on top of the shabraque, brow band, visor, collar, girth and breast strap that kept the saddle on the horse's back, as well as the two saddlebags attached with a strap, were made of leather and black serge embroidered with gold thread. These items were further embellished with trim, thick braids and fringes in black and yellow silk. The breast strap is embellished with two large oval leather studs decorated with floral motifs in champlevé enamel. The iron stirrups are damascened in gold.  \nThe decoration on the saddle uses vegetal and plant motifs, foliage, palms and fleurons arranged within compartments framed by the foliage. Intertwined plant designs are used on the backs of the high arches of the saddle, as is the five-pointed star, which is stamped on the front of the saddlebags. The gold-thread decoration on the harness would have been designed by the saddlers and embroidered by women, who would also have woven the silk cords and braids at home.  \nThis type of sumptuous saddle would have adorned horses in the town and in the country during festival days and parades, in particular for the *fantasias* that took place on certain important religious or national occasions.","short_description":"This type of luxury harness and saddle was worn by horses on feast days and parades, in particular the *fantasia* tournaments that were held on certain important religious or national events. The saddle is different from European saddles as it has a tree with two high arches.","type":"Horse tack, wood, leather","holder":"Museum of the Udayas.","dates":"Late Hegira 13th / AD 19th century.","location":"Rabat.","dimensions":"Height 89 cm, length 100 cm.","method_for_datation":"By the type of embroidery used.","method_for_provenance":"The town of Fez was reputed for its saddlery.","provenance":"Fez, Morocco.","obtention":"Purchased.","bibliography":"Sefriou, A., \"Les métiers traditionnels\", *La grande encyclopédie du Maroc*, Vol. 6, Rabat, 1987, pp.125–6.","dynasty":"Alawid","linkcatalogs":"IAM_MA_EN_001","author":"Naima El Khatib-Boujibar","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Laurence Nunny","translation_copy_editor":"Monica Allen","keywords":["floral decoration","geometric decoration","military object","military wear","War","warfare"],"materials":["Wood, leather, serge and felt, gold embroidery, trim, damascened iron."]},"e3fc7f55-24ff-5ca4-8a56-d8b023b2d740":{"name":"Hungarian sabre","short_description":"The handle of this sabre and the silk mountings of its sheath are made of silver gilt; originally they were also covered with diamonds and rubies. Today, most of the lost jewels have been replaced by fake stones. The blade is older; its obverse features a medallion with a simple depiction of a rider on a gold ground.","type":"Sword; arms","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira late 11th–12th century / AD late 17th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Sabre: Length: 97cm, Width: 11.4cm, Depth: 3.5cm;  \nScabbard: Length: 86cm, Width: 6cm, Depth: 2.5cm","method_for_datation":"Comparison with similar objects","method_for_provenance":"Imperial hunting and saddle chamber","provenance":"Hungary","obtention":"Imperial hunting and saddle chamber","bibliography":"Petrasch, Ernst and Zimmermann, Eva (eds), *Der Türkenlouis. Ausstellung zum 300. Geburtstag des Markgrafen Ludwig Wilhelm von Baden*, Karlsruhe: C. F. Müller, 1955.  \nThomas, Bruno, \"Aus der Waffensammlung in der Neuen Burg zu Wien: Orientalische Kostbarkeiten\", *Bustan*, 4 : 5 (1963/64).","dynasty":"Ottoman","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["armours","arms","figurative decoration","gilding","Hungary","metalwork","military object","Ottoman arms","ottoman empire","sabre","sword","swords","weapon"],"materials":["Gilt silver, formerly set with rubies"]},"e903b036-cf17-5703-8d28-f9c9700f9acc":{"name":"Dagger","description":"A dagger decorated with geometric and floral motifs and crafted in southern Morocco in the 19th century. Dagger blades were imported from Europe.","type":"Arms","holder":"Dar Jamaï Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Meknès","dimensions":"L: 32cm","keywords":["Trade","arms","armours","metalwork","European influence","geometric motifs","geometric decoration","floral decoration","vegetal motifs","vegetal decoration","craftsmanship","war","warfare","military objects"],"materials":["Silver; gemstones; copper, wood, horn; cord"]},"ea1f55bf-b075-5e73-a04a-db3e93d8bff2":{"name":"Revolver","description":"According to the engraving on the barrel, this revolver was manufactured by J. Nikittis Erben in Constantinople. Erben was a revolver-maker and retailer who sold Colt firearms. Another engraving also reads \"\"POUCARTOUCHE NAGANT\"\". The serial number was engraved on the left side of the revolver right under the cylinder. Only the last two digits (76) can be seen. The revolver is fitted with wooden grips and fixed to the frame by a screw. This  \nrevolver is similar to the Swiss revolver of 1882, but not identical. It might be a variation of that revolver.","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Folklore Museum, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20th century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 22 cm, barrel 10 cm, cartridge 7-chamber cylinder","provenance":"Turkey, Istanbul","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Revolver","solid frame","chamber cylinder","ejector","grip plates","checking","barrel","arms","armours","metalwork","war","warfare","military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"ea93f27b-2ec2-5723-a1f1-65b29d221852":{"name":"*Talahiq* (Gunpowder Horn)","short_description":"Arabic is a poetic language with expressive power, and Omanis are known to be articulate and moving storytellers and poets. Arabic calligraphy, prized as a means of communication and adornment, gives form to literary expression within a visual context. The traditional art of verbal expression remains popular in Oman today, and master poets and storytellers are held in high esteem. Proverbs, whether recited or written, serve as a means of imparting wisdom and human truths based on common sense and often take the form of a metaphor or a poem. Sources of proverbs include the sayings of the Prophet Muhammed and other thinkers and theologians.  \n  \nThis gunpowder horn, which comes from the period of Imam Said bin Ahmed al-Busai’idi (r. 1783-1810 AD), the 2nd ruler of the al-Busai’idi of Oman and the son of Imam Ahmed, founder of the al-Busai’idi Dynasty, was designed to fill the powder pan of a matchlock gun. The large decorative top was removable for filling the horn, and the gunpowder was released at the narrow end by operating the lever along the inner curve. The horn is made of silver, which has been layered with gold, and it is decorated with stamped and chased work suggesting that it belonged to a prominent person. An extract of a poem by al-Mutannabi, a renowned 10th century AD poet, is inscribed on the side of the horn:  \n  \n'If death is inevitable ... Then it is shameful to die a coward.'","type":"Silver Jewellery","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"1210 AH / 1796 AD","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Length: 18.5cm, Weight: 171.9g","provenance":"Northern Oman","obtention":"Museum of the Ministry of Heritage and Culture","dynasty":"Al-Busaid","copy_editor":"Valerie Pulsifer","keywords":["calligraphy","Gunpowder Horn","Talahiq"],"materials":["Silver with gold wash engraved, chased?"]},"ed60638d-d98c-52c9-b631-d363eb97fb51":{"name":"*Jineta* Sword.","description":"Sword consisting of a steel hilt and double-edged blade with a superficial axial groove up to the middle, bearing its hallmark beside two four-pointed stars, probably Nasrid but of unknown origin. The hilt, made of brass, is formed by a spherical pommel with obverse and reverse circles, with a button at the end; a hilt that widens in the middle; a hollow quillon (arms of cross guard) with a poly-lobed upper profile and arms finished in the shape of a hook with fretwork circles on the outside. The niello decoration consists of intertwined circular bands that are superimposed on other longitudinal and traversal bands with inscriptions alluding to God. The intermediate spaces are filled with plant arabesques on the hilt and palmettes on the quillon. Small oblique damascene lines in gold make up the background of the whole piece. The scabbard, lost at an unknown time, would have had the same decoration, judging by the unfinished circles on the arms of the quillon.  \nSurviving Andalusian armaments are rare and a set of Nasrid swords known as *jinetas* is particularly noteworthy. Their importance lies as much in the originality of their hilts, without equal in the period, as in the fact of being a genuine Nasrid production of luxury arms. This piece, while still a sumptuary object, belongs to a variety whose decoration, based in brass and niello, lacks the richness that characterises other *jineta* swords made of ivory or enamel.","short_description":"Swords with horseshoe-shaped quillons were known as *jineta* swords. The hilts were usually made of precious metals and richly decorated, accentuating their value as symbols of prestige. This piece, with its brass and niello hilt, was a luxury item but is not as rich as other *jineta* swords.","type":"Sword, arms, armours","holder":"National Archaeological Museum.","dates":"Hegira 9th century / AD 15th century.","location":"Madrid","dimensions":"Length 140 cm, width of blade 4 cm, length of quillon 10 cm.","method_for_datation":"Several similar pieces are in existence. One of them, acquired in Granada in 1812 by the National Library in Paris, preserves the motto of the Nasrid dynasty: 'Only God is victorious'. The other examples, which can be found in various museums and institutions as well as in private collections, also date from the 9th / 15th century.","method_for_provenance":"There are no details about how the sword was moved from Andalusia to León. Before it was donated to the National Archaeological Museum, the sword was held by the image of the patron saint of the church of San Marcelo. However, this type of sword was produced exclusively during the Nasrid reign in Granada.","provenance":"Kingdom of Granada, Spain.","obtention":"The sword was donated to the National Archaeological Museum by the parish priest of the church of San Marcelo (León), as a result of the mediation of Rodrigo Amador de los Ríos, on 20 September 1869.","bibliography":"Ferrandis Torres, J., “Espadas Granadinas de la Jineta”, *Archivo Español de Arte*, XV, Madrid, 1943, pp.142–66.  \nFranco Mata, A., “Espada de Jineta Nazarí”, in *Los Reyes Católicos y la Monarquía de España*, Granada, 2004, pp.552–3, no. 240.  \nSoler del Campo, A., “Espada Jineta”, in *Arte y Cultura en Torno a 1492*, Seville, 1992, pp.159–60, no. 74.  \nSoler del Campo, A., “Espada Jineta”, in *La Paz y la Guerra en la época del Tratado de Tordesillas, Madrid, 1994, p.319, no. 255.*","dynasty":"Nasrid","author":"Ángela Franco","copy_editor":"Rosalía Aller","translator":"Laurence Nunny","translation_copy_editor":"Monica Allen","keywords":["armours","arms","Granada","military object","Nasrids","weapon","weaponry"],"materials":["cast, nielloed, damascene.","Steel, brass, gold, silver"]},"edf3df89-1b5b-56bb-bbe1-38af5be2d483":{"name":"Dress sword of a Landammann","description":"Swords became the favoured weapons of citizens during the age of the French Revolution. A sumptuously designed sword served as a mark of civic distinction. The Landammann (chief official) of Appenzell, Jacob Zellweger-Zuberbühler (1770-1821), acquired this impressive item in Paris. He and his brother were successful merchants based in Trogen in Appenzell Ausserrhoden. Together with his wife and the official delegation of the Swiss Confederation, Jacob travelled to Paris to attend Napoleon’s coronation as emperor in 1804. While there, he took the opportunity to purchase this dress sword from the renowned goldsmith and sword maker Antoine-Modeste Fournera who had its splendid gilt-brass hilt elaborately embossed and engraved. A stylish dragon rests atop the pommel cap; the finish of the scabbard is equally lavish. The blade was made by the Coulaux Brothers in the Alsatian town of Klingenthal between 1801 and 1804; its reverse is marked “Manufacture National de Klingenthal”. The Swiss National Museum acquired this dress sword in 2015 from a Swiss family related to the original owner, Jacob Zellweger-Zuberbühler.","type":"Dress Sword","holder":"Swiss National Museum","owner":"Swiss Confederation","dates":"around 1804","location":"Zurich","dimensions":"L: 99.2cm, Weight: 1.875kg","method_for_datation":"Documents","provenance":"Hilt: Paris, France; Blade: Klingenthal, France","obtention":"Bought in 2015","keywords":["Antoine-Modeste Fournera","Appenzell","Appenzell Ausserhoden","Dress sword","France","Jacob Zellweger-Zuberbühler","Landamman","Paris"],"materials":["Blade: Damascus steel","Hilt: brass, gilt, embossed, engraved"]},"f12fed73-12b9-5991-a430-4273cea32560":{"name":"Revolver","description":"A Liege/ Belgium manufactured revolver. Some of these revolvers were produced in Liege by the Leon Nagant factory for the Russian army between 1895 and 1898 (The Belgian Contract Revolvers), but some other revolvers of this type were produced in Russia itself (Tula) after that. The revolver is fitted with chequered grip plates that are fixed to the frame with a screw installed in a round steel insert. On the left side of the revolver the word Liege was engraved preceded by two illegible words. Only the last letter S can be clearly seen. Right under the word Liege two words were completely erased. On the barrel from the right side of the revolver a crowned oval with the letter R in the middle was engraved. Under the oval a star with what might be a letter g is engraved. The same letter is repeated on the frame at the base of the barrel.","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Folklore Museum, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20 century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 23 cm, barrel 10 cm, cartridge 7-chamber cylinder","provenance":"Belgium, Liege","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Solid frame","revolver","wooden grip plates","barrel","cylinder","arms","armours","war","warfare","military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"f30819fe-fb4c-5ec9-a552-17d8231b324a":{"name":"Coat of armour.","description":"A suit of armour made from iron mail that would cover the body from the head to the knees. It has solid metal plates that cover the neck and the stomach – the latter being much larger in size than the former – to provide additional protection. A number of these chain-mail suits survive, often bearing signs of wear and tear from use in battle. One example reveals evidence of injury received on the left sleeve, where the metal chain is torn through.  \nThe sword shows a curved-edged blade which was popular among Muslim fighters, while the Crusaders preferred straight swords. Decorative features on swords are usually found at the hilt near the handle.  \nThe protective plates of the amour are decorated with geometric designs, a Mamluk blazon, and Arabic writing executed in gold *thuluth* script. Most of the decoration has worn away and it is possible to read only some of the words. These include: “made for … the exalted … the great … the lord”. From these words it is possible to conclude that this suit belonged to a ruler, military commander, or other high-ranking official.","short_description":"Mamluk military suits of armour decorated with gilded emblems, such as this one, were worn in battle against the Crusaders.","type":"Arms, armour, iron","holder":"National Museum of Damascus","dates":"Hegira 7th–8th century / AD 13th–14th century.","location":"Damascus","dimensions":"Height 1.30 m.","method_for_datation":"The blazon and phrases mentioned on the abdominal plate of this suit of armour indicate that it is from the Mamluk period.","method_for_provenance":"Although this armour is decorated with a Mamluk blazon and was found in Damascus, its provenance is not clear. The Mamluk period saw an increased regional mobility of people and goods, especially military. It was likely produced in Cairo or Damascus, since these were two major regional centres at this time.","provenance":"Probably Damascus, Syria or Cairo, Egypt.","obtention":"Purchased in 1952.","bibliography":"Abu al-Faraj al-Ush, M., *A Concise Guide to the National Museum of Damascus,* Damascus, 1969, p.199.  \nCluzan, S. et al (eds), *Syrie: Mémoire et Civilisation*, Paris, 1994, p.477.","dynasty":"Mamluk","linkcatalogs":"IAM_EG_EN_001","author":"Mona al-Moadin","translator":"Hilary Kalmbach (from the Arabic)","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["armour","arms","blazon (or rank)","Cairo","chain-mail","Crusader","Damascus","iron","military wear"],"materials":["Iron rings woven into a chain-mail."]},"f30ef8ba-a67a-55f8-91cb-fa65f19de25e":{"name":"Sword.","description":"A sword composed of a steel blade and a hilt made of animal horn. The scabbard is of gilded silver. The blade has decorative cartouches with inscriptions inside them. On the upper part of the blade there is a prominent medallion, which bears the following text: 'The work of al-Hajj Sanqur', and below this medallion is another inscription of the first verse of the chapter 'Mariam' from the Qur'an: 'Kaf Ha Ya Ayn Sad'. This line is followed byanother cartouche bearing the text, 'Sultan Fatih Muhammad Khan'.Below this cartouche are written verses 1 and 2 from the Qur'anic chapter 'al-Ha Mim', and 'Ain Sin Qaf'*.* The inscriptions and decorations that appear on the blade are executed in gold inlay. The scabbard is ornamented with vegetal decoration carved in high relief. The owner of the sword was the Ottoman Sultan Muhammad II Al Fatih ('The Conquerer').  \nThe Arabs imported swords from Iran and India. Quality swords were produced in Khurasan (Persia, now Iran), Damascus in Syria and Toledo in Spain.","short_description":"Ottomans excelled in making swords and their decoration rivalled that of the Iranians. In addition to their military use, swords bearing the names of Ottoman sultans were worn on gala celebrations at the court. This sword bears the name of Sultan Mohammad II and the name of its maker.","type":"Metalwork, Iron steel, arms, armours","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art","initial_owner":"Ottoman Sultan Muhammad II Al-Fatih (‘The Conqueror’); known in Turkey as Fatih Sultan Mehmet or Mehmet II.","dates":"Hegira 855–86 / AD 1451–81.","location":"Cairo","dimensions":"Length 1 m.","method_for_datation":"The sword is dated based on the fact that the names of Ottoman Sultan Muhammad II and the name of the craftsman are recorded on it. In addition to this, the styles of the inscriptions, as well as the technique of manufacture, closely resemble the techniques that are specific to the Ottoman period.","obtention":"The sword was donated to the museum by Prince Yusuf Kamal, one of the princes of the family of Muhammad Ali, who was a collector of antiques. He donated a large number of ceramic and wooden objects and textiles to the museum.","bibliography":"Öz, T., *Fatih Sultan Mehmet II'ye Ait Eserler \\[Works Belonging to the Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror\\],* Ankara, 1953.  \nYugal, O., *Al-Suyuf al-Islamiya wa Suna'iha \\[Islamic Swords and their Makers\\],* (trans. Muhammad Omar Taha Oghli), Kuwait, 1988.  \nZaki, Abd al-Rahman, *Al-fi al-Islam \\[Swords in Islam\\],* Cairo, 1951.  \n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_, “Al-Suyuf wa Ajnasuha \\[Swords and their Categories\\]”, in *Majalat Kuliyat al-Adab \\[Journal of the Faculty of Arts\\],* No. 14, 1952.  \n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_, *Al-Sayf fi al-'Alam al-Islami \\[The Sword in the Islamic world\\],* Cairo, 1957.","dynasty":"Ottoman","linkcatalogs":"IAM_TR_EN_001","author":"Muhammad Abbas Muhammad Selim","copy_editor":"Majd Musa","translator":"Amal Sachedina (from the Arabic).","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["armours","arms","Blade","inlay","inscription","military object","Scabbard","sword","vegetal decoration","weapon","weaponry"],"materials":["The blade: iron-steel","the hilt: animal horn. The scabbard: gilded silver. Inscriptions and decorations: gold and silver inlay."]},"f6368799-2300-59bb-921c-1730621f5530":{"name":"Burgonet (*shishak*)","short_description":"This morion (open helmet) belonged to the later Grand Vizir Mehmet Sokolovitsch (AD 1505–79). He was one of the many Christian boys selected for Devşirme (converted to Islam and trained for leadership positions). The sumptuous Oriental helmet is decorated with framed inscriptions containing appeals to Allah and verses from the Qur΄an. Sokolovitsch rose quickly at the court of Sultan Süleiman (AD 1494–66), retaining his position as Grand Vizir under the latter's successors, Selim III (AD 1524–74) and Murad III (AD 1546–95).","type":"Armour","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira c. 967–968 / AD c. 1560","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Height: 46cm, Width: 22cm, Depth: 34cm","method_for_datation":"Collection Ambras Castle, inventory AD 1583","method_for_provenance":"Collection Ambras Castle, inventory AD 1583","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Collection Ambras Castle, inventory AD 1583","bibliography":"Gamber, Ortwin and Beaufort-Spontin, Christian, *Katalog der Leibrüstkammer II. Teil. Der Zeitraum von 1530-1560*, Busto Arsizio: Bramante, 1990.  \nLuchner, Laurin, *Denkmal eines Renaissancefürsten. Versuch einer Rekonstruktion des Ambraser Museums von 1583*, Wien: Schroll, 1958.  \nSievernich, Gereon, Budde, Hendrik and Delius, Eberhard (eds), *Europa und der Orient, 800-1900*, Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag, 1989.","dynasty":"Ottoman","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["armours","arms","devşirme","epigraphic decoration","helmet","inscription","metalwork","military object","Murad III","Ottoman arms","Ottoman army","ottoman empire","Selim II","Soküllü Mehmed","Süleyman","weapon","weaponry"],"materials":["fire-gilt silver","Iron, partially with gilt damascening and heat-blued","padded silk"]},"f6a4d871-3bbf-5f91-943b-4fb7cd618871":{"name":"Saddle (*serj*)","description":"A saddle (*serj*) crafted in Rabat in the 19th century, but making use of British imports such as velvet (*nta‘a*), leather and gold thread.","type":"Saddle","holder":"Dar Jamaï Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Meknès","dimensions":"H: 105cm, W: 84cm","keywords":["Craftsmanship","traditional craftsmanship","Moroccan craftsmen","leather","leatherwork","trade","raw material","finished products","British in Morocco","horsemanship"],"materials":["Velvet; gold thread; metal; leather"]},"f918b78f-57d9-5c0d-a75f-075ce7156c35":{"name":"Dagger","short_description":"Silver knife with silver handle and niello decoration on the front; metal on the backside and four Turkish coins along the edge of the sheath; a name (‘Jomaah Ali’) is inscribed on the blade of the dagger. This object is functional and can be used in everyday activities, but at the same time it is a prestigious object that every Bedouin man must have. The most common types of daggers in Jordan are the Yemeni dagger, the Hijazi and other local types.","type":"Men’s holdings; arms and armours","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20th century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 30 cm, Handle 12,5","provenance":"Jordan","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["niello decoration","sheath","blade"],"materials":["Silver, iron; casting, incised and niello"]},"f986df26-3b71-5c3e-8d5b-1a8c60864ea5":{"name":"Yemeni dagger","short_description":"A dagger with a double-edged blade, an oblong-head hilt and silver filigree work in geometric designs; it is carried on a woollen belt with leather strap-work, usually with six asymmetrical suspension rings. Yemeni and Hijazi daggers have different shapes and their diffusion on the territory of Jordan shows how population movements, trade and exchange were common in the area.","type":"Men’s holdings; arms; weapon","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 30 cm","provenance":"Yemen","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["double edged blade","hilts","geometric designs","silver filigree","suspension rings","arms","armours","metalwork","fashion","accessories"],"materials":["Silver, leather, fabric; casting, weaving"]}}
+{"019530a6-cc5d-510e-8a02-0122394f5817":{"name":"Revolver","description":"The Lebel Revolver was the standard issue sidearm in the French military during the First World War, produced in Saint Etienne and used by the French army between 1892 and before 1924. The 1892 Model is a double/single action, six round cylinder revolver that fires 8-millimetre rounds. It was issued to officers in the French Army, Navy, and National Gendarmerie, amongst others. It is commonly called the Lebel Revolver after the gun designer Colonel Nicolas Lebel. For loading and releasing the empty cases, the chambers are accessed through swinging the cylinder to the right. Originally chambered for an 8mm gunpowder cartridge round, later models issued during World War I and thereafter fired the same 8mm cartridge loaded with smokeless powder. Serial number 21093.","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Folklore Museum, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20th century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 23 cm, barrel 12 cm, cartridge 6","provenance":"France, St. Etienne","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Revolver; solid frame; chamber cylinder; ejector; grip plates; checking; barrel; arms; armours; metalwork; war; warfare; military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"0c19f7d6-2610-589f-a3df-5820477d393a":{"name":"Captured arms (with accessories) from the occupation-campaign in Bosnia-Herzegovina 1878","short_description":"The 1878 Treaty of Berlin put the two Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the administration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Between the 20th of July and the 29th of October 1878, the Austro-Hungarian Empire led a military campaign in those two provinces in order to establish its administration. During this armed conflict, several objects were taken, like a 16mm flintlock pistol with an Oriental-style snaphaunce lock (miquelet lock) entirely wrought from iron and richly decorated, showing as high a quality of craftsmanship as the accompanying gunpowder pourers, ramrods and bullet pouches.","type":"Arms","holder":"Austrian Military Museum / Institute of Military History","dates":"1878","location":"Vienna","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Pistols; Bosnia; arms; armours; metalwork; military objects; accessories; Ottoman Balkans; Ottoman amy; war; warfare"]},"0e006c19-7de8-5aa1-b346-0a40a7dbcbd8":{"name":"Bow quiver","short_description":"This bow quiver was in the collection of Archduke Ferdinand II of Tyrol (AD 1529–95) at Ambras Castle near Innsbruck. Its exterior is edged in red and covered all over with delicate spiral vines made of white leather and set with dark-blue lamellae (scales); two red medallions are placed among them. The back of the quiver is dark-blue except for a narrow edging and two oval gold medallions. The arrow quiver is identical and complements the bow quiver.","type":"Arms","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira c. 956–957 / AD c. 1550","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Height: 68cm, Width: 35cm","method_for_datation":"Collection Ambras Castle, Inventory AD 1583","method_for_provenance":"Collection Ambras Castle, Inventory AD 1583","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Collection Ambras Castle, Inventory AD 1583","bibliography":"Beaufort-Spontin, Christian and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias, *Meisterwerke der Hofjagd- und Rüstkammer*, Wien: Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, 2005.  \nGamber, Ortwin and Beaufort-Spontin, Christian, *Katalog der Leibrüstkammer II. Teil. Der Zeitraum von 1530-1560*, Busto Arsizio: Bramante, 1990.  \nGamber, Ortwin, Thomas, Bruno and Schedelmann, Hans, *Armi e Armature Europee*, Milan: Bramante, 1974.  \nThomas, Bruno, \"Aus der Waffensammlung in der Neuen Burg zu Wien: Orientalische Kostbarkeiten\", *Bustan*, 4 : 5 (1963/64).","dynasty":"Ottoman","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Ottoman arms; arms; armours; military object; collection; military wear; weapon; quiver; Ottoman Empire"],"materials":["Damast, gold embroidery"]},"0f137923-bf0e-59e9-aa6b-2af58599a73c":{"name":"Flint lock pistol","short_description":"Following the fall of Seringapatam in 1799 AD, this gun was handed over to Lord Cornwallis (1738–1805 AD), a Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of British army during the third Anglo-Mysorean war (1789–1792 AD) as a trophy. The gun is rich with tiger motifs with complete form of tiger figure on the butt and stylised *bubri* on the barrel as well as inscriptions on different parts of the gun. Images of tigers mauling European soldier on the side plate of the gun represents Tipu’s propaganda in degrading the British East India Company. The gun possessed advanced technology of its time where shooter could fire twice continuously with only a single load.","type":"Arms and Armour","holder":"Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia","dates":"c. Hegira 1193-94 / c. AD 1793-94","location":"Kuala Lumpur","dimensions":"138cm","method_for_provenance":"\\- Presented to Lord Cornwallis after the Fall of Seringapatam, 1799;  \n  \n\\- By descent to the Earls of Pembroke, Wilton House;  \n  \n\\- Robin Wigington collection, the Arms and Armour Museum, Stratford-upon-Avon;  \n  \n\\- Private collection, acquired at Sotheby's, The Tipu Sultan Sale, 25th May 2005, lot 54.","provenance":"India","bibliography":"Buddle, Anne, Rohatgi, Pauline and Brown, Iain Gordon, *The Tiger and the Thistle: Tipu Sultan and the Scots in India 1760–1800*, Edinburgh: National Gallery of Scotland, 1999: 22-25.  \nBuddle, Anne, *Tigers around the Throne: The Court of Tipu Sultan (1750-99)*, London: Zamana Gallery, 1990: 42-43.  \nSkelton, Robert, *The Indian Heritage: Court Life and Arts under Mughal Rule*, London: Victoria & Albert Museum, 1982: 139, 464.  \nWigington, Robin, *The Firearms of Tipu Sultan 1783-1799*, Hatfield, 1992: 67-73. Stronge, Susan, *Tipu's Tigers*, London, 2009: 39.","dynasty":"Kingdom of Mysore","materials":["Carved hardwood with stained black and inlaid with silver and brass"]},"117e4311-5f29-5b99-9692-18b2ed19cd70":{"name":"Persian sabre","short_description":"The handle of this sabre is set with ivory, the crossguard with large sapphires and emeralds; the blade is decorated with gilt engraved etchings that contain the year AD 1813 and the name of Fath Ali (AD 1797–1834), the then reigning Shah. Following a long and costly war with Russia, the Shah signed the Peace of Golestan in AD 1813. Perhaps the sword was presented to Emperor Franz I of Austria (AD 1768–1835) that year in an attempt to build a new alliance with Austria as a counterweight to Russia.","type":"Sword; arms","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira early 13th century / AD early 19th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Sabre: Length: 92cm, Width: 17.4cm, Depth: 3cm;  \nScabbard: Length: 83.5cm, Width: 7.5cm, Depth: 3cm","method_for_datation":"Diplomatic gift; engravings/etchings","method_for_provenance":"Diplomatic gift","provenance":"Iran","obtention":"Diplomatic gift","bibliography":"Beaufort-Spontin, Christian and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias, *Meisterwerke der Hofjagd- und Rüstkammer*, Wien: Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, 2005.  \nLeitner-Böchzelt, Susanne and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias (eds), *Die Welt des Orients. Kunst und Kultur des Islam*, Leoben: Stadtgemeinde Leoben, 2006.  \nThomas, Bruno, \"Aus der Waffensammlung in der Neuen Burg zu Wien: Orientalische Kostbarkeiten\", *Bustan*, 4 : 5 (1963/64).","dynasty":"Qajar","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Qajar arms; arms; armours; swords; military object; metalwork; damascening; Fath Ali Shah; Habsburg; Franz I; Persian-Austrian relations; diplomacy; weapon; Persia; sabre; sword; precious stones; gift"],"materials":["Ivory, gold, semi-precious stones, painter enamel, rose damask, gold damascening, black velvet"]},"15311622-4522-596a-a0dc-620f3b4687fe":{"name":"Knife in leather sheath","short_description":"The Kunstkammer of Rudolf II contained over 100 Turkish knives and daggers. This is a particularly sumptuous example of these knives used mainly as flatware; its iron handle is decorated with gold damascene work. The leather scabbard is embellished with rubies, turquoises and Arab inscriptions.","type":"Tableware","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira 11th century / AD 17th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Length: 24.9cm","method_for_datation":"Arthistorical and historical analysis, archival and inventory research","method_for_provenance":"Listed in the AD 1875 inventory of the imperial treasury in Vienna","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Imperial treasury","bibliography":"Leitner-Böchzelt, Susanne and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias (eds), *Die Welt des Orients. Kunst und Kultur des Islam*, Leoben: Stadtgemeinde Leoben, 2006.","dynasty":"Ottoman","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Ottoman army; kitchenware; military object; damascening; inscription; epigraphic decoration; Rudolf II; Habsburg; Ottoman-Austrian relations; weapon"],"materials":["Gold damascening on iron, rubies, tourqoises, leather"]},"156506f6-1fb1-58ab-8228-704b9a0cd0f9":{"name":"Sabre","short_description":"This sword was likely made for the Ottoman Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520–66). Its blade is chiselled in relief with Qur’anic verses, with the surrounding areas inlaid in gold. The inscriptions refer to victory in the Holy War and to the magical powers of the biblical King Solomon (Sulayman). Its guard is chiselled with gold-damascened flowers and was formerly inlaid with rubies. The grip, covered with dyed green fishskin (shagreen), is a later replacement.","type":"Sword","holder":"The Metropolitan Museum of Art","dates":"Hegira 10th century / AD mid-16th century","location":"New York","dimensions":"L: 96.2cm; Length of blade: 78.1cm, W: 15.5cm, Wt: 2lb5oz/1049g","provenance":"Ottoman Empire","obtention":"Bequest of George C. Stone, 1935","bibliography":"Alexander, David, Pyhrr, Stuart W. and Kwiatkowski, Will, *Islamic Arms and Armor in the Metropolitan Museum of Art*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2015: 2, 155–57, no. 58, ill.  \nAlexander, David G., \"European Swords in the Collections of Istanbul: Part 2\", *Waffen- Und Kostümkunde: Zeitschrift Der Gesellschaft Für Historische Waffen Und Kostümkunde*, (1987): no. 95.  \nEkhtiar, Maryam, Canby, Shelia R., Haidar, Navina and Soucek, Priscilla P. (eds), *Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in The Metropolitan Museum of Art*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011: 313–14, no. 222, ill.  \nGrancsay, Stephen V., \"The George C. Stone Bequest: Indian and Persian Arms and Armor\", *The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin*, (July 1937): 168, fig. 2a.  \nGrancsay, Stephen V., \"The New Galleries of Oriental Arms and Armor\", *The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin*, (May 1958): 246, ill.  \nGrancsay, Stephen V. and Pyhrr, Stuart W., *Arms & Armor: Essays by Stephen V. Grancsay from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 1920–1964*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986: 177–185, fig. 63.17.  \nNickel, Helmut, \"Arms and Armor from the Permanent Collection\", *The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin*, (Summer, 1991): 52–53, 64, ill.  \nPyhrr, Stuart W., \"Of Arms and Men: Arms and Armor at the Metropolitan, 1912–2012\", *The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin*, (Summer 2012): 36–37, fig. 57.  \nWelch, Anthony, *Calligraphy in the Arts of the Muslim World*, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979: 94–95, no. 30, ill.  \nWelch, Stuart Cary, *The Islamic World. Metropolitan Museum of Art Series 11*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1987: 124–25, no. 95, ill.  \nWelch, Stuart Cary, *The Islamic World*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008: 124–25, no. 95, ill.","dynasty":"Ottoman","copyright":"The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Bequest of George C. Stone, 1935","keywords":["Ottoman; Turkey; Anatolia; arms and armours; blade; hilt; steel; iron; gold; wood; inscription; Qur'an; Qur'anic inscriptions; sword; weapon; weaponry"],"materials":["Steel, iron, gold, wood, shagreen"]},"18e02623-b9ad-5163-8ba9-d958a15a6f01":{"name":"Dagger","short_description":"Wooden handled dagger with thin silver sheath; incurved geometric designs on the obverse side; inset with turquoise and black stones. The dagger was used by both Bedouins and villagers as part of men’s traditional garb. This object reflects the diverse population composition of Jordan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It also demonstrates personal attire, fashion, local costumes and rites.","type":"Men’s holdings; arms; weapon","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length without sheath 28 cm, sheath length 19.5 cm","provenance":"Jordan","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Thin silver; Hammering; sheath; geometric motifs; turquoise; arms; armours; metalwork; fashion; accessories"],"materials":["Thin silver, wood, metal; casting handmade"]},"18eaab56-4106-57be-8e1b-519c5c4f9546":{"name":"Arrow quiver","short_description":"This arrow quiver was in the collection of Archduke Ferdinand II of Tyrol (AD 1529–95) at Ambras Castle near Innsbruck. The quiver is edged in red and decorated all over with delicate vines made of white leather set with dark-blue lamellae (scales).","type":"Arms","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira c. 956–957 / AD c. 1550","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Height: 42cm, Width: 26cm","method_for_datation":"Collection Ambras Castle, Inventory AD 1583","method_for_provenance":"Collection Ambras Castle, Inventory AD 1583","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Collection Ambras Castle, Inventory AD 1583","bibliography":"Beaufort-Spontin, Christian and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias, *Meisterwerke der Hofjagd- und Rüstkammer*, Wien: Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, 2005.  \nGamber, Ortwin and Beaufort-Spontin, Christian, *Katalog der Leibrüstkammer II. Teil. Der Zeitraum von 1530-1560*, Busto Arsizio: Bramante, 1990.  \nGamber, Ortwin, Thomas, Bruno and Schedelmann, Hans, *Armi e Armature Europee*, Milan: Bramante, 1974.  \nThomas, Bruno, \"Aus der Waffensammlung in der Neuen Burg zu Wien: Orientalische Kostbarkeiten\", *Bustan*, 4 : 5 (1963/64).","dynasty":"Ottoman","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Ottoman arms; arms; armours; military object; collection; military wear; weapon; Quiver; Ottoman Empire"],"materials":["Coloured leather, linen"]},"1a6fd108-7bb7-5e52-b70a-6d8c81c37f18":{"name":"Battle-shield with coat of arms inspired by Oriental motifs","description":"Some people like to claim that everything used to be better in the old days. Indeed, the oldest extant battle-shield, too, once shone in bright colours. Analysis has shown that, 800 years ago, the greyish green used to be a vibrant blue. The lion, too, wasn’t always as lacklustre as it is now; it used to stand out in shiny silver leaf. The shield belonged to the noble von Brienz family, which used to hold feudal rights in today’s Canton of Uri, on the road to the Gotthard pass. When its owner, the knight Arnold von Brienz, died in 1225, his battle-shield was placed above his tomb in commemoration of his deeds. This is how it survived the ages. The shield’s many notches, holes and nicks remind us of the brutal reality of medieval battles.","type":"Shield","holder":"Swiss National Museum","owner":"Swiss Confederation","dates":"1180–1225","location":"Zurich","method_for_datation":"Style analysis. Coat of arms of the lineage von Brienz. Last owner: Knight Arnold von Brienz.","provenance":"Switzerland, Canton of Uri","obtention":"Bought in 1897 as part of the Denier-collection","keywords":["shield; horseman’s shield; armaments"],"materials":["Alderwood; leather-coated, painted"]},"1d0bb991-65bb-5ca4-a706-534f9745fd08":{"name":"*Saif* (Straight, double-edged sword)","short_description":"Until recently it was a rare occurrence for Omani artisans, poets, authors and others to sign their work. This custom of anonymity reflects the central belief of Ibadhi Muslims that work is done for the glory of God, not for the glory of self. Today, this custom of humility before God persists, with work being signed for reasons of practicality, not self-aggrandisement. Signatures are typically modest in terms of scale, placement and style of execution. This blade is a rare example, stamped on one side indicating it as \"The work of Ali bin Rah'meen\". It is common now for artisans to sign their work with the name of the town or *souq* (local market) where their workshop is located in lieu of a personal signature.","type":"Weaponry","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"13th–14th centuries AH / 19th–20th centuries","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Length: 103cm, Blade Length: 68,5cm, Blade Width: 7cm, Blade thickness 3.7mm","provenance":"Oman","obtention":"Office of His Highness the Ministry of Heritage and Culture","dynasty":"Al-Busaid","copy_editor":"Valerie Pulsifer","keywords":["Saif; Sword"],"materials":["Steel, silver, wood and leather?"]},"1df2efa8-09f6-56fe-b40d-5cff853bf496":{"name":"Revolver","description":"A Belgian produced double action revolver, serial number 6647, with a five-shot cylinder. Fitted with chequered wooden grips, this revolver features some simple leaf and scroll pattern and border engraving of the frame and cylinder. The base of the cylindrical barrel, where it is attached to the cylinder, has a crowned “R”. The cylinder itself is decorated with a strand of small 6-pointed stars. On the left side of the revolver are the words \"*Dassen Patent, Guss Stahl*\".","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Folklore Museum, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20 century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 26 cm, barrel 14 cm, 5-shot cylinder","provenance":"Belgium","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Revolver; solid frame; chamber cylinder; ejector; grip plates; checking; barrel; arms; armours; metalwork; war; warfare; military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"1e88ab3a-3f62-5a22-b9a2-264a8573788d":{"name":"Two pistols","short_description":"These Turkish flintlock pistols were used by the Ottoman soldiers in Lebanon in the 19th century to quash resistance movements. As the Lebanese resistance had no weapons of their own, the fighters frequently ambushed Ottoman soldiers and took their weapons. These pistols are an example of such weaponry, which was taken by the resistance and used against the Ottomans. They were commonly known as \"knee pistols\", as they were fired from horseback by placing the butt of the pistol against the rider's knee. Both have a typical blunderbuss style stock with a beautifully shaped butt stock, a wooden forend and a round barrel. They are made of wood and cast steel.","type":"Military object; metalwork; firearms; arms and armour","holder":"Lebanese Heritage Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"`Ayn Najm","provenance":"Turkey","author":"Marie Therese Moujabber","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Military object; Metalwork; Steel; Arms; armour; Pistol"],"materials":["Cast steel; wood"]},"1eb2a94c-9bbe-50cd-9506-87b470659f68":{"name":"Moorish shield (*adarga*)","short_description":"The shape of this shield is derived from North African and Moorish models. The name of this kidney-shaped shield also informed the name of an oval shield popular in the Occident, the *Tartsche*. The *adarga* is covered with colourful silk embroidery, suggesting a high-ranking owner. The shield, now in Vienna, probably entered the Habsburg collections when Juana I of Castile (AD 1479–1555) married Philip I (Philip the Handsome) (AD 1478–1506). In the late 16th century the shield was in the collection of Archduke Ferdinand II (AD 1529–95) at Ambras Castle near Innsbruck.","type":"Armour","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira before 897 / AD before 1492","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Height: 89cm, Width: 75cm","method_for_datation":"Craftsmanship","method_for_provenance":"Castle Ambras inventory","provenance":"Spain","obtention":"Most likely Battle of Lucena in AD 1483 and from there through Philip I or Charles V to Austria","bibliography":"Beaufort-Spontin, Christian and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias, *Meisterwerke der Hofjagd- und Rüstkammer*, Wien: Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, 2005.  \nDodds, Jerrilynn (ed), *Al-Andalus. Las artes islamicas en espana/The Art of Islamic Spain*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum, 1992.  \nThomas, Bruno, \"Aus der Waffensammlung in der Neuen Burg zu Wien: Orientalische Kostbarkeiten\", *Bustan*, 4 : 5 (1963/64).  \nThomas, Bruno and Gamber, Ortwin, *Katalog der Leibrüstkammer I. Teil. Der Zeitraum von 500 bis 1530*, Wien: Verlag Anton Schroll & Co, 1976.","dynasty":"Nasrid","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Arms; military object; Muslim Spain; silk; embroidery; collection; Moorish; weapon; Shield; targe; Grenada"],"materials":["Natural coloured calf leather, coloured silk embroidery"]},"2462e2d8-8762-51dd-918c-0c13489c5218":{"name":"Powder box","description":"A powder box of the horn type decorated with geometric motifs and crafted in Marrakesh in the early 20th century. While maintaining an old-style form, European influences are apparent in the decoration and production technology.","type":"Fittings; metalwork; arms and armour; munitions","holder":"Dar Si Said Museum","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Marrakesh","dimensions":"H: 33cm","keywords":["Metalwork; copper; European influence; geometric motifs; geometric decoration; Applied arts; craftsmanship; traditional craftsmanship; arms; armours; weapons; war; warfare; military objects; Moroccan craftsmen"],"materials":["Copper"]},"2820044b-9046-518a-901e-821f3cb8b715":{"name":"Arabian gold dagger","short_description":"Arabian (Omani) dagger belonging to Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim. The dagger sheath is made of leather and embroidered with golden thread. The top and base of the sheath is decorated with a traditional flower design whilst the middle of the sheath is decorated with a leaf pattern. The dagger handle is made of rhinoceros ivory and is decorated with ten pearls. The dagger blade is steel called ‘*al-jawhar*’ which is derived from the finest Arabian Damascus plate.","type":"Weapon; arms","holder":"Weaponry Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Doha","keywords":["Weaponry; dagger; Arabian; Arab; floral decoration; weapon; arms; armours; costume; accessories; fashion; dance"],"materials":["Leather, gold, rhinoceros ivory, steel"]},"28712296-3b43-5ca3-b4e9-c6cec4c1ce1a":{"name":"Revolver","short_description":"Yusuf Bey Karam's revolver, which he used in the resistance against the Ottomans. It is made of cast steel and fitted with a wooden grip.","type":"Military object; metalwork; firearms; arms and armour","holder":"Lebanese Heritage Museum","dates":"Early 19th century","location":"`Ayn Najm","author":"Marie Therese Moujabber","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Military object; Metalwork; Cast steel; Arms and armour; Wooden grip plates"],"materials":["Cast steel; wood"]},"298f1be0-1a70-55ec-8567-86eda6c195f5":{"name":"Revolver","description":"This solid-frame, short-barrel pocket revolver was manufactured in Britain. This type of revolver became very popular and had been copied by many gun makers in different countries such as Belgium, Spain, and France among others. The American President James Garfield in 1881 was assassinated by one of these revolvers, probably an American copy of the British Bull Dog. This revolver is fitted with wooden grip plates. The cylinder is smooth and no serial number can be seen on it. The only engravement is what can be read as British Bull Dog at the top of the barrel. The base of the barrel was broken and mended.","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Folklore Museum, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20 century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 16 cm, barrel 6.4 cm, cartridge 5","provenance":"United Kingdom","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Solid frame; revolver; wooden grip plates; barrel; cylinder; mended; arms; armours; metalwork; war; warfare; military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"34093957-9215-5f74-8896-55c092200e01":{"name":"Artillery piece – Half-cannon – Muzzleloader","alternate_name":"Canhão de Bocarro – Bocarro cannon","description":"Although the military armaments industry of India and China flourished more than it did in Europe in the early 15th century, developments in Europe took advantage later in the century – the Portuguese learning armament techniques. During the 16th and 17th centuries with their arrival in China, the Portuguese were able to profit from their ability to help the warring factions in the Chinese Empire. In Japan, the Shogun authorities learned about guns from the Portuguese in the 16th century.  \nThis half-canon dates to the 17th-century. Cast in bronze, it has a caliber of 13.8 cm and a length of 3.62 m; it weighs over 3026 kg. It uses iron canon balls of 8.2 kg.  \nThe object displays the coat of arms of the city of Macao in China, below which is a rampant lion with a Marquis' crown. Engraved in a frame is the following inscription: “ANT. TELES DE MENEZES Govºr DA INDIA A MANDOU FAZER NO ANO DE 1640” (“ANTONIO TELES DE MENEZES GOVERNOR OF INDIA ORDERED IT TO BE MADE IN 1640”).  \nHolding in its breech the name of the Caster “M\\[anu\\]el TAVARES BOCARRO”, as a personal touch, the cascable ending is in the shape of a lotus flower. Manuel Tavares Bocarro, son of Pedro Dias Bocarro also a gun founder, was the leading officer of the gun foundry of cannons in the Chunambeiro, Macao, during the mid-17th century. The cannons he produced were famous worldwide; two of them are in the Tower of London.","short_description":"A bronze half-cannon muzzleloader from the first half of the 17th century, used to attack and defend fortresses.","type":"Artillery","holder":"Army Museum","owner":"Museu Militar","initial_owner":"Portuguese State","dates":"Fist Half of the 17th Century","location":"Lisbon, Lisbon","dimensions":"Total length (from the outside) 3.62 m","place_of_production":"Forged in Macao","method_for_datation":"The piece exhibits the coat of arms of the city of Macao and holds an inscription engraved in a frame “ANT. TELES DE MENEZES Govºr DA INDIA A MANDOU FAZER NO ANO DE 1640” (“ANTONIO TELES DE MENEZES GOVERNOR OF INDIA ORDERED IT TO BE MADE IN 1640”).","provenance":"Mozambique, 1866","obtention":"Recovered in Mozambique in 1866","bibliography":"*Guia da Artilharia Histórica,* Lisbon, 1979.  \nSantos, N. V., “Manuel Bocarro o grande fundidor”, *Boletim do Museu e centro de estudos marítimos de Macau*, Macau, 1990, No.3, pp. 15–102.","artist_birthdate":"Unknown","author":"Museu Militar","translator":"Conceição Marques","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Half-cannon; Bocarro; bronze; military object; arms; armours; weapon; firearm"],"materials":["Cast bronze"]},"3a110f14-cb1d-5cf4-bcbf-686eae047043":{"name":"Horse bridle.","description":"A part of a bridle or halter that would have been placed around a horse’s head; made of gold and enamel sections through which leather straps pass. These small oblong-shaped sections are decorated with gold filigree alternating with blue, red, white and green cloisonné enamel. The enamel compartments are filled with arabesques in opaque red and white against a background of translucent green and blue. The style and decorative techniques belong to a long tradition in Islamic Spain. However, the design of this bridle relates to Nasrid architecture, in particular certain stucco panels in the Alhambra Palace in Granada. Therefore this piece was certainly made in Granada but not necessarily for a Muslim patron.  \nThe decoration on this bridle can be connected to that seen on a hilt and scabbard (in the Museo del Ejercito), and a scabbard and mounts of a dagger (in the Real Armería). Previously in the collection of the Vieana Family, it has been suggested that after the battle of Lucana in AH 887/ AD 1483, one of the ancestors of this family took these pieces of armoury, which had belonged to Abu Abd Allah Muhammad XI (or Boabdil) the last sultan of the Nasrid dynasty of Granada (r. AH 886–96 / AD 1482–92).","short_description":"It is uncertain exactly where and when this luxury horse bridle was made. Gold and enamel decoration belonged to a long tradition known in many parts of Islamic Spain, however, it was probably made for the Nasrid court as the design recalls certain stucco panels in the Alhambra Palace in Granada.","type":"Metalwork, decoration object, gold","holder":"The British Museum.","dates":"Hegira late 9th–early 10th century / AD late 15th–early 16th century.","location":"London, England","dimensions":"Length 38 cm, width 21 cm.","method_for_datation":"This bridle is close in design to a group of objects associated with Abu Abd Allah Muhammad XI (or Boabdil), the last sultan of the Nasrid dynasty of Granada (r. 886–96 / 1482–92).  \nAlthough it is not certain that it was made for this ruler, the technique and design fit with other gold and enamel work produced in the late 9th / 15th century.","method_for_provenance":"The enamel and gold filigree on this bridle recall stucco designs in the Alhambra Palace, Granada, Spain.","provenance":"Andalucia, Spain.","obtention":"Bequeathed by Augustus Wollaston Franks in 1890.","bibliography":"Dodds, J., Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain, New York, 1992, p.298, cat. no. 68.  \n  \nLevenson, J. A., (ed.), Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration, Washington D.C., 1991, pp.172–5, cat. no. 55.","dynasty":"Nasrid","author":"Emily Shovelton","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["horsemanship"],"materials":["Gold and blue, red, white and green cloisonné enamel."]},"3d5efcb2-fd89-51e3-ac74-47777b9edbb6":{"name":"Saber (*shamshir*)","short_description":"Attributed to Imam Saif bin Sultan al-Yarubi I (*Qaid al-Ard’*)  \n*Collections of Sultan Qaboos bin Said bin Taimur*  \n  \nThe blade of this saber is by Asadallah of Isfahan, one of the most celebrated swordsmiths of Islamic civilisation in the Hegira 11th century / AD 17th century. It is made from Damascus steel and patterned with the most complex design, known as the “forty steps”. The swordsmith’s signature appears in the middle gold cartouche of the blade reading “the work of Asadallah 186”, and “property of Sheikh Saif” in the lower cartouche, as well as the inscription “Shah Abas year 5”.  \n  \nThe blade’s inscription proves that the sabre was not taken as loot. Rather, the maker had been commissioned directly. The design and inscriptions make it likely that it was made for presentation to Saif, perhaps by the Safavid Court of Persia, who, in Hegira 1086 / AD 1675, saw him as a future leader of Oman.","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"1086 AH / 1675 AD","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Sword length: 97cm, handle length: 11.5cm, blade width: 3.5cm","dynasty":"Al-Yarubi","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","materials":["Gold and ivory (handle), Damascus steel (blade)"]},"40b94627-118d-5dff-a831-ecd2614c6078":{"name":"Turban Helmet","short_description":"Helmets of this type are traditionally referred to as turban helmets because of their bulbous shape. The wide bowl of the helmet was forged from a single plate of steel tapering to a separately attached finial at the top. The bowl preserves several of the pierced lugs for the attachment of mail, which protected the neck. Just above the fitted opening for the eyes is a remnant of the sliding *nasil* bar and its bracket, now missing. Above and below the wide band of fluted groves at the center of the bowl are silver inlaid inscription bands in *naskh* on a scrolling ground; the text reads in part: Everlasting glory and prosperity to the…sultan. Incised above the left eye cup is the mark or *tamğa* of the Ottoman arsenal, suggesting that the helmet was taken to Turkey as booty.","holder":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)","dates":"Heigra late 9th century / AD late 15th century","location":"Los Angeles","dimensions":"29.8 x 22.8cm","method_for_datation":"Such helmets are usually attributed to lands controlled by the Aq Quyunlu dynasty. This helmet is especially close to an example in the Metropolitan Museum (04.3.211), likewise incised with the mark of the Ottoman arsenal and inscribed perhaps with the name of the Aq Quyunlu Sultan Yaqub (Hegira 883-896 / AD 1478-1490) and can thereby be similarly dated.","method_for_provenance":"Helmets of this type are generally associated with the Aq Quyunlu dynasty (Hegira 780-914/1378-1508 AD), which ruled northwestern Iran and eastern Anatolia.","provenance":"Iran","obtention":"Collection of Nasli M. Heeramaneck (1902-1971), New York, until 1973 (sold to); LACMA, The Nasli M. Heeramaneck collection, gift of Joan Palevsky.","bibliography":"Komaroff, Linda, *Lo Terrenal y lo Divino: Arte Islámico siglos VII al XIX Colección del Museo de Arte del Condado de Los Ángeles*, Santiago: Centro Cultural La Moneda, 2015: 145.  \nKomaroff, Linda, *Beauty and Identity: Islamic Art from the Los Angeles County Museum of Art*, Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2016: 172-173, cat. no. 87.  \nPal, Pratapaditya (ed), *Islamic Art: The Nasli M. Heeramaneck Collection*, Los Angeles: Museum Associates, 1973: 170-171.","dynasty":"Aq Quyunlu","author":"LACMA Staff","keywords":["Armour; military wear; metalwork; silver; steel; inlay; inscription; calligraphy"],"materials":["Steel with silver inlay"]},"42a95db0-705d-5ebb-926f-d8bab4c95c82":{"name":"Sword.","description":"A sword composed of a double-edged curved blade, a crosspiece and a hilt. The crosspiece assumes the form of a cross: the short side is adhered to the hilt and blade, while the long side projects from the blade and runs perpendicular to it, ending in two oval ornamented units. The blade is decorated with gilt inscriptions, bearing the name of the Mamluk Sultan al-Adil Tumanbay, who ruled for several months only and was deposed in the month of Ramadan in AH 907 (1501). The inscription reads: 'The sultan, al-Malik al-Adil Abu al-Nasr Tumanbay, Sultan of Islam and the Muslims, Father of the Poor and Miserable, Destroyer of Infidels and Idolators, Reviver of Justice to all. May God grant him a lasting reign and may his triumph be glorious'.  \nIn general, swords from the Mamluk Period were embellished with gilt inscriptions that included the name of the sultan and their title; occasionally verses from the Qur'an were also engraved on them. The office of the *silahdar* (weapon bearer) was one of the highest positions in the Mamluk state, thus *amirs* who ascended to this position often had the form of the sword represented in their blazons.  \nIslamic swords were forged from Syrian steel, which was considered one of the best available. Swords were crafted in two parts: a pliable iron foil and a rigid one, they were then hammered together.","short_description":"One of the terrifying Mamluk weapons, the sword was used in war, for hunting and on courtly occasions. Swords were usually decorated with gilt inscriptions praising their owners, like this double-edged sword bearing the name of Sultan al-Adil al-Nasr Tumanbay.","type":"Sword, ivory, arms, armours","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art","initial_owner":"Al-Adil Sayf al-Din Tumanbay (reigned for a few months only, deposed Ramadan AH 907 (1501)).","dates":"Hegira 907 / AD 1501.","location":"Cairo","dimensions":"Length 93 cm.","method_for_datation":"The sword is dated based on the inscription carved on the blade: 907 (1501).","method_for_provenance":"It is likely that the sword was made in Egypt, particularly as it carries the name of Sultan Tumanbay, the ruler of Egypt at the time.","provenance":"It is likely that this piece was forged in Cairo.","obtention":"This piece was bought in 1919 from an antiquities dealer, Janon.","bibliography":"Atil, E., *Renaissance of Islam: Art of the Mamluks,* Washington D.C., 1987.  \nAtil, E., et al, *Islamic Metalwork in the Freer Gallery of Art,* Washington D.C., 1985.  \nStierlin, H., and Stierlin, A., *Splendours of the Islamic World: Mamluk Art in Cairo (1250–1517),* London, New York, 1997.  \nWard, R., *Islamic Metalwork,* New York, 1993.  \nYujal, O., (trans. M. O. Taha), *Al-Suyuf al-Islamiya wa Sona'uha \\[Islamic Swords and their Manufacture\\],* Kuwait, 1988.  \nZaki, Abd al-Rahman, Al-*Sayf fi al- Islam \\[The Sword in Islam\\],* Cairo, 1951.","dynasty":"Mamluk","linkcatalogs":"IAM_EG_EN_001","author":"Al-Sayyed Muhammad Khalifa Hammad","copy_editor":"Majd Musa","translator":"Amal Sachedina (from the Arabic).","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Military object; gilding; sword; weaponry; epigraphic decoration; inscription; weapon"],"materials":["The blade: gilded steel; the crosspiece: gilt silver. The hilt is crafted from ivory; its distinctive colour indicates that it is rhinoceros horn."]},"45ccc1b2-62ae-540c-ba7c-d71565ea58c3":{"name":"Palestine Gendarmerie badge","description":"The Palestine Gendarmerie, established on 1 July 1921, consisted of Arabs and Jews under British officers. It consisted of cavalry, camelry and infantry units. Enlistment of recruits was regulated so as to maintain a certain proportion amongst the various sects and religious creeds, which comprised Arabs, Jews, Circassians and Druse. In 1922, the strength of the Palestine Gendarmerie was as follows: 234 Arabs, 157 Jews, 72 Circassians and 27 Druses, of whom 250 were mounted on horses and 50 on camels, the remainder consisting of infantry. The badge was usually seen worn on black kalpak hats. It consists of the British imperial crown leaned on the letters PG, the abbreviation of Palestine Gendarmerie written in capital French script. Two crossed flags in the middle of the letters PG, based on a band that displays the full name of the PALESTINE GENDARMERIE and below the date 1921 written on a small band. The flag in the right side is broken.","type":"Police Badge","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1921","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Height 25 mm, width 22 mm","provenance":"Palestine","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Gendarmerie; Arabs; Jews; British officers; cavalry; camelry and infantry; Circassians and Druse"]},"4f197f6e-373b-5299-bc3c-8c7b6db1240e":{"name":"Pair of pistols, a diplomatic present of Sidi Mohammed II, Bey (1855–1859) of Tunis, to Emperor Franz Joseph","short_description":"This pair of flintlock pistols was ordered by the Bey of Tunis from the French gunsmith Claude Bizouard, who worked in Marseille. This commission showed the growing French influence in Tunisia after the French conquest of Algeria in 1830. In 1857, the Bey of Tunis presented these weapons to Emperor Franz Joseph I.","type":"Arms; firearms","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum, Collection of Arms and Armour","dates":"1857","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"40,7 cm","provenance":"France/Tunis","artist_birthdate":"1840","artist_birthplace":"Marseille","artist_deathdate":"1866","artist_deathplace":"Marseille","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Tunis; arms; armours; weapons; diplomatic gifts"],"materials":["Wood, iron, diamonds and gold"],"artist":"Claude Bizouard"},"53b64031-daec-570d-8bd3-6cd325cad7a9":{"name":"Dagger (Tams Type)","short_description":"This dagger provides an excellent example of the Arabesque in Islamic design. The term, \"Arabesque\", can be defined in two ways; as a specific decorative element consisting of a continuous branching stem with split palmate leaves, or in a larger sense, used to refer to an entire range of designs based on stylised floral, foliar and animal motifs. The aesthetics of the Arabesque are derived from the imposition of order on the natural world. Arabesque patterns are used extensively in traditional Omani woodwork, plasterwork and metalwork as a means of covering entire surfaces or precise areas within a defined geometric framework.","type":"Weaponry, *Khanjar* (Dagger)","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"13th-14th century AH / 19th-20th century AD","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Length: 33cm, Width: 24.5cm, Weight: 920.5g","provenance":"Northern Oman","obtention":"Museum of the Ministry of Heritage and Culture","dynasty":"Al-Busaid","copy_editor":"Valerie Pulsifer","keywords":["Arabesque; Dagger; Metalwork"],"materials":["Ivory, wood, gold threads, silver, steel"]},"53ec6f4f-bd40-5ba2-8874-cb460c22b748":{"name":"Privateer ship flags","short_description":"This flag is divided into three sections, arranged in parallel along a long mast. The topmost flag has a red stripe and a black stripe, the middle is in the same shade of red, with three gold crescents in the centre, and the final flag is also red with a sword resembling that of the Prophet's cousin and fourth caliph, 'Ali.","type":"Painting","holder":"Palais de la Rose – Musée de l’Armée","dates":"19th century","location":"La Manouba, Tunis","author":"Bechir Yazidi","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Privateer ship; piracy"],"materials":["Wood, fabric"]},"55519584-25f8-5377-bd87-8e67cbc0dc2c":{"name":"Matchlock gun","short_description":"19th century Matchlock gun.","type":"Arms; firearms","holder":"Weaponry Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Doha","keywords":["Weaponry; weapon; arms; armours; military object; metalwork; dance"],"materials":["Iron"]},"5747fe8d-4ab0-565c-9e90-6e797f311e64":{"name":"Four guns","short_description":"These Turkish flintlock pistols were used by the Ottoman soldiers in Lebanon in the 19th century to quash resistance movements. As the Lebanese resistance had no weapons of their own, the fighters frequently ambushed Ottoman soldiers and took their weapons. These pistols are an example of such weaponry, which was taken by the resistance and used against the Ottomans. They have a wooden butt stock, a slightly broken wooden forend and a round barrel. They are made of wood and cast steel.","type":"Military object; metalwork; firearms; arms and armour","holder":"Lebanese Heritage Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"`Ayn Najm","provenance":"Turkey","author":"Marie Therese Moujabber","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Military object; Metalwork; Steel; Arms; armour; Gun"],"materials":["Cast steel; wood"]},"582735bb-91b8-5a1b-b50e-a4d74176b7d7":{"name":"Knife","short_description":"The surface of this silver-plated bronze knife is covered in beautiful engravings, and the handle is decorated with floral motifs. Various coats of arms are engraved on the blade, along with a stylised ship with an Arabic inscription on the other side. The handle is 65 cm long and the blade is 21 cm long.","type":"Ironwork; weaponry","holder":"Palais de la Rose – Musée de l’Armée","dates":"19th century","location":"La Manouba, Tunis","author":"Bechir Yazidi","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Tunisian army; Musée de l'Armée; Palais de la Rose"],"materials":["Metal"]},"58ffe3b7-a7c4-59ea-a3f7-15adee4841cf":{"name":"Sword that belonged to Carol of Hohenzollern","short_description":"In April 1866, Carol of Hohenzollern was elected by plebiscite ruler of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. However, according to the Paris Convention of 1858, an act signed by the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Austria, Prussia, France, Great Britain and Sardinia, which established the internal organization of the Principalities, they were supposed to each have their own local prince. So, Carol’s election had to be recognized by the Sublime Porte, the sovereign power, and by the other Great Powers. Following negotiations held at Istanbul, in October sultan Abdul Aziz agreed to give his consent. Carol then travelled to Istanbul, where he was invested as ruler of the Principalities and was given by the sultan five Arabian horses and a sword decorated with 1140 brilliants and 46 diamonds.","type":"Damascus steel sword","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"1866","location":"Bucharest","provenance":"Turkey"},"59c2a789-38b6-526c-8c2e-10450f77128f":{"name":"Long Moorish musket","description":"This musket, along with other pieces, was taken by Salvador de Foronda, a member of the Spanish Army, awarded for his actions in battle. He was a relative of the Marquis of Cerralbo and donated to his uncle’s museum these exceptional pieces in 1918. The Moorish musket, a long firearm that could be shot with a single arm while riding the horse, was described by Salvador as “one of the most ancient and authentic\", a truly beauty with damascene work, romantically infused with the testimony of the war.","type":"Armoury","holder":"Cerralbo Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Madrid","dimensions":"125 cm","provenance":"North Africa","author":"Cecilia Casas Desantes","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell","keywords":["Arms and armours; War; Morocco"],"materials":["Wood, metal, fabric; handmade, damascene work"]},"5b111959-0e06-5d73-9d98-5177f4d07663":{"name":"Mamluk armour","short_description":"In the AD 1559 inventory of the collection of Archduke Ferdinand II of Tyrol (AD 1529–95) this helmet and cuirassier armour were wrongly attributed to \"N. König zu Cuba in India“ (a king of Cuba in India). In AD 1788 the shield was correctly added and the ensemble, for no apparent reason, identified as belonging to the North African maritime hero, Dragut Reis, King of Kairun (died AD 1565). Modern attribution to a Mamluk prince is based on the artefact's similarity to the *morion* (open helmet) of Khairbak, the Mamluk governor of Aleppo (Istanbul, Topkapı Sarayı Museum) who handed over Syria to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I in AD 1517. It is the most sumptuous example of this type of Oriental armour.","type":"Armour","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira 10th century / AD 1st quarter of the 16th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Helmet: Height: 33cm, Width: 23.5cm, Depth: 28.5cm;  \nArmour: Height: 72.5cm, Width: 65cm, Depth: 34cm;  \nShield: Height: 12.5cm, Diameter: 63cm","method_for_datation":"Comparison with similar objects","method_for_provenance":"Collection Ambras Castle, Inventory AD 1559","provenance":"Egypt?","obtention":"Collection Ambras Castle, Inventory AD 1559","bibliography":"Mayer, L. A., \"Saracenic Arms and Armor\", *Ars Islamica*, 10 (1943).  \nThomas, Bruno and Gamber, Ortwin, *Katalog der Leibrüstkammer I. Teil. Der Zeitraum von 500 bis 1530*, Wien: Verlag Anton Schroll & Co, 1976.","dynasty":"Mamluk","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Mamluk arms; armours; metalwork; iron; gilding; Khairbak; Selim I; collection; military wear; Armor; shield; Mamluck"],"materials":["Repoussé iron, with punched decor, fire gilded; chain mail, partly made of punched rings"]},"5b229743-fc47-5975-b220-b56bbbada7be":{"name":"Pair of pistols","short_description":"These Turkish flintlock pistols were used by the Ottoman soldiers in Lebanon in the 19th century to quash resistance movements. As the Lebanese resistance had no weapons of their own, the fighters frequently ambushed Ottoman soldiers and took their weapons. These pistols are an example of such weaponry, which was taken by the resistance and used against the Ottomans. They have a wooden bulbous butt plate and engraved silver mounts ornamented with coral. They are made of wood and cast steel and have a small, ornamental, engraved silver piece on the wooden grip.","type":"Military object; metalwork; firearms; arms and armour","holder":"Lebanese Heritage Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"`Ayn Najm","provenance":"Turkey","author":"Marie Therese Moujabber","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Military object; Metalwork; Steel; Arms and armour; Pistol; Coral; Silver"],"materials":["Cast steel; wood, silver, coral"]},"5c632cff-a778-5f7b-80ee-620050c5a5a0":{"name":"Archery ring","short_description":"Archery ring cast in silver, engraved, champleve and basse-taille enamels, gilded.","type":"Archery and hunting","holder":"Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah","dates":"Hegira 11th century / AD 17th century","location":"Kuwait City","provenance":"India, Deccan, probably Hyderabad","dynasty":"Mughal","keywords":["Archer; India; Silver; floral decoration"]},"64d4e82c-fbbb-5b33-9d84-d34775716419":{"name":"Sword","short_description":"The sword has a short curved blade with a single-edged upper section and widened point with double edges on the lower part. One side of the blade bears a signature cartouche that reads ‘Amal Dawud, (Dawud, the maker). The stained walrus ivory hilt of the sword is decorated with inset diamond botehs and gold inset stellar motifs with green enamelled centres. The scabbard of green velvet is decorated with silver wire floral motifs with attached cultures pearls.","type":"Arms and Armour","holder":"Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia","dates":"c. Hegira 1100 / c. AD 1700","location":"Kuala Lumpur","dimensions":"Sword: 55cm; scabbard: 48.5cm","provenance":"Turkey","bibliography":"Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia, *IAMM Guide Book*, Kuala Lumpur: IAMM Publications, 2014: 16.  \nIslamic Arts Museum Malaysia, *Symbols Of Power And Beauty: The collection of the Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia*, Kuala Lumpur: IAMM Publications, 2015: 153.","dynasty":"Ottoman","materials":["Pearl, velvet, thread, turquoise stone, diamond, ruby, green stone, iron, brass, gold, wood, silver; stone setting, hammering, binding, chain making"]},"663338db-5ffa-529f-908c-a0f453f898ea":{"name":"Dagger","short_description":"Katar or thrust-dagger, the hilt overlaid with gold set with diamonds, emeralds and rubies, the exterior of the side-bars in a geometricized floral design, and the interior in a pattern of hexagons; the upper part of the blade with a flowering plant motif in gold. The hilt of gold is over an iron core, worked in *kundan* technique and set with gemstones; blade forged from *jawhar* steel, ground, polished and lightly etched, hatched and overlaid with gold.","type":"Arms and armour","holder":"Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah","dates":"Hegira probably 1060–1085 / AD probably 1650–1675","location":"Kuwait City","provenance":"India","dynasty":"Mughal","keywords":["Dagger; India; Gold; geometrical decoration; arms; armours; weapon"]},"689d7b0e-6f46-5838-8061-a55cbfd196fc":{"name":"*Kitarah* (Curved single-edged Sword with Kattara Hilt)","short_description":"This curved, single-edged sword with Kattara hilt from the al-Busaid Dynasty demonstrates the use of Arabesque, a specific decorative element consisting of a continuous branching stem with split palmate leaves to decorate Islamic weaponry. In a larger sense, the word Arabesque is used to refer to an entire range of designs based on stylised floral, foliar and animal motifs, the aesthetics of which are derived from the imposition of order on the natural world. Arabesque patterns are used extensively in traditional Omani woodwork, plasterwork and metalwork as a means of covering entire surfaces or precise areas within a defined geometric framework.","type":"Weaponry; Sword","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"13th century AH / 19th century AD","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Length: 105.6cm, Blade L: 78cm, Blade W: 2.8cm","provenance":"Oman","obtention":"Ministry of Heritage and Culture Collection","dynasty":"Al-Busaid","copy_editor":"Valerie Pulsifer","keywords":["Sword; Kattara; Arabesque; Weaponry"],"materials":["Steel, leather, wood, silver"]},"68fae760-47a2-58aa-986f-28473ca5d989":{"name":"Revolver","description":"Leopold Gasser Austrian navy revolver produced between 1870 and 1919. Serial number 156122 engraved on the frame and on the smooth surface of the cylinder. On the left side of the revolver, the plate at the base barrel has an inscription: \"PATENT RAST & GASSER WIEN 171290 GUSS STAHL\". On the frame right under the cylinder serial number 156122 and to the left of it an apple pierced with an arrow and L. G. with the word \"MARKE\" was engraved. The revolver is fitted with chequered wooden grips fixed to the frame by a screw within an oval with ears of steel insert pressed into the wood of the grip plates. On the right side of the revolver an illegible marking was stamped with two Arabic letters ا ح under the marking. The letters are obviously initials of either the maker or the owner. The same initials in Arabic letters were engraved on the cylinder. At the top of the barrel a crown with two letters NI was engraved.","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Folklore Museum, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20 century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 37 cm, barrel 24 cm, cartridge 6-chamber cylinder","provenance":"Austria, Vienna","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Navy revolver; solid frame; revolver; wooden grip plates; barrel; cylinder;arms; armours; metalwork; war; warfare; military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"6a2319dc-c001-58b4-a048-bd55561d140e":{"name":"Yataghan","short_description":"This is the earliest known Imperial Ottoman *yataghan* believed to be commissioned by Sultan Bayezid II (r. AH 885-917 / AD 1481-1512). It is a Turkish weapon used by elite troops of the Ottoman army (janissaries) from the AH mid-9th to 13th century / AD mid-15th to 19th century. An inscription executed in *thuluth* script in gold overlay on both sides of the blade and along its spine, bearing the names of the Sultan, its owner, maker and benedictory inscriptions enumerating the Sultan’s attributes.","type":"Arms, armours","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art","dates":"Hegira late 9th - early 10th century / AD late 15th - early 16th century","location":"Doha","dimensions":"Height: 74.5 cm, width: 4.5 cm, depth: 4.5 cm","provenance":"Turkey, Istanbul","obtention":"Sultan Mehmed VI (1861–1926), Istanbul; Rex Ingram (1893–1950), Nice; his estate sale, A. N. Abel Auction Company, Los Angeles, 1989; sold through Bashir Mohamed Ltd in 1997; Khalil Talhouni Collection of Important Islamic Art until 1997; sold to Qatar Museums","bibliography":"Al Khemir, Sabiha, *From Cordoba To Samarqand, Masterpieces from the Museum of Islamic Art in Doha*, Milan: Musée du Louvre Editions, 2006.  \n  \nJodidio, Philip, *Museum of Islamic Art, Doha Qatar*, London: Prestel Verlag, 2008.  \n  \nGonnella, Julia, et al. *Museum of Islamic Art: The Collection. *London: Thames & Hudson, 2022.  \n  \nWatson, Oliver, *Museum of Islamic Art, Doha, Qatar*, Munich: Prestel Verlag, 2008.**","dynasty":"Ottoman","author":"Tara Desjardins","keywords":["Bayezid II; Hersekzade Ahmet Pasha; Sword; Diplomatic Gift; Ottoman; Inscription; Amrs; Armours; Military; Weapon; Turkey"],"materials":["Wood, Leather, Metal Thread, Black Compound Gold, Iron Alloy; Forged Steel, Gold inlay"]},"6d67dd68-9a25-5aff-9ff7-90c6c6b016bb":{"name":"Dagger handle.","description":"A dagger handle made of ivory, carved with arabesque patterns and two narrow horizontal bands with circular motifs. In contrast to the popularity of ivory carving in other periods of Islamic art, such as under the Umayyads of Spain, Ottoman works in carved ivory are relatively rare. Those that were made, however, are exquisite; they include hand-mirror backings, belt segments, and dagger handles like this one. The surface is carved with arabesque motifs which strongly recall the so-called 'Baba Naqqash' style, a distinctive Ottoman idiom that employs traditional Islamic arabesques combined with Chinese elements, and one which remained fashionable in other media long after it had gone out of style in ceramics. An ivory dagger handle much like this one is owned by the British Museum (inv. no. OA 409), while a dagger made in AH 949 / AD 1543 in Ottoman-ruled Hungary has a gilt-silver handle with similar decoration (National Museum of Hungary, 55.3237). Such objects were undoubtedly made for the wealthy and powerful.","short_description":"A dagger handle carved with arabesques and circular motifs. The decoration is similar to the ‘Baba Naqqash’ style known from ceramics of the early AH 10th / AD 16th century. Ottoman carved ivories are comparatively rare but quite exquisite, and they were undoubtedly made for the wealthy and powerful.","type":"Arms, armours","holder":"Victoria and Albert Museum.","dates":"Probably hegira 10th / AD 16th century.","location":"London, England","dimensions":"Length 13 cm, width 4.6 cm.","method_for_datation":"Stylistic comparison (see description).","method_for_provenance":"Comparison with similarly decorated objects in ivory and metal known to be Ottoman.","provenance":"Turkey.","obtention":"Purchased by the Museum in 1895.","bibliography":"Allan, J., and Raby, J., \"Metalwork\", Tulips, Arabesques and Turbans: Decorative Arts from the Ottoman Empire (ed. Y. Petsopoulos), London, 1982, pp.25–6 (fig. 8a shows a dagger with a similar handle in gilt silver).  \n  \nRogers, M., \"Osmanische Elfenbeinkunst,\" Türkische Kunst und Kultur aus osmanischer Zeit, Recklinghausen, 1985, pp.339–42 (fig. 10/2 shows a similar object in the British Museum).","dynasty":"Ottoman","linkcatalogs":"IAM_TR_EN_001","author":"Barry Wood","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["floral decoration; arms; armours; weapon"],"materials":["Carved ivory."]},"6f3c1d83-c1d2-5207-a72e-e6b0bd916f8d":{"name":"Sword and scabbard","short_description":"The Ottoman sword is made by one of the master sword smiths of the late 18th and early 19th century, Ahmad al-Khurasani. He served under the Ottoman royal patronage at the sword smiths’ guild “the *simsirgeran*” together with renowned masters such as Acem Oglu, Ismail al-Farghani, Osman ibn Haji Muhammad and Qara Sabar al-Erserumi. All share similar elements and standard decorations of typical Ottoman swords produced in the 18th and 19th centuries. This style highlights the curved blade with chiselled and gilded foliage on a recess and *kufic* inscription arranged along the blade. The hilt takes the shape of a pistol grip made of horn and the wooden scabbard mounted with gilded sheets. The blade has been inscribed with Qur’anic verses and signed with the maker’s name in square *kufic* panel.","type":"Arms and Armour","holder":"Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia","dates":"Hegira 12th century / AD 18th century","location":"Kuala Lumpur","dimensions":"90cm","provenance":"Turkey","bibliography":"Alexander, David G., *Islamic Arms and Armor in The Metropolitan Museum of Art*, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015.","dynasty":"Ottoman","materials":["Watered-steel (*Kara-Khorasan*) blade with the hilt set with horn grips with silver rivets, leather-covered wood scabbard with gilt mounts and two hooks for hanging"]},"6f9fb1e8-99e0-571f-8a20-02431dd74f73":{"name":"Yatagan","short_description":"This yatagan boasts the typical traditional ear-shaped hilt, fastidiously decorated with gems, and a blade decorated with simple ornaments. The scabbard is made of sheet metal, the fittings are made of punched brass. The condition is used, with signs of age and regular wear and some gems have been lost. The scabbard is partially showing signs of removed rust and has some minor bruises and spots. This yatagan seems to have been a well-worn part of its owner’s attire.","type":"Arms; sword","holder":"Austrian Military Museum / Institute of Military History","dates":"19th century","location":"Vienna","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Yatagan; ÖWG; Bosnia; arms; armours; metalwork; military object; war; warfare"],"artist":"Produced by ÖWG"},"729b315c-3fb9-575e-96d9-d9e48639cd90":{"name":"Revolver","description":"Revolver of Leopold Gasser (serial number 8106) used for land/terrestrial defence as opposed to the navy. It is also known as “Montenegrin” as it was used not only by the Austrian army but also by the army of Montenegro. The exterior was nickelled, but the nickel finish has mostly worn away leaving only traces on the barrel and the frame. The revolver is fitted with genuine ivory grips. The absence of any indication for Austria and the presence of the crown “R” might indicate to its production in Liege/Belgium.","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Folklore Museum, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20 century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 25 cm, barrel 13 cm, cartridge 5","provenance":"Belgian copy of Leopold Gasser revolver","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Solid frame; revolver; wooden grip plates; barrel; cylinder; arms; armours; metalwork; war; warfare; military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"760fa584-9cdb-54e9-a484-39638db07064":{"name":"Moorish dagger","description":"This dagger, along with other pieces, was taken by Salvador de Foronda, a member of the Spanish Army, awarded for his actions in battle. He was a relative of the Marquis of Cerralbo and donated to his uncle’s museum these exceptional pieces in 1918. This piece is enriched with damascene work, and the fabric rope still holds some metallic threads. This dagger was a traditional self-defence tool for North African men.","type":"Armoury","holder":"Cerralbo Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Madrid","dimensions":"46 cm","provenance":"North Africa","author":"Cecilia Casas Desantes","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell","keywords":["Arms and armours; War; Morocco"],"materials":["Metal, fabric; handmade"]},"763ee7df-878c-58a5-84f4-122b7dc9a7e0":{"name":"Helmet","short_description":"This Islamic helmet, known as a \"casque de Rostem\", has Persian origins. It is 21 cm long from its tip to the joint at the front, the serrated iron mesh is 30 cm long, and the front perimeter is 70 cm long. This helmet is lavishly decorated, coming to two points on either side, and with an Ottoman point at the front and floral motifs all over the surface.","type":"Ironwork","holder":"Palais de la Rose – Musée de l’Armée","dates":"19th century","location":"La Manouba, Tunis","author":"Bechir Yazidi","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Tunisian army; Musée de l'Armée; Palais de la Rose"],"materials":["Metal"]},"78a9e1c9-8dab-57a9-9884-2e65ee67f308":{"name":"Nephrite thumb ring","short_description":"Archers wore thumb rings made of semi-precious stone on the thumb of their right hand to help them draw their bows. A seminal part of a weapon held in high esteem in the Orient, these richly-embellished thumb rings were ideal expressions of a warrior’s status and wealth.","type":"Jewellery","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira second half of the 10th century / AD 2nd half of the 16th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Length: 4.1cm, Width: 3.2cm","method_for_datation":"Arthistorical and historical analysis, archival and inventory research","method_for_provenance":"Listed in the AD 1750 inventory of the imperial treasury in Vienna","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Imperial treasury","bibliography":"Leitner-Böchzelt, Susanne and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias (eds), *Die Welt des Orients. Kunst und Kultur des Islam*, Leoben: Stadtgemeinde Leoben, 2006.  \nRainer, Paulus, *Glanz der Macht. Kaiserliche Pretiosen aus der Wiener Kunstkammer*, exhibition catalogue Pforzheim, Wien/Bozen: Folio Verlag, 2010.  \nRainer, Paulus, *Splendour and Power. Imperial Treasures from Vienna*, exhibition catalogue, Cambridge: Fitzwilliam Museum, 2011.  \nRoxburgh, David. J. (ed), *Turks. A Journey of a thousand Years 600-1600*, exhibition catalogue, London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2005.","dynasty":"Ottoman Empire (Istanbul?)","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Military object; Ottoman army; floral decoration; arms; armours"],"materials":["Nephrite, rubies, gold"]},"7ec5b54e-b5f6-55dc-bba6-dbab52faa88a":{"name":"Yataghan from the court of Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520–66)","short_description":"The exquisite workmanship and lavish use of precious materials employed in this sword’s construction exemplifies the opulence and refinement of Ottoman luxury arts. It is almost certainly from the same imperial workshop as a nearly identical *yataghan* produced in 1526–27 by the court jeweller Ahmed Tekel for the Ottoman sultan Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520–66). The gold incrustation on the blade depicts a combat between a dragon and a phoenix against a background of foliate scrolls. These figures, like the gold-inlaid cloud bands and foliate scrolls on the ivory grips, are Chinese in inspiration, and were probably introduced into Ottoman art through contacts with Persia.","type":"Sword","holder":"The Metropolitan Museum of Art","dates":"Hegira c. 931–32 / AD c. 1525","location":"New York","dimensions":"L: 59.3cm; L of blade: 46.7 cm; Wt: 1lb.8oz./691g","provenance":"Istanbul, Turkey","obtention":"Purchase, Lila Acheson Wallace Gift, 1993  \nSword maker: Workshop of Ahmed Tekelü, possibly Iranian, active Istanbul, ca. 1520–30  \nProvenance: Rex Ingram (1893–1950), Los Angeles; his estate sale, A. N. Abel Auction Company, Los Angeles, 1989","bibliography":"Alexander, David, Pyhrr, Stuart W. and Kwiatkowski, Will, *Islamic Arms and Armor in the Metropolitan Museum of Art*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2015: 152–54, no. 57, ill.  \nEkhtiar, Maryam, Canby, Shelia R., Haidar, Navina and Soucek, Priscilla P. (eds), *Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in The Metropolitan Museum of Art*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011: 287, 312–13, no. 221, ill.  \nPyhrr, Stuart W., \"Workshop of Ahmed Tekelü (Iranian \\[?\\], active in Istanbul, ca. 1520–30), Yatagan\", *The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin: Recent Acquisitions: A Selection*, 1992–1993 (Autumn 1993): 21, ill.  \nPyhrr, Stuart W., La Rocca, Donald J. and Ogawa, Morihiro, *Arms and Armor: Notable Acquisitions, 1991–2002*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002: 38, no. 34, fig. 14.  \nPyhrr, Stuart W., \"Of Arms and Men: Arms and Armor at the Metropolitan, 1912–2012\", *The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin*, (Summer 2012): 46–47, fig. 77.  \nSamgin, Sergey and Barkan, Ariel, \"A New Hypothesis of the Genesis of the Ottoman Yataghan: the Crimean Connection\", *Waffen- und Kostümkunde: Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Historische Waffen- und Kostümkunde*, (2016): 49, fig. 2.","dynasty":"Ottoman","copyright":"The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Purchase, Lila Acheson Wallace Gift, 1993","keywords":["Ottoman; Istanbul; Turkey; Anatolia; sword; steel; ivory; gold; silver; inscription; arms and armours; blade; cloud pattern; dragon; phoenix; Ottoman army; Ottoman metalwork; precious gems; semiprecious stones; weapon; weaponry"],"materials":["Steel, walrus ivory, gold, silver, ruby, turquoise, pearl"]},"84046e76-f5c4-58c1-bb91-359397489ded":{"name":"Fragment of an ivory dagger.","description":"A triangle-shaped ivory dagger that is broken with some pieces missing. Finely decorated with flora, fauna and architecture, it has incised decoration on both faces. On one side there is a central palm tree together with a trace of the columns that form an arch either side of it and a lamp hanging in the middle, unfortunately the upper part of the arch is missing. The other side depicts a she-camel with her young. Similar architectural motifs to those used on this ivory dagger appear on the steatite vessels found at the same site.  \n  \nBackgammon dice and other ivory objects were found together with this piece in the same area of excavation. The function of such an object is not entirely clear but it was probably a decorative element used in the palace.","short_description":"Fragment of a carved triangular ivory dagger from al-Fudayn in Mafraq. It is finely decorated with flora, fauna and architecture on both faces. Backgammon dice and other ivory objects were found together with this piece, the function of which is not entirely clear.","type":"Dagger, ivory, arms, armours","holder":"Jordan Archaeological Museum.","dates":"Hegira 2nd century / AD 8th century.","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 28 cm, width 7 cm.","method_for_datation":"The object was dated by its stratigraphic context and association with other Umayyad vessels.","method_for_provenance":"Where this object was produced is unknown but it was found during archaeological excavation work at al-Fudayn, a site located in Mafraq.","provenance":"Unknown.","obtention":"The object was obtained in 1986 during an archaeological excavation that took place at al-Fudayn in Mafraq which lies about 70 km north-east of Amman.","bibliography":"**La voie royale: 9000 ans d'art au royaume de Jordanie**, exhibition catalogue, Paris, 1986, p.369, fig. 355.  \n  \nZabern, P., *Der Königs Weg: 9000 Jahre Kunst und Kultur in Jordanien und Palästina*, exhibition catalogue, Mainz, 1987, p.350.","dynasty":"Umayyad","linkcatalogs":"IAM_JO_EN_001","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Architecural motifs; camel; floral decoration; arms; armours; weapon"],"materials":["Cut and incised ivory."]},"859283ff-dbce-5eca-aab7-fe1bee0640a1":{"name":"Dagger","description":"A dagger decorated with geometric and floral motifs and crafted in southern Morocco in the 19th century. Dagger blades were imported from Europe.","type":"Arms","holder":"National Museum of Jewellery","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Rabat","dimensions":"H: 38cm, L: 6cm; 450g","keywords":["Trade; arms; armours; metalwork; European influence; geometric motifs; geometric decoration; floral decoration; vegetal motifs; vegetal decoration; craftsmanship; war; warfare; military objects"],"materials":["Gold; precious stones; horn, enamel; steel; cord"]},"865fb995-6617-5b7a-9f9e-71a7a96732e5":{"name":"Arabian gold sword","short_description":"Sword belonging to Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim. The sword’s sheath is made out of leather and gold. The sword handle is made from elephant ivory whilst the blade is a type of steel called ‘*al-jawhar*’ which is derived from the finest Arabian Damascus plate.","type":"Weapon; arms","holder":"Weaponry Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Doha","keywords":["Weaponry; sword; Arabian; Arab; weapon; arms; armours; costume; accessories; fashion; dance"],"materials":["Leather, gold, elephant ivory, steel"]},"87839162-d295-566b-8702-37a9e59ccbec":{"name":"Cap Helmet (*kulah khud*) with Design of Interlaced Vines, Arabic Inscriptions, and Mail Neck Curtain","short_description":"A hemispherical cap helmet (*kulah khud*) with a four-sided spike attached to the top. Approximately a quarter of the way down the spike from its tip the sides are flat, then they become deeply fluted, creating four sharp ridges. Each flute is decorated with diamond-shapes of varying sizes in gold overlay. The spike then joins a gold leafed ball atop a conical foot, sides decorated in vegetal and geometric designs in gold.  \nThe majority of the helmet is decorated in a regular, intertwined pattern of arabesques, and there is a band around the bottom with a much more dense pattern of geometric and vegetal decoration, interspersed with Arabic inscriptions. Attached at the front, center of the helmet is a vertical, squared rod that follows the curve of the helmet. It is attached by a short, horizontal clamp attached to the helmet with two rivets, and decorated with gold overlay. The ends of the vertical bar flatten into leaves decorated in gold. A short distance, both to the left and right of the vertical bar, is a short, vertical, hollow rod that flattens into a leaf at its bottom end, also riveted to the helmet.  \nThe bottom lip of the helmet is perforated around the circumference with small circular holes for the attachment of thin wire jump rings. To these rings is attached a network of circular links, forming an aventail or mail neck curtain that hangs short across the front of the helmet, then longer around the remainder, coming to six triangular points.  \nThe helmet is in good condition, with the exception of a number of deep nicks and abrasions around the top of the spike, and the chain mail is missing some areas at the back of the helmet.","type":"Arms and Armor","holder":"Saint Louis Art Museum","dates":"Hegira Early 12th to early 13th century / AD 18th century","location":"Saint Louis","dimensions":"Height: 66cm","method_for_datation":"Scholarly review and/or comparison to similar objects from the period.","method_for_provenance":"Scholarly review and/or comparison to similar objects from the period.","provenance":"Iran, Asia","obtention":"Museum Purchase, 1921","dynasty":"Safavid","keywords":["Helmet; Arms; Armor; Steel; Gold; Overlay; Iran: Asia; Persian"],"materials":["Steel with gold overlay"]},"8b7e80b3-625e-596c-a8d5-9f93e1bdc94b":{"name":"Cannon","short_description":"This small cannon on wheels was used by the Ottoman soldiers in Lebanon in the 19th century to quash resistance movements. As the Lebanese resistance had no weapons of their own, the fighters frequently ambushed Ottoman soldiers and took their weapons. This cannon is an example of such weaponry, which was taken by the resistance and used against the Ottomans. The cannon is made of cast steel, with the chase, reinforce and cascable forged as one single part. It has two trunnions, used to mount the cannon on its carriage, a wooden body which is hollowed in the middle to make space for the cannon can pivot. It rest on a wooden cylinder and is linked by two wooden wheels.","type":"Military object; firearms; arms and armour; artillery","holder":"Lebanese Heritage Museum","dates":"Early 19th century","location":"`Ayn Najm","provenance":"Turkey","author":"Marie Therese Moujabber","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Military object; Metalwork; Cast steel; Arms; armour; Wood; Carriage; Cannon"],"materials":["Cast steel; wood"]},"8ba7883e-69b4-512d-95ec-03ed8ae859d5":{"name":"Ottoman *shamshir*","short_description":"This Persian-style sword has a richly decorated quadrangular cross with endings in floral shape made of silver-gilt. The hilt is made of horn. The scabbard is a wooden construction which has been covered with leather. All fittings are silver-gilt, decorated with punched ornaments in Ottoman style.","type":"Sword; arms","holder":"Austrian Military Museum / Institute of Military History","dates":"19th century","location":"Vienna","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Arms; armours; metalwork; military object; war; warfare; Ottoman army"],"materials":["Silver, horn-handled, wood covered with leather"]},"8ca42471-fa97-56f9-94ac-a3f4088b69ff":{"name":"Cannon","short_description":"This cast bronze cannon is 156 cm long, has a front diameter of 50 cm and a back diameter of 85 cm. The Beylik of Tunis' coat of arms can be seen near the muzzle, and the Kingdom of Italy's near the back, as well as the name of the manufacturer, Fonderia di Torino, and the date, 1867.","type":"Ironwork; weaponry","holder":"Palais de la Rose – Musée de l’Armée","dates":"19th century","location":"La Manouba, Tunis","author":"Bechir Yazidi","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Tunisian army; Musée de l'Armée; Palais de la Rose"],"materials":["Metal"]},"8f4f45ac-f6ac-5ff3-bfc0-d96fae01d30f":{"name":"Revolver","description":"This is a solid-frame revolver with 9-chamber cylinder and 8 mm calibre. The ejector and the screw for attaching the cylinder to the frame are missing. This revolver is fitted with two grip silver plates, highly decorated with checking and with a lion under a palm tree on both sides. The screw to attach the plates is installed with the grip plated diamond shape. The base of the barrel is octagonal in shape and the barrel had an inverted lip at its end. On the crown, “R”, a star and “E” are the only visible markings on the right side of the barrel. Right under the screw of the ejector, the number 16 is engraved. Only the last digit “3” of the serial number is visible and most of it is under the museum's inventory number.","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20 century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 21.5 cm, barrel 10 cm, cartridge 9","provenance":"Belgium","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Revolver; solid frame; 9-chamber cylinder; ejector; grip silver plates; checking; barrel; arms; armours; metalwork; war; warfare; military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"9487e20d-9d1a-5f88-8e17-a1dad5b04484":{"name":"Saddle","short_description":"This saddle comprises a wooden base covered with leather cushions and semi-circular saddle-bags. Note the elaborate lacquer painting: intertwined gold vines and blue flowers and red carnations on a black ground, and red-gold Chinese cloud motifs. In the 16th century this Oriental saddle was at Ambras Castle near Innsbruck and was probably part of the Turkish booty bought back by Archduke Ferdinand II of Tyrol (AD 1529–95) in AD 1556.","type":"Saddle","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira c. 957–957 / AD c. 1550","location":"Vienna","method_for_datation":"Collection Ambras Castle","method_for_provenance":"Collection Ambras Castle","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Trophies of Archduke Ferdinand of Tyrol in AD 1556, Collection Ambras Castle","bibliography":"Gamber, Ortwin and Beaufort-Spontin, Christian, *Katalog der Leibrüstkammer II. Teil. Der Zeitraum von 1530-1560*, Busto Arsizio: Bramante, 1990.  \nLuchner, Laurin, *Denkmal eines Renaissancefürsten. Versuch einer Rekonstruktion des Ambraser Museums von 1583*, Wien: Schroll, 1958.","dynasty":"Ottoman","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Ottoman army; military object; horsemanship; floral decoration; floral motifs; Chinese motifs; saddle; Ottoman Empire"],"materials":["Wood, parchment, lacquer painting, thick brown felt, deer leather"]},"969f28d7-18db-53c5-8afc-a2bab8697217":{"name":"Shirt of Mail and Plate","short_description":"In Islamic lands arms and armor were not only a means of conquest or defense but were indicators of status, wealth and power. As such, they were made by master craftsmen working in partnership with courtly designers, goldsmiths, and jewelers, who helped to transform utilitarian military gear into works of art. This shirt, constructed of small interlocking rings known as mail, was reinforced with rigid plates to cover the vital areas of the body. It is decorated with sumptuous silver inlaid inscriptions including anonymous titles and benedictions some of which appear to be garbled.","holder":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)","dates":"Hegira late 9th century / AD late 15th century","location":"Los Angeles","dimensions":"99.1 x 61cm","method_for_datation":"The armor was probably worn in conjunction with a so-called turban helmet, of a type generally attributed to later 15th-century northwestern Iran. Because the armor bears similar decoration and inscriptions, it perhaps can be similarly linked to the Aq Quyunlu territories.","method_for_provenance":"This type of armor is generally attributed to the Turkman territories of northwestern Iran or else to Ottoman Turkey. Without more concrete evidence of place of production, it is perhaps best to consider this armor within a Turko-Iranian context.","provenance":"Iran or Turkey","obtention":"Collection of Nasli M. Heeramaneck (1902-1971), New York, until 1973 (sold to); LACMA, The Nasli M. Heeramaneck collection, gift of Joan Palevsky.","bibliography":"Komaroff, Linda, *Lo Terrenal y lo Divino: Arte Islámico siglos VII al XIX Colección del Museo de Arte del Condado de Los Ángeles*, Santiago: Centro Cultural La Moneda, 2015: 143-145.  \nKomaroff, Linda, *Beauty and Identity: Islamic Art from the Los Angeles County Museum of Art*, Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2016: 172-173, cat. no. 88.  \nPal, Pratapaditya (ed), *Islamic Art: The Nasli M. Heeramaneck Collection*, Los Angeles: Museum Associates, 1973: 170, cat. no. 323.","dynasty":"Aq Quyunlu","author":"LACMA Staff","keywords":["Armour; military wear; metalwork; silver; steel; gilding; inlay; inscription; calligraphy"],"materials":["Steel with silver inlay and traces of gilding"]},"9759fb2e-169a-5a39-8d80-11289577854b":{"name":"Al-Haswa Dagger (*khanjar*)","short_description":"Attributed to Imam Saif bin Sultan al-Yarubi I (*Qaid al-Ard’*)  \nCollections of Sultan Qaboos bin Said bin Taimur  \n  \nSaif bin Sultan I was the fourth of the al-Ya’aruba dynasty Imams of Oman (ruled Hegira 1104–23 / AD 1692–1711). He made the ar-Rustaq Fort his residence, adding the *Burj al-Riah,* “the wind tower”.  \n  \nThe Omani navy reached a great degree of development during the Imam’s reign, where his foreign policy was based on renewing the struggle against the Portuguese on the Persian, Indian and East African coasts. In Hegira 1110 / AD 1696, the Omani naval fleet attacked Mombasa, besieging the Portuguese who had taken refuge in Fort Jesus. The Siege of Fort Jesus (also known as the Battle of Mombasa), ended after 33 months when the remaining survivors surrendered. Soon after the Omanis took Pemba, Kilwa and Zanzibar, becoming the dominant power on the coast.  \n  \nAt home, Imam Saif bin Sultan invested in agrarian reform, building new *aflaj* water management systems and maintaining old systems; expanding the plantation of crops such as wheat, barley and sugar cane; planting date palm and fruit trees; introducing new varieties of plants such as turmeric, saffron and coffee; and establishing beekeeping.  \n  \nSaif bin Sultan earned the title Qaid al-Ard’ meaning \"the Earth's bond\" or \"the chain of the Earth\" for the benefits he brought to the people of Oman.","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"Hegira 1104–23 / AD 1692–1711","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Dagger width: 17cm, dagger length: 33cm; Belt length: 133cm; Blade length: 31.5cm, blade width: 7.2cm","dynasty":"Al-Yarubi","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","materials":["Rhinoceros horn, steel, wood, leather and silver"]},"99c365eb-e061-5123-97ee-c6128fee870f":{"name":"Arab / Bedouin Gun","short_description":"This matchlock musket, locally made based on a European prototype, is known as 'Abu Futtila'. It is an  example of the type of weapon used from the early 18th century until as late as the early 20th century in the Arabian Peninsula. The type was typically simply stocked, but generally as with this example, fitted with an extremely high quality barrel.  The tang is stamped with a maker's mark. This gun is a good example as it retains what is possibly its original match consisting of twisted fibre cord bound with cotton and two large copper alloy tubular fittings,  probably to hold lighted sections of the match. The gun is muzzle loaded and has a  .50 calibre smoothbore barrel with a single shot firing capacity. The musket shows fine fluting and has a chiseled barrel with geometric designs and silver inlay, as well as a copper alloy mounted forward grip. The copper taper holders under the wick do not appear to be original, but this gun still has its primer pan protector.Weapons were among the most coveted and desirable, if often illicit commodities in the Arab Gulf. European weapons were mainly imported through Muscat and Bushire on the Persian coast of the Gulf, with many than copied locally.","type":"Weapon; firearms; arms and armour","holder":"Sharjah Al-Hisn Museum / Sharjah Museums Department","dates":"Hegira 12th century / AD 18th century","location":"Sharjah","dimensions":"1590 mm","provenance":"Arabian Penninsula / Oman","author":"Ulrike Al-Khamis","keywords":["Abu Futtila"],"materials":["Wood, iron, copper alloy, fibre"],"artist":"Unknown"},"9acacc6d-17be-5ff9-92a2-a820a66feee1":{"name":"Dagger and scabbard","short_description":"Blade of *jawhar* steel, hatched and overlaid with gold; iron hilt, as well as locket, chape and front of scabbard overlaid with gold and worked in *kundan* technique, set with precious stones, engraved and chiselled. The scabbards wood is covered on the back with gold sheet hammered in relief; hilt and scabbards set with a total of 1,685 rubies, 321 pieces of transparent emeralad-green glass, 39 pieces of transparent dark middle blue glass, 9 pieces of ivory and 6 layered agates (grand total of 2,393 'stones', to which another 26, now missing, must be added, for an original total of 2,419).","type":"Arms and armour","holder":"Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah","dates":"Hegira 1029–1030 / AD 1620","location":"Kuwait City","provenance":"India","dynasty":"Mughal","keywords":["Dagger; Scabbard; Kundan; Gold; amrs; armours; weapon"]},"9f6f6d17-a330-58b4-8043-735c770a690a":{"name":"Dagger (*Kard*)","short_description":"This outstanding dagger with its lapis-lazuli hilt has a deeply engraved calligraphic inscription on its blade that is compartmentalised within a continous arabesque scroll. The calligraphy reads “Ya Muhammad, Ya ‘Ali” alternatively. The quality of the blade indicates a royal commission and an experienced metal smith. The dagger is signed on its spine with the attribute name of Ghulam Shah ‘Abbasi, in gold damascened foliage. The attribution ‘Ghulam Shah ‘Abbasi or ‘Slave of Shah ‘Abbasi’ indicates a period in Iranian history when Nadir Shah rose to power and deposed the last members of the Safavid dynasty.","type":"Arms and Armour","holder":"Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia","dates":"c. Hegira 1200 / c. AD 1800","location":"Kuala Lumpur","dimensions":"30.9 x 2.9cm","provenance":"Iran","bibliography":"Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia, *Symbols Of Power And Beauty: The collection of the Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia*, Kuala Lumpur: IAMM Publications, 2015: 52-53.","dynasty":"Afsharid or Zand","materials":["Iron, gold, lapis-lazuli; inlay, damascene, rivet"]},"a1e1c4a1-795f-51e4-afb8-1a29468bb285":{"name":"Receptacle","short_description":"This container for short cavalry spears (*dschirid*) comprises a high cylindrical case made of blue damask embroidered with arabesques and crescent moons in gold and red silk. Set among these purely ornamental motifs is a tulip with red embroidered petals. Mounted Ottoman warriors used the short lances originally stored in this receptacle both in battle and in equestrian games; they were thrown at a target by a warrior mounted on a galloping horse.","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira 10th century / AD 16th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Length: 92cm","method_for_datation":"Comparison with similar objects","method_for_provenance":"ILG / BOEHEIM, 1883  \nInventory of Furniture and Small Artefacts held at Ambras Castle, page 6","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Collection of Ambras castle; documented since AD 1882","bibliography":"Sandbichler, Veronika, *Türkische Kostbarkeiten aus dem Kunsthistorischen Museum Wien*, exh. cat., Wien: Kunsthistorisches Museum, 1997.  \nScheicher, Elisabeth et al. (eds), *Kunsthistorisches Museum Sammlungen Schloss Ambras. Die Kunstkammer*, Innsbruck: Kunsthistorisches Museum, 1977.","dynasty":"Ottoman","author":"Veronika Sandbichler, Thomas Kuster","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Ottoman army; military object; embroidery; arabesque; floral motifs; floral decoration; horsemanship; textile; textile; embroides; ottoman empire"],"materials":["Damast, gold embroidery"]},"a22ef18b-d87e-5980-a2f7-21310eb82200":{"name":"Revolver","description":"Revolver of Leopold Gasser, used for land/terrestrial defence as opposed to the navy. It is also known as “Montenegrin” as it was used not only by the Austrian army but also by the army of Montenegro. The exterior was nickelled, but the nickel finish has mostly worn away leaving only traces on the barrel and the frame. The plates of grip are missing. It is similar to item 65.","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20 century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 25 cm, barrel 12.5 cm, cartridge 5-chamber cylinder","provenance":"Belgium","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Solid frame; revolver; wooden grip plates; barrel; cylinder; arms; armours; metalwork; war; warfare; military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"a34c1a9f-ced6-5d46-9b24-f76e88d32863":{"name":"Sword.","description":"This sword, produced in the Mongol style, consists of four parts: the blade, hilt, cross-guard and scabbard. This style of weaponry, which filtered through to Persia, was known by the name of *al-Shamshir.*  \nThe blade is narrow and tapers at the head. It is attached at the top by a wooden hilt in the middle of which is a notch 1.5 cm wide. Inserted in the blade is a copper band decorated with gold lines. A cross-guard separates the blade from the hilt assuming a cruciform shape, and the long side of which is perpendicular to the hilt and the sword blade, its two sides ending in two ornamental globules. There is an inscription on each side of the cross-guard.  \nThe blade also bears decorative engraved inscriptions such as Qur'anic verses, popular sayings and poetry stanzas. One of the two edges of the sword bears illuminated inscriptions with an illuminated frame. One of them reads: “There is no hero like 'Ali and no sword like Zulfikar”. And another reads: “Oh Judge of Necessities”. Written on the blade at the hilt is the following text: “Victory is from God and Conquest is near, year AH 785 \\[AD 1383\\]”. There are two non-illuminated inscriptions engraved on the blade within a cartouche. The first reads: “The work of As'ad Allah”. And the second: “‘Abbas bi Nadir Shah”. In the middle of the blade is an inscription that extends approximately 43 cm. It consists of what is probably popular poetry and begins with the verse: “Unsheath the sword of destruction from its scabbard of support and cleave with it, the preponderance of envy and aggression”.  \nThe scabbard is made of wood, copper-plated at the top to about 18.5 cm. There are three engraved inscriptions written in *thuluth* script on the copper section. The inscriptions are contained within a linear frame that is surrounded by depictions of flowers and vegetal stems. The copper section is adjacent to two bands each of which is 7 cm wide. A 27.5 cm-long copper section at the end of the scabbard holds five inscriptions; its decoration is similar to that on the copper hilt. In the area between the two copper sections, the scabbard is covered with a piece of carpet-like fabric 47 cm long, woven in red, brown and gold. The inscriptions on the scabbard include popular sayings and poetry in praise of the sword and supplications to God for victory.","short_description":"This sword consists of the scabbard, blade, hilt and cross-guard. It is in the Mongol style, which was taken to Persia. It has a narrow blade and the cross guard has a cruciform shape.  The sword is filled with inscriptions and vegetal decoration. The date engraved on it does not concur with the lifespan of its maker, As'ad Allah.","type":"Sword, blade, arms, armours","holder":"Islamic Museum, al-Aqsa Mosque / al-Haram al-Sharif.","initial_owner":"Shah ‘Abbas I (r. AH 996–1038 / AD 1588–1629).","dates":"Hegira 785 / AD 1383.","location":"Jerusalem","dimensions":"Entire length 107 cm, length (of blade) 90 cm, width (of blade) 3.3 cm, length (of Scabbard) 93 cm.","method_for_datation":"This sword has an inscribed date on it, but like tens of other swords it poses a historical puzzle. The date of production engraved on it does not agree with the life-span of the original owner, Shah ‘Abbas I. In addition, it does not concur with the life-span of its craftsman, As'ad Allah, who was a renowned sword-maker and a contemporary of Shah ‘Abbas. It is worth noting that there are about 300 swords distributed in museums worldwide that are associated with As'ad Allah and bear his name. The oldest of them is the sword exhibited here, which dates to 785 / 1383; the most recent dates to 1223/ 1808. Thus, the association of the swords to this skilled craftsman continued for more than four centuries.","method_for_provenance":"Iran has been narrowed down as the place of manufacture of this sword because the craftsman associated with it and original owner have links with Iran.","provenance":"Iran.","bibliography":"—————, *Al-Asliha al-Islamiya: al-Suyuf wa al-Duru' \\[Islamic Weaponry and Armour\\],* The King Faisal Centre for Research and Islamic Studies, (n.d).  \nElgood, R., *Islamic Arms and Armour,* London, 1979.  \nMayer, L., *Islamic Armours and their Works,* Geneva, 1962.","dynasty":"Safavid","author":"Khader Salameh","copy_editor":"Majd Musa","translator":"Amal Sachedina (from the Arabic).","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Asad Allah; thuluth; epigraphic decoration; weapon; weaponry; scabbard; hilt; cross-guard; arms; armours"],"materials":["The blade: forged and smelted cast steel with engraved inscriptions; the scabbard: Wood and copper with fabric."]},"a5b2fd9b-e8df-5b2a-b618-52f1601e4e7a":{"name":"Powder container.","description":"This very curved horn-shaped container is made of wood covered with red velvet. It was fitted with two rings that enabled it to be attached to a rider's neck or waist with a strap. The mouth, tip and centre are decorated with cylindrical and conical plaques in gilded, engraved silver openwork. Whether embroidered with gold thread on the velvet covering or engraved and rendered in openwork on the silver plaques, the decoration consists mainly of plant motifs: stems, foliage, palms and fleurons borrowed from the traditional artistic repertoire of Morocco and Andalusia. A single geometric element, an eight-pointed star that marks the centre of the central metal plaque, stands alone among the plant decoration.  \nThis type of container, whose curving shape is reminiscent of the Yemen *jambiya* dagger, contained the powder used to load the rifles used in the *fantasia* and was part of the equipment carried by the horsemen of the north of Morocco who took part in games on richly harnessed steeds.","short_description":"Powder horns of this type, whose shape is reminiscent of the curve of the Yemeni *jambia* dagger, carried the powder used to load the rifles used in *fantasias*. They were carried by the horsemen of Northern Morocco who participated in such games on sumptuously harnessed horses.","type":"Woodwork, container, wood","holder":"Museum of the Udayas.","dates":"Hegira 13th–14th century / AD 19th century.","location":"Rabat.","dimensions":"Height 24 cm, width 30 cm, depth 9 cm.","method_for_datation":"Charles de Foucauld first made reference to this type of powder container in 1888, allowing us to consider this date a *terminus* *ante quem*.","method_for_provenance":"The embroidery is typical of the north of Morocco.","provenance":"Northern Morocco.","obtention":"Purchased.","bibliography":"Buttin, Ch., *Catalogue de la collection des armes anciennes européennes et orientales*, Rumilly, 1933, pp.265–77.  \nFoucauld, Ch. de, *Reconnaissance au Maroc (1883–1884)*, Paris, 1888.","dynasty":"Alawid","linkcatalogs":"IAM_MA_EN_001","author":"Naima El Khatib-Boujibar","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Laurence Nunny","translation_copy_editor":"Monica Allen","keywords":["arms; armours; floral decoration; geometric decoration; military object; military wear; war; warfare"],"materials":["Wood; engraved, gilded silver openwork; gold-embroidered velvet."]},"a5f4cf65-f406-56b6-91f6-a6bdbe9b499f":{"name":"Thumb ring","short_description":"Archers wore thumb rings made of semi-precious stone on the thumb of their right hand to help them draw their bows. A seminal part of a weapon held in high esteem in the Orient, these richly-embellished thumb rings were ideal expressions of a warrior’s status and wealth.","type":"Jewellery","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira second half of the 10th century / AD 2nd half of the 16th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Length: 4.1cm, Width: 3.2cm","method_for_datation":"Arthistorical and historical analysis, archival and inventory research","method_for_provenance":"Listed in the AD 1750 inventory of the imperial treasury in Vienna","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Imperial treasury","bibliography":"Leitner-Böchzelt, Susanne and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias (eds), *Die Welt des Orients. Kunst und Kultur des Islam*, Leoben: Stadtgemeinde Leoben, 2006.  \nRoxburgh, David. J., *Turks: A Journey of a thousand Years 600-1600*, London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2005.","dynasty":"Ottoman Empire (Istanbul?)","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Military object; Ottoman army; floral decoration; arms; armours"],"materials":["Nephrite, rubies"]},"a9281dfb-f5ce-5f06-9747-94bf00a2f99e":{"name":"Shield","short_description":"These shields were used by the Ottoman soldiers in Lebanon in the 19th century to quash resistance movements. As the Lebanese resistance had no weapons of their own, the fighters frequently ambushed Ottoman soldiers and took their weapons. This shield is an example of such weaponry, which was taken by the resistance and used against the Ottomans. It was used mainly by foot soldiers, and was hand-held with straps going around the wearer's arm. Although ineffective against newer weaponry such as guns, the shield was used by soldiers to deflect arrows or swords. It is made of cast steel, with no decorative elements of notes. It features four bosses and reverse arm fixings.","type":"Military object; arms and armour","holder":"Lebanese Heritage Museum","dates":"Early 19th century","location":"`Ayn Najm","provenance":"Turkey","author":"Marie Therese Moujabber","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Military object; Metalwork; Cast steel; Arms and armour; Shield"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"aa69e40a-8b6f-5533-b199-6d9e6bc16fba":{"name":"*Ghazal* (Knife)","short_description":"The highest quality of these pocket knives have a blade made of steel and handle made of the core of a ghazal’s horns. The sheath is usually made of wood and decorated with silver plated leather. Arabesque patterns are used extensively in traditional Omani woodwork, plasterwork and metalwork as a means of covering entire surfaces or precise areas within a defined geometric framework. The symmetry of this design can be noted in this excellent example, a *ghazal* (knife) from the mid-20th century. The term, \"Arabesque\", can be defined in two ways within the context of Islamic design; as a specific decorative element consisting of a continuous branching stem with split palmate leaves, or in a larger sense, referring to an entire range of designs based on stylised floral, foliar and animal motifs. The aesthetics of the Arabesque are derived from the imposition of order on the natural world.","type":"Weaponry; Knife","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"Mid 14th century AH / Mid 20th century AD","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Length: 34cm, Weight: 311.4g","provenance":"Northern Oman","obtention":"Ministry of Heritage and Culture Collection","dynasty":"Al-Busaid","copy_editor":"Valerie Pulsifer","keywords":["Ghazal; Knife; Weaponry; Arabesque; Metalwork"],"materials":["Steel, wood, leather, silver"]},"aaa3d2b6-39e1-57a0-8e51-58d7bf3405b2":{"name":"Sword Hilt with Design of Lion Heads, Arabesque Scrollwork, and Arabic Inscription","short_description":"A gold sword hilt worked in repoussé and elaborately engraved with panels of scrollwork and a band of inscription highlighted with niello (a black metallic alloy of sulfur, copper, silver, and lead that was laid into the engraved area and heated to create the contrasting background). The inscription surrounds the blade opening. Lion heads adorn the quillions (the horizontal element of the handle which protects the hand). The handle and blade openings are surrounded by finely worked gold twisted rope rings. The handle socket is octagonal, its panels alternating between sides of overall-engraved scrollwork, with single delicate arabesque designs in the center. The cross-section of the handle socket is octagonal.","type":"Arms and Armor","holder":"Saint Louis Art Museum","dates":"Hegira 7th century / AD 13th century","location":"Saint Louis","dimensions":"Height: 8.9cm, Width: 12.4cm, Depth: 2.9cm","method_for_datation":"Scholarly review and/or comparison to similar objects from the period.","method_for_provenance":"This sword hilt was excavated in Hamadan in western Iran, but the titles given in the inlaid Arabic inscription suggest that it was made for a minor lord of the Seljuq dynasty in Anatolia, in modern Turkey.","provenance":"Made: Anatolia, Turkey, Asia; Excavated: Hamadan, Iran, Asia","obtention":"Museum Purchase, 1924","bibliography":"Nicolle, David, *Medieval Warfare Source Book: Christian Europe and its Neighbors*, London: Arms and Armour Press, 1996.","keywords":["Sword; Hilt; Arms; Armor; Gold; Niello; Anatolia; Turkey; Asia; Excavated; Hamadan; Iran; Asia; Turkish"],"materials":["Gold with niello"]},"aaef1d8a-bfc0-52ec-a6fc-9e01b30cc9d4":{"name":"Capsule-charge handgun","description":"A capsule-charge gun called *Ida o Semlale* and crafted in southern Morocco in the early 19th century.","type":"Arms; firearms; weapon","holder":"Dar Si Said Museum","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Marrakesh","dimensions":"L: 142cm","keywords":["craftsmanship; arms; armours; metalwork; weapons; war; warfare; military objects; bone; copper"],"materials":["Iron; wood; bone; copper, silver"]},"ae6f6ec4-691b-5669-b111-72db8f48362c":{"name":"Dagger","short_description":"This dagger is a Turkish divan dagger worn on the chest. At the Ottoman court sumptuous ceremonial arms were worn by high-ranking courtiers at council meetings held in the presence of the Sultan. The delicate craftsmanship suggests a Persian artist. In 1874 the weapon was presented to Emperor Franz Josef I (AD 1830–1916) by Dr Ottokar Freiherr von Schlechta the elder, the director of the Oriental Academy and chief translator at the Internuntiature at the Ottoman Porte.","type":"Armour","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira c. 905 / AD c. 1500","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Dagger: Length: 28.7cm, Width: 3.5cm, Depth: 2.3cm;  \nSheath: Length: 22cm, Width: 3.2cm, Depth: 2.3cm","method_for_datation":"Craftsmanship","method_for_provenance":"Noted in the inventories","provenance":"Afghanistan?","obtention":"Gift by Dr. Ottokar Freiherr von Schlechta in AD 1874","bibliography":"Leitner-Böchzelt, Susanne and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias (eds), *Die Welt des Orients. Kunst und Kultur des Islam*, Leoben: Stadtgemeinde Leoben, 2006.  \nThomas, Bruno and Gamber, Ortwin, *Katalog der Leibrüstkammer I. Teil. Der Zeitraum von 500 bis 1530*, Wien: Verlag Anton Schroll & Co, 1976.","dynasty":"Persian (Herat)","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Ottoman arms; court life; metalwork; damascening; costumes; Persian influence; Habsburg; Ottoman-Austrian relations; diplomacy; weapon; dagger; Persia"],"materials":["Gold damascening, smooth, gilt copper"]},"b458b662-ea31-5d70-aeae-7c9d3510d350":{"name":"Dagger","short_description":"Sultan Ali Adil Shah of Bijapur (1558-1579) was depicted several times in contemporary miniatures with a similar dagger.  \nOne side of the hilt is made up of a lion holding a elephant between its paws, while a phoenix and a long-tailed dragon are engaged in a battle on the other side. The guard consists of two phoenixes whose heads are turned toward the steel blade.","type":"Dagger, metalwork","holder":"The David Collection","dates":"Hegira mid-10th century / AD mid-16th century","location":"Copenhagen","provenance":"India, Vijayanagar or Deccan","dynasty":"Kingdom of Vijayanagar or Deccan Sultanates","keywords":["India; Sultan Ali Adil Shah; metalwork; arms; armours; weapon; animal decoration; phoenix; imaginary animal; zoomorphic imagery"],"materials":["Steel blade, gilded bronze hilt, set with a few rubies"]},"ba422441-e1c1-5256-9187-632e779470fd":{"name":"Firearm","short_description":"This firearm is a French model from 1822. Its total length measures 353 mm, with the barrel measuring 200 mm and the calibre 17.7 mm. All the embellishments, except the ring, are made of brass. It has a hollow-headed ramrod, and an elongated breech which extends to the pommel.","type":"Ironwork; weaponry","holder":"Palais de la Rose – Musée de l’Armée","dates":"19th century","location":"La Manouba, Tunis","author":"Bechir Yazidi","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Tunisian army; Musée de l'Armée; Palais de la Rose"],"materials":["Metal"]},"bbad2081-7784-53a4-806b-ff1932fc5849":{"name":"Battle axe","short_description":"This axe is decorated with gilt Arabic letters on both sides. The inscription names the Ottoman Sultans until Muhammad III but only in a cursory and incomplete way. The hammer of the axe features the name of Sultan Muhammad III, suggesting that the weapon was made for a member of his Life Guards. The central medallion contains an appelation to Allah. We do not know how this axe entered the imperial collection.","type":"Armour","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira late 10th – beginning of 11th century / AD late 16th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Length: 83cm, Width: 27.3cm, Depth: 4.2cm","method_for_datation":"Inscription","method_for_provenance":"Inventories of the Imperial property","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Unknown; long-standing Imperial property","bibliography":"Beaufort-Spontin, Christian and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias, *Meisterwerke der Hofjagd- und Rüstkammer*, Wien: Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, 2005.  \nLeitner-Böchzelt, Susanne and Pfaffenbichler, Matthias (eds), *Die Welt des Orients. Kunst und Kultur des Islam*, Leoben: Stadtgemeinde Leoben, 2006.  \nThomas, Bruno, \"Aus der Waffensammlung in der Neuen Burg zu Wien: Orientalische Kostbarkeiten\", *Bustan*, 4: 5 (1963/64).","dynasty":"Ottoman","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Arms; Ottoman army; Muhammad III; metalwork; gilding; inscription; epigraphic decoration; weapon; Axe; Ottoman Empire"],"materials":["Iron, partially etched and fire gilded; chiselled and fire gilt silver, fish skin"]},"c2a299db-8a3b-54b1-a698-fc2c5173928e":{"name":"Battle axe of a member of the Sultan's Guard","short_description":"This axe belonged to a member of the Life Guards of Sultan Muhammad ibn Qaytbay from the Caucasian-Burji Mamluks. The Mamluks ruled Egypt and Syria from AD 1250 until their empire fell to the Ottomans in AD 1517, when a wealth of Mamluk booty was removed to Istanbul.","type":"Armour","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira 900–904 / AD 1495–1499","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Length: 99.5cm, Width: 20.5cm","method_for_datation":"Inscription","method_for_provenance":"Inventories of the Imperial property","provenance":"Egypt?","obtention":"Via Istanbul; long-standing Imperial property","bibliography":"Pfaffenbichler, Matthias and Sternthal, Barbara (eds), *Kreuzritter. Pilger. Krieger. Abenteurer*, Schallaburg: Schallaburg Kulturbetriebsgesellschaft, 2007.  \nThomas, Bruno and Gamber, Ortwin, *Katalog der Leibrüstkammer I. Teil. Der Zeitraum von 500 bis 1530*, Wien: Verlag Anton Schroll & Co, 1976.  \nThomas, Bruno, \"Aus der Waffensammlung in der Neuen Burg zu Wien: Orientalische Kostbarkeiten\", *Bustan*, 4 : 5 (1963/64).","dynasty":"Mamluk","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Arms; Mamluk arms; Mamluk army; Muhammad ibn Qaytbay; Burji; weapon; axe; Mamluck"],"materials":["Iron, gold damascening, heat-blued"]},"c57df15d-93f3-5f9e-bece-295781bfd341":{"name":"British incendiary bomb from World War II","description":"Composed of a steel shell and a detonator, this bomb weighs around 6.2 kg and is 82.5 cm long. It is connected to a cotton parachute measuring 35cm in diameter. When the parachute opened, the bomb was armed; it was intended also to allow the bomb to strike the ground upright, point first – only in this way was it able to detonate. By the time of the armistice on 22 June 1940, Nazi Germany had occupied northern France and had effective control of the south of the country. Eight days later, a British bomber jettisoned this incendiary device at 0100 hours on 30 June 1940 above Altmatt in central Switzerland. Although the warring parties were prohibited from flying over neutral Switzerland, its airspace was regularly violated. It is not known why the bomb was jettisoned, but it certainly failed to detonate on impact. The Swiss Army impounded the unexploded bomb, and on 4th July 1940, the signals battalion produced a report that is restricted to a detailed technical description of its construction and workings. Made in Norwich and dropped over Switzerland one summer’s night, this World War II bomb was finally handed over to the Swiss National Museum in 1976.","type":"Bomb","holder":"Swiss National Museum","owner":"Swiss Confederation","dates":"around 1940","location":"Zurich","dimensions":"H: 82.5cm, Diameter: 13cm, Weight: 6.2kg","method_for_datation":"Research","provenance":"Norwich, England","obtention":"Impounded by the Swiss Army in 1940. Handed over to the Swiss National Museum in 1976","keywords":["Incendiary Bomb; WW II; British; World War II; World War 2; Altmatt; Switzerland"],"materials":["Steel shell, Detonater, Cotton parachute"]},"ca942ff7-606f-5ad2-bbe5-0716cf554458":{"name":"Prick spur.","description":"Originally one of a pair of prick spurs, this spur would have been fixed to footwear, to the sides of the ankle, with the prick pointing out at the back of the heel. A horse-rider (cavalryman, horse-archer, or knight) would use it to prick his horse when commanding it to move or run. The spur has straight sides with two holes at the end of each for the straps that tie around the ankles. These two straight sides meet in the middle to form an elliptical arch. Attached to the point where the two sides meet is a section that has a conical shaped tip (the prick). The spur's straight sides indicate that it could not have been made after the AH 6th century / AD 12th century, while the two strap-holes on the end of the sides of the spur show that this item was not likely to have been made before 1100.","short_description":"Every Crusader knight, cavalryman and horse-archer would have had a pair of prick spurs like these fixed onto the heel of their footwear. The European Crusader would use the prick to coax his horse into moving or picking up speed.","type":"Metalwork, iron, arms, armours","holder":"Burrell Collection, Glasgow Museums.","dates":"About hegira 6th century / AD 12th century.","location":"Glasgow, Scotland","dimensions":"Length 15.2 cm, width 8 cm.","method_for_datation":"Artistic analysis, and from extensive research carried out into the manufacture of European arms and armour. The spur's straight sides indicate that it could not have been made after the 12th century, while the strap-holes on the end of the sides of the spur show that this item was not likely to have been made before 1100 AD.","provenance":"Northern Europe (Germany or Austria).","obtention":"Part of the collection given to the City of Glasgow by Sir William and Lady Burrell in 1944.","bibliography":"Nicolle, D., *The Crusades*, Oxford, 1988.","dynasty":"Crusader","linkcatalogs":"IAM_PA_EN_001","author":"Noorah Al-Gailani","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Military object; crusader; pilgrimage"],"materials":["Iron."]},"d1dd52e7-9117-58ed-9803-87a620891cda":{"name":"Moorish gunpowder flask","description":"This gunpowder container, along with other pieces, was taken by Salvador de Foronda, a member of the Spanish Army, awarded for his actions in battle. He was a relative of the Marquis of Cerralbo and donated to his uncle’s museum these exceptional pieces in 1918. These kinds of pieces typically display rich decoration that in this case is hand made in local workshops. As with the other two pieces, both the Moorish dagger and musket, the flask has a fabric rope for the rider to carry it more easily.","type":"Armoury","holder":"Cerralbo Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Madrid","dimensions":"10 cm","provenance":"North Africa","author":"Cecilia Casas Desantes","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell","keywords":["Arms and armours; War; Morocco"],"materials":["Metal, fabric; handmade, damascene work"]},"d389d855-8b86-5926-9175-35f1c9a7b75b":{"name":"Vambrace","short_description":"Dawud Pasha's vambrace. Made of cast steel, this vambrace contains two hollowed circles with engraved floral patterns.","type":"Military object; arms and armour","holder":"Lebanese Heritage Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"`Ayn Najm","provenance":"Turkey","author":"Marie Therese Moujabber","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin","keywords":["Military object; Metalwork; Cast steel; Arms and armour"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"d5394661-4645-57e7-b329-fa21ef1c08fd":{"name":"Scaled armours (cuirass), and swords.","description":"Two iron and ivory swords and two protective lamellar cuirasses or scaled armour, made out of overlapping metal rings. Usually worn over a thick linen or leather shirt, the cuirass protected the soldier from direct sword, arrow or dagger hits during battle. Sometimes it was hidden under a surcoat (burda).  \n  \nThere were two main types of cuirasses: the first was wider and more constrictive, although more protective; while the second was a shorter, sleeveless cuirass that allowed more freedom of movement, but which offered less protection. Foot soldiers and archers were known to cut the sleeves off their cuirasses because of the weight and hindrance of movement.  \n  \nProtective armours have a long history and are therefore difficult to date. In the AH 6th–7th / AD 12th–13th century, the manufacture of scaled armours reached its peak, especially during the Crusader wars. Cuirasses like this one were made of copper, steal and Iron.  \n  \nThe Arabs greatly valued the sword, giving it more than 100 different names. In the Middle Islamic period (AH 6th–10th / AD 12th–15th centuries) the manufacture of swords, shields and armour was active in Damascus, Cairo and Aleppo. Sometimes the name of the maker appears on the sword itself like 'Ali' who made the sword of the Mamluk Sultan Husam al-Din Lajin (r. AH 695–8 / AD 1296–9) and 'Hajji Yusuf' from Aleppo who made the sword of Sultan Qaytbay (r. AH 872–901 / AD 1468–96).","short_description":"Two iron and ivory swords and two protective lamellar cuirasses, or scaled armour, made out of overlapping metal rings. A cuirass was worn over a thick linen or leather shirt to protect the soldier from direct hits during battle. Sometimes it was hidden under a surcoat (*burda*).","type":"Armour, sword, arms, armours","holder":"Jordan Archaeological Museum.","dates":"Hegira 7th century / AD 13th century.","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Scale armour (cuirass) length 55 cm, width 45cm; sword length 84 cm.","method_for_datation":"By comparison with other, similar swords and cuirasses some of which were found in Syria and Egypt. For instance there is a similar cuirass found at Aleppo and now at Damascus National Museum.","method_for_provenance":"Syria and Egypt were the two principal centres for the manufacture of scaled armour and swords in the Mamluk period; it is possible that this cuirass and sword were purchased there.","provenance":"Unknown, but probably Syria or Egypt.","obtention":"The objects were purchased from an antiquities dealer.","bibliography":"الهندي.صفاء، تقنية الأسلحة الأيوبية و المملوكية و تطورها: القرن 6-10 ه / 12-16م، رسالة ماجستير، الجامعة الأردنية، ص. 49، شكل 72.  \n  \n*National Museum in Damascus Catalogue*, Damascus, 1969, fig. 77.  \n  \nStocklein, H. 'Die waffenscharze im Topkapu Sarayi Muzesi zu Istanbule', *Ars Islamica*, Vol. I, part 2, 1934, pp.200–19, fig. 10","dynasty":"Mamluk","linkcatalogs":"IAM_EG_EN_001","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Military wear; soldier; weapon; weaponry; arms; armours; military object"],"materials":["Cuirass: iron; swords: iron and ivory."]},"d747ca97-275a-501b-b4a0-acb9af093d12":{"name":"Powder box","description":"A powder box – a receptacle for gunpowder – decorated with geometric and floral motifs and crafted in southern Morocco in the 19th century. The decorative style is influenced by European designs, seen particularly in the suspension loops.","type":"Fittings; metalwork; arms and armour; munitions","holder":"Dar Jamaï Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Meknès","dimensions":"H: 10cm, W: 17cm","keywords":["Metalwork; copper; European influence; geometric motifs; geometric decoration; floral decoration; vegetal motifs; vegeta ldecoration; applied arts; craftsmanship; traditional craftsmanship; weapons; war; warfare; military objects; Moroccan craftsmen"],"materials":["Silver, copper, carnelian"]},"dd44c4b3-03fc-5979-8e45-d6162ea57c5a":{"name":"Sword.","description":"Although this sword was not found in Crusader lands, it is a typical example of a Crusader sword brought to the Holy Land and used by European warriors and knights. The sword has a double-edged slashing blade, which tapers off to a sharp point. It has a central, single channel (fuller) running along the blade on each side, the presence of which lightens the sword without affecting its strength thus making it more effective for cutting and hacking. The handle has a pommel (the knob at the top of the grip) in the shape of a chamfered wheel that is inlaid with brass in the form of a cross design on one side, and a design consisting of three half circles linked in the middle with three lines, on the other. This type of pommel came into use in about the AH 5th / AD 11th century, when sword blades increased in length too. Despite the disappointing number of artefacts that have survived from the Crusades, contemporary European manuscripts and their miniature paintings, together with monuments and their carvings, have depicted with impressive accuracy the types of arms and armour used during the Crusader period.","short_description":"Although this sword was not found in Crusader lands in the Middle East, it is a typical example of a Crusader sword brought to the Holy Land and used by European warriors and knights. Contemporary Medieval European manuscripts depict, with remarkable accuracy, Crusader arms and armour.","type":"Metalwork, iron, arms, armours","holder":"Burrell Collection, Glasgow Museums.","dates":"About hegira 6th century / AD 12th century.","location":"Glasgow, Scotland","dimensions":"Length 119.4 cm: comprising (pommel) 4.8 cm, (grip) 10 cm, (blade) 104 cm.","method_for_datation":"Artistic analysis: several reasonably accurate examples of these swords appear in contemporary European miniatures in manuscripts, and on stone carvings, confirming that northern European Crusader knights in the Holy Land used this type of sword.","provenance":"Continental / Northern Europe.","obtention":"Part of the collection given to the City of Glasgow by Sir William and Lady Burrell in 1944.","bibliography":"Coe, M. D., et al, *Swords and Hilt Weapons*, New York, 1989.  \n  \nNicolle, D., *The Crusades*, Oxford, 1988.","dynasty":"Crusader","linkcatalogs":"IAM_PA_EN_001","author":"Noorah Al-Gailani","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Military object; Crusader; pilgrimage; weapon; weaponry; arms; armours"],"materials":["Iron, with brass inlay on pommel."]},"e3f7d3b9-509a-5b0d-8591-95270af03e15":{"name":"Horse tack.","description":"This full set of horse tack includes a saddle, cloth, bridle, collar, stirrups, saddlebags and girths. These elements, which used numerous different materials and trades in their manufacture, were the work of many craftsmen and women employed by the master saddler.  \nThe wooden tree (the frame of the saddle) is covered with a camel-skin shabraque (saddle-cloth). It differs from European saddles with its two very high arches. The saddle cloth, which was placed on top of the shabraque, brow band, visor, collar, girth and breast strap that kept the saddle on the horse's back, as well as the two saddlebags attached with a strap, were made of leather and black serge embroidered with gold thread. These items were further embellished with trim, thick braids and fringes in black and yellow silk. The breast strap is embellished with two large oval leather studs decorated with floral motifs in champlevé enamel. The iron stirrups are damascened in gold.  \nThe decoration on the saddle uses vegetal and plant motifs, foliage, palms and fleurons arranged within compartments framed by the foliage. Intertwined plant designs are used on the backs of the high arches of the saddle, as is the five-pointed star, which is stamped on the front of the saddlebags. The gold-thread decoration on the harness would have been designed by the saddlers and embroidered by women, who would also have woven the silk cords and braids at home.  \nThis type of sumptuous saddle would have adorned horses in the town and in the country during festival days and parades, in particular for the *fantasias* that took place on certain important religious or national occasions.","short_description":"This type of luxury harness and saddle was worn by horses on feast days and parades, in particular the *fantasia* tournaments that were held on certain important religious or national events. The saddle is different from European saddles as it has a tree with two high arches.","type":"Horse tack, wood, leather","holder":"Museum of the Udayas.","dates":"Late Hegira 13th / AD 19th century.","location":"Rabat.","dimensions":"Height 89 cm, length 100 cm.","method_for_datation":"By the type of embroidery used.","method_for_provenance":"The town of Fez was reputed for its saddlery.","provenance":"Fez, Morocco.","obtention":"Purchased.","bibliography":"Sefriou, A., \"Les métiers traditionnels\", *La grande encyclopédie du Maroc*, Vol. 6, Rabat, 1987, pp.125–6.","dynasty":"Alawid","linkcatalogs":"IAM_MA_EN_001","author":"Naima El Khatib-Boujibar","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Laurence Nunny","translation_copy_editor":"Monica Allen","keywords":["floral decoration; geometric decoration; military object; military wear; war; warfare"],"materials":["Wood, leather, serge and felt, gold embroidery, trim, damascened iron."]},"e3fc7f55-24ff-5ca4-8a56-d8b023b2d740":{"name":"Hungarian sabre","short_description":"The handle of this sabre and the silk mountings of its sheath are made of silver gilt; originally they were also covered with diamonds and rubies. Today, most of the lost jewels have been replaced by fake stones. The blade is older; its obverse features a medallion with a simple depiction of a rider on a gold ground.","type":"Sword; arms","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira late 11th–12th century / AD late 17th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Sabre: Length: 97cm, Width: 11.4cm, Depth: 3.5cm;  \nScabbard: Length: 86cm, Width: 6cm, Depth: 2.5cm","method_for_datation":"Comparison with similar objects","method_for_provenance":"Imperial hunting and saddle chamber","provenance":"Hungary","obtention":"Imperial hunting and saddle chamber","bibliography":"Petrasch, Ernst and Zimmermann, Eva (eds), *Der Türkenlouis. Ausstellung zum 300. Geburtstag des Markgrafen Ludwig Wilhelm von Baden*, Karlsruhe: C. F. Müller, 1955.  \nThomas, Bruno, \"Aus der Waffensammlung in der Neuen Burg zu Wien: Orientalische Kostbarkeiten\", *Bustan*, 4 : 5 (1963/64).","dynasty":"Ottoman","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Ottoman arms; arms; armours; swords; metalwork; gilding; figurative decoration; military object; weapon; Hungary; Ottoman Empire; sword; sabre"],"materials":["Gilt silver, formerly set with rubies"]},"e903b036-cf17-5703-8d28-f9c9700f9acc":{"name":"Dagger","description":"A dagger decorated with geometric and floral motifs and crafted in southern Morocco in the 19th century. Dagger blades were imported from Europe.","type":"Arms","holder":"Dar Jamaï Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Meknès","dimensions":"L: 32cm","keywords":["Trade; arms; armours; metalwork; European influence; geometric motifs; geometric decoration; floral decoration; vegetal motifs; vegetal decoration; craftsmanship; war; warfare; military objects"],"materials":["Silver; gemstones; copper, wood, horn; cord"]},"ea1f55bf-b075-5e73-a04a-db3e93d8bff2":{"name":"Revolver","description":"According to the engraving on the barrel, this revolver was manufactured by J. Nikittis Erben in Constantinople. Erben was a revolver-maker and retailer who sold Colt firearms. Another engraving also reads \"\"POUCARTOUCHE NAGANT\"\". The serial number was engraved on the left side of the revolver right under the cylinder. Only the last two digits (76) can be seen. The revolver is fitted with wooden grips and fixed to the frame by a screw. This  \nrevolver is similar to the Swiss revolver of 1882, but not identical. It might be a variation of that revolver.","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Folklore Museum, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20th century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 22 cm, barrel 10 cm, cartridge 7-chamber cylinder","provenance":"Turkey, Istanbul","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Revolver; solid frame; chamber cylinder; ejector; grip plates; checking; barrel; arms; armours; metalwork; war; warfare; military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"ea93f27b-2ec2-5723-a1f1-65b29d221852":{"name":"*Talahiq* (Gunpowder Horn)","short_description":"Arabic is a poetic language with expressive power, and Omanis are known to be articulate and moving storytellers and poets. Arabic calligraphy, prized as a means of communication and adornment, gives form to literary expression within a visual context. The traditional art of verbal expression remains popular in Oman today, and master poets and storytellers are held in high esteem. Proverbs, whether recited or written, serve as a means of imparting wisdom and human truths based on common sense and often take the form of a metaphor or a poem. Sources of proverbs include the sayings of the Prophet Muhammed and other thinkers and theologians.  \n  \nThis gunpowder horn, which comes from the period of Imam Said bin Ahmed al-Busai’idi (r. 1783-1810 AD), the 2nd ruler of the al-Busai’idi of Oman and the son of Imam Ahmed, founder of the al-Busai’idi Dynasty, was designed to fill the powder pan of a matchlock gun. The large decorative top was removable for filling the horn, and the gunpowder was released at the narrow end by operating the lever along the inner curve. The horn is made of silver, which has been layered with gold, and it is decorated with stamped and chased work suggesting that it belonged to a prominent person. An extract of a poem by al-Mutannabi, a renowned 10th century AD poet, is inscribed on the side of the horn:  \n  \n'If death is inevitable ... Then it is shameful to die a coward.'","type":"Silver Jewellery","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"1210 AH / 1796 AD","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Length: 18.5cm, Weight: 171.9g","provenance":"Northern Oman","obtention":"Museum of the Ministry of Heritage and Culture","dynasty":"Al-Busaid","copy_editor":"Valerie Pulsifer","keywords":["Talahiq; Gunpowder Horn; Calligraphy"],"materials":["Silver with gold wash engraved, chased?"]},"ed60638d-d98c-52c9-b631-d363eb97fb51":{"name":"*Jineta* Sword.","description":"Sword consisting of a steel hilt and double-edged blade with a superficial axial groove up to the middle, bearing its hallmark beside two four-pointed stars, probably Nasrid but of unknown origin. The hilt, made of brass, is formed by a spherical pommel with obverse and reverse circles, with a button at the end; a hilt that widens in the middle; a hollow quillon (arms of cross guard) with a poly-lobed upper profile and arms finished in the shape of a hook with fretwork circles on the outside. The niello decoration consists of intertwined circular bands that are superimposed on other longitudinal and traversal bands with inscriptions alluding to God. The intermediate spaces are filled with plant arabesques on the hilt and palmettes on the quillon. Small oblique damascene lines in gold make up the background of the whole piece. The scabbard, lost at an unknown time, would have had the same decoration, judging by the unfinished circles on the arms of the quillon.  \nSurviving Andalusian armaments are rare and a set of Nasrid swords known as *jinetas* is particularly noteworthy. Their importance lies as much in the originality of their hilts, without equal in the period, as in the fact of being a genuine Nasrid production of luxury arms. This piece, while still a sumptuary object, belongs to a variety whose decoration, based in brass and niello, lacks the richness that characterises other *jineta* swords made of ivory or enamel.","short_description":"Swords with horseshoe-shaped quillons were known as *jineta* swords. The hilts were usually made of precious metals and richly decorated, accentuating their value as symbols of prestige. This piece, with its brass and niello hilt, was a luxury item but is not as rich as other *jineta* swords.","type":"Sword, arms, armours","holder":"National Archaeological Museum.","dates":"Hegira 9th century / AD 15th century.","location":"Madrid","dimensions":"Length 140 cm, width of blade 4 cm, length of quillon 10 cm.","method_for_datation":"Several similar pieces are in existence. One of them, acquired in Granada in 1812 by the National Library in Paris, preserves the motto of the Nasrid dynasty: 'Only God is victorious'. The other examples, which can be found in various museums and institutions as well as in private collections, also date from the 9th / 15th century.","method_for_provenance":"There are no details about how the sword was moved from Andalusia to León. Before it was donated to the National Archaeological Museum, the sword was held by the image of the patron saint of the church of San Marcelo. However, this type of sword was produced exclusively during the Nasrid reign in Granada.","provenance":"Kingdom of Granada, Spain.","obtention":"The sword was donated to the National Archaeological Museum by the parish priest of the church of San Marcelo (León), as a result of the mediation of Rodrigo Amador de los Ríos, on 20 September 1869.","bibliography":"Ferrandis Torres, J., “Espadas Granadinas de la Jineta”, *Archivo Español de Arte*, XV, Madrid, 1943, pp.142–66.  \nFranco Mata, A., “Espada de Jineta Nazarí”, in *Los Reyes Católicos y la Monarquía de España*, Granada, 2004, pp.552–3, no. 240.  \nSoler del Campo, A., “Espada Jineta”, in *Arte y Cultura en Torno a 1492*, Seville, 1992, pp.159–60, no. 74.  \nSoler del Campo, A., “Espada Jineta”, in *La Paz y la Guerra en la época del Tratado de Tordesillas, Madrid, 1994, p.319, no. 255.*","dynasty":"Nasrid","author":"Ángela Franco","copy_editor":"Rosalía Aller","translator":"Laurence Nunny","translation_copy_editor":"Monica Allen","keywords":["Weapon; Nasrids; Granada; weaponry; arms; armours; military object"],"materials":["Steel, brass, gold, silver; cast, nielloed, damascene."]},"edf3df89-1b5b-56bb-bbe1-38af5be2d483":{"name":"Dress sword of a Landammann","description":"Swords became the favoured weapons of citizens during the age of the French Revolution. A sumptuously designed sword served as a mark of civic distinction. The Landammann (chief official) of Appenzell, Jacob Zellweger-Zuberbühler (1770-1821), acquired this impressive item in Paris. He and his brother were successful merchants based in Trogen in Appenzell Ausserrhoden. Together with his wife and the official delegation of the Swiss Confederation, Jacob travelled to Paris to attend Napoleon’s coronation as emperor in 1804. While there, he took the opportunity to purchase this dress sword from the renowned goldsmith and sword maker Antoine-Modeste Fournera who had its splendid gilt-brass hilt elaborately embossed and engraved. A stylish dragon rests atop the pommel cap; the finish of the scabbard is equally lavish. The blade was made by the Coulaux Brothers in the Alsatian town of Klingenthal between 1801 and 1804; its reverse is marked “Manufacture National de Klingenthal”. The Swiss National Museum acquired this dress sword in 2015 from a Swiss family related to the original owner, Jacob Zellweger-Zuberbühler.","type":"Dress Sword","holder":"Swiss National Museum","owner":"Swiss Confederation","dates":"around 1804","location":"Zurich","dimensions":"L: 99.2cm, Weight: 1.875kg","method_for_datation":"Documents","provenance":"Hilt: Paris, France; Blade: Klingenthal, France","obtention":"Bought in 2015","keywords":["Dress sword; Jacob Zellweger-Zuberbühler; Landamman; Appenzell; Appenzell Ausserhoden; Antoine-Modeste Fournera; Paris; France"],"materials":["Hilt: brass, gilt, embossed, engraved; Blade: Damascus steel"]},"f12fed73-12b9-5991-a430-4273cea32560":{"name":"Revolver","description":"A Liege/ Belgium manufactured revolver. Some of these revolvers were produced in Liege by the Leon Nagant factory for the Russian army between 1895 and 1898 (The Belgian Contract Revolvers), but some other revolvers of this type were produced in Russia itself (Tula) after that. The revolver is fitted with chequered grip plates that are fixed to the frame with a screw installed in a round steel insert. On the left side of the revolver the word Liege was engraved preceded by two illegible words. Only the last letter S can be clearly seen. Right under the word Liege two words were completely erased. On the barrel from the right side of the revolver a crowned oval with the letter R in the middle was engraved. Under the oval a star with what might be a letter g is engraved. The same letter is repeated on the frame at the base of the barrel.","type":"Handgun; arms; firearms","holder":"Jordan Folklore Museum, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20 century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 23 cm, barrel 10 cm, cartridge 7-chamber cylinder","provenance":"Belgium, Liege","author":"Mohammad Najjar","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["Solid frame; revolver; wooden grip plates; barrel; cylinder; arms; armours; war; warfare; military objects"],"materials":["Cast steel"]},"f30819fe-fb4c-5ec9-a552-17d8231b324a":{"name":"Coat of armour.","description":"A suit of armour made from iron mail that would cover the body from the head to the knees. It has solid metal plates that cover the neck and the stomach – the latter being much larger in size than the former – to provide additional protection. A number of these chain-mail suits survive, often bearing signs of wear and tear from use in battle. One example reveals evidence of injury received on the left sleeve, where the metal chain is torn through.  \nThe sword shows a curved-edged blade which was popular among Muslim fighters, while the Crusaders preferred straight swords. Decorative features on swords are usually found at the hilt near the handle.  \nThe protective plates of the amour are decorated with geometric designs, a Mamluk blazon, and Arabic writing executed in gold *thuluth* script. Most of the decoration has worn away and it is possible to read only some of the words. These include: “made for … the exalted … the great … the lord”. From these words it is possible to conclude that this suit belonged to a ruler, military commander, or other high-ranking official.","short_description":"Mamluk military suits of armour decorated with gilded emblems, such as this one, were worn in battle against the Crusaders.","type":"Arms, armour, iron","holder":"National Museum of Damascus","dates":"Hegira 7th–8th century / AD 13th–14th century.","location":"Damascus","dimensions":"Height 1.30 m.","method_for_datation":"The blazon and phrases mentioned on the abdominal plate of this suit of armour indicate that it is from the Mamluk period.","method_for_provenance":"Although this armour is decorated with a Mamluk blazon and was found in Damascus, its provenance is not clear. The Mamluk period saw an increased regional mobility of people and goods, especially military. It was likely produced in Cairo or Damascus, since these were two major regional centres at this time.","provenance":"Probably Damascus, Syria or Cairo, Egypt.","obtention":"Purchased in 1952.","bibliography":"Abu al-Faraj al-Ush, M., *A Concise Guide to the National Museum of Damascus,* Damascus, 1969, p.199.  \nCluzan, S. et al (eds), *Syrie: Mémoire et Civilisation*, Paris, 1994, p.477.","dynasty":"Mamluk","linkcatalogs":"IAM_EG_EN_001","author":"Mona al-Moadin","translator":"Hilary Kalmbach (from the Arabic)","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Armour; chain-mail; iron; Damascus; Cairo; Crusader; military wear; blazon (or rank); arms"],"materials":["Iron rings woven into a chain-mail."]},"f30ef8ba-a67a-55f8-91cb-fa65f19de25e":{"name":"Sword.","description":"A sword composed of a steel blade and a hilt made of animal horn. The scabbard is of gilded silver. The blade has decorative cartouches with inscriptions inside them. On the upper part of the blade there is a prominent medallion, which bears the following text: 'The work of al-Hajj Sanqur', and below this medallion is another inscription of the first verse of the chapter 'Mariam' from the Qur'an: 'Kaf Ha Ya Ayn Sad'. This line is followed byanother cartouche bearing the text, 'Sultan Fatih Muhammad Khan'.Below this cartouche are written verses 1 and 2 from the Qur'anic chapter 'al-Ha Mim', and 'Ain Sin Qaf'*.* The inscriptions and decorations that appear on the blade are executed in gold inlay. The scabbard is ornamented with vegetal decoration carved in high relief. The owner of the sword was the Ottoman Sultan Muhammad II Al Fatih ('The Conquerer').  \nThe Arabs imported swords from Iran and India. Quality swords were produced in Khurasan (Persia, now Iran), Damascus in Syria and Toledo in Spain.","short_description":"Ottomans excelled in making swords and their decoration rivalled that of the Iranians. In addition to their military use, swords bearing the names of Ottoman sultans were worn on gala celebrations at the court. This sword bears the name of Sultan Mohammad II and the name of its maker.","type":"Metalwork, Iron steel, arms, armours","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art","initial_owner":"Ottoman Sultan Muhammad II Al-Fatih (‘The Conqueror’); known in Turkey as Fatih Sultan Mehmet or Mehmet II.","dates":"Hegira 855–86 / AD 1451–81.","location":"Cairo","dimensions":"Length 1 m.","method_for_datation":"The sword is dated based on the fact that the names of Ottoman Sultan Muhammad II and the name of the craftsman are recorded on it. In addition to this, the styles of the inscriptions, as well as the technique of manufacture, closely resemble the techniques that are specific to the Ottoman period.","obtention":"The sword was donated to the museum by Prince Yusuf Kamal, one of the princes of the family of Muhammad Ali, who was a collector of antiques. He donated a large number of ceramic and wooden objects and textiles to the museum.","bibliography":"Öz, T., *Fatih Sultan Mehmet II'ye Ait Eserler \\[Works Belonging to the Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror\\],* Ankara, 1953.  \nYugal, O., *Al-Suyuf al-Islamiya wa Suna'iha \\[Islamic Swords and their Makers\\],* (trans. Muhammad Omar Taha Oghli), Kuwait, 1988.  \nZaki, Abd al-Rahman, *Al-fi al-Islam \\[Swords in Islam\\],* Cairo, 1951.  \n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_, “Al-Suyuf wa Ajnasuha \\[Swords and their Categories\\]”, in *Majalat Kuliyat al-Adab \\[Journal of the Faculty of Arts\\],* No. 14, 1952.  \n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_, *Al-Sayf fi al-'Alam al-Islami \\[The Sword in the Islamic world\\],* Cairo, 1957.","dynasty":"Ottoman","linkcatalogs":"IAM_TR_EN_001","author":"Muhammad Abbas Muhammad Selim","copy_editor":"Majd Musa","translator":"Amal Sachedina (from the Arabic).","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Inlay; inscription; vegetal decoration; sword; scabbard; blade; arms; armours; military object; weapon; weaponry"],"materials":["The blade: iron-steel; the hilt: animal horn. The scabbard: gilded silver. Inscriptions and decorations: gold and silver inlay."]},"f6368799-2300-59bb-921c-1730621f5530":{"name":"Burgonet (*shishak*)","short_description":"This morion (open helmet) belonged to the later Grand Vizir Mehmet Sokolovitsch (AD 1505–79). He was one of the many Christian boys selected for Devşirme (converted to Islam and trained for leadership positions). The sumptuous Oriental helmet is decorated with framed inscriptions containing appeals to Allah and verses from the Qur΄an. Sokolovitsch rose quickly at the court of Sultan Süleiman (AD 1494–66), retaining his position as Grand Vizir under the latter's successors, Selim III (AD 1524–74) and Murad III (AD 1546–95).","type":"Armour","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira c. 967–968 / AD c. 1560","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"Height: 46cm, Width: 22cm, Depth: 34cm","method_for_datation":"Collection Ambras Castle, inventory AD 1583","method_for_provenance":"Collection Ambras Castle, inventory AD 1583","provenance":"Turkey?","obtention":"Collection Ambras Castle, inventory AD 1583","bibliography":"Gamber, Ortwin and Beaufort-Spontin, Christian, *Katalog der Leibrüstkammer II. Teil. Der Zeitraum von 1530-1560*, Busto Arsizio: Bramante, 1990.  \nLuchner, Laurin, *Denkmal eines Renaissancefürsten. Versuch einer Rekonstruktion des Ambraser Museums von 1583*, Wien: Schroll, 1958.  \nSievernich, Gereon, Budde, Hendrik and Delius, Eberhard (eds), *Europa und der Orient, 800-1900*, Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag, 1989.","dynasty":"Ottoman","author":"Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Tobias Roeder","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Ottoman arms; arms; armours; Ottoman army; devşirme; Süleyman; Selim II; Murad III; Soküllü Mehmed; inscription; epigraphic decoration; military object; metalwork; weapon; weaponry; helmet; Ottoman Empire"],"materials":["Iron, partially with gilt damascening and heat-blued; fire-gilt silver; padded silk"]},"f6a4d871-3bbf-5f91-943b-4fb7cd618871":{"name":"Saddle (*serj*)","description":"A saddle (*serj*) crafted in Rabat in the 19th century, but making use of British imports such as velvet (*nta‘a*), leather and gold thread.","type":"Saddle","holder":"Dar Jamaï Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Meknès","dimensions":"H: 105cm, W: 84cm","keywords":["Craftsmanship; traditional craftsmanship; Moroccan craftsmen; leather; leatherwork; trade; raw material; finished products; British in Morocco; horsemanship"],"materials":["Velvet; gold thread; metal; leather"]},"f918b78f-57d9-5c0d-a75f-075ce7156c35":{"name":"Dagger","short_description":"Silver knife with silver handle and niello decoration on the front; metal on the backside and four Turkish coins along the edge of the sheath; a name (‘Jomaah Ali’) is inscribed on the blade of the dagger. This object is functional and can be used in everyday activities, but at the same time it is a prestigious object that every Bedouin man must have. The most common types of daggers in Jordan are the Yemeni dagger, the Hijazi and other local types.","type":"Men’s holdings; arms and armours","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Late 19th century – early 20th century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 30 cm, Handle 12,5","provenance":"Jordan","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["niello decoration; sheath; blade"],"materials":["Silver, iron; casting, incised and niello"],"artist":"Jomaah Ali"},"f986df26-3b71-5c3e-8d5b-1a8c60864ea5":{"name":"Yemeni dagger","short_description":"A dagger with a double-edged blade, an oblong-head hilt and silver filigree work in geometric designs; it is carried on a woollen belt with leather strap-work, usually with six asymmetrical suspension rings. Yemeni and Hijazi daggers have different shapes and their diffusion on the territory of Jordan shows how population movements, trade and exchange were common in the area.","type":"Men’s holdings; arms; weapon","holder":"Jordan Museum for Costumes and Jewellery, Department of Antiquities","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Length 30 cm","provenance":"Yemen","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega","keywords":["double edged blade; hilts; geometric designs; silver filigree; suspension rings; arms; armours; metalwork; fashion; accessories"],"materials":["Silver, leather, fabric; casting, weaving"]}}