@moqtap/codec 0.2.3 → 0.3.0

package/src/drafts/draft12/codec.ts

@@ -1,1122 +1,1178 @@
-import { bytesToHex, hexToBytes } from "../../core/hex.js";
-import { BufferReader } from "../../core/buffer-reader.js";
-import { BufferWriter } from "../../core/buffer-writer.js";
-import type { BaseCodec, DecodeResult } from "../../core/types.js";
-import { DecodeError } from "../../core/types.js";
-import {
-  MESSAGE_ID_MAP,
-  MSG_ANNOUNCE,
-  MSG_ANNOUNCE_CANCEL,
-  MSG_ANNOUNCE_ERROR,
-  MSG_ANNOUNCE_OK,
-  MSG_CLIENT_SETUP,
-  MSG_FETCH,
-  MSG_FETCH_CANCEL,
-  MSG_FETCH_ERROR,
-  MSG_FETCH_OK,
-  MSG_GOAWAY,
-  MSG_MAX_REQUEST_ID,
-  MSG_PUBLISH,
-  MSG_PUBLISH_ERROR,
-  MSG_PUBLISH_OK,
-  MSG_REQUESTS_BLOCKED,
-  MSG_SERVER_SETUP,
-  MSG_SUBSCRIBE,
-  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES,
-  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES_ERROR,
-  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES_OK,
-  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_DONE,
-  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_ERROR,
-  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_OK,
-  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE,
-  MSG_TRACK_STATUS,
-  MSG_TRACK_STATUS_REQUEST,
-  MSG_UNANNOUNCE,
-  MSG_UNSUBSCRIBE,
-  MSG_UNSUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES,
-  PARAM_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN,
-  PARAM_DELIVERY_TIMEOUT,
-  SETUP_PARAM_MAX_REQUEST_ID,
-  SETUP_PARAM_PATH,
-} from "./messages.js";
-import type {
-  DatagramObject,
-  Draft12DataStream,
-  Draft12Fetch,
-  Draft12Message,
-  Draft12Params,
-  Draft12SetupParams,
-  FetchObjectPayload,
-  FetchStream,
-  JoiningFetch,
-  LargestLocation,
-  ObjectPayload,
-  StandaloneFetch,
-  SubgroupStream,
-  UnknownParam,
-} from "./types.js";
-
-const textEncoder = /* @__PURE__ */ new TextEncoder();
-const textDecoder = /* @__PURE__ */ new TextDecoder();
-
-// ─── Setup Parameter Encoding/Decoding (even/odd convention) ────────────────────
-
-function encodeSetupParams(params: Draft12SetupParams, w: BufferWriter): void {
-  let count = 0;
-  if (params.path !== undefined) count++;
-  if (params.max_request_id !== undefined) count++;
-  if (params.unknown) count += params.unknown.length;
-
-  w.writeVarInt(count);
-
-  if (params.path !== undefined) {
-    w.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_PATH);
-    const encoded = textEncoder.encode(params.path);
-    w.writeVarInt(encoded.byteLength);
-    w.writeBytes(encoded);
-  }
-  if (params.max_request_id !== undefined) {
-    w.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_MAX_REQUEST_ID);
-    w.writeVarInt(params.max_request_id);
-  }
-  if (params.unknown) {
-    for (const u of params.unknown) {
-      const id = BigInt(u.id);
-      w.writeVarInt(id);
-      if (id % 2n === 0n) {
-        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex);
-        const tmpReader = new BufferReader(raw);
-        w.writeVarInt(tmpReader.readVarInt());
-      } else {
-        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex);
-        w.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength);
-        w.writeBytes(raw);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-function decodeSetupParams(r: BufferReader): Draft12SetupParams {
-  const count = Number(r.readVarInt());
-  const result: Draft12SetupParams = {};
-  const unknown: UnknownParam[] = [];
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    const paramType = r.readVarInt();
-    if (paramType % 2n === 0n) {
-      const value = r.readVarInt();
-      if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_MAX_REQUEST_ID) {
-        result.max_request_id = value;
-      } else {
-        const tmpW = new BufferWriter(16);
-        tmpW.writeVarInt(value);
-        const raw = tmpW.finish();
-        unknown.push({
-          id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
-          length: raw.byteLength,
-          raw_hex: bytesToHex(raw),
-        });
-      }
-    } else {
-      const length = Number(r.readVarInt());
-      const bytes = r.readBytes(length);
-      if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_PATH) {
-        result.path = textDecoder.decode(bytes);
-      } else {
-        unknown.push({ id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`, length, raw_hex: bytesToHex(bytes) });
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (unknown.length > 0) result.unknown = unknown;
-  return result;
-}
-
-// ─── Version-Specific Parameter Encoding/Decoding ───────────────────────────────
-// Uses even/odd convention: even type → bare varint value, odd type → length-prefixed blob
-
-function encodeParams(params: Draft12Params, w: BufferWriter): void {
-  let count = params.unknown ? params.unknown.length : 0;
-  if (params.authorization_token !== undefined) count++;
-  if (params.delivery_timeout !== undefined) count++;
-  w.writeVarInt(count);
-
-  if (params.authorization_token !== undefined) {
-    // AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN = 0x01 (odd → length-prefixed)
-    w.writeVarInt(PARAM_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN);
-    const at = params.authorization_token;
-    const tmpW = new BufferWriter(64);
-    tmpW.writeVarInt(at.alias_type);
-    tmpW.writeVarInt(at.token_type);
-    const tokenBytes = textEncoder.encode(at.token_value);
-    tmpW.writeBytes(tokenBytes);
-    const raw = tmpW.finish();
-    w.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength);
-    w.writeBytes(raw);
-  }
-  if (params.delivery_timeout !== undefined) {
-    // DELIVERY_TIMEOUT = 0x03 (odd → length-prefixed varint)
-    w.writeVarInt(PARAM_DELIVERY_TIMEOUT);
-    const tmpW = new BufferWriter(16);
-    tmpW.writeVarInt(params.delivery_timeout);
-    const raw = tmpW.finish();
-    w.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength);
-    w.writeBytes(raw);
-  }
-  if (params.unknown) {
-    for (const u of params.unknown) {
-      const id = BigInt(u.id);
-      w.writeVarInt(id);
-      if (id % 2n === 0n) {
-        // Even → bare varint
-        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex);
-        const tmpReader = new BufferReader(raw);
-        w.writeVarInt(tmpReader.readVarInt());
-      } else {
-        // Odd → length-prefixed
-        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex);
-        w.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength);
-        w.writeBytes(raw);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-function decodeParams(r: BufferReader): Draft12Params {
-  const count = Number(r.readVarInt());
-  const result: Draft12Params = {};
-  const unknown: UnknownParam[] = [];
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    const paramType = r.readVarInt();
-
-    if (paramType % 2n === 0n) {
-      // Even type → bare varint value
-      const value = r.readVarInt();
-      const tmpW = new BufferWriter(16);
-      tmpW.writeVarInt(value);
-      const raw = tmpW.finish();
-      unknown.push({
-        id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
-        length: raw.byteLength,
-        raw_hex: bytesToHex(raw),
-      });
-    } else {
-      // Odd type → length-prefixed blob
-      const length = Number(r.readVarInt());
-      const startOff = r.offset;
-
-      if (paramType === PARAM_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN) {
-        const alias_type = r.readVarInt();
-        const token_type = r.readVarInt();
-        const tokenBytesLen = length - (r.offset - startOff);
-        const tokenBytes = r.readBytes(tokenBytesLen);
-        result.authorization_token = {
-          alias_type,
-          token_type,
-          token_value: textDecoder.decode(tokenBytes),
-        };
-      } else if (paramType === PARAM_DELIVERY_TIMEOUT) {
-        const blob = r.readBytes(length);
-        const tmpReader = new BufferReader(blob);
-        result.delivery_timeout = tmpReader.readVarInt();
-      } else {
-        const bytes = r.readBytes(length);
-        unknown.push({ id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`, length, raw_hex: bytesToHex(bytes) });
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (unknown.length > 0) result.unknown = unknown;
-  return result;
-}
-
-// ─── Payload Encoders ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-function encodeClientSetupPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "client_setup" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.supported_versions.length);
-  for (const v of msg.supported_versions) w.writeVarInt(v);
-  encodeSetupParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeServerSetupPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "server_setup" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.selected_version);
-  encodeSetupParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeSubscribePayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "subscribe" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  // Draft-12: no track_alias in subscribe (moved to subscribe_ok)
-  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace);
-  w.writeString(msg.track_name);
-  w.writeUint8(msg.subscriber_priority);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.group_order);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.forward);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.filter_type);
-  const ft = Number(msg.filter_type);
-  if (ft === 3 || ft === 4) {
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.start_group!);
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.start_object!);
-  }
-  if (ft === 4) {
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.end_group!);
-  }
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeSubscribeOkPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "subscribe_ok" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.track_alias);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.expires);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.group_order);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.content_exists);
-  if (msg.content_exists === 1n && msg.largest_location) {
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.largest_location.group);
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.largest_location.object);
-  }
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeSubscribeErrorPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "subscribe_error" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code);
-  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase);
-  // Draft-12: no track_alias in subscribe_error
-}
-
-function encodeSubscribeUpdatePayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "subscribe_update" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.start_group);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.start_object);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.end_group);
-  w.writeUint8(msg.subscriber_priority);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.forward);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeSubscribeDonePayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "subscribe_done" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.status_code);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.stream_count);
-  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase);
-}
-
-function encodeUnsubscribePayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "unsubscribe" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-}
-
-function encodeAnnouncePayload(msg: Draft12Message & { type: "announce" }, w: BufferWriter): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeAnnounceOkPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "announce_ok" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-}
-
-function encodeAnnounceErrorPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "announce_error" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code);
-  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase);
-}
-
-function encodeUnannouncePayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "unannounce" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace);
-}
-
-function encodeAnnounceCancelPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "announce_cancel" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code);
-  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase);
-}
-
-function encodeSubscribeAnnouncesPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "subscribe_announces" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace_prefix);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeSubscribeAnnouncesOkPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "subscribe_announces_ok" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-}
-
-function encodeSubscribeAnnouncesErrorPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "subscribe_announces_error" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code);
-  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase);
-}
-
-function encodeUnsubscribeAnnouncesPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "unsubscribe_announces" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace_prefix);
-}
-
-function encodePublishPayload(msg: Draft12Message & { type: "publish" }, w: BufferWriter): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace);
-  w.writeString(msg.track_name);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.track_alias);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.group_order);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.content_exists);
-  if (msg.content_exists === 1n && msg.largest_location) {
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.largest_location.group);
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.largest_location.object);
-  }
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.forward);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodePublishOkPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "publish_ok" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.forward);
-  w.writeUint8(msg.subscriber_priority);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.group_order);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.filter_type);
-  const ft = Number(msg.filter_type);
-  if (ft === 3 || ft === 4) {
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.start_group!);
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.start_object!);
-  }
-  if (ft === 4) {
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.end_group!);
-  }
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodePublishErrorPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "publish_error" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code);
-  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase);
-}
-
-function encodeFetchPayload(msg: Draft12Message & { type: "fetch" }, w: BufferWriter): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeUint8(msg.subscriber_priority);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.group_order);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.fetch_type);
-  const ft = Number(msg.fetch_type);
-  if (ft === 1 && msg.standalone) {
-    w.writeTuple(msg.standalone.track_namespace);
-    w.writeString(msg.standalone.track_name);
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.start_group);
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.start_object);
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.end_group);
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.end_object);
-  } else if ((ft === 2 || ft === 3) && msg.joining) {
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.joining.joining_subscribe_id);
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.joining.joining_start);
-  }
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeFetchOkPayload(msg: Draft12Message & { type: "fetch_ok" }, w: BufferWriter): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.group_order);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.end_of_track);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.end_location.group);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.end_location.object);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeFetchErrorPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "fetch_error" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code);
-  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase);
-}
-
-function encodeFetchCancelPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "fetch_cancel" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-}
-
-function encodeTrackStatusRequestPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "track_status_request" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace);
-  w.writeString(msg.track_name);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeTrackStatusPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "track_status" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.status_code);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.largest_location.group);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.largest_location.object);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeGoAwayPayload(msg: Draft12Message & { type: "goaway" }, w: BufferWriter): void {
-  w.writeString(msg.new_session_uri);
-}
-
-function encodeMaxRequestIdPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "max_request_id" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-}
-
-function encodeRequestsBlockedPayload(
-  msg: Draft12Message & { type: "requests_blocked" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.maximum_request_id);
-}
-
-// ─── Payload Decoders ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-function decodeClientSetupPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const numVersions = Number(r.readVarInt());
-  if (numVersions === 0) {
-    throw new DecodeError("CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION", "supported_versions must not be empty", r.offset);
-  }
-  const supported_versions: bigint[] = [];
-  for (let i = 0; i < numVersions; i++) supported_versions.push(r.readVarInt());
-  const parameters = decodeSetupParams(r);
-  return { type: "client_setup", supported_versions, parameters };
-}
-
-function decodeServerSetupPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const selected_version = r.readVarInt();
-  const parameters = decodeSetupParams(r);
-  return { type: "server_setup", selected_version, parameters };
-}
-
-function decodeSubscribePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  // Draft-12: no track_alias in subscribe
-  const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
-  const track_name = r.readString();
-  const subscriber_priority = r.readUint8();
-  const group_order = r.readVarInt();
-  const forward = r.readVarInt();
-  const filter_type = r.readVarInt();
-  const ft = Number(filter_type);
-  if (ft < 1 || ft > 4) {
-    throw new DecodeError("CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION", `Invalid filter_type: ${ft}`, r.offset);
-  }
-  let start_group: bigint | undefined;
-  let start_object: bigint | undefined;
-  let end_group: bigint | undefined;
-  if (ft === 3 || ft === 4) {
-    start_group = r.readVarInt();
-    start_object = r.readVarInt();
-  }
-  if (ft === 4) {
-    end_group = r.readVarInt();
-  }
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  const msg: Record<string, unknown> = {
-    type: "subscribe",
-    request_id,
-    track_namespace,
-    track_name,
-    subscriber_priority,
-    group_order,
-    forward,
-    filter_type,
-    parameters,
-  };
-  if (start_group !== undefined) msg.start_group = start_group;
-  if (start_object !== undefined) msg.start_object = start_object;
-  if (end_group !== undefined) msg.end_group = end_group;
-  return msg as unknown as Draft12Message;
-}
-
-function decodeSubscribeOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const track_alias = r.readVarInt();
-  const expires = r.readVarInt();
-  const group_order = r.readVarInt();
-  const content_exists = r.readVarInt();
-  let largest_location: LargestLocation | undefined;
-  if (content_exists === 1n) {
-    const group = r.readVarInt();
-    const object = r.readVarInt();
-    largest_location = { group, object };
-  }
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  const msg: Record<string, unknown> = {
-    type: "subscribe_ok",
-    request_id,
-    track_alias,
-    expires,
-    group_order,
-    content_exists,
-    parameters,
-  };
-  if (largest_location) msg.largest_location = largest_location;
-  return msg as unknown as Draft12Message;
-}
-
-function decodeSubscribeErrorPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const error_code = r.readVarInt();
-  const reason_phrase = r.readString();
-  // Draft-12: no track_alias in subscribe_error
-  return { type: "subscribe_error", request_id, error_code, reason_phrase };
-}
-
-function decodeSubscribeUpdatePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const start_group = r.readVarInt();
-  const start_object = r.readVarInt();
-  const end_group = r.readVarInt();
-  const subscriber_priority = r.readUint8();
-  const forward = r.readVarInt();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return {
-    type: "subscribe_update",
-    request_id,
-    start_group,
-    start_object,
-    end_group,
-    subscriber_priority,
-    forward,
-    parameters,
-  };
-}
-
-function decodeSubscribeDonePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const status_code = r.readVarInt();
-  const stream_count = r.readVarInt();
-  const reason_phrase = r.readString();
-  return { type: "subscribe_done", request_id, status_code, stream_count, reason_phrase };
-}
-
-function decodeUnsubscribePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  return { type: "unsubscribe", request_id };
-}
-
-function decodeAnnouncePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return { type: "announce", request_id, track_namespace, parameters };
-}
-
-function decodeAnnounceOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  return { type: "announce_ok", request_id };
-}
-
-function decodeAnnounceErrorPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const error_code = r.readVarInt();
-  const reason_phrase = r.readString();
-  return { type: "announce_error", request_id, error_code, reason_phrase };
-}
-
-function decodeUnannouncePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
-  return { type: "unannounce", track_namespace };
-}
-
-function decodeAnnounceCancelPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
-  const error_code = r.readVarInt();
-  const reason_phrase = r.readString();
-  return { type: "announce_cancel", track_namespace, error_code, reason_phrase };
-}
-
-function decodeSubscribeAnnouncesPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const track_namespace_prefix = r.readTuple();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return { type: "subscribe_announces", request_id, track_namespace_prefix, parameters };
-}
-
-function decodeSubscribeAnnouncesOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  return { type: "subscribe_announces_ok", request_id };
-}
-
-function decodeSubscribeAnnouncesErrorPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const error_code = r.readVarInt();
-  const reason_phrase = r.readString();
-  return { type: "subscribe_announces_error", request_id, error_code, reason_phrase };
-}
-
-function decodeUnsubscribeAnnouncesPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const track_namespace_prefix = r.readTuple();
-  return { type: "unsubscribe_announces", track_namespace_prefix };
-}
-
-function decodePublishPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
-  const track_name = r.readString();
-  const track_alias = r.readVarInt();
-  const group_order = r.readVarInt();
-  const content_exists = r.readVarInt();
-  let largest_location: LargestLocation | undefined;
-  if (content_exists === 1n) {
-    const group = r.readVarInt();
-    const object = r.readVarInt();
-    largest_location = { group, object };
-  }
-  const forward = r.readVarInt();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  const msg: Record<string, unknown> = {
-    type: "publish",
-    request_id,
-    track_namespace,
-    track_name,
-    track_alias,
-    group_order,
-    content_exists,
-    forward,
-    parameters,
-  };
-  if (largest_location) msg.largest_location = largest_location;
-  return msg as unknown as Draft12Message;
-}
-
-function decodePublishOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const forward = r.readVarInt();
-  const subscriber_priority = r.readUint8();
-  const group_order = r.readVarInt();
-  const filter_type = r.readVarInt();
-  const ft = Number(filter_type);
-  let start_group: bigint | undefined;
-  let start_object: bigint | undefined;
-  let end_group: bigint | undefined;
-  if (ft === 3 || ft === 4) {
-    start_group = r.readVarInt();
-    start_object = r.readVarInt();
-  }
-  if (ft === 4) {
-    end_group = r.readVarInt();
-  }
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  const msg: Record<string, unknown> = {
-    type: "publish_ok",
-    request_id,
-    forward,
-    subscriber_priority,
-    group_order,
-    filter_type,
-    parameters,
-  };
-  if (start_group !== undefined) msg.start_group = start_group;
-  if (start_object !== undefined) msg.start_object = start_object;
-  if (end_group !== undefined) msg.end_group = end_group;
-  return msg as unknown as Draft12Message;
-}
-
-function decodePublishErrorPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const error_code = r.readVarInt();
-  const reason_phrase = r.readString();
-  return { type: "publish_error", request_id, error_code, reason_phrase };
-}
-
-function decodeFetchPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const subscriber_priority = r.readUint8();
-  const group_order = r.readVarInt();
-  const fetch_type = r.readVarInt();
-  const ft = Number(fetch_type);
-
-  if (ft < 1 || ft > 3) {
-    throw new DecodeError("CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION", `Invalid fetch_type: ${ft}`, r.offset);
-  }
-
-  let standalone: StandaloneFetch | undefined;
-  let joining: JoiningFetch | undefined;
-
-  if (ft === 1) {
-    const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
-    const track_name = r.readString();
-    const start_group = r.readVarInt();
-    const start_object = r.readVarInt();
-    const end_group = r.readVarInt();
-    const end_object = r.readVarInt();
-    standalone = { track_namespace, track_name, start_group, start_object, end_group, end_object };
-  } else {
-    const joining_subscribe_id = r.readVarInt();
-    const joining_start = r.readVarInt();
-    joining = { joining_subscribe_id, joining_start };
-  }
-
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return {
-    type: "fetch",
-    request_id,
-    subscriber_priority,
-    group_order,
-    fetch_type,
-    standalone,
-    joining,
-    parameters,
-  } as Draft12Fetch;
-}
-
-function decodeFetchOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const group_order = r.readVarInt();
-  const end_of_track = r.readVarInt();
-  const group = r.readVarInt();
-  const object = r.readVarInt();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return {
-    type: "fetch_ok",
-    request_id,
-    group_order,
-    end_of_track,
-    end_location: { group, object },
-    parameters,
-  };
-}
-
-function decodeFetchErrorPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const error_code = r.readVarInt();
-  const reason_phrase = r.readString();
-  return { type: "fetch_error", request_id, error_code, reason_phrase };
-}
-
-function decodeFetchCancelPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  return { type: "fetch_cancel", request_id };
-}
-
-function decodeTrackStatusRequestPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
-  const track_name = r.readString();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return { type: "track_status_request", request_id, track_namespace, track_name, parameters };
-}
-
-function decodeTrackStatusPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const status_code = r.readVarInt();
-  const group = r.readVarInt();
-  const object = r.readVarInt();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return {
-    type: "track_status",
-    request_id,
-    status_code,
-    largest_location: { group, object },
-    parameters,
-  };
-}
-
-function decodeGoAwayPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const new_session_uri = r.readString();
-  return { type: "goaway", new_session_uri };
-}
-
-function decodeMaxRequestIdPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  return { type: "max_request_id", request_id };
-}
-
-function decodeRequestsBlockedPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
-  const maximum_request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  return { type: "requests_blocked", maximum_request_id };
-}
-
-// ─── Payload dispatch tables ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-const payloadDecoders: ReadonlyMap<bigint, (r: BufferReader) => Draft12Message> = new Map([
-  [MSG_CLIENT_SETUP, decodeClientSetupPayload],
-  [MSG_SERVER_SETUP, decodeServerSetupPayload],
-  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE, decodeSubscribePayload],
-  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_OK, decodeSubscribeOkPayload],
-  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_ERROR, decodeSubscribeErrorPayload],
-  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE, decodeSubscribeUpdatePayload],
-  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_DONE, decodeSubscribeDonePayload],
-  [MSG_UNSUBSCRIBE, decodeUnsubscribePayload],
-  [MSG_ANNOUNCE, decodeAnnouncePayload],
-  [MSG_ANNOUNCE_OK, decodeAnnounceOkPayload],
-  [MSG_ANNOUNCE_ERROR, decodeAnnounceErrorPayload],
-  [MSG_UNANNOUNCE, decodeUnannouncePayload],
-  [MSG_ANNOUNCE_CANCEL, decodeAnnounceCancelPayload],
-  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES, decodeSubscribeAnnouncesPayload],
-  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES_OK, decodeSubscribeAnnouncesOkPayload],
-  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES_ERROR, decodeSubscribeAnnouncesErrorPayload],
-  [MSG_UNSUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES, decodeUnsubscribeAnnouncesPayload],
-  [MSG_PUBLISH, decodePublishPayload],
-  [MSG_PUBLISH_OK, decodePublishOkPayload],
-  [MSG_PUBLISH_ERROR, decodePublishErrorPayload],
-  [MSG_FETCH, decodeFetchPayload],
-  [MSG_FETCH_OK, decodeFetchOkPayload],
-  [MSG_FETCH_ERROR, decodeFetchErrorPayload],
-  [MSG_FETCH_CANCEL, decodeFetchCancelPayload],
-  [MSG_TRACK_STATUS_REQUEST, decodeTrackStatusRequestPayload],
-  [MSG_TRACK_STATUS, decodeTrackStatusPayload],
-  [MSG_GOAWAY, decodeGoAwayPayload],
-  [MSG_MAX_REQUEST_ID, decodeMaxRequestIdPayload],
-  [MSG_REQUESTS_BLOCKED, decodeRequestsBlockedPayload],
-]);
-
-// ─── Public API ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-/**
- * Encode a draft-12 control message.
- * Most messages use type(varint) + length(uint16 BE) + payload.
- * PUBLISH family uses type(varint) + length(varint) + payload.
- */
-export function encodeMessage(message: Draft12Message): Uint8Array {
-  const typeId = MESSAGE_ID_MAP.get(message.type);
-  if (typeId === undefined) throw new Error(`Unknown message type: ${message.type}`);
-
-  const payloadWriter = new BufferWriter();
-  encodePayload(message, payloadWriter);
-  const payload = payloadWriter.finishView();
-
-  const writer = new BufferWriter(payload.byteLength + 16);
-  writer.writeVarInt(typeId);
-
-  if (payload.byteLength > 0xffff) {
-    throw new Error(`Payload too large for 16-bit length: ${payload.byteLength}`);
-  }
-  writer.writeUint8((payload.byteLength >> 8) & 0xff);
-  writer.writeUint8(payload.byteLength & 0xff);
-
-  writer.writeBytes(payload);
-  return writer.finish();
-}
-
-function encodePayload(msg: Draft12Message, w: BufferWriter): void {
-  switch (msg.type) {
-    case "client_setup":
-      return encodeClientSetupPayload(msg, w);
-    case "server_setup":
-      return encodeServerSetupPayload(msg, w);
-    case "subscribe":
-      return encodeSubscribePayload(msg, w);
-    case "subscribe_ok":
-      return encodeSubscribeOkPayload(msg, w);
-    case "subscribe_error":
-      return encodeSubscribeErrorPayload(msg, w);
-    case "subscribe_update":
-      return encodeSubscribeUpdatePayload(msg, w);
-    case "subscribe_done":
-      return encodeSubscribeDonePayload(msg, w);
-    case "unsubscribe":
-      return encodeUnsubscribePayload(msg, w);
-    case "announce":
-      return encodeAnnouncePayload(msg, w);
-    case "announce_ok":
-      return encodeAnnounceOkPayload(msg, w);
-    case "announce_error":
-      return encodeAnnounceErrorPayload(msg, w);
-    case "unannounce":
-      return encodeUnannouncePayload(msg, w);
-    case "announce_cancel":
-      return encodeAnnounceCancelPayload(msg, w);
-    case "subscribe_announces":
-      return encodeSubscribeAnnouncesPayload(msg, w);
-    case "subscribe_announces_ok":
-      return encodeSubscribeAnnouncesOkPayload(msg, w);
-    case "subscribe_announces_error":
-      return encodeSubscribeAnnouncesErrorPayload(msg, w);
-    case "unsubscribe_announces":
-      return encodeUnsubscribeAnnouncesPayload(msg, w);
-    case "publish":
-      return encodePublishPayload(msg, w);
-    case "publish_ok":
-      return encodePublishOkPayload(msg, w);
-    case "publish_error":
-      return encodePublishErrorPayload(msg, w);
-    case "fetch":
-      return encodeFetchPayload(msg, w);
-    case "fetch_ok":
-      return encodeFetchOkPayload(msg, w);
-    case "fetch_error":
-      return encodeFetchErrorPayload(msg, w);
-    case "fetch_cancel":
-      return encodeFetchCancelPayload(msg, w);
-    case "track_status_request":
-      return encodeTrackStatusRequestPayload(msg, w);
-    case "track_status":
-      return encodeTrackStatusPayload(msg, w);
-    case "goaway":
-      return encodeGoAwayPayload(msg, w);
-    case "max_request_id":
-      return encodeMaxRequestIdPayload(msg, w);
-    case "requests_blocked":
-      return encodeRequestsBlockedPayload(msg, w);
-    default: {
-      const _exhaustive: never = msg;
-      throw new Error(`Unhandled message type: ${(_exhaustive as Draft12Message).type}`);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Decode a draft-12 control message from bytes.
- */
-export function decodeMessage(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<Draft12Message> {
-  try {
-    const reader = new BufferReader(bytes);
-    const typeId = reader.readVarInt();
-
-    // Read 16-bit big-endian payload length
-    const lenHi = reader.readUint8();
-    const lenLo = reader.readUint8();
-    const payloadLength = (lenHi << 8) | lenLo;
-
-    const payloadBytes = reader.readBytes(payloadLength);
-    const payloadReader = new BufferReader(payloadBytes);
-
-    const decoder = payloadDecoders.get(typeId);
-    if (!decoder) {
-      return {
-        ok: false,
-        error: new DecodeError(
-          "UNKNOWN_MESSAGE_TYPE",
-          `Unknown message type ID: 0x${typeId.toString(16)}`,
-          0,
-        ),
-      };
-    }
-
-    const message = decoder(payloadReader);
-    return { ok: true, value: message, bytesRead: reader.offset };
-  } catch (e) {
-    if (e instanceof DecodeError) return { ok: false, error: e };
-    throw e;
-  }
-}
-
-// ─── Data Stream Encoding/Decoding ─────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-export { encodeSubgroupStream, encodeDatagram, encodeFetchStream, decodeSubgroupStream, decodeDatagram, decodeFetchStream, decodeDataStream } from "./data-streams.js";
-import { encodeSubgroupStream, encodeDatagram, encodeFetchStream, decodeSubgroupStream, decodeDatagram, decodeFetchStream, decodeDataStream } from "./data-streams.js";
-
-export function createStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, Draft12Message> {
-  let buffer = new Uint8Array(0);
-  let offset = 0;
-  return new TransformStream<Uint8Array, Draft12Message>({
-    transform(chunk, controller) {
-      if (offset > 0) {
-        buffer = buffer.subarray(offset);
-        offset = 0;
-      }
-      const newBuffer = new Uint8Array(buffer.length + chunk.length);
-      newBuffer.set(buffer, 0);
-      newBuffer.set(chunk, buffer.length);
-      buffer = newBuffer;
-      while (offset < buffer.length) {
-        const result = decodeMessage(buffer.subarray(offset));
-        if (!result.ok) {
-          if (result.error.code === "UNEXPECTED_END") break;
-          controller.error(result.error);
-          return;
-        }
-        controller.enqueue(result.value);
-        offset += result.bytesRead;
-      }
-    },
-    flush(controller) {
-      if (offset < buffer.length)
-        controller.error(new DecodeError("UNEXPECTED_END", "Stream ended with incomplete data", 0));
-    },
-  });
-}
-
-// ─── Codec Factory ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-export interface Draft12Codec extends BaseCodec<Draft12Message> {
-  readonly draft: "draft-ietf-moq-transport-12";
-  encodeSubgroupStream(stream: SubgroupStream): Uint8Array;
-  encodeDatagram(dg: DatagramObject): Uint8Array;
-  encodeFetchStream(stream: FetchStream): Uint8Array;
-  decodeSubgroupStream(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<SubgroupStream>;
-  decodeDatagram(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<DatagramObject>;
-  decodeFetchStream(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<FetchStream>;
-  decodeDataStream(
-    streamType: "subgroup" | "datagram" | "fetch",
-    bytes: Uint8Array,
-  ): DecodeResult<Draft12DataStream>;
-  createStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, Draft12Message>;
-}
-
-export function createDraft12Codec(): Draft12Codec {
-  return {
-    draft: "draft-ietf-moq-transport-12",
-    encodeMessage,
-    decodeMessage,
-    encodeSubgroupStream,
-    encodeDatagram,
-    encodeFetchStream,
-    decodeSubgroupStream,
-    decodeDatagram,
-    decodeFetchStream,
-    decodeDataStream,
-    createStreamDecoder,
-  };
-}
+import { BufferReader } from '../../core/buffer-reader.js'
+import { BufferWriter } from '../../core/buffer-writer.js'
+import { bytesToHex, hexToBytes } from '../../core/hex.js'
+import type { BaseCodec, DecodeResult } from '../../core/types.js'
+import { DecodeError } from '../../core/types.js'
+import {
+  decodeDatagram,
+  decodeDataStream,
+  decodeFetchStream,
+  decodeSubgroupStream,
+  encodeDatagram,
+  encodeFetchStream,
+  encodeSubgroupStream,
+} from './data-streams.js'
+import {
+  MESSAGE_ID_MAP,
+  MSG_ANNOUNCE,
+  MSG_ANNOUNCE_CANCEL,
+  MSG_ANNOUNCE_ERROR,
+  MSG_ANNOUNCE_OK,
+  MSG_CLIENT_SETUP,
+  MSG_FETCH,
+  MSG_FETCH_CANCEL,
+  MSG_FETCH_ERROR,
+  MSG_FETCH_OK,
+  MSG_GOAWAY,
+  MSG_MAX_REQUEST_ID,
+  MSG_PUBLISH,
+  MSG_PUBLISH_ERROR,
+  MSG_PUBLISH_OK,
+  MSG_REQUESTS_BLOCKED,
+  MSG_SERVER_SETUP,
+  MSG_SUBSCRIBE,
+  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES,
+  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES_ERROR,
+  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES_OK,
+  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_DONE,
+  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_ERROR,
+  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_OK,
+  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE,
+  MSG_TRACK_STATUS,
+  MSG_TRACK_STATUS_REQUEST,
+  MSG_UNANNOUNCE,
+  MSG_UNSUBSCRIBE,
+  MSG_UNSUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES,
+  PARAM_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN,
+  PARAM_DELIVERY_TIMEOUT,
+  PARAM_MAX_CACHE_DURATION,
+  SETUP_PARAM_MAX_REQUEST_ID,
+  SETUP_PARAM_PATH,
+} from './messages.js'
+import type {
+  DatagramObject,
+  Draft12DataStream,
+  Draft12Fetch,
+  Draft12Message,
+  Draft12Params,
+  Draft12SetupParams,
+  FetchStream,
+  JoiningFetch,
+  LargestLocation,
+  StandaloneFetch,
+  SubgroupStream,
+  UnknownParam,
+} from './types.js'
+
+const textEncoder = /* @__PURE__ */ new TextEncoder()
+const textDecoder = /* @__PURE__ */ new TextDecoder()
+
+// ─── Setup Parameter Encoding/Decoding (even/odd convention) ────────────────────
+
+function encodeSetupParams(params: Draft12SetupParams, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  let count = 0
+  if (params.path !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.max_request_id !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.unknown) count += params.unknown.length
+
+  w.writeVarInt(count)
+
+  if (params.path !== undefined) {
+    w.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_PATH)
+    const encoded = textEncoder.encode(params.path)
+    w.writeVarInt(encoded.byteLength)
+    w.writeBytes(encoded)
+  }
+  if (params.max_request_id !== undefined) {
+    w.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_MAX_REQUEST_ID)
+    w.writeVarInt(params.max_request_id)
+  }
+  if (params.unknown) {
+    for (const u of params.unknown) {
+      const id = BigInt(u.id)
+      w.writeVarInt(id)
+      if (id % 2n === 0n) {
+        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex)
+        const tmpReader = new BufferReader(raw)
+        w.writeVarInt(tmpReader.readVarInt())
+      } else {
+        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex)
+        w.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength)
+        w.writeBytes(raw)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeSetupParams(r: BufferReader): Draft12SetupParams {
+  const count = Number(r.readVarInt())
+  const result: Draft12SetupParams = {}
+  const unknown: UnknownParam[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    const paramType = r.readVarInt()
+    if (paramType % 2n === 0n) {
+      const value = r.readVarInt()
+      if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_MAX_REQUEST_ID) {
+        result.max_request_id = value
+      } else {
+        const tmpW = new BufferWriter(16)
+        tmpW.writeVarInt(value)
+        const raw = tmpW.finish()
+        unknown.push({
+          id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
+          length: raw.byteLength,
+          raw_hex: bytesToHex(raw),
+        })
+      }
+    } else {
+      const length = Number(r.readVarInt())
+      const bytes = r.readBytes(length)
+      if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_PATH) {
+        result.path = textDecoder.decode(bytes)
+      } else {
+        unknown.push({
+          id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
+          length,
+          raw_hex: bytesToHex(bytes),
+        })
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (unknown.length > 0) result.unknown = unknown
+  return result
+}
+
+// ─── Version-Specific Parameter Encoding/Decoding ───────────────────────────────
+// Uses even/odd convention: even type → bare varint value, odd type → length-prefixed blob
+
+function encodeParams(params: Draft12Params, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  let count = params.unknown ? params.unknown.length : 0
+  if (params.delivery_timeout !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.authorization_token !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.max_cache_duration !== undefined) count++
+  w.writeVarInt(count)
+
+  if (params.delivery_timeout !== undefined) {
+    // DELIVERY_TIMEOUT = 0x02 (even → bare varint)
+    w.writeVarInt(PARAM_DELIVERY_TIMEOUT)
+    w.writeVarInt(params.delivery_timeout)
+  }
+  if (params.authorization_token !== undefined) {
+    // AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN = 0x03 (odd → length-prefixed)
+    w.writeVarInt(PARAM_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN)
+    const at = params.authorization_token
+    const tmpW = new BufferWriter(64)
+    tmpW.writeVarInt(at.alias_type)
+    tmpW.writeVarInt(at.token_type)
+    const tokenBytes = textEncoder.encode(at.token_value)
+    tmpW.writeBytes(tokenBytes)
+    const raw = tmpW.finish()
+    w.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength)
+    w.writeBytes(raw)
+  }
+  if (params.max_cache_duration !== undefined) {
+    // MAX_CACHE_DURATION = 0x04 (even → bare varint)
+    w.writeVarInt(PARAM_MAX_CACHE_DURATION)
+    w.writeVarInt(params.max_cache_duration)
+  }
+  if (params.unknown) {
+    for (const u of params.unknown) {
+      const id = BigInt(u.id)
+      w.writeVarInt(id)
+      if (id % 2n === 0n) {
+        // Even → bare varint
+        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex)
+        const tmpReader = new BufferReader(raw)
+        w.writeVarInt(tmpReader.readVarInt())
+      } else {
+        // Odd → length-prefixed
+        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex)
+        w.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength)
+        w.writeBytes(raw)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeParams(r: BufferReader): Draft12Params {
+  const count = Number(r.readVarInt())
+  const result: Draft12Params = {}
+  const unknown: UnknownParam[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    const paramType = r.readVarInt()
+
+    if (paramType % 2n === 0n) {
+      // Even type → bare varint value
+      const value = r.readVarInt()
+      if (paramType === PARAM_DELIVERY_TIMEOUT) {
+        result.delivery_timeout = value
+      } else if (paramType === PARAM_MAX_CACHE_DURATION) {
+        result.max_cache_duration = value
+      } else {
+        const tmpW = new BufferWriter(16)
+        tmpW.writeVarInt(value)
+        const raw = tmpW.finish()
+        unknown.push({
+          id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
+          length: raw.byteLength,
+          raw_hex: bytesToHex(raw),
+        })
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Odd type → length-prefixed blob
+      const length = Number(r.readVarInt())
+      const startOff = r.offset
+
+      if (paramType === PARAM_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN) {
+        const alias_type = r.readVarInt()
+        const token_type = r.readVarInt()
+        const tokenBytesLen = length - (r.offset - startOff)
+        const tokenBytes = r.readBytes(tokenBytesLen)
+        result.authorization_token = {
+          alias_type,
+          token_type,
+          token_value: textDecoder.decode(tokenBytes),
+        }
+      } else {
+        const bytes = r.readBytes(length)
+        unknown.push({
+          id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
+          length,
+          raw_hex: bytesToHex(bytes),
+        })
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (unknown.length > 0) result.unknown = unknown
+  return result
+}
+
+// ─── Payload Encoders ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function encodeClientSetupPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'client_setup' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.supported_versions.length)
+  for (const v of msg.supported_versions) w.writeVarInt(v)
+  encodeSetupParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeServerSetupPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'server_setup' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.selected_version)
+  encodeSetupParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeSubscribePayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'subscribe' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  // Draft-12: no track_alias in subscribe (moved to subscribe_ok)
+  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace)
+  w.writeString(msg.track_name)
+  w.writeUint8(msg.subscriber_priority)
+  w.writeUint8(msg.group_order)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.forward)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.filter_type)
+  const ft = Number(msg.filter_type)
+  if (ft === 3 || ft === 4) {
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.start_group!)
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.start_object!)
+  }
+  if (ft === 4) {
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.end_group!)
+  }
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeSubscribeOkPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'subscribe_ok' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.track_alias)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.expires)
+  w.writeUint8(msg.group_order)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.content_exists)
+  if (msg.content_exists === 1n && msg.largest_location) {
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.largest_location.group)
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.largest_location.object)
+  }
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeSubscribeErrorPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'subscribe_error' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code)
+  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase)
+  // Draft-12: no track_alias in subscribe_error
+}
+
+function encodeSubscribeUpdatePayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'subscribe_update' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.start_group)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.start_object)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.end_group)
+  w.writeUint8(msg.subscriber_priority)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.forward)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeSubscribeDonePayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'subscribe_done' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.status_code)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.stream_count)
+  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase)
+}
+
+function encodeUnsubscribePayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'unsubscribe' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+}
+
+function encodeAnnouncePayload(msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'announce' }, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeAnnounceOkPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'announce_ok' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+}
+
+function encodeAnnounceErrorPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'announce_error' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code)
+  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase)
+}
+
+function encodeUnannouncePayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'unannounce' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace)
+}
+
+function encodeAnnounceCancelPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'announce_cancel' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code)
+  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase)
+}
+
+function encodeSubscribeAnnouncesPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'subscribe_announces' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace_prefix)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeSubscribeAnnouncesOkPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'subscribe_announces_ok' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+}
+
+function encodeSubscribeAnnouncesErrorPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'subscribe_announces_error' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code)
+  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase)
+}
+
+function encodeUnsubscribeAnnouncesPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'unsubscribe_announces' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace_prefix)
+}
+
+function encodePublishPayload(msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'publish' }, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace)
+  w.writeString(msg.track_name)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.track_alias)
+  w.writeUint8(msg.group_order)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.content_exists)
+  if (msg.content_exists === 1n && msg.largest_location) {
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.largest_location.group)
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.largest_location.object)
+  }
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.forward)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodePublishOkPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'publish_ok' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.forward)
+  w.writeUint8(msg.subscriber_priority)
+  w.writeUint8(msg.group_order)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.filter_type)
+  const ft = Number(msg.filter_type)
+  if (ft === 3 || ft === 4) {
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.start_group!)
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.start_object!)
+  }
+  if (ft === 4) {
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.end_group!)
+  }
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodePublishErrorPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'publish_error' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code)
+  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase)
+}
+
+function encodeFetchPayload(msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'fetch' }, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeUint8(msg.subscriber_priority)
+  w.writeUint8(msg.group_order)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.fetch_type)
+  const ft = Number(msg.fetch_type)
+  if (ft === 1 && msg.standalone) {
+    w.writeTuple(msg.standalone.track_namespace)
+    w.writeString(msg.standalone.track_name)
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.start_group)
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.start_object)
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.end_group)
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.end_object)
+  } else if ((ft === 2 || ft === 3) && msg.joining) {
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.joining.joining_subscribe_id)
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.joining.joining_start)
+  }
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeFetchOkPayload(msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'fetch_ok' }, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeUint8(msg.group_order)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.end_of_track)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.end_location.group)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.end_location.object)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeFetchErrorPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'fetch_error' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code)
+  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase)
+}
+
+function encodeFetchCancelPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'fetch_cancel' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+}
+
+function encodeTrackStatusRequestPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'track_status_request' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace)
+  w.writeString(msg.track_name)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeTrackStatusPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'track_status' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.status_code)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.largest_location.group)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.largest_location.object)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeGoAwayPayload(msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'goaway' }, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  w.writeString(msg.new_session_uri)
+}
+
+function encodeMaxRequestIdPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'max_request_id' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+}
+
+function encodeRequestsBlockedPayload(
+  msg: Draft12Message & { type: 'requests_blocked' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.maximum_request_id)
+}
+
+// ─── Payload Decoders ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function decodeClientSetupPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const numVersions = Number(r.readVarInt())
+  if (numVersions === 0) {
+    throw new DecodeError('CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION', 'supported_versions must not be empty', r.offset)
+  }
+  const supported_versions: bigint[] = []
+  for (let i = 0; i < numVersions; i++) supported_versions.push(r.readVarInt())
+  const parameters = decodeSetupParams(r)
+  return { type: 'client_setup', supported_versions, parameters }
+}
+
+function decodeServerSetupPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const selected_version = r.readVarInt()
+  const parameters = decodeSetupParams(r)
+  return { type: 'server_setup', selected_version, parameters }
+}
+
+function decodeSubscribePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  // Draft-12: no track_alias in subscribe
+  const track_namespace = r.readTuple()
+  const track_name = r.readString()
+  const subscriber_priority = r.readUint8()
+  const group_order = r.readUint8()
+  const forward = r.readVarInt()
+  const filter_type = r.readVarInt()
+  const ft = Number(filter_type)
+  if (ft < 1 || ft > 4) {
+    throw new DecodeError('CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION', `Invalid filter_type: ${ft}`, r.offset)
+  }
+  let start_group: bigint | undefined
+  let start_object: bigint | undefined
+  let end_group: bigint | undefined
+  if (ft === 3 || ft === 4) {
+    start_group = r.readVarInt()
+    start_object = r.readVarInt()
+  }
+  if (ft === 4) {
+    end_group = r.readVarInt()
+  }
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  const msg: Record<string, unknown> = {
+    type: 'subscribe',
+    request_id,
+    track_namespace,
+    track_name,
+    subscriber_priority,
+    group_order,
+    forward,
+    filter_type,
+    parameters,
+  }
+  if (start_group !== undefined) msg.start_group = start_group
+  if (start_object !== undefined) msg.start_object = start_object
+  if (end_group !== undefined) msg.end_group = end_group
+  return msg as unknown as Draft12Message
+}
+
+function decodeSubscribeOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const track_alias = r.readVarInt()
+  const expires = r.readVarInt()
+  const group_order = r.readUint8()
+  const content_exists = r.readVarInt()
+  let largest_location: LargestLocation | undefined
+  if (content_exists === 1n) {
+    const group = r.readVarInt()
+    const object = r.readVarInt()
+    largest_location = { group, object }
+  }
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  const msg: Record<string, unknown> = {
+    type: 'subscribe_ok',
+    request_id,
+    track_alias,
+    expires,
+    group_order,
+    content_exists,
+    parameters,
+  }
+  if (largest_location) msg.largest_location = largest_location
+  return msg as unknown as Draft12Message
+}
+
+function decodeSubscribeErrorPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const error_code = r.readVarInt()
+  const reason_phrase = r.readString()
+  // Draft-12: no track_alias in subscribe_error
+  return { type: 'subscribe_error', request_id, error_code, reason_phrase }
+}
+
+function decodeSubscribeUpdatePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const start_group = r.readVarInt()
+  const start_object = r.readVarInt()
+  const end_group = r.readVarInt()
+  const subscriber_priority = r.readUint8()
+  const forward = r.readVarInt()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  return {
+    type: 'subscribe_update',
+    request_id,
+    start_group,
+    start_object,
+    end_group,
+    subscriber_priority,
+    forward,
+    parameters,
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeSubscribeDonePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const status_code = r.readVarInt()
+  const stream_count = r.readVarInt()
+  const reason_phrase = r.readString()
+  return {
+    type: 'subscribe_done',
+    request_id,
+    status_code,
+    stream_count,
+    reason_phrase,
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeUnsubscribePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  return { type: 'unsubscribe', request_id }
+}
+
+function decodeAnnouncePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const track_namespace = r.readTuple()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  return { type: 'announce', request_id, track_namespace, parameters }
+}
+
+function decodeAnnounceOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  return { type: 'announce_ok', request_id }
+}
+
+function decodeAnnounceErrorPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const error_code = r.readVarInt()
+  const reason_phrase = r.readString()
+  return { type: 'announce_error', request_id, error_code, reason_phrase }
+}
+
+function decodeUnannouncePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const track_namespace = r.readTuple()
+  return { type: 'unannounce', track_namespace }
+}
+
+function decodeAnnounceCancelPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const track_namespace = r.readTuple()
+  const error_code = r.readVarInt()
+  const reason_phrase = r.readString()
+  return { type: 'announce_cancel', track_namespace, error_code, reason_phrase }
+}
+
+function decodeSubscribeAnnouncesPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const track_namespace_prefix = r.readTuple()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  return {
+    type: 'subscribe_announces',
+    request_id,
+    track_namespace_prefix,
+    parameters,
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeSubscribeAnnouncesOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  return { type: 'subscribe_announces_ok', request_id }
+}
+
+function decodeSubscribeAnnouncesErrorPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const error_code = r.readVarInt()
+  const reason_phrase = r.readString()
+  return {
+    type: 'subscribe_announces_error',
+    request_id,
+    error_code,
+    reason_phrase,
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeUnsubscribeAnnouncesPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const track_namespace_prefix = r.readTuple()
+  return { type: 'unsubscribe_announces', track_namespace_prefix }
+}
+
+function decodePublishPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const track_namespace = r.readTuple()
+  const track_name = r.readString()
+  const track_alias = r.readVarInt()
+  const group_order = r.readUint8()
+  const content_exists = r.readVarInt()
+  let largest_location: LargestLocation | undefined
+  if (content_exists === 1n) {
+    const group = r.readVarInt()
+    const object = r.readVarInt()
+    largest_location = { group, object }
+  }
+  const forward = r.readVarInt()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  const msg: Record<string, unknown> = {
+    type: 'publish',
+    request_id,
+    track_namespace,
+    track_name,
+    track_alias,
+    group_order,
+    content_exists,
+    forward,
+    parameters,
+  }
+  if (largest_location) msg.largest_location = largest_location
+  return msg as unknown as Draft12Message
+}
+
+function decodePublishOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const forward = r.readVarInt()
+  const subscriber_priority = r.readUint8()
+  const group_order = r.readUint8()
+  const filter_type = r.readVarInt()
+  const ft = Number(filter_type)
+  let start_group: bigint | undefined
+  let start_object: bigint | undefined
+  let end_group: bigint | undefined
+  if (ft === 3 || ft === 4) {
+    start_group = r.readVarInt()
+    start_object = r.readVarInt()
+  }
+  if (ft === 4) {
+    end_group = r.readVarInt()
+  }
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  const msg: Record<string, unknown> = {
+    type: 'publish_ok',
+    request_id,
+    forward,
+    subscriber_priority,
+    group_order,
+    filter_type,
+    parameters,
+  }
+  if (start_group !== undefined) msg.start_group = start_group
+  if (start_object !== undefined) msg.start_object = start_object
+  if (end_group !== undefined) msg.end_group = end_group
+  return msg as unknown as Draft12Message
+}
+
+function decodePublishErrorPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const error_code = r.readVarInt()
+  const reason_phrase = r.readString()
+  return { type: 'publish_error', request_id, error_code, reason_phrase }
+}
+
+function decodeFetchPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const subscriber_priority = r.readUint8()
+  const group_order = r.readUint8()
+  const fetch_type = r.readVarInt()
+  const ft = Number(fetch_type)
+
+  if (ft < 1 || ft > 3) {
+    throw new DecodeError('CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION', `Invalid fetch_type: ${ft}`, r.offset)
+  }
+
+  let standalone: StandaloneFetch | undefined
+  let joining: JoiningFetch | undefined
+
+  if (ft === 1) {
+    const track_namespace = r.readTuple()
+    const track_name = r.readString()
+    const start_group = r.readVarInt()
+    const start_object = r.readVarInt()
+    const end_group = r.readVarInt()
+    const end_object = r.readVarInt()
+    standalone = {
+      track_namespace,
+      track_name,
+      start_group,
+      start_object,
+      end_group,
+      end_object,
+    }
+  } else {
+    const joining_subscribe_id = r.readVarInt()
+    const joining_start = r.readVarInt()
+    joining = { joining_subscribe_id, joining_start }
+  }
+
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  return {
+    type: 'fetch',
+    request_id,
+    subscriber_priority,
+    group_order,
+    fetch_type,
+    standalone,
+    joining,
+    parameters,
+  } as Draft12Fetch
+}
+
+function decodeFetchOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const group_order = r.readUint8()
+  const end_of_track = r.readVarInt()
+  const group = r.readVarInt()
+  const object = r.readVarInt()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  return {
+    type: 'fetch_ok',
+    request_id,
+    group_order,
+    end_of_track,
+    end_location: { group, object },
+    parameters,
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeFetchErrorPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const error_code = r.readVarInt()
+  const reason_phrase = r.readString()
+  return { type: 'fetch_error', request_id, error_code, reason_phrase }
+}
+
+function decodeFetchCancelPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  return { type: 'fetch_cancel', request_id }
+}
+
+function decodeTrackStatusRequestPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const track_namespace = r.readTuple()
+  const track_name = r.readString()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  return {
+    type: 'track_status_request',
+    request_id,
+    track_namespace,
+    track_name,
+    parameters,
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeTrackStatusPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const status_code = r.readVarInt()
+  const group = r.readVarInt()
+  const object = r.readVarInt()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  return {
+    type: 'track_status',
+    request_id,
+    status_code,
+    largest_location: { group, object },
+    parameters,
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeGoAwayPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const new_session_uri = r.readString()
+  return { type: 'goaway', new_session_uri }
+}
+
+function decodeMaxRequestIdPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  return { type: 'max_request_id', request_id }
+}
+
+function decodeRequestsBlockedPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft12Message {
+  const maximum_request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  return { type: 'requests_blocked', maximum_request_id }
+}
+
+// ─── Payload dispatch tables ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+const payloadDecoders: ReadonlyMap<bigint, (r: BufferReader) => Draft12Message> = new Map([
+  [MSG_CLIENT_SETUP, decodeClientSetupPayload],
+  [MSG_SERVER_SETUP, decodeServerSetupPayload],
+  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE, decodeSubscribePayload],
+  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_OK, decodeSubscribeOkPayload],
+  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_ERROR, decodeSubscribeErrorPayload],
+  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE, decodeSubscribeUpdatePayload],
+  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_DONE, decodeSubscribeDonePayload],
+  [MSG_UNSUBSCRIBE, decodeUnsubscribePayload],
+  [MSG_ANNOUNCE, decodeAnnouncePayload],
+  [MSG_ANNOUNCE_OK, decodeAnnounceOkPayload],
+  [MSG_ANNOUNCE_ERROR, decodeAnnounceErrorPayload],
+  [MSG_UNANNOUNCE, decodeUnannouncePayload],
+  [MSG_ANNOUNCE_CANCEL, decodeAnnounceCancelPayload],
+  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES, decodeSubscribeAnnouncesPayload],
+  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES_OK, decodeSubscribeAnnouncesOkPayload],
+  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES_ERROR, decodeSubscribeAnnouncesErrorPayload],
+  [MSG_UNSUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES, decodeUnsubscribeAnnouncesPayload],
+  [MSG_PUBLISH, decodePublishPayload],
+  [MSG_PUBLISH_OK, decodePublishOkPayload],
+  [MSG_PUBLISH_ERROR, decodePublishErrorPayload],
+  [MSG_FETCH, decodeFetchPayload],
+  [MSG_FETCH_OK, decodeFetchOkPayload],
+  [MSG_FETCH_ERROR, decodeFetchErrorPayload],
+  [MSG_FETCH_CANCEL, decodeFetchCancelPayload],
+  [MSG_TRACK_STATUS_REQUEST, decodeTrackStatusRequestPayload],
+  [MSG_TRACK_STATUS, decodeTrackStatusPayload],
+  [MSG_GOAWAY, decodeGoAwayPayload],
+  [MSG_MAX_REQUEST_ID, decodeMaxRequestIdPayload],
+  [MSG_REQUESTS_BLOCKED, decodeRequestsBlockedPayload],
+])
+
+// ─── Public API ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Encode a draft-12 control message.
+ * Most messages use type(varint) + length(uint16 BE) + payload.
+ * PUBLISH family uses type(varint) + length(varint) + payload.
+ */
+export function encodeMessage(message: Draft12Message): Uint8Array {
+  const typeId = MESSAGE_ID_MAP.get(message.type)
+  if (typeId === undefined) throw new Error(`Unknown message type: ${message.type}`)
+
+  const payloadWriter = new BufferWriter()
+  encodePayload(message, payloadWriter)
+  const payload = payloadWriter.finishView()
+
+  const writer = new BufferWriter(payload.byteLength + 16)
+  writer.writeVarInt(typeId)
+
+  if (payload.byteLength > 0xffff) {
+    throw new Error(`Payload too large for 16-bit length: ${payload.byteLength}`)
+  }
+  writer.writeUint8((payload.byteLength >> 8) & 0xff)
+  writer.writeUint8(payload.byteLength & 0xff)
+
+  writer.writeBytes(payload)
+  return writer.finish()
+}
+
+function encodePayload(msg: Draft12Message, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  switch (msg.type) {
+    case 'client_setup':
+      return encodeClientSetupPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'server_setup':
+      return encodeServerSetupPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'subscribe':
+      return encodeSubscribePayload(msg, w)
+    case 'subscribe_ok':
+      return encodeSubscribeOkPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'subscribe_error':
+      return encodeSubscribeErrorPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'subscribe_update':
+      return encodeSubscribeUpdatePayload(msg, w)
+    case 'subscribe_done':
+      return encodeSubscribeDonePayload(msg, w)
+    case 'unsubscribe':
+      return encodeUnsubscribePayload(msg, w)
+    case 'announce':
+      return encodeAnnouncePayload(msg, w)
+    case 'announce_ok':
+      return encodeAnnounceOkPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'announce_error':
+      return encodeAnnounceErrorPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'unannounce':
+      return encodeUnannouncePayload(msg, w)
+    case 'announce_cancel':
+      return encodeAnnounceCancelPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'subscribe_announces':
+      return encodeSubscribeAnnouncesPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'subscribe_announces_ok':
+      return encodeSubscribeAnnouncesOkPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'subscribe_announces_error':
+      return encodeSubscribeAnnouncesErrorPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'unsubscribe_announces':
+      return encodeUnsubscribeAnnouncesPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'publish':
+      return encodePublishPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'publish_ok':
+      return encodePublishOkPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'publish_error':
+      return encodePublishErrorPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'fetch':
+      return encodeFetchPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'fetch_ok':
+      return encodeFetchOkPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'fetch_error':
+      return encodeFetchErrorPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'fetch_cancel':
+      return encodeFetchCancelPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'track_status_request':
+      return encodeTrackStatusRequestPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'track_status':
+      return encodeTrackStatusPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'goaway':
+      return encodeGoAwayPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'max_request_id':
+      return encodeMaxRequestIdPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'requests_blocked':
+      return encodeRequestsBlockedPayload(msg, w)
+    default: {
+      const _exhaustive: never = msg
+      throw new Error(`Unhandled message type: ${(_exhaustive as Draft12Message).type}`)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decode a draft-12 control message from bytes.
+ */
+export function decodeMessage(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<Draft12Message> {
+  try {
+    const reader = new BufferReader(bytes)
+    const typeId = reader.readVarInt()
+
+    // Read 16-bit big-endian payload length
+    const lenHi = reader.readUint8()
+    const lenLo = reader.readUint8()
+    const payloadLength = (lenHi << 8) | lenLo
+
+    const payloadBytes = reader.readBytes(payloadLength)
+    const payloadReader = new BufferReader(payloadBytes)
+
+    const decoder = payloadDecoders.get(typeId)
+    if (!decoder) {
+      return {
+        ok: false,
+        error: new DecodeError(
+          'UNKNOWN_MESSAGE_TYPE',
+          `Unknown message type ID: 0x${typeId.toString(16)}`,
+          0,
+        ),
+      }
+    }
+
+    const message = decoder(payloadReader)
+    return { ok: true, value: message, bytesRead: reader.offset }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof DecodeError) return { ok: false, error: e }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+// ─── Data Stream Encoding/Decoding ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+export {
+  decodeDatagram,
+  decodeDataStream,
+  decodeFetchStream,
+  decodeSubgroupStream,
+  encodeDatagram,
+  encodeFetchStream,
+  encodeSubgroupStream,
+} from './data-streams.js'
+
+export function createStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, Draft12Message> {
+  let buffer = new Uint8Array(0)
+  let offset = 0
+  return new TransformStream<Uint8Array, Draft12Message>({
+    transform(chunk, controller) {
+      if (offset > 0) {
+        buffer = buffer.subarray(offset)
+        offset = 0
+      }
+      const newBuffer = new Uint8Array(buffer.length + chunk.length)
+      newBuffer.set(buffer, 0)
+      newBuffer.set(chunk, buffer.length)
+      buffer = newBuffer
+      while (offset < buffer.length) {
+        const result = decodeMessage(buffer.subarray(offset))
+        if (!result.ok) {
+          if (result.error.code === 'UNEXPECTED_END') break
+          controller.error(result.error)
+          return
+        }
+        controller.enqueue(result.value)
+        offset += result.bytesRead
+      }
+    },
+    flush(controller) {
+      if (offset < buffer.length)
+        controller.error(new DecodeError('UNEXPECTED_END', 'Stream ended with incomplete data', 0))
+    },
+  })
+}
+
+// ─── Codec Factory ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+export interface Draft12Codec extends BaseCodec<Draft12Message> {
+  readonly draft: '12'
+  encodeSubgroupStream(stream: SubgroupStream): Uint8Array
+  encodeDatagram(dg: DatagramObject): Uint8Array
+  encodeFetchStream(stream: FetchStream): Uint8Array
+  decodeSubgroupStream(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<SubgroupStream>
+  decodeDatagram(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<DatagramObject>
+  decodeFetchStream(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<FetchStream>
+  decodeDataStream(
+    streamType: 'subgroup' | 'datagram' | 'fetch',
+    bytes: Uint8Array,
+  ): DecodeResult<Draft12DataStream>
+  createStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, Draft12Message>
+}
+
+export function createDraft12Codec(): Draft12Codec {
+  return {
+    draft: '12',
+    encodeMessage,
+    decodeMessage,
+    encodeSubgroupStream,
+    encodeDatagram,
+    encodeFetchStream,
+    decodeSubgroupStream,
+    decodeDatagram,
+    decodeFetchStream,
+    decodeDataStream,
+    createStreamDecoder,
+  }
+}