@moqtap/codec 0.2.2 → 0.3.0

package/src/drafts/draft16/codec.ts

@@ -1,957 +1,1242 @@
-import { bytesToHex, hexToBytes } from "../../core/hex.js";
-import { BufferReader } from "../../core/buffer-reader.js";
-import { BufferWriter } from "../../core/buffer-writer.js";
-import type { BaseCodec, DecodeResult } from "../../core/types.js";
-import { DecodeError } from "../../core/types.js";
-import {
-  MESSAGE_ID_MAP,
-  MSG_CLIENT_SETUP,
-  MSG_FETCH,
-  MSG_FETCH_CANCEL,
-  MSG_FETCH_OK,
-  MSG_GOAWAY,
-  MSG_MAX_REQUEST_ID,
-  MSG_NAMESPACE,
-  MSG_NAMESPACE_DONE,
-  MSG_PUBLISH,
-  MSG_PUBLISH_DONE,
-  MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE,
-  MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL,
-  MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE,
-  MSG_PUBLISH_OK,
-  MSG_REQUEST_ERROR,
-  MSG_REQUEST_OK,
-  MSG_REQUEST_UPDATE,
-  MSG_REQUESTS_BLOCKED,
-  MSG_SERVER_SETUP,
-  MSG_SUBSCRIBE,
-  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE,
-  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_OK,
-  MSG_TRACK_STATUS,
-  MSG_UNSUBSCRIBE,
-  SETUP_PARAM_AUTHORITY,
-  SETUP_PARAM_MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE,
-  SETUP_PARAM_MAX_REQUEST_ID,
-  SETUP_PARAM_MOQT_IMPLEMENTATION,
-  SETUP_PARAM_PATH,
-} from "./messages.js";
-import type {
-  DatagramObject,
-  DataStreamEvent,
-  Draft16DataStream,
-  Draft16Fetch,
-  Draft16Message,
-  Draft16Params,
-  Draft16SetupParams,
-  FetchObjectPayload,
-  FetchStream,
-  FetchStreamHeader,
-  JoiningFetch,
-  ObjectPayload,
-  StandaloneFetch,
-  SubgroupStream,
-  SubgroupStreamHeader,
-  UnknownParam,
-} from "./types.js";
-// ─── Setup Parameter Encoding/Decoding ──────────────────────────────────────────
-
-function encodeSetupParams(params: Draft16SetupParams, writer: BufferWriter): void {
-  let count = 0;
-  if (params.path !== undefined) count++;
-  if (params.max_request_id !== undefined) count++;
-  if (params.max_auth_token_cache_size !== undefined) count++;
-  if (params.authority !== undefined) count++;
-  if (params.moqt_implementation !== undefined) count++;
-  if (params.unknown) count += params.unknown.length;
-
-  writer.writeVarInt(count);
-
-  // PATH (0x01) - odd, length-prefixed bytes
-  if (params.path !== undefined) {
-    writer.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_PATH);
-    const encoded = new TextEncoder().encode(params.path);
-    writer.writeVarInt(encoded.byteLength);
-    writer.writeBytes(encoded);
-  }
-
-  // MAX_REQUEST_ID (0x02) - even, varint value
-  if (params.max_request_id !== undefined) {
-    writer.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_MAX_REQUEST_ID);
-    writer.writeVarInt(params.max_request_id);
-  }
-
-  // MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE (0x04) - even, varint value
-  if (params.max_auth_token_cache_size !== undefined) {
-    writer.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE);
-    writer.writeVarInt(params.max_auth_token_cache_size);
-  }
-
-  // AUTHORITY (0x05) - odd, length-prefixed bytes
-  if (params.authority !== undefined) {
-    writer.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_AUTHORITY);
-    const encoded = new TextEncoder().encode(params.authority);
-    writer.writeVarInt(encoded.byteLength);
-    writer.writeBytes(encoded);
-  }
-
-  // MOQT_IMPLEMENTATION (0x07) - odd, length-prefixed bytes
-  if (params.moqt_implementation !== undefined) {
-    writer.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_MOQT_IMPLEMENTATION);
-    const encoded = new TextEncoder().encode(params.moqt_implementation);
-    writer.writeVarInt(encoded.byteLength);
-    writer.writeBytes(encoded);
-  }
-
-  // Unknown params
-  if (params.unknown) {
-    for (const u of params.unknown) {
-      const id = BigInt(u.id);
-      writer.writeVarInt(id);
-      if (id % 2n === 0n) {
-        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex);
-        const tmpReader = new BufferReader(raw);
-        const value = tmpReader.readVarInt();
-        writer.writeVarInt(value);
-      } else {
-        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex);
-        writer.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength);
-        writer.writeBytes(raw);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-function decodeSetupParams(reader: BufferReader): Draft16SetupParams {
-  const count = Number(reader.readVarInt());
-  const result: Draft16SetupParams = {};
-  const unknown: UnknownParam[] = [];
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    const paramType = reader.readVarInt();
-
-    if (paramType % 2n === 0n) {
-      const value = reader.readVarInt();
-      if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_MAX_REQUEST_ID) {
-        result.max_request_id = value;
-      } else if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE) {
-        result.max_auth_token_cache_size = value;
-      } else {
-        const tmpWriter = new BufferWriter(16);
-        tmpWriter.writeVarInt(value);
-        const raw = tmpWriter.finish();
-        unknown.push({
-          id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
-          length: raw.byteLength,
-          raw_hex: bytesToHex(raw),
-        });
-      }
-    } else {
-      const length = Number(reader.readVarInt());
-      const bytes = reader.readBytes(length);
-      if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_PATH) {
-        result.path = new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
-      } else if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_AUTHORITY) {
-        result.authority = new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
-      } else if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_MOQT_IMPLEMENTATION) {
-        result.moqt_implementation = new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
-      } else {
-        unknown.push({
-          id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
-          length,
-          raw_hex: bytesToHex(bytes),
-        });
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (unknown.length > 0) {
-    result.unknown = unknown;
-  }
-
-  return result;
-}
-
-// ─── Version-Specific Parameter Encoding/Decoding ───────────────────────────────
-
-const PARAM_EXPIRES = 0x08n;
-const PARAM_LARGEST_OBJECT = 0x09n;
-const PARAM_SUBSCRIBER_PRIORITY = 0x20n;
-const PARAM_SUBSCRIPTION_FILTER = 0x21n;
-const PARAM_GROUP_ORDER = 0x22n;
-
-function encodeParams(params: Draft16Params, writer: BufferWriter): void {
-  let count = params.unknown ? params.unknown.length : 0;
-  if (params.expires !== undefined) count++;
-  if (params.largest_object !== undefined) count++;
-  if (params.subscriber_priority !== undefined) count++;
-  if (params.subscription_filter !== undefined) count++;
-  if (params.group_order !== undefined) count++;
-  writer.writeVarInt(count);
-
-  if (params.expires !== undefined) {
-    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_EXPIRES);
-    writer.writeVarInt(params.expires);
-  }
-  if (params.largest_object !== undefined) {
-    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_LARGEST_OBJECT);
-    const tmpW = new BufferWriter(16);
-    tmpW.writeVarInt(params.largest_object.group);
-    tmpW.writeVarInt(params.largest_object.object);
-    const raw = tmpW.finish();
-    writer.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength);
-    writer.writeBytes(raw);
-  }
-  if (params.subscriber_priority !== undefined) {
-    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_SUBSCRIBER_PRIORITY);
-    writer.writeVarInt(params.subscriber_priority);
-  }
-  if (params.subscription_filter !== undefined) {
-    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_SUBSCRIPTION_FILTER);
-    const tmpW = new BufferWriter(32);
-    const f = params.subscription_filter;
-    tmpW.writeVarInt(f.filter_type);
-    if (f.filter_type === 3n || f.filter_type === 4n) {
-      tmpW.writeVarInt(f.start_group!);
-      tmpW.writeVarInt(f.start_object!);
-    }
-    if (f.filter_type === 4n) {
-      tmpW.writeVarInt(f.end_group!);
-    }
-    const raw = tmpW.finish();
-    writer.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength);
-    writer.writeBytes(raw);
-  }
-  if (params.group_order !== undefined) {
-    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_GROUP_ORDER);
-    writer.writeVarInt(params.group_order);
-  }
-
-  if (params.unknown) {
-    for (const u of params.unknown) {
-      const id = BigInt(u.id);
-      writer.writeVarInt(id);
-      if (id % 2n === 0n) {
-        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex);
-        const tmpReader = new BufferReader(raw);
-        const value = tmpReader.readVarInt();
-        writer.writeVarInt(value);
-      } else {
-        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex);
-        writer.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength);
-        writer.writeBytes(raw);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-function decodeParams(reader: BufferReader): Draft16Params {
-  const count = Number(reader.readVarInt());
-  const result: Draft16Params = {};
-  const unknown: UnknownParam[] = [];
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    const paramType = reader.readVarInt();
-
-    if (paramType === PARAM_EXPIRES) {
-      result.expires = reader.readVarInt();
-    } else if (paramType === PARAM_SUBSCRIBER_PRIORITY) {
-      result.subscriber_priority = reader.readVarInt();
-    } else if (paramType === PARAM_GROUP_ORDER) {
-      result.group_order = reader.readVarInt();
-    } else if (paramType === PARAM_LARGEST_OBJECT) {
-      const length = Number(reader.readVarInt());
-      const startOff = reader.offset;
-      const group = reader.readVarInt();
-      const object = reader.readVarInt();
-      const consumed = reader.offset - startOff;
-      if (consumed < length) reader.readBytes(length - consumed);
-      result.largest_object = { group, object };
-    } else if (paramType === PARAM_SUBSCRIPTION_FILTER) {
-      const length = Number(reader.readVarInt());
-      const startOff = reader.offset;
-      const filter_type = reader.readVarInt();
-      const filter: {
-        filter_type: bigint;
-        start_group?: bigint;
-        start_object?: bigint;
-        end_group?: bigint;
-      } = { filter_type };
-      if (filter_type === 3n || filter_type === 4n) {
-        filter.start_group = reader.readVarInt();
-        filter.start_object = reader.readVarInt();
-      }
-      if (filter_type === 4n) {
-        filter.end_group = reader.readVarInt();
-      }
-      const consumed = reader.offset - startOff;
-      if (consumed < length) reader.readBytes(length - consumed);
-      result.subscription_filter = filter;
-    } else if (paramType % 2n === 0n) {
-      const value = reader.readVarInt();
-      const tmpWriter = new BufferWriter(16);
-      tmpWriter.writeVarInt(value);
-      const raw = tmpWriter.finish();
-      unknown.push({
-        id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
-        length: raw.byteLength,
-        raw_hex: bytesToHex(raw),
-      });
-    } else {
-      const length = Number(reader.readVarInt());
-      const bytes = reader.readBytes(length);
-      unknown.push({
-        id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
-        length,
-        raw_hex: bytesToHex(bytes),
-      });
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (unknown.length > 0) {
-    result.unknown = unknown;
-  }
-
-  return result;
-}
-
-// ─── Payload Encoders ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-function encodeClientSetupPayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "client_setup" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  encodeSetupParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeServerSetupPayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "server_setup" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  encodeSetupParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeSubscribePayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "subscribe" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace);
-  w.writeString(msg.track_name);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeSubscribeOkPayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "subscribe_ok" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.track_alias);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeRequestUpdatePayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "request_update" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.existing_request_id);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeUnsubscribePayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "unsubscribe" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-}
-
-function encodePublishPayload(msg: Draft16Message & { type: "publish" }, w: BufferWriter): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace);
-  w.writeString(msg.track_name);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.track_alias);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodePublishOkPayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "publish_ok" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodePublishDonePayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "publish_done" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.status_code);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.stream_count);
-  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase);
-}
-
-function encodePublishNamespacePayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "publish_namespace" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-// Draft-16: simplified to just request_id
-function encodePublishNamespaceDonePayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "publish_namespace_done" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-}
-
-// Draft-16: changed to request_id + error_code + reason_phrase
-function encodePublishNamespaceCancelPayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "publish_namespace_cancel" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code);
-  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase);
-}
-
-// Draft-16: added subscribe_options
-function encodeSubscribeNamespacePayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "subscribe_namespace" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeTuple(msg.namespace_prefix);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.subscribe_options);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-// New in draft-16
-function encodeNamespacePayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "namespace" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeTuple(msg.namespace_suffix);
-}
-
-// New in draft-16
-function encodeNamespaceDonePayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "namespace_done" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeTuple(msg.namespace_suffix);
-}
-
-function encodeFetchPayload(msg: Draft16Message & { type: "fetch" }, w: BufferWriter): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.fetch_type);
-  const ft = Number(msg.fetch_type);
-  if (ft === 1 && msg.standalone) {
-    w.writeTuple(msg.standalone.track_namespace);
-    w.writeString(msg.standalone.track_name);
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.start_group);
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.start_object);
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.end_group);
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.end_object);
-  } else if ((ft === 2 || ft === 3) && msg.joining) {
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.joining.joining_request_id);
-    w.writeVarInt(msg.joining.joining_start);
-  }
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeFetchOkPayload(msg: Draft16Message & { type: "fetch_ok" }, w: BufferWriter): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeUint8(msg.end_of_track);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.end_group);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.end_object);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeFetchCancelPayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "fetch_cancel" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-}
-
-function encodeTrackStatusPayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "track_status" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace);
-  w.writeString(msg.track_name);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-function encodeRequestOkPayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "request_ok" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
-}
-
-// Draft-16: added retry_interval
-function encodeRequestErrorPayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "request_error" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code);
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.retry_interval);
-  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase);
-}
-
-function encodeGoAwayPayload(msg: Draft16Message & { type: "goaway" }, w: BufferWriter): void {
-  w.writeString(msg.new_session_uri);
-}
-
-function encodeMaxRequestIdPayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "max_request_id" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.max_request_id);
-}
-
-function encodeRequestsBlockedPayload(
-  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "requests_blocked" },
-  w: BufferWriter,
-): void {
-  w.writeVarInt(msg.maximum_request_id);
-}
-
-// ─── Payload Decoders ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-function decodeClientSetupPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const parameters = decodeSetupParams(r);
-  return { type: "client_setup", parameters };
-}
-
-function decodeServerSetupPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const parameters = decodeSetupParams(r);
-  return { type: "server_setup", parameters };
-}
-
-function decodeSubscribePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
-  const track_name = r.readString();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return { type: "subscribe", request_id, track_namespace, track_name, parameters };
-}
-
-function decodeSubscribeOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const track_alias = r.readVarInt();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return { type: "subscribe_ok", request_id, track_alias, parameters };
-}
-
-function decodeRequestUpdatePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const existing_request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return { type: "request_update", request_id, existing_request_id, parameters };
-}
-
-function decodeUnsubscribePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  return { type: "unsubscribe", request_id };
-}
-
-function decodePublishPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
-  const track_name = r.readString();
-  const track_alias = r.readVarInt();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return { type: "publish", request_id, track_namespace, track_name, track_alias, parameters };
-}
-
-function decodePublishOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return { type: "publish_ok", request_id, parameters };
-}
-
-function decodePublishDonePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const status_code = r.readVarInt();
-  const stream_count = r.readVarInt();
-  const reason_phrase = r.readString();
-  return { type: "publish_done", request_id, status_code, stream_count, reason_phrase };
-}
-
-function decodePublishNamespacePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return { type: "publish_namespace", request_id, track_namespace, parameters };
-}
-
-// Draft-16: simplified to just request_id
-function decodePublishNamespaceDonePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  return { type: "publish_namespace_done", request_id };
-}
-
-// Draft-16: changed to request_id + error_code + reason_phrase
-function decodePublishNamespaceCancelPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const error_code = r.readVarInt();
-  const reason_phrase = r.readString();
-  return { type: "publish_namespace_cancel", request_id, error_code, reason_phrase };
-}
-
-// Draft-16: added subscribe_options
-function decodeSubscribeNamespacePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const namespace_prefix = r.readTuple();
-  const subscribe_options = r.readVarInt();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return {
-    type: "subscribe_namespace",
-    request_id,
-    namespace_prefix,
-    subscribe_options,
-    parameters,
-  };
-}
-
-// New in draft-16
-function decodeNamespacePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const namespace_suffix = r.readTuple();
-  return { type: "namespace", namespace_suffix };
-}
-
-// New in draft-16
-function decodeNamespaceDonePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const namespace_suffix = r.readTuple();
-  return { type: "namespace_done", namespace_suffix };
-}
-
-function decodeFetchPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const fetch_type = r.readVarInt();
-  const ft = Number(fetch_type);
-
-  if (ft < 1 || ft > 3) {
-    throw new DecodeError("CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION", `Invalid fetch_type: ${ft}`, r.offset);
-  }
-
-  let standalone: StandaloneFetch | undefined;
-  let joining: JoiningFetch | undefined;
-
-  if (ft === 1) {
-    const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
-    const track_name = r.readString();
-    const start_group = r.readVarInt();
-    const start_object = r.readVarInt();
-    const end_group = r.readVarInt();
-    const end_object = r.readVarInt();
-    standalone = { track_namespace, track_name, start_group, start_object, end_group, end_object };
-  } else {
-    const joining_request_id = r.readVarInt();
-    const joining_start = r.readVarInt();
-    joining = { joining_request_id, joining_start };
-  }
-
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-
-  return {
-    type: "fetch",
-    request_id,
-    fetch_type,
-    standalone,
-    joining,
-    parameters,
-  } as Draft16Fetch;
-}
-
-function decodeFetchOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const end_of_track = r.readUint8();
-  const end_group = r.readVarInt();
-  const end_object = r.readVarInt();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return { type: "fetch_ok", request_id, end_of_track, end_group, end_object, parameters };
-}
-
-function decodeFetchCancelPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  return { type: "fetch_cancel", request_id };
-}
-
-function decodeTrackStatusPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
-  const track_name = r.readString();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return { type: "track_status", request_id, track_namespace, track_name, parameters };
-}
-
-function decodeRequestOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
-  return { type: "request_ok", request_id, parameters };
-}
-
-// Draft-16: added retry_interval
-function decodeRequestErrorPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  const error_code = r.readVarInt();
-  const retry_interval = r.readVarInt();
-  const reason_phrase = r.readString();
-  return { type: "request_error", request_id, error_code, retry_interval, reason_phrase };
-}
-
-function decodeGoAwayPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const new_session_uri = r.readString();
-  return { type: "goaway", new_session_uri };
-}
-
-function decodeMaxRequestIdPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const max_request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  return { type: "max_request_id", max_request_id };
-}
-
-function decodeRequestsBlockedPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
-  const maximum_request_id = r.readVarInt();
-  return { type: "requests_blocked", maximum_request_id };
-}
-
-// ─── Payload dispatch tables ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-const payloadDecoders: ReadonlyMap<bigint, (r: BufferReader) => Draft16Message> = new Map([
-  [MSG_CLIENT_SETUP, decodeClientSetupPayload],
-  [MSG_SERVER_SETUP, decodeServerSetupPayload],
-  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE, decodeSubscribePayload],
-  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_OK, decodeSubscribeOkPayload],
-  [MSG_REQUEST_UPDATE, decodeRequestUpdatePayload],
-  [MSG_UNSUBSCRIBE, decodeUnsubscribePayload],
-  [MSG_PUBLISH, decodePublishPayload],
-  [MSG_PUBLISH_OK, decodePublishOkPayload],
-  [MSG_PUBLISH_DONE, decodePublishDonePayload],
-  [MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE, decodePublishNamespacePayload],
-  [MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE, decodePublishNamespaceDonePayload],
-  [MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL, decodePublishNamespaceCancelPayload],
-  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE, decodeSubscribeNamespacePayload],
-  [MSG_NAMESPACE, decodeNamespacePayload],
-  [MSG_NAMESPACE_DONE, decodeNamespaceDonePayload],
-  [MSG_FETCH, decodeFetchPayload],
-  [MSG_FETCH_OK, decodeFetchOkPayload],
-  [MSG_FETCH_CANCEL, decodeFetchCancelPayload],
-  [MSG_TRACK_STATUS, decodeTrackStatusPayload],
-  [MSG_REQUEST_OK, decodeRequestOkPayload],
-  [MSG_REQUEST_ERROR, decodeRequestErrorPayload],
-  [MSG_GOAWAY, decodeGoAwayPayload],
-  [MSG_MAX_REQUEST_ID, decodeMaxRequestIdPayload],
-  [MSG_REQUESTS_BLOCKED, decodeRequestsBlockedPayload],
-]);
-
-// ─── Public API ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-/**
- * Encode a draft-16 control message with type(varint) + length(uint16 BE) + payload.
- */
-export function encodeMessage(message: Draft16Message): Uint8Array {
-  const typeId = MESSAGE_ID_MAP.get(message.type);
-  if (typeId === undefined) {
-    throw new Error(`Unknown message type: ${message.type}`);
-  }
-
-  const payloadWriter = new BufferWriter();
-  encodePayload(message, payloadWriter);
-  const payload = payloadWriter.finish();
-
-  if (payload.byteLength > 0xffff) {
-    throw new Error(`Payload too large for 16-bit length: ${payload.byteLength}`);
-  }
-
-  const writer = new BufferWriter();
-  writer.writeVarInt(typeId);
-  writer.writeUint8((payload.byteLength >> 8) & 0xff);
-  writer.writeUint8(payload.byteLength & 0xff);
-  writer.writeBytes(payload);
-
-  return writer.finish();
-}
-
-function encodePayload(msg: Draft16Message, w: BufferWriter): void {
-  switch (msg.type) {
-    case "client_setup":
-      return encodeClientSetupPayload(msg, w);
-    case "server_setup":
-      return encodeServerSetupPayload(msg, w);
-    case "subscribe":
-      return encodeSubscribePayload(msg, w);
-    case "subscribe_ok":
-      return encodeSubscribeOkPayload(msg, w);
-    case "request_update":
-      return encodeRequestUpdatePayload(msg, w);
-    case "unsubscribe":
-      return encodeUnsubscribePayload(msg, w);
-    case "publish":
-      return encodePublishPayload(msg, w);
-    case "publish_ok":
-      return encodePublishOkPayload(msg, w);
-    case "publish_done":
-      return encodePublishDonePayload(msg, w);
-    case "publish_namespace":
-      return encodePublishNamespacePayload(msg, w);
-    case "publish_namespace_done":
-      return encodePublishNamespaceDonePayload(msg, w);
-    case "publish_namespace_cancel":
-      return encodePublishNamespaceCancelPayload(msg, w);
-    case "subscribe_namespace":
-      return encodeSubscribeNamespacePayload(msg, w);
-    case "namespace":
-      return encodeNamespacePayload(msg, w);
-    case "namespace_done":
-      return encodeNamespaceDonePayload(msg, w);
-    case "fetch":
-      return encodeFetchPayload(msg, w);
-    case "fetch_ok":
-      return encodeFetchOkPayload(msg, w);
-    case "fetch_cancel":
-      return encodeFetchCancelPayload(msg, w);
-    case "track_status":
-      return encodeTrackStatusPayload(msg, w);
-    case "request_ok":
-      return encodeRequestOkPayload(msg, w);
-    case "request_error":
-      return encodeRequestErrorPayload(msg, w);
-    case "goaway":
-      return encodeGoAwayPayload(msg, w);
-    case "max_request_id":
-      return encodeMaxRequestIdPayload(msg, w);
-    case "requests_blocked":
-      return encodeRequestsBlockedPayload(msg, w);
-    default: {
-      const _exhaustive: never = msg;
-      throw new Error(`Unhandled message type: ${(_exhaustive as Draft16Message).type}`);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Decode a draft-16 control message from bytes (type + uint16 length + payload).
- */
-export function decodeMessage(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<Draft16Message> {
-  try {
-    const reader = new BufferReader(bytes);
-    const typeId = reader.readVarInt();
-
-    const lenHi = reader.readUint8();
-    const lenLo = reader.readUint8();
-    const payloadLength = (lenHi << 8) | lenLo;
-
-    const payloadBytes = reader.readBytes(payloadLength);
-    const payloadReader = new BufferReader(payloadBytes);
-
-    const decoder = payloadDecoders.get(typeId);
-    if (!decoder) {
-      return {
-        ok: false,
-        error: new DecodeError(
-          "UNKNOWN_MESSAGE_TYPE",
-          `Unknown message type ID: 0x${typeId.toString(16)}`,
-          0,
-        ),
-      };
-    }
-
-    const message = decoder(payloadReader);
-    return { ok: true, value: message, bytesRead: reader.offset };
-  } catch (e) {
-    if (e instanceof DecodeError) {
-      return { ok: false, error: e };
-    }
-    throw e;
-  }
-}
-
-// ─── Data Stream Encoding/Decoding (re-exported from data-streams.ts) ───────
-
-import { encodeSubgroupStream, decodeSubgroupStream, encodeDatagram, decodeDatagram, encodeFetchStream, decodeFetchStream, decodeDataStream, createSubgroupStreamDecoder, createFetchStreamDecoder, createDataStreamDecoder } from "./data-streams.js";
-export { encodeSubgroupStream, decodeSubgroupStream, encodeDatagram, decodeDatagram, encodeFetchStream, decodeFetchStream, decodeDataStream, createSubgroupStreamDecoder, createFetchStreamDecoder, createDataStreamDecoder };
-
-// ─── Stream Decoders ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-export function createStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, Draft16Message> {
-  let buffer = new Uint8Array(0);
-
-  return new TransformStream<Uint8Array, Draft16Message>({
-    transform(chunk, controller) {
-      const newBuffer = new Uint8Array(buffer.length + chunk.length);
-      newBuffer.set(buffer, 0);
-      newBuffer.set(chunk, buffer.length);
-      buffer = newBuffer;
-
-      while (buffer.length > 0) {
-        const result = decodeMessage(buffer);
-        if (!result.ok) {
-          if (result.error.code === "UNEXPECTED_END") {
-            break;
-          }
-          controller.error(result.error);
-          return;
-        }
-        controller.enqueue(result.value);
-        buffer = buffer.slice(result.bytesRead);
-      }
-    },
-
-    flush(controller) {
-      if (buffer.length > 0) {
-        controller.error(
-          new DecodeError("UNEXPECTED_END", "Stream ended with incomplete message data", 0),
-        );
-      }
-    },
-  });
-}
-
-// ─── Codec Factory ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-export interface Draft16Codec extends BaseCodec<Draft16Message> {
-  readonly draft: "draft-ietf-moq-transport-16";
-  encodeSubgroupStream(stream: SubgroupStream): Uint8Array;
-  encodeDatagram(dg: DatagramObject): Uint8Array;
-  encodeFetchStream(stream: FetchStream): Uint8Array;
-  decodeSubgroupStream(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<SubgroupStream>;
-  decodeDatagram(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<DatagramObject>;
-  decodeFetchStream(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<FetchStream>;
-  decodeDataStream(
-    streamType: "subgroup" | "datagram" | "fetch",
-    bytes: Uint8Array,
-  ): DecodeResult<Draft16DataStream>;
-  createStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, Draft16Message>;
-  createSubgroupStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, SubgroupStreamHeader | ObjectPayload>;
-  createFetchStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, FetchStreamHeader | ObjectPayload>;
-  createDataStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, DataStreamEvent>;
-}
-
-export function createDraft16Codec(): Draft16Codec {
-  return {
-    draft: "draft-ietf-moq-transport-16",
-    encodeMessage,
-    decodeMessage,
-    encodeSubgroupStream,
-    encodeDatagram,
-    encodeFetchStream,
-    decodeSubgroupStream,
-    decodeDatagram,
-    decodeFetchStream,
-    decodeDataStream,
-    createStreamDecoder,
-    createSubgroupStreamDecoder,
-    createFetchStreamDecoder,
-    createDataStreamDecoder,
-  };
-}
+import { BufferReader } from '../../core/buffer-reader.js'
+import { BufferWriter } from '../../core/buffer-writer.js'
+import { bytesToHex, hexToBytes } from '../../core/hex.js'
+import type { BaseCodec, DecodeResult } from '../../core/types.js'
+import { DecodeError } from '../../core/types.js'
+import {
+  MESSAGE_ID_MAP,
+  MSG_CLIENT_SETUP,
+  MSG_FETCH,
+  MSG_FETCH_CANCEL,
+  MSG_FETCH_OK,
+  MSG_GOAWAY,
+  MSG_MAX_REQUEST_ID,
+  MSG_NAMESPACE,
+  MSG_NAMESPACE_DONE,
+  MSG_PUBLISH,
+  MSG_PUBLISH_DONE,
+  MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE,
+  MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL,
+  MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE,
+  MSG_PUBLISH_OK,
+  MSG_REQUEST_ERROR,
+  MSG_REQUEST_OK,
+  MSG_REQUEST_UPDATE,
+  MSG_REQUESTS_BLOCKED,
+  MSG_SERVER_SETUP,
+  MSG_SUBSCRIBE,
+  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE,
+  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_OK,
+  MSG_TRACK_STATUS,
+  MSG_UNSUBSCRIBE,
+  SETUP_PARAM_AUTHORITY,
+  SETUP_PARAM_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN,
+  SETUP_PARAM_MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE,
+  SETUP_PARAM_MAX_REQUEST_ID,
+  SETUP_PARAM_MOQT_IMPLEMENTATION,
+  SETUP_PARAM_PATH,
+} from './messages.js'
+import type {
+  AuthorizationToken,
+  DatagramObject,
+  DataStreamEvent,
+  Draft16DataStream,
+  Draft16Fetch,
+  Draft16Message,
+  Draft16Params,
+  Draft16SetupParams,
+  Draft16TrackExtensions,
+  FetchStream,
+  FetchStreamHeader,
+  JoiningFetch,
+  ObjectPayload,
+  StandaloneFetch,
+  SubgroupStream,
+  SubgroupStreamHeader,
+  UnknownParam,
+} from './types.js'
+
+const textEncoder = /* @__PURE__ */ new TextEncoder()
+const textDecoder = /* @__PURE__ */ new TextDecoder()
+
+// ─── Setup Parameter Encoding/Decoding ──────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function encodeSetupParams(params: Draft16SetupParams, writer: BufferWriter): void {
+  let count = 0
+  if (params.path !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.max_request_id !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.authorization_token !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.max_auth_token_cache_size !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.authority !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.moqt_implementation !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.unknown) count += params.unknown.length
+
+  writer.writeVarInt(count)
+
+  // PATH (0x01) - odd, length-prefixed bytes
+  if (params.path !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_PATH)
+    const encoded = textEncoder.encode(params.path)
+    writer.writeVarInt(encoded.byteLength)
+    writer.writeBytes(encoded)
+  }
+
+  // MAX_REQUEST_ID (0x02) - even, varint value
+  if (params.max_request_id !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_MAX_REQUEST_ID)
+    writer.writeVarInt(params.max_request_id)
+  }
+
+  // AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN (0x03) - odd, length-prefixed with nested structure
+  if (params.authorization_token !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN)
+    const tmpW = new BufferWriter(64)
+    encodeAuthorizationToken(params.authorization_token, tmpW)
+    const raw = tmpW.finish()
+    writer.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength)
+    writer.writeBytes(raw)
+  }
+
+  // MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE (0x04) - even, varint value
+  if (params.max_auth_token_cache_size !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE)
+    writer.writeVarInt(params.max_auth_token_cache_size)
+  }
+
+  // AUTHORITY (0x05) - odd, length-prefixed bytes
+  if (params.authority !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_AUTHORITY)
+    const encoded = textEncoder.encode(params.authority)
+    writer.writeVarInt(encoded.byteLength)
+    writer.writeBytes(encoded)
+  }
+
+  // MOQT_IMPLEMENTATION (0x07) - odd, length-prefixed bytes
+  if (params.moqt_implementation !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_MOQT_IMPLEMENTATION)
+    const encoded = textEncoder.encode(params.moqt_implementation)
+    writer.writeVarInt(encoded.byteLength)
+    writer.writeBytes(encoded)
+  }
+
+  // Unknown params
+  if (params.unknown) {
+    for (const u of params.unknown) {
+      const id = BigInt(u.id)
+      writer.writeVarInt(id)
+      if (id % 2n === 0n) {
+        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex)
+        const tmpReader = new BufferReader(raw)
+        const value = tmpReader.readVarInt()
+        writer.writeVarInt(value)
+      } else {
+        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex)
+        writer.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength)
+        writer.writeBytes(raw)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeSetupParams(reader: BufferReader): Draft16SetupParams {
+  const count = Number(reader.readVarInt())
+  const result: Draft16SetupParams = {}
+  const unknown: UnknownParam[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    const paramType = reader.readVarInt()
+
+    if (paramType % 2n === 0n) {
+      const value = reader.readVarInt()
+      if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_MAX_REQUEST_ID) {
+        result.max_request_id = value
+      } else if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE) {
+        result.max_auth_token_cache_size = value
+      } else {
+        const tmpWriter = new BufferWriter(16)
+        tmpWriter.writeVarInt(value)
+        const raw = tmpWriter.finish()
+        unknown.push({
+          id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
+          length: raw.byteLength,
+          raw_hex: bytesToHex(raw),
+        })
+      }
+    } else {
+      const length = Number(reader.readVarInt())
+      const bytes = reader.readBytes(length)
+      if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_PATH) {
+        result.path = textDecoder.decode(bytes)
+      } else if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN) {
+        result.authorization_token = decodeAuthorizationToken(new BufferReader(bytes))
+      } else if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_AUTHORITY) {
+        result.authority = textDecoder.decode(bytes)
+      } else if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_MOQT_IMPLEMENTATION) {
+        result.moqt_implementation = textDecoder.decode(bytes)
+      } else {
+        unknown.push({
+          id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
+          length,
+          raw_hex: bytesToHex(bytes),
+        })
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (unknown.length > 0) {
+    result.unknown = unknown
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
+
+// ─── Authorization Token Encoding/Decoding ────────────────────────────────────
+
+function encodeAuthorizationToken(token: AuthorizationToken, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(token.alias_type)
+  const aliasType = Number(token.alias_type)
+  if (aliasType === 0 || aliasType === 1) {
+    w.writeVarInt(token.token_alias!)
+  }
+  if (aliasType === 1 || aliasType === 3) {
+    w.writeVarInt(token.token_type!)
+    const tokenBytes = hexToBytes(token.token_value_hex!)
+    w.writeBytes(tokenBytes)
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeAuthorizationToken(r: BufferReader): AuthorizationToken {
+  const alias_type = r.readVarInt()
+  const aliasType = Number(alias_type)
+  const result: Record<string, unknown> = { alias_type }
+  if (aliasType === 0 || aliasType === 1) {
+    result.token_alias = r.readVarInt()
+  }
+  if (aliasType === 1 || aliasType === 3) {
+    result.token_type = r.readVarInt()
+    const tokenBytes = r.readBytesView(r.remaining)
+    result.token_value_hex = bytesToHex(tokenBytes)
+  }
+  return result as unknown as AuthorizationToken
+}
+
+// ─── Version-Specific Parameter Encoding/Decoding ───────────────────────────────
+
+const PARAM_DELIVERY_TIMEOUT = 0x02n
+const PARAM_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN = 0x03n
+const PARAM_MAX_CACHE_DURATION = 0x04n
+const PARAM_EXPIRES = 0x08n
+const PARAM_LARGEST_OBJECT = 0x09n
+const PARAM_PUBLISHER_PRIORITY = 0x0en
+const PARAM_FORWARD = 0x10n
+const PARAM_SUBSCRIBER_PRIORITY = 0x20n
+const PARAM_SUBSCRIPTION_FILTER = 0x21n
+const PARAM_GROUP_ORDER = 0x22n
+const PARAM_DYNAMIC_GROUPS = 0x30n
+const PARAM_NEW_GROUP_REQUEST = 0x32n
+
+// Track extension IDs (same encoding as params, but separate namespace)
+const TRACK_EXT_DELIVERY_TIMEOUT = 0x02n
+const TRACK_EXT_MAX_CACHE_DURATION = 0x04n
+const TRACK_EXT_DEFAULT_PUBLISHER_PRIORITY = 0x0en
+
+function encodeTrackExtensions(ext: Draft16TrackExtensions, writer: BufferWriter): void {
+  if (ext.delivery_timeout !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(TRACK_EXT_DELIVERY_TIMEOUT)
+    writer.writeVarInt(ext.delivery_timeout)
+  }
+  if (ext.max_cache_duration !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(TRACK_EXT_MAX_CACHE_DURATION)
+    writer.writeVarInt(ext.max_cache_duration)
+  }
+  if (ext.default_publisher_priority !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(TRACK_EXT_DEFAULT_PUBLISHER_PRIORITY)
+    writer.writeVarInt(ext.default_publisher_priority)
+  }
+  if (ext.unknown) {
+    for (const u of ext.unknown) {
+      const id = BigInt(u.id)
+      writer.writeVarInt(id)
+      if (id % 2n === 0n) {
+        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex)
+        const tmpReader = new BufferReader(raw)
+        const value = tmpReader.readVarInt()
+        writer.writeVarInt(value)
+      } else {
+        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex)
+        writer.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength)
+        writer.writeBytes(raw)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeTrackExtensions(reader: BufferReader): Draft16TrackExtensions {
+  const result: Draft16TrackExtensions = {}
+  const unknown: UnknownParam[] = []
+
+  while (reader.remaining > 0) {
+    const extType = reader.readVarInt()
+    if (extType === TRACK_EXT_DELIVERY_TIMEOUT) {
+      result.delivery_timeout = reader.readVarInt()
+    } else if (extType === TRACK_EXT_MAX_CACHE_DURATION) {
+      result.max_cache_duration = reader.readVarInt()
+    } else if (extType === TRACK_EXT_DEFAULT_PUBLISHER_PRIORITY) {
+      result.default_publisher_priority = reader.readVarInt()
+    } else if (extType % 2n === 0n) {
+      const value = reader.readVarInt()
+      const tmpWriter = new BufferWriter(16)
+      tmpWriter.writeVarInt(value)
+      const raw = tmpWriter.finish()
+      unknown.push({
+        id: `0x${extType.toString(16)}`,
+        length: raw.byteLength,
+        raw_hex: bytesToHex(raw),
+      })
+    } else {
+      const length = Number(reader.readVarInt())
+      const bytes = reader.readBytes(length)
+      unknown.push({
+        id: `0x${extType.toString(16)}`,
+        length,
+        raw_hex: bytesToHex(bytes),
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (unknown.length > 0) {
+    result.unknown = unknown
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
+
+function encodeParams(params: Draft16Params, writer: BufferWriter): void {
+  let count = params.unknown ? params.unknown.length : 0
+  if (params.delivery_timeout !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.authorization_token !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.max_cache_duration !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.expires !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.largest_object !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.publisher_priority !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.forward !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.subscriber_priority !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.subscription_filter !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.group_order !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.dynamic_groups !== undefined) count++
+  if (params.new_group_request !== undefined) count++
+  writer.writeVarInt(count)
+
+  if (params.delivery_timeout !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_DELIVERY_TIMEOUT)
+    writer.writeVarInt(params.delivery_timeout)
+  }
+  if (params.authorization_token !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN)
+    const tmpW = new BufferWriter(64)
+    encodeAuthorizationToken(params.authorization_token, tmpW)
+    const raw = tmpW.finish()
+    writer.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength)
+    writer.writeBytes(raw)
+  }
+  if (params.max_cache_duration !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_MAX_CACHE_DURATION)
+    writer.writeVarInt(params.max_cache_duration)
+  }
+  if (params.expires !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_EXPIRES)
+    writer.writeVarInt(params.expires)
+  }
+  if (params.largest_object !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_LARGEST_OBJECT)
+    const tmpW = new BufferWriter(16)
+    tmpW.writeVarInt(params.largest_object.group)
+    tmpW.writeVarInt(params.largest_object.object)
+    const raw = tmpW.finish()
+    writer.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength)
+    writer.writeBytes(raw)
+  }
+  if (params.publisher_priority !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_PUBLISHER_PRIORITY)
+    writer.writeVarInt(params.publisher_priority)
+  }
+  if (params.forward !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_FORWARD)
+    writer.writeVarInt(params.forward)
+  }
+  if (params.subscriber_priority !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_SUBSCRIBER_PRIORITY)
+    writer.writeVarInt(params.subscriber_priority)
+  }
+  if (params.subscription_filter !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_SUBSCRIPTION_FILTER)
+    const tmpW = new BufferWriter(32)
+    const f = params.subscription_filter
+    tmpW.writeVarInt(f.filter_type)
+    if (f.filter_type === 3n || f.filter_type === 4n) {
+      tmpW.writeVarInt(f.start_group!)
+      tmpW.writeVarInt(f.start_object!)
+    }
+    if (f.filter_type === 4n) {
+      tmpW.writeVarInt(f.end_group!)
+    }
+    const raw = tmpW.finish()
+    writer.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength)
+    writer.writeBytes(raw)
+  }
+  if (params.group_order !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_GROUP_ORDER)
+    writer.writeVarInt(params.group_order)
+  }
+  if (params.dynamic_groups !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_DYNAMIC_GROUPS)
+    writer.writeVarInt(params.dynamic_groups)
+  }
+  if (params.new_group_request !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_NEW_GROUP_REQUEST)
+    writer.writeVarInt(params.new_group_request)
+  }
+
+  if (params.unknown) {
+    for (const u of params.unknown) {
+      const id = BigInt(u.id)
+      writer.writeVarInt(id)
+      if (id % 2n === 0n) {
+        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex)
+        const tmpReader = new BufferReader(raw)
+        const value = tmpReader.readVarInt()
+        writer.writeVarInt(value)
+      } else {
+        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex)
+        writer.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength)
+        writer.writeBytes(raw)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeParams(reader: BufferReader): Draft16Params {
+  const count = Number(reader.readVarInt())
+  const result: Draft16Params = {}
+  const unknown: UnknownParam[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    const paramType = reader.readVarInt()
+
+    if (paramType === PARAM_DELIVERY_TIMEOUT) {
+      result.delivery_timeout = reader.readVarInt()
+    } else if (paramType === PARAM_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN) {
+      const length = Number(reader.readVarInt())
+      const tokenBytes = reader.readBytes(length)
+      result.authorization_token = decodeAuthorizationToken(new BufferReader(tokenBytes))
+    } else if (paramType === PARAM_MAX_CACHE_DURATION) {
+      result.max_cache_duration = reader.readVarInt()
+    } else if (paramType === PARAM_EXPIRES) {
+      result.expires = reader.readVarInt()
+    } else if (paramType === PARAM_PUBLISHER_PRIORITY) {
+      result.publisher_priority = reader.readVarInt()
+    } else if (paramType === PARAM_FORWARD) {
+      result.forward = reader.readVarInt()
+    } else if (paramType === PARAM_SUBSCRIBER_PRIORITY) {
+      result.subscriber_priority = reader.readVarInt()
+    } else if (paramType === PARAM_GROUP_ORDER) {
+      result.group_order = reader.readVarInt()
+    } else if (paramType === PARAM_DYNAMIC_GROUPS) {
+      result.dynamic_groups = reader.readVarInt()
+    } else if (paramType === PARAM_NEW_GROUP_REQUEST) {
+      result.new_group_request = reader.readVarInt()
+    } else if (paramType === PARAM_LARGEST_OBJECT) {
+      const length = Number(reader.readVarInt())
+      const startOff = reader.offset
+      const group = reader.readVarInt()
+      const object = reader.readVarInt()
+      const consumed = reader.offset - startOff
+      if (consumed < length) reader.readBytes(length - consumed)
+      result.largest_object = { group, object }
+    } else if (paramType === PARAM_SUBSCRIPTION_FILTER) {
+      const length = Number(reader.readVarInt())
+      const startOff = reader.offset
+      const filter_type = reader.readVarInt()
+      const filter: {
+        filter_type: bigint
+        start_group?: bigint
+        start_object?: bigint
+        end_group?: bigint
+      } = { filter_type }
+      if (filter_type === 3n || filter_type === 4n) {
+        filter.start_group = reader.readVarInt()
+        filter.start_object = reader.readVarInt()
+      }
+      if (filter_type === 4n) {
+        filter.end_group = reader.readVarInt()
+      }
+      const consumed = reader.offset - startOff
+      if (consumed < length) reader.readBytes(length - consumed)
+      result.subscription_filter = filter
+    } else if (paramType % 2n === 0n) {
+      const value = reader.readVarInt()
+      const tmpWriter = new BufferWriter(16)
+      tmpWriter.writeVarInt(value)
+      const raw = tmpWriter.finish()
+      unknown.push({
+        id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
+        length: raw.byteLength,
+        raw_hex: bytesToHex(raw),
+      })
+    } else {
+      const length = Number(reader.readVarInt())
+      const bytes = reader.readBytes(length)
+      unknown.push({
+        id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
+        length,
+        raw_hex: bytesToHex(bytes),
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (unknown.length > 0) {
+    result.unknown = unknown
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
+
+// ─── Payload Encoders ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function encodeClientSetupPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'client_setup' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  encodeSetupParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeServerSetupPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'server_setup' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  encodeSetupParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeSubscribePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'subscribe' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace)
+  w.writeString(msg.track_name)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeSubscribeOkPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'subscribe_ok' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.track_alias)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+  if (msg.track_extensions) encodeTrackExtensions(msg.track_extensions, w)
+}
+
+function encodeRequestUpdatePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'request_update' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.existing_request_id)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeUnsubscribePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'unsubscribe' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+}
+
+function encodePublishPayload(msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'publish' }, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace)
+  w.writeString(msg.track_name)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.track_alias)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+  if (msg.track_extensions) encodeTrackExtensions(msg.track_extensions, w)
+}
+
+function encodePublishOkPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'publish_ok' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodePublishDonePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'publish_done' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.status_code)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.stream_count)
+  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase)
+}
+
+function encodePublishNamespacePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'publish_namespace' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+// Draft-16: simplified to just request_id
+function encodePublishNamespaceDonePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'publish_namespace_done' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+}
+
+// Draft-16: changed to request_id + error_code + reason_phrase
+function encodePublishNamespaceCancelPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'publish_namespace_cancel' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code)
+  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase)
+}
+
+// Draft-16: added subscribe_options
+function encodeSubscribeNamespacePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'subscribe_namespace' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeTuple(msg.namespace_prefix)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.subscribe_options)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+// New in draft-16
+function encodeNamespacePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'namespace' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeTuple(msg.namespace_suffix)
+}
+
+// New in draft-16
+function encodeNamespaceDonePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'namespace_done' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeTuple(msg.namespace_suffix)
+}
+
+function encodeFetchPayload(msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'fetch' }, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.fetch_type)
+  const ft = Number(msg.fetch_type)
+  if (ft === 1 && msg.standalone) {
+    w.writeTuple(msg.standalone.track_namespace)
+    w.writeString(msg.standalone.track_name)
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.start_group)
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.start_object)
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.end_group)
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.end_object)
+  } else if ((ft === 2 || ft === 3) && msg.joining) {
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.joining.joining_request_id)
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.joining.joining_start)
+  }
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeFetchOkPayload(msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'fetch_ok' }, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeUint8(msg.end_of_track)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.end_group)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.end_object)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+  if (msg.track_extensions) encodeTrackExtensions(msg.track_extensions, w)
+}
+
+function encodeFetchCancelPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'fetch_cancel' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+}
+
+function encodeTrackStatusPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'track_status' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace)
+  w.writeString(msg.track_name)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+function encodeRequestOkPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'request_ok' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w)
+}
+
+// Draft-16: added retry_interval
+function encodeRequestErrorPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'request_error' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code)
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.retry_interval)
+  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase)
+}
+
+function encodeGoAwayPayload(msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'goaway' }, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  w.writeString(msg.new_session_uri)
+}
+
+function encodeMaxRequestIdPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'max_request_id' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.max_request_id)
+}
+
+function encodeRequestsBlockedPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: 'requests_blocked' },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.maximum_request_id)
+}
+
+// ─── Payload Decoders ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function decodeClientSetupPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const parameters = decodeSetupParams(r)
+  return { type: 'client_setup', parameters }
+}
+
+function decodeServerSetupPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const parameters = decodeSetupParams(r)
+  return { type: 'server_setup', parameters }
+}
+
+function decodeSubscribePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const track_namespace = r.readTuple()
+  const track_name = r.readString()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  return {
+    type: 'subscribe',
+    request_id,
+    track_namespace,
+    track_name,
+    parameters,
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeSubscribeOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const track_alias = r.readVarInt()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  const result: Record<string, unknown> = {
+    type: 'subscribe_ok',
+    request_id,
+    track_alias,
+    parameters,
+  }
+  if (r.remaining > 0) {
+    result.track_extensions = decodeTrackExtensions(r)
+  }
+  return result as unknown as Draft16Message
+}
+
+function decodeRequestUpdatePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const existing_request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  return { type: 'request_update', request_id, existing_request_id, parameters }
+}
+
+function decodeUnsubscribePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  return { type: 'unsubscribe', request_id }
+}
+
+function decodePublishPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const track_namespace = r.readTuple()
+  const track_name = r.readString()
+  const track_alias = r.readVarInt()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  const result: Record<string, unknown> = {
+    type: 'publish',
+    request_id,
+    track_namespace,
+    track_name,
+    track_alias,
+    parameters,
+  }
+  if (r.remaining > 0) {
+    result.track_extensions = decodeTrackExtensions(r)
+  }
+  return result as unknown as Draft16Message
+}
+
+function decodePublishOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  return { type: 'publish_ok', request_id, parameters }
+}
+
+function decodePublishDonePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const status_code = r.readVarInt()
+  const stream_count = r.readVarInt()
+  const reason_phrase = r.readString()
+  return {
+    type: 'publish_done',
+    request_id,
+    status_code,
+    stream_count,
+    reason_phrase,
+  }
+}
+
+function decodePublishNamespacePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const track_namespace = r.readTuple()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  return { type: 'publish_namespace', request_id, track_namespace, parameters }
+}
+
+// Draft-16: simplified to just request_id
+function decodePublishNamespaceDonePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  return { type: 'publish_namespace_done', request_id }
+}
+
+// Draft-16: changed to request_id + error_code + reason_phrase
+function decodePublishNamespaceCancelPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const error_code = r.readVarInt()
+  const reason_phrase = r.readString()
+  return {
+    type: 'publish_namespace_cancel',
+    request_id,
+    error_code,
+    reason_phrase,
+  }
+}
+
+// Draft-16: added subscribe_options
+function decodeSubscribeNamespacePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const namespace_prefix = r.readTuple()
+  const subscribe_options = r.readVarInt()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  return {
+    type: 'subscribe_namespace',
+    request_id,
+    namespace_prefix,
+    subscribe_options,
+    parameters,
+  }
+}
+
+// New in draft-16
+function decodeNamespacePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const namespace_suffix = r.readTuple()
+  return { type: 'namespace', namespace_suffix }
+}
+
+// New in draft-16
+function decodeNamespaceDonePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const namespace_suffix = r.readTuple()
+  return { type: 'namespace_done', namespace_suffix }
+}
+
+function decodeFetchPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const fetch_type = r.readVarInt()
+  const ft = Number(fetch_type)
+
+  if (ft < 1 || ft > 3) {
+    throw new DecodeError('CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION', `Invalid fetch_type: ${ft}`, r.offset)
+  }
+
+  let standalone: StandaloneFetch | undefined
+  let joining: JoiningFetch | undefined
+
+  if (ft === 1) {
+    const track_namespace = r.readTuple()
+    const track_name = r.readString()
+    const start_group = r.readVarInt()
+    const start_object = r.readVarInt()
+    const end_group = r.readVarInt()
+    const end_object = r.readVarInt()
+    standalone = {
+      track_namespace,
+      track_name,
+      start_group,
+      start_object,
+      end_group,
+      end_object,
+    }
+  } else {
+    const joining_request_id = r.readVarInt()
+    const joining_start = r.readVarInt()
+    joining = { joining_request_id, joining_start }
+  }
+
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+
+  return {
+    type: 'fetch',
+    request_id,
+    fetch_type,
+    standalone,
+    joining,
+    parameters,
+  } as Draft16Fetch
+}
+
+function decodeFetchOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const end_of_track = r.readUint8()
+  const end_group = r.readVarInt()
+  const end_object = r.readVarInt()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  const result: Record<string, unknown> = {
+    type: 'fetch_ok',
+    request_id,
+    end_of_track,
+    end_group,
+    end_object,
+    parameters,
+  }
+  if (r.remaining > 0) {
+    result.track_extensions = decodeTrackExtensions(r)
+  }
+  return result as unknown as Draft16Message
+}
+
+function decodeFetchCancelPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  return { type: 'fetch_cancel', request_id }
+}
+
+function decodeTrackStatusPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const track_namespace = r.readTuple()
+  const track_name = r.readString()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  return {
+    type: 'track_status',
+    request_id,
+    track_namespace,
+    track_name,
+    parameters,
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeRequestOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r)
+  return { type: 'request_ok', request_id, parameters }
+}
+
+// Draft-16: added retry_interval
+function decodeRequestErrorPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  const error_code = r.readVarInt()
+  const retry_interval = r.readVarInt()
+  const reason_phrase = r.readString()
+  return {
+    type: 'request_error',
+    request_id,
+    error_code,
+    retry_interval,
+    reason_phrase,
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeGoAwayPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const new_session_uri = r.readString()
+  return { type: 'goaway', new_session_uri }
+}
+
+function decodeMaxRequestIdPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const max_request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  return { type: 'max_request_id', max_request_id }
+}
+
+function decodeRequestsBlockedPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const maximum_request_id = r.readVarInt()
+  return { type: 'requests_blocked', maximum_request_id }
+}
+
+// ─── Payload dispatch tables ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+const payloadDecoders: ReadonlyMap<bigint, (r: BufferReader) => Draft16Message> = new Map([
+  [MSG_CLIENT_SETUP, decodeClientSetupPayload],
+  [MSG_SERVER_SETUP, decodeServerSetupPayload],
+  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE, decodeSubscribePayload],
+  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_OK, decodeSubscribeOkPayload],
+  [MSG_REQUEST_UPDATE, decodeRequestUpdatePayload],
+  [MSG_UNSUBSCRIBE, decodeUnsubscribePayload],
+  [MSG_PUBLISH, decodePublishPayload],
+  [MSG_PUBLISH_OK, decodePublishOkPayload],
+  [MSG_PUBLISH_DONE, decodePublishDonePayload],
+  [MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE, decodePublishNamespacePayload],
+  [MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE, decodePublishNamespaceDonePayload],
+  [MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL, decodePublishNamespaceCancelPayload],
+  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE, decodeSubscribeNamespacePayload],
+  [MSG_NAMESPACE, decodeNamespacePayload],
+  [MSG_NAMESPACE_DONE, decodeNamespaceDonePayload],
+  [MSG_FETCH, decodeFetchPayload],
+  [MSG_FETCH_OK, decodeFetchOkPayload],
+  [MSG_FETCH_CANCEL, decodeFetchCancelPayload],
+  [MSG_TRACK_STATUS, decodeTrackStatusPayload],
+  [MSG_REQUEST_OK, decodeRequestOkPayload],
+  [MSG_REQUEST_ERROR, decodeRequestErrorPayload],
+  [MSG_GOAWAY, decodeGoAwayPayload],
+  [MSG_MAX_REQUEST_ID, decodeMaxRequestIdPayload],
+  [MSG_REQUESTS_BLOCKED, decodeRequestsBlockedPayload],
+])
+
+// ─── Public API ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Encode a draft-16 control message with type(varint) + length(uint16 BE) + payload.
+ */
+export function encodeMessage(message: Draft16Message): Uint8Array {
+  const typeId = MESSAGE_ID_MAP.get(message.type)
+  if (typeId === undefined) {
+    throw new Error(`Unknown message type: ${message.type}`)
+  }
+
+  const payloadWriter = new BufferWriter()
+  encodePayload(message, payloadWriter)
+  const payload = payloadWriter.finishView()
+
+  if (payload.byteLength > 0xffff) {
+    throw new Error(`Payload too large for 16-bit length: ${payload.byteLength}`)
+  }
+
+  const writer = new BufferWriter(payload.byteLength + 16)
+  writer.writeVarInt(typeId)
+  writer.writeUint8((payload.byteLength >> 8) & 0xff)
+  writer.writeUint8(payload.byteLength & 0xff)
+  writer.writeBytes(payload)
+
+  return writer.finish()
+}
+
+function encodePayload(msg: Draft16Message, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  switch (msg.type) {
+    case 'client_setup':
+      return encodeClientSetupPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'server_setup':
+      return encodeServerSetupPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'subscribe':
+      return encodeSubscribePayload(msg, w)
+    case 'subscribe_ok':
+      return encodeSubscribeOkPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'request_update':
+      return encodeRequestUpdatePayload(msg, w)
+    case 'unsubscribe':
+      return encodeUnsubscribePayload(msg, w)
+    case 'publish':
+      return encodePublishPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'publish_ok':
+      return encodePublishOkPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'publish_done':
+      return encodePublishDonePayload(msg, w)
+    case 'publish_namespace':
+      return encodePublishNamespacePayload(msg, w)
+    case 'publish_namespace_done':
+      return encodePublishNamespaceDonePayload(msg, w)
+    case 'publish_namespace_cancel':
+      return encodePublishNamespaceCancelPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'subscribe_namespace':
+      return encodeSubscribeNamespacePayload(msg, w)
+    case 'namespace':
+      return encodeNamespacePayload(msg, w)
+    case 'namespace_done':
+      return encodeNamespaceDonePayload(msg, w)
+    case 'fetch':
+      return encodeFetchPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'fetch_ok':
+      return encodeFetchOkPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'fetch_cancel':
+      return encodeFetchCancelPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'track_status':
+      return encodeTrackStatusPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'request_ok':
+      return encodeRequestOkPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'request_error':
+      return encodeRequestErrorPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'goaway':
+      return encodeGoAwayPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'max_request_id':
+      return encodeMaxRequestIdPayload(msg, w)
+    case 'requests_blocked':
+      return encodeRequestsBlockedPayload(msg, w)
+    default: {
+      const _exhaustive: never = msg
+      throw new Error(`Unhandled message type: ${(_exhaustive as Draft16Message).type}`)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decode a draft-16 control message from bytes (type + uint16 length + payload).
+ */
+export function decodeMessage(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<Draft16Message> {
+  try {
+    const reader = new BufferReader(bytes)
+    const typeId = reader.readVarInt()
+
+    const lenHi = reader.readUint8()
+    const lenLo = reader.readUint8()
+    const payloadLength = (lenHi << 8) | lenLo
+
+    const payloadBytes = reader.readBytes(payloadLength)
+    const payloadReader = new BufferReader(payloadBytes)
+
+    const decoder = payloadDecoders.get(typeId)
+    if (!decoder) {
+      return {
+        ok: false,
+        error: new DecodeError(
+          'UNKNOWN_MESSAGE_TYPE',
+          `Unknown message type ID: 0x${typeId.toString(16)}`,
+          0,
+        ),
+      }
+    }
+
+    const message = decoder(payloadReader)
+    return { ok: true, value: message, bytesRead: reader.offset }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof DecodeError) {
+      return { ok: false, error: e }
+    }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+// ─── Data Stream Encoding/Decoding (re-exported from data-streams.ts) ───────
+
+import {
+  createDataStreamDecoder,
+  createFetchStreamDecoder,
+  createSubgroupStreamDecoder,
+  decodeDatagram,
+  decodeDataStream,
+  decodeFetchStream,
+  decodeSubgroupStream,
+  encodeDatagram,
+  encodeFetchStream,
+  encodeSubgroupStream,
+} from './data-streams.js'
+
+export {
+  createDataStreamDecoder,
+  createFetchStreamDecoder,
+  createSubgroupStreamDecoder,
+  decodeDatagram,
+  decodeDataStream,
+  decodeFetchStream,
+  decodeSubgroupStream,
+  encodeDatagram,
+  encodeFetchStream,
+  encodeSubgroupStream,
+}
+
+// ─── Stream Decoders ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+export function createStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, Draft16Message> {
+  let buffer = new Uint8Array(0)
+  let offset = 0
+
+  return new TransformStream<Uint8Array, Draft16Message>({
+    transform(chunk, controller) {
+      if (offset > 0) {
+        buffer = buffer.subarray(offset)
+        offset = 0
+      }
+      const newBuffer = new Uint8Array(buffer.length + chunk.length)
+      newBuffer.set(buffer, 0)
+      newBuffer.set(chunk, buffer.length)
+      buffer = newBuffer
+
+      while (offset < buffer.length) {
+        const result = decodeMessage(buffer.subarray(offset))
+        if (!result.ok) {
+          if (result.error.code === 'UNEXPECTED_END') {
+            break
+          }
+          controller.error(result.error)
+          return
+        }
+        controller.enqueue(result.value)
+        offset += result.bytesRead
+      }
+    },
+
+    flush(controller) {
+      if (offset < buffer.length) {
+        controller.error(
+          new DecodeError('UNEXPECTED_END', 'Stream ended with incomplete message data', 0),
+        )
+      }
+    },
+  })
+}
+
+// ─── Codec Factory ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+export interface Draft16Codec extends BaseCodec<Draft16Message> {
+  readonly draft: '16'
+  encodeSubgroupStream(stream: SubgroupStream): Uint8Array
+  encodeDatagram(dg: DatagramObject): Uint8Array
+  encodeFetchStream(stream: FetchStream): Uint8Array
+  decodeSubgroupStream(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<SubgroupStream>
+  decodeDatagram(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<DatagramObject>
+  decodeFetchStream(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<FetchStream>
+  decodeDataStream(
+    streamType: 'subgroup' | 'datagram' | 'fetch',
+    bytes: Uint8Array,
+  ): DecodeResult<Draft16DataStream>
+  createStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, Draft16Message>
+  createSubgroupStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, SubgroupStreamHeader | ObjectPayload>
+  createFetchStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, FetchStreamHeader | ObjectPayload>
+  createDataStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, DataStreamEvent>
+}
+
+export function createDraft16Codec(): Draft16Codec {
+  return {
+    draft: '16',
+    encodeMessage,
+    decodeMessage,
+    encodeSubgroupStream,
+    encodeDatagram,
+    encodeFetchStream,
+    decodeSubgroupStream,
+    decodeDatagram,
+    decodeFetchStream,
+    decodeDataStream,
+    createStreamDecoder,
+    createSubgroupStreamDecoder,
+    createFetchStreamDecoder,
+    createDataStreamDecoder,
+  }
+}