@math.gl/geospatial 5.0.0-alpha.9 → 5.0.0-beta.1

package/projection/APACHE-2.0-LICENSE.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+Apache License
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package/projection/PROJ-LICENSE.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+
+All source, data files and other contents of the PROJ package are 
+available under the following terms.  Note that the PROJ 4.3 and earlier
+was "public domain" as is common with US government work, but apparently
+this is not a well defined legal term in many countries. Frank Warmerdam placed
+everything under the following MIT style license because he believed it is
+effectively the same as public domain, allowing anyone to use the code as
+they wish, including making proprietary derivatives.
+
+Initial PROJ 4.3 public domain code was put as Frank Warmerdam as copyright
+holder, but he didn't mean to imply he did the work. Essentially all work was
+done by Gerald Evenden.
+
+Copyright information can be found in source files.
+
+Exact Helmert rotation matrix adapted from src/transformations/helmert.cpp:
+Copyright (c) 2016, Thomas Knudsen / SDFE.
+
+ --------------
+
+ Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+ copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
+ to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+ the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+ and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+ The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+ in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+ OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+ THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+ DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

package/projection/PROJ4-LICENSE.md

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+## Proj4js -- Javascript reprojection library.
+
+Authors:
+- Mike Adair madairATdmsolutions.ca
+- Richard Greenwood richATgreenwoodmap.com
+- Didier Richard didier.richardATign.fr
+- Stephen Irons stephen.ironsATclear.net.nz
+- Olivier Terral oterralATgmail.com
+- Calvin Metcalf cmetcalfATappgeo.com
+
+Copyright (c) 2014, Mike Adair, Richard Greenwood, Didier Richard, Stephen Irons, Olivier Terral and Calvin Metcalf
+
+ Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+ copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
+ to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+ the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+ and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+ The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+ in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+ _THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+ OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+ THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+ DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE._

package/projection/THIRD-PARTY-NOTICES.md

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+# Projection engine attribution and source provenance
+
+Paths beginning with `src/` below are relative to the `@math.gl/geospatial` package root.
+License files named without a path are in this `projection/` directory.
+
+The math.gl projection engine uses proj4js **2.22.0** as its pinned compatibility
+reference: https://github.com/proj4js/proj4js/tree/v2.22.0.
+
+Except for the original ellipsoidal orthographic kernel (`kernels/ortho.ts`) and
+meridian integration helper (`common/meridian-distance.ts`), the numerical kernels under `src/projection/experimental/kernels/`, numerical helpers under
+`src/projection/experimental/common/`, and CRS datum/ellipsoid/unit/prime-meridian tables are
+**direct TypeScript ports** of the corresponding proj4js sources. Source comments
+retain attribution to the proj4js authors, with `SPDX-License-Identifier` license
+expressions, `SPDX-FileCopyrightText` credits naming the upstream copyright holders,
+and `SPDX-FileComment` provenance. They have been modified to use explicit
+state, typed inputs, bounded iterations, strict errors, and the corrections recorded
+in the parity inventory. The MIT license is reproduced in `PROJ4-LICENSE.md`.
+The geocentric/Helmert equations in `datum.ts` and rotation equations in
+`projections/ob-tran.ts` are likewise directly adapted from proj4js, with attribution
+in those files.
+
+The NTv2 decoder, GeoTIFF node orientation and interpolation/inverse equations in
+`src/projection/experimental/grids/grid.ts`, `grids/ntv2.ts` and `grids/geotiff.ts` are directly adapted from proj4js 2.22.0
+`lib/nadgrid.js` and `lib/datum_transform.js`. Their headers retain upstream
+MIT attribution. The per-instance grid registration contract is original math.gl
+code informed by upstream grid-list behavior. Synthetic grid fixtures are authored
+for math.gl and include no externally licensed grid datasets.
+
+`kernels/eqearth.ts` retains its original **Apache-2.0** notice:
+Copyright 2018 Bernie Jenny, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
+The original credits to Bojan Savric, Tom Patterson, Matthew Bloch and Andreas Hocevar
+are retained in that source file. Its full license is included in
+`APACHE-2.0-LICENSE.txt`. The TypeScript state conversion is a modification of that
+source, not a claim of an independently authored algorithm.
+
+The plugin adapters, normalization/execution pipeline, and WKT/PROJJSON execution
+adapters are original math.gl code informed by proj4js behavior. The datum alias/
+authority lookup and method/parameter normalization rules in `crs/structured.ts` are directly adapted
+from proj4js 2.22.0 and its MIT-licensed wkt-parser dependency, with attribution
+in the source. Mercator and
+equidistant cylindrical are original equation implementations with proj4js parity
+tests. They are MIT-licensed to the vis.gl contributors. Syntax parsing is provided
+by `@math.gl/geospatial/crs`; the projection runtime does not import proj4js.
+
+Authored differential fixtures use the pinned upstream implementation as an oracle.
+Fixtures copied from upstream tests retain their source tag, line numbers, hash and
+MIT attribution in `test/fixtures/upstream-2.22.0.ts` and the complete
+`test/fixtures/upstream-corpus-2.22.0.json`. The latter includes all 242 coordinate
+fixtures and suite-level alias definitions, extracted without executing upstream tests.
+
+
+Cassini series signs/inverse refinement and Robinson coefficient precision/interval
+selection are adapted from [PROJ 9.5.1](https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/tree/9.5.1/src/projections).
+The Cassini Newton solver and Robinson exact-knot handling are original math.gl
+modifications. Both files retain their proj4js port notices and identify the PROJ
+adaptations. PROJ's MIT-style terms and attribution are reproduced in `PROJ-LICENSE.txt`.
+
+Independent reference coordinates are generated with pyproj 3.7.2 / PROJ 9.5.1.
+Structured CRS fixtures reproduce selected definitions from the EPSG dataset v11.022
+(2024-11-05), distributed in PROJ's database; see the fixture README for source and
+terms. Licensed real grids are test-only assets with separate redistribution notices
+under `test/fixtures/real-grids`; none are included in the npm package.
+
+The explicit height stage (`src/projection/experimental/vertical-datum.ts`), regular-grid
+interpolator/geoid adapter (`grids/vertical.ts`) and GTX reader (`grids/gtx.ts`) are
+original math.gl implementations. Their public registration follows the existing
+proj4-style engine API; geoid-height signs and GTX layout/nodata conventions follow
+PROJ/GDAL documentation. No proj4js or PROJ implementation was copied into these files.
+Independent expectations use PROJ 9.5.1; the tiny GTX model is authored MIT test data.
+The structural geoid adapter does not copy or import GeographicLib or `@math.gl/earth`
+code. Applications providing a geoid model retain that model's own license and data terms.
+
+
+`src/projection/experimental/grids/vertical-geotiff.ts` is original math.gl adapter code written
+against the PROJ Geodetic TIFF Grid format, not a direct proj4js or PROJ fork. It does
+not copy or import a TIFF decoder. The optional decoding library is chosen by the
+application. Authored synthetic TIFF fixtures and their standard-library encoder are
+MIT math.gl test data/code; PROJ 9.5.1 supplies independent numeric expectations.
+
+## Typed operation pipelines
+
+`src/projection/experimental/projection-pipeline.ts` is original math.gl orchestration inspired
+by PROJ's explicit operation/units model, not a direct PROJ fork. It reuses projection
+kernels and the geocentric/static Helmert equations directly adapted from proj4js in
+`datum.ts`, with their existing attribution and `PROJ4-LICENSE.md`. Independent pipeline
+expectations use pyproj 3.7.2 / PROJ 9.5.1. Authored pipeline cases are MIT math.gl test
+data; the reused BETA2007 NTv2 grid retains its attribution in
+`test/fixtures/real-grids/README.md` and is not shipped in the package.
+
+`src/projection/experimental/exact-helmert.ts` directly adapts the exact rotation matrix and
+convention transpose from PROJ 9.5.1 `src/transformations/helmert.cpp` (Copyright
+(c) 2016, Thomas Knudsen / SDFE), under the MIT-style terms in `PROJ-LICENSE.txt`.
+It is modified into prepared typed point operations; the existing approximate
+Helmert equations remain the attributed proj4js adaptation in `datum.ts`.
+
+`src/projection/experimental/helmert-flat.ts` adds original direct-buffer traversal around
+these existing attributed equations. Its small-angle arithmetic follows the
+proj4js adaptation in `datum.ts`; exact matrix application follows the PROJ
+adaptation in `exact-helmert.ts` and consumes that stage's prepared matrix.
+Its SPDX headers retain both upstream copyright credits and point to the existing
+`PROJ4-LICENSE.md` and `PROJ-LICENSE.txt`. No new third-party model data is added.
+Ordinate-stack and direction-specific orchestration are original math.gl code
+inspired by PROJ pipeline contracts, not direct PROJ or proj4js forks.
+The additional two-by-two GTX is authored MIT test data, not a distributed geoid model.
+
+`src/projection/experimental/kinematic-helmert.ts` is original epoch/rate orchestration following
+PROJ's documented parameter propagation contract. Its exact matrix/convention
+transpose directly adapts PROJ 9.5.1 `helmert.cpp`, with the Thomas Knudsen / SDFE
+copyright and `PROJ-LICENSE.txt` terms above; its small-angle equations follow the
+existing attributed proj4js `datum.ts` adaptation. The kinematic fixture parameter
+example is documented by PROJ; authored finite rotations/epochs are MIT test data,
+not an authoritative CRS operation catalogue. Numerical expectations are generated
+independently with pinned pyproj 3.7.2 / PROJ 9.5.1, with observation time separate from M.
+
+
+`src/projection/experimental/kinematic-helmert-flat.ts` adds original coordinate-buffer
+traversal using the epoch preparation and owned coefficients in `kinematic-helmert.ts`.
+The exact matrix application follows that file's existing PROJ adaptation; the
+small-angle matrix application follows its attributed proj4js adaptation. Both
+upstream copyrights and license references remain in the source header. This
+optimization introduces no model files, databases or additional third-party code.
+
+
+## Prepared velocity models
+
+The optional deformation model, velocity-grid preparation and velocity GeoTIFF
+adapter are original math.gl code inspired by PROJ's documented deformation/GTG
+contracts, not direct PROJ or proj4js forks. The model uses an original ENU basis
+rotation and inverse solver, while reusing the existing attributed proj4js geocentric
+conversion in datum.ts. No new upstream code or third-party model data is included.
+The synthetic velocity TIFF and its encoder are original MIT math.gl test assets,
+excluded from the published package. Native PROJ 9.5.1 forward evaluations generate
+independent references; the legacy inverse is retained separately for comparison.
+Application-provided model files and decoders retain their own terms.
+
+## Source header convention
+
+All projection engine source files declare their license with
+`SPDX-License-Identifier` and ownership with `SPDX-FileCopyrightText`. Files with
+multiple copyright holders use a separate copyright tag for each notice. Years
+are retained when supplied by the original notice; none are invented.
+
+`SPDX-FileComment` records direct ports, adaptations, inspiration and modifications,
+with links to retained license files where applicable. Each file comment occupies
+one line so source scanning can extract the complete provenance. Original wrappers
+and adapters retain their own copyright; importing an attributed kernel does not
+make the adapter a port. These tags follow the [SPDX source file tag convention](https://spdx.github.io/spdx-spec/v2.3/file-tags/).
+The original Equal Earth Apache notice and all distributed upstream license texts
+remain intact. CI checks every source header and the proj4js/PROJ credits.
+
+
+## Horizontal grid tuple adapter
+
+`src/projection/experimental/grids/grid.ts` reuses a private working point in the tuple-returning
+adapter. This original adapter change retains the existing attributed interpolation
+and inverse kernel described above. Successful calls still return an owned tuple.
+No additional third-party code or model data is included.
+
+## Shared spheroid arithmetic
+
+The existing proj4js-derived geocentric forward equations and Hannover inverse from
+`datum.ts` now live in `@math.gl/core`, used by projection and the qualified
+sphere/oblate geometry paths. The numeric leaf retains the proj4js SPDX copyright,
+MIT identifier and full `PROJ4-LICENSE.md` in the core package. The safeguarded
+surface/exterior fallback and adapters are original math.gl work. No new upstream
+source or model data is introduced. Geospatial retains its existing Cesium-derived
+three-radius/interior kernels and Apache-2.0 attribution.
+
+## Modern PROJ corrections and upstream regressions
+
+The independently implemented orthographic and pole-boundary corrections
+acknowledge the numerical behavior and bug investigations maintained by
+OSGeo/PROJ. Their SPDX-FileComment tags identify PROJ 9.5.1 source files and,
+where applicable, upstream issues and PRs. The retained `PROJ-LICENSE.txt` supplies
+PROJ's MIT terms. Existing proj4js copyright notices and Equal Earth's Apache-2.0
+notice remain intact; independent math.gl implementations retain their own
+copyright rather than assigning new copyright notices to upstream maintainers.
+
+Orthographic behavior was informed by PROJ #2361 and the inverse-convergence
+investigation in #2844/#2855. The parallel-ray/ellipsoid inverse and its rendering
+enclosures are original math.gl code. Equal Earth's ellipsoidal authalic semantics
+are documented in PROJ #1097. Historical regression scenarios from #2844 and
+Mollweide #3082 are acknowledged in their test header; expected coordinates were
+independently generated by pyproj 3.7.2 / PROJ 9.5.1. No PROJ model data is added.
+
+## Shared ellipsoid geodesics and gnomonic
+
+`src/ellipsoid-geodesic.ts` is an original typed facade over the shared GeographicLib
+geodesic implementation in `src/vendor/geographiclib-geodesic/runtime.js`. That
+source combines Math.js, Geodesic.js and GeodesicLine.js from GeographicLib JS 2.2.0,
+pinned at commit 9c4036d6242aa997e08e43a20df789e2007fbe6f, preserving Charles Karney's
+copyright and MIT terms. The version template is filled and an ESM export added.
+The full MIT license is in `../GEOGRAPHICLIB-LICENSE.txt` and the module `../LICENSE`.
+No package dependency is added.
+
+The ellipsoidal gnomonic Newton formulation and Swiss oblique Mercator branch and
+inverse equations follow PROJ 9.5.1. Stable conformal latitude expressions follow
+PROJ's tsfn formulation. Source SPDX comments identify these adaptations; the PROJ
+license is retained in `PROJ-LICENSE.txt` and the module `../LICENSE`.
+
+## Original pole-conditioning corrections
+
+The follow-up review adds original math.gl authalic pole-complement/inversion and
+Cartesian spherical-inverse helpers. LAEA, stereographic, oblique stereographic,
+spherical AEQD, QSC, Mollweide and polyconic retain their existing attributed ports;
+new half-angle identities, stable complements, polar inverse limits and quadrature
+reuse are original math.gl corrections, not copied upstream implementations.
+Source SPDX comments preserve existing proj4js/PROJ credits and identify the changes.
+Independent multiprecision equations and authored reference fixtures retain MIT
+math.gl provenance; mpmath/pyproj are used only by temporary offline generation tools.

package/src/constants.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 // math.gl
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT and Apache-2.0
-// Copyright (c) vis.gl contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT AND Apache-2.0
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2011-2018 CesiumJS Contributors
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) vis.gl contributors
+// SPDX-FileComment: Derived from Cesium. See the repository LICENSE for upstream attribution and Apache-2.0 terms.
 
 // This file is derived from the Cesium math library under Apache 2 license
-// See LICENSE.md and https://github.com/AnalyticalGraphicsInc/cesium/blob/master/LICENSE.md
+// See ../LICENSE for the retained Cesium notice and Apache-2.0 terms.
 
 export const WGS84_RADIUS_X = 6378137.0;
 export const WGS84_RADIUS_Y = 6378137.0;

package/src/coordinates/angles.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// math.gl
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) vis.gl contributors
+export type AngleAxis = 'angle' | 'latitude' | 'longitude';
+function validate(value: number, axis: AngleAxis) {
+  if (
+    !['angle', 'latitude', 'longitude'].includes(axis) ||
+    !Number.isFinite(value) ||
+    Math.abs(value) > (axis === 'latitude' ? 90 : axis === 'longitude' ? 180 : 1e6)
+  )
+    throw new RangeError('Angle is outside the requested axis domain');
+}
+/** Strict decimal degrees or DMS, with one optional hemisphere. No expressions. */
+export function parseAngle(text: string, axis: AngleAxis = 'angle'): number {
+  if (typeof text !== 'string' || text.length > 256) throw new RangeError('Invalid angle text');
+  let value = text.trim().replace(/−/g, '-').toUpperCase(),
+    hemisphere = '';
+  if (/^[NSEW]/.test(value)) {
+    hemisphere = value[0];
+    value = value.slice(1).trim();
+  }
+  if (/[NSEW]$/.test(value)) {
+    if (hemisphere) throw new RangeError('Use one hemisphere');
+    hemisphere = value.slice(-1);
+    value = value.slice(0, -1).trim();
+  }
+  if (hemisphere && /^[+-]/.test(value)) throw new RangeError('Use a sign or hemisphere, not both');
+  if (
+    (axis === 'latitude' && /[EW]/.test(hemisphere)) ||
+    (axis === 'longitude' && /[NS]/.test(hemisphere))
+  )
+    throw new RangeError('Hemisphere does not match axis');
+  value = value.replace(/\s*([:D°'′"″])\s*/g, '$1');
+  const number = '(\\d+(?:\\.\\d*)?|\\.\\d+)';
+  const component = new RegExp('^([+-]?)' + number + '([\'′]|["″])$').exec(value);
+  if (component) {
+    if (Number(component[2]) >= 60) throw new RangeError('Invalid DMS components');
+    const result =
+      ((component[1] === '-' || /[SW]/.test(hemisphere) ? -1 : 1) * Number(component[2])) /
+      (/[′']/.test(component[3]) ? 60 : 3600);
+    validate(result, axis);
+    return result;
+  }
+  const decimal = new RegExp('^([+-]?)' + number + '[D°]?$').exec(value);
+  const colon = new RegExp('^([+-]?)' + number + ':' + number + '(?::' + number + ')?$').exec(
+    value
+  );
+  const marked = new RegExp(
+    '^([+-]?)' + number + '[D°]' + number + "['′](?:" + number + '["″])?$'
+  ).exec(value);
+  const parts = decimal ?? colon ?? marked;
+  if (!parts) throw new RangeError('Expected decimal degrees, colon DMS or marked DMS');
+  const degrees = Number(parts[2]),
+    minutes = Number(parts[3] ?? 0),
+    seconds = Number(parts[4] ?? 0);
+  if (
+    minutes >= 60 ||
+    seconds >= 60 ||
+    (parts[3] !== undefined && !Number.isInteger(degrees)) ||
+    (parts[4] !== undefined && !Number.isInteger(minutes))
+  )
+    throw new RangeError('Invalid DMS components');
+  const sign = parts[1] === '-' || /[SW]/.test(hemisphere) ? -1 : 1;
+  const result = sign * (degrees + minutes / 60 + seconds / 3600);
+  validate(result, axis);
+  return result;
+}
+export function formatAngle(
+  value: number,
+  options: {
+    axis?: AngleAxis;
+    format?: 'degrees' | 'dm' | 'dms';
+    precision?: number;
+  } = {}
+): string {
+  const axis = options.axis ?? 'angle',
+    format = options.format ?? 'dms',
+    precision = options.precision ?? 3;
+  validate(value, axis);
+  if (
+    !Number.isInteger(precision) ||
+    precision < 0 ||
+    precision > 6 ||
+    !['degrees', 'dm', 'dms'].includes(format)
+  )
+    throw new RangeError('Invalid angle format or precision');
+  const negative = value < 0 || Object.is(value, -0),
+    suffix =
+      axis === 'latitude'
+        ? negative
+          ? 'S'
+          : 'N'
+        : axis === 'longitude'
+          ? negative
+            ? 'W'
+            : 'E'
+          : '';
+  const prefix = axis === 'angle' && negative ? '-' : '';
+  if (format === 'degrees') return prefix + Math.abs(value).toFixed(precision) + '°' + suffix;
+  if (format === 'dm') {
+    const factor = 10 ** precision,
+      ticks = Math.round(Math.abs(value) * 60 * factor);
+    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(ticks))
+      throw new RangeError('DM precision exceeds exact integer range');
+    return (
+      prefix +
+      Math.floor(ticks / (60 * factor)) +
+      '°' +
+      ((ticks % (60 * factor)) / factor)
+        .toFixed(precision)
+        .padStart(precision ? 3 + precision : 2, '0') +
+      '′' +
+      suffix
+    );
+  }
+  const factor = 10 ** precision,
+    ticks = Math.round(Math.abs(value) * 3600 * factor);
+  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(ticks))
+    throw new RangeError('DMS precision exceeds exact integer range');
+  const degrees = Math.floor(ticks / (3600 * factor)),
+    minutes = Math.floor(ticks / (60 * factor)) % 60,
+    seconds = (ticks % (60 * factor)) / factor;
+  return (
+    prefix +
+    degrees +
+    '°' +
+    String(minutes).padStart(2, '0') +
+    '′' +
+    seconds.toFixed(precision).padStart(precision ? 3 + precision : 2, '0') +
+    '″' +
+    suffix
+  );
+}
+export function parseGeographicCoordinates(
+  text: string,
+  options: {longitudeFirst?: boolean} = {}
+): {latitude: number; longitude: number} {
+  if (typeof text !== 'string' || text.length > 512)
+    throw new RangeError('Invalid coordinate text');
+  const pair = text.split(',');
+  if (pair.length !== 2) throw new RangeError('Use latitude, longitude');
+  const [lat, lon] = options.longitudeFirst ? [pair[1], pair[0]] : pair;
+  return {
+    latitude: parseAngle(lat, 'latitude'),
+    longitude: parseAngle(lon, 'longitude')
+  };
+}
+export function formatGeographicCoordinates(
+  latitude: number,
+  longitude: number,
+  options: {
+    format?: 'degrees' | 'dm' | 'dms';
+    precision?: number;
+    longitudeFirst?: boolean;
+  } = {}
+): string {
+  const lat = formatAngle(latitude, {...options, axis: 'latitude'}),
+    lon = formatAngle(longitude, {...options, axis: 'longitude'});
+  return (options.longitudeFirst ? [lon, lat] : [lat, lon]).join(', ');
+}

package/src/coordinates/grid.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+// math.gl
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) Charles Karney (2008-2022)
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) vis.gl contributors
+// SPDX-FileComment: Zone exceptions and extended envelope rules adapted from GeographicLib 2.7 UTMUPS.cpp (MIT); original WGS84 facade reuses the existing attributed projection kernels. See ../../GEOGRAPHICLIB-LICENSE.txt.
+import {universalTransverseMercator} from '../projection/experimental/projections/utm';
+import type {ProjectionImplementation} from '../projection/experimental/types';
+import {stereographic} from '../projection/experimental/projections/stere';
+export type GridCoordinate = {
+  zone: number;
+  north: boolean;
+  easting: number;
+  northing: number;
+};
+const DEG = Math.PI / 180,
+  A = 6378137,
+  F = 1 / 298.257223563;
+export function standardGridZone(latitude: number, longitude: number): number {
+  if (
+    !Number.isFinite(latitude) ||
+    Math.abs(latitude) > 90 ||
+    !Number.isFinite(longitude) ||
+    Math.abs(longitude) > 180
+  )
+    throw new RangeError('Expected latitude/longitude degrees in [-90,90]/[-180,180]');
+  if (latitude < -80 || latitude >= 84) return 0;
+  const lon = longitude === 180 ? -180 : longitude;
+  let zone = Math.floor((Math.floor(lon) + 186) / 6);
+  if (latitude >= 56 && latitude < 64 && lon >= 3 && lon < 12) zone = 32;
+  if (latitude >= 72 && lon >= 0 && lon < 42)
+    zone = 2 * Math.floor((Math.floor(lon) + 183) / 12) + 1;
+  return zone;
+}
+const prepared = new Map<number, ProjectionImplementation>();
+function projection(zone: number, north: boolean) {
+  if (!Number.isInteger(zone) || zone < 0 || zone > 60 || typeof north !== 'boolean')
+    throw new RangeError('Invalid UTM/UPS zone or hemisphere');
+  const key = 2 * zone + Number(north),
+    cached = prepared.get(key);
+  if (cached) return cached;
+  const parameters = zone
+    ? {zone: String(zone), ...(north ? {} : {south: undefined})}
+    : {
+        lat_0: north ? '90' : '-90',
+        k_0: '0.994',
+        x_0: '2000000',
+        y_0: '2000000'
+      };
+  const result = (zone ? universalTransverseMercator : stereographic).create({
+    semiMajorAxis: A,
+    eccentricitySquared: F * (2 - F),
+    parameters
+  });
+  prepared.set(key, result);
+  return result;
+}
+export type GridOptions = {
+  zone?: number;
+  north?: boolean;
+  extended?: boolean;
+};
+/** Force a zone/hemisphere without changing datum. Extended ranges are opt-in. */
+export function projectGrid(
+  latitude: number,
+  longitude: number,
+  options: GridOptions = {}
+): GridCoordinate {
+  const standard = standardGridZone(latitude, longitude),
+    zone = options.zone ?? standard,
+    naturalNorth = !(latitude < 0 || Object.is(latitude, -0)),
+    north = options.north ?? naturalNorth;
+  validateZone(zone, north);
+  if (zone === 0 && (Math.abs(latitude) < 70 || north !== naturalNorth))
+    throw new RangeError('UPS requires its matching polar hemisphere');
+  if (zone && Math.abs(((longitude - (6 * zone - 183) + 540) % 360) - 180) > 60)
+    throw new RangeError('Longitude too far from UTM central meridian');
+  if (zone === 0 && Math.abs(latitude) === 90)
+    return {zone, north, easting: 2000000, northing: 2000000};
+  const p = projection(zone, north).forward(longitude * DEG, latitude * DEG);
+  // Degree-exact cardinal meridians must not select a neighboring MGRS cell
+  // because sin(pi) or cos(pi/2) leaves a radian roundoff residual.
+  if (zone === 0) {
+    if (longitude % 180 === 0) p[0] = 2000000;
+    if (Math.abs(longitude) === 90) p[1] = 2000000;
+  }
+  const result = {zone, north, easting: p[0], northing: p[1]};
+  validateGrid(result, options.extended === true);
+  return result;
+}
+function validateZone(zone: number, north: boolean) {
+  if (!Number.isInteger(zone) || zone < 0 || zone > 60 || typeof north !== 'boolean')
+    throw new RangeError('Invalid UTM/UPS zone or hemisphere');
+}
+function validateGrid({zone, north, easting, northing}: GridCoordinate, extended: boolean) {
+  validateZone(zone, north);
+  const polar = zone === 0,
+    slop = extended ? 100000 : 0,
+    low = polar ? (north ? 1300000 : 800000) : 100000,
+    high = polar ? (north ? 2700000 : 3200000) : 900000,
+    lowY = polar ? low : north ? (extended ? -9000000 : 0) : 1000000,
+    highY = polar ? high : north ? 9500000 : extended ? 19500000 : 10000000;
+  if (
+    !Number.isFinite(easting) ||
+    !Number.isFinite(northing) ||
+    easting < low - slop ||
+    easting > high + slop ||
+    northing < lowY - slop ||
+    northing > highY + slop
+  )
+    throw new RangeError('Grid coordinates outside the supported envelope');
+}
+export function unprojectGrid(
+  grid: GridCoordinate,
+  options: {extended?: boolean} = {}
+): {
+  latitude: number;
+  longitude: number;
+} {
+  validateGrid(grid, options.extended === true);
+  const p = projection(grid.zone, grid.north).inverse(grid.easting, grid.northing);
+  return {latitude: p[1] / DEG, longitude: p[0] / DEG};
+}
+/** Re-express a grid point, preserving exact coordinates for same-zone transfers. */
+export function transferGrid(grid: GridCoordinate, options: GridOptions = {}): GridCoordinate {
+  validateGrid(grid, options.extended === true);
+  const zone = options.zone ?? grid.zone,
+    north = options.north ?? grid.north;
+  validateZone(zone, north);
+  if (zone === grid.zone) {
+    if (zone === 0 && north !== grid.north) throw new RangeError('Cannot transfer UPS hemispheres');
+    const result = {
+      ...grid,
+      north,
+      northing: north === grid.north ? grid.northing : grid.northing + (north ? -1e7 : 1e7)
+    };
+    validateGrid(result, options.extended === true);
+    return result;
+  }
+  const p = unprojectGrid(grid, options);
+  return projectGrid(p.latitude, p.longitude, {...options, zone, north});
+}