@math.gl/geospatial 5.0.0-alpha.2 → 5.0.0-alpha.20

package/src/projection/experimental/typescript-projection.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,581 @@
+// math.gl
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) vis.gl contributors
+import {resolveRenderingProfile} from './rendering-profile/rendering-profile';
+import type {GeographicBounds} from './types';
+import {getIdentityRenderingProfile} from './rendering-profile/identity-rendering-profile';
+import type {TypeScriptCRSInput} from './crs/spatial-reference';
+import type {ProjectionDescriptor} from './projection-descriptor';
+import {getLoadedProjection, preloadProjection} from './projection-descriptor';
+import type {
+  ProjectionImplementation,
+  ProjectionRenderingProfile,
+  ProjectionPlugin,
+  ProjectionPoint,
+  ProjectionFlatOperation
+} from './types';
+import {projectionOperation} from './mutable-projection';
+import {ProjectionScratch} from './projection-scratch';
+import {validateScalarOutput, writeScalarOutput} from './scalar-output';
+import type {ProjectionCoordinate, ProjectionOutput} from './scalar-output';
+import {CORE_FLAGS, CORE_PARAMETERS, normalizeCRS} from './crs/normalize';
+import {TypeScriptCRSError, unsupportedStage} from './crs/types';
+import type {CRSCompatibilityReason, CRSNormalizationOptions, NormalizedCRS} from './crs/types';
+import {createDatumTransform} from './datum';
+import {wrapLongitude} from './parameters';
+import {createGeographicProfile} from './rendering-profile/geographic-rendering-profile';
+import {compileVerticalGrid} from './vertical-datum';
+import type {DatumGridCollection, VerticalGridCollection} from './grids/types';
+
+type ProjectionRegistration = ProjectionPlugin | ProjectionDescriptor;
+type ProjectionResult<P, Result> =
+  Extract<P, ProjectionDescriptor> extends never ? Result : Promise<Result>;
+export type ProjectionTransformOptions<P extends ProjectionRegistration = ProjectionPlugin> =
+  CRSNormalizationOptions & {
+    from?: TypeScriptCRSInput;
+    to?: TypeScriptCRSInput;
+    /** Only these projection implementations are available to this instance. */
+    projections?: readonly P[];
+    /** Honor declared axis order/direction. Default false, matching proj4js. */
+    enforceAxis?: boolean;
+    /** Prepared horizontal grids keyed by the names used in +nadgrids. No global registry. */
+    datumGrids?: DatumGridCollection;
+    /** Prepared geoid undulations keyed by +geoidgrids names. No implicit fetching. */
+    verticalGrids?: VerticalGridCollection;
+  };
+export type ProjectionTransformCreateOptions = ProjectionTransformOptions<ProjectionRegistration>;
+export type ProjectionArray = Float32Array | Float64Array;
+type CoordinateTransform = {
+  flat?: ProjectionFlatOperation;
+  run(point: ProjectionPoint): void;
+  requiresInputZ: boolean;
+  geocentricOutput: boolean;
+};
+type CompiledCRS = NormalizedCRS & {
+  implementation?: ProjectionImplementation;
+  verticalGrid?: (longitude: number, latitude: number) => number;
+};
+/** Configurable math.gl projection engine; see the documented supported subset and accuracy limits.
+ * Third ordinates are height (gravity-related with +geoidgrids) or geocentric Z.
+ */
+export class ProjectionTransform<P extends ProjectionRegistration = ProjectionPlugin> {
+  /** Resolve required descriptors once, then return an ordinary synchronous instance. */
+  static async create(
+    options: ProjectionTransformCreateOptions = {}
+  ): Promise<ProjectionTransform> {
+    const projections = await Promise.all(requiredProjections(options).map(preloadProjection));
+    return new ProjectionTransform({...options, projections});
+  }
+
+  private readonly coordinateScratch = new ProjectionScratch();
+  private readonly forwardTransform?: CoordinateTransform;
+  private readonly inverseTransform?: CoordinateTransform;
+  private readonly deferred?: {
+    options: ProjectionTransformCreateOptions;
+    pending?: Promise<ProjectionTransform>;
+    implementation?: ProjectionTransform;
+  };
+  /** Initialized target projection profile on eager/prepared transforms. @internal */
+  private readonly targetRenderingProfile?: ProjectionImplementation['getRenderingProfile'];
+  private readonly targetCoverage?: GeographicBounds;
+  get targetProfile(): ProjectionRenderingProfile | undefined {
+    return this.getTargetRenderingProfile(this.targetCoverage);
+  }
+  /** Resolve target rendering policy independently from coordinate conversion. @internal */
+  getTargetRenderingProfile(coverage?: GeographicBounds): ProjectionRenderingProfile | undefined {
+    return (
+      this.targetRenderingProfile && resolveRenderingProfile(this.targetRenderingProfile, coverage)
+    );
+  }
+  /** Effective target central meridian in native radians. @internal */
+  readonly targetLongitudeOrigin: number = 0;
+  readonly lossy: boolean;
+  constructor(options: ProjectionTransformOptions<P> = {}) {
+    const registrations = options.projections || [];
+    const plugins = registry(registrations);
+    if (registrations.some(projection => !('create' in projection))) {
+      // Inspect definitions without fetching any algorithms. Importing descriptors
+      // and constructing an instance never starts a dynamic import.
+      const from = normalizeCRS(options.from ?? 'WGS84', options);
+      const to = normalizeCRS(options.to ?? 'WGS84', options);
+      this.lossy = from.lossy || to.lossy;
+      this.deferred = {options: {...options, projections: [...registrations]}};
+    } else {
+      const eager = options as ProjectionTransformOptions;
+      const eagerPlugins = plugins as ReadonlyMap<string, ProjectionPlugin>;
+      const from = compileCRS(eager.from ?? 'WGS84', eagerPlugins, eager);
+      const to = compileCRS(eager.to ?? 'WGS84', eagerPlugins, eager);
+      this.targetRenderingProfile =
+        to.implementation?.getRenderingProfile?.bind(to.implementation) ??
+        (to.kind === 'geographic'
+          ? createGeographicProfile(to.parameters, to.primeMeridian)
+          : to.kind === 'identity'
+            ? getIdentityRenderingProfile
+            : undefined);
+      this.targetCoverage = to.areaOfUse;
+      this.targetLongitudeOrigin =
+        to.implementation?.longitudeOrigin ??
+        (to.kind === 'geographic' ? (to.longitudeWrap ?? 0) : 0);
+      this.lossy = from.lossy || to.lossy;
+      if (this.lossy && (from.kind === 'geocentric' || to.kind === 'geocentric'))
+        unsupportedStage(
+          'Horizontal extraction cannot supply ellipsoidal height for geocentric coordinates'
+        );
+      if (this.lossy && (from.verticalGrid || to.verticalGrid))
+        unsupportedStage('Horizontal extraction cannot be combined with vertical grids');
+      this.forwardTransform = compileTransform(from, to, Boolean(options.enforceAxis));
+      this.inverseTransform = compileTransform(to, from, Boolean(options.enforceAxis));
+    }
+    this.project = this.project.bind(this);
+    this.unproject = this.unproject.bind(this);
+    this.projectTo = this.projectTo.bind(this);
+    this.unprojectTo = this.unprojectTo.bind(this);
+    this.projectToSync = this.projectToSync.bind(this);
+    this.unprojectToSync = this.unprojectToSync.bind(this);
+    this.projectFlat = this.projectFlat.bind(this);
+    this.unprojectFlat = this.unprojectFlat.bind(this);
+    this.projectSync = this.projectSync.bind(this);
+    this.unprojectSync = this.unprojectSync.bind(this);
+    this.projectFlatSync = this.projectFlatSync.bind(this);
+    this.unprojectFlatSync = this.unprojectFlatSync.bind(this);
+  }
+  private load(): Promise<ProjectionTransform> {
+    const state = this.deferred;
+    if (!state) return Promise.resolve(this as unknown as ProjectionTransform);
+    if (state.implementation) return Promise.resolve(state.implementation);
+    state.pending ||= ProjectionTransform.create(state.options)
+      .then(projection => {
+        state.implementation = projection;
+        return projection;
+      })
+      .catch(error => {
+        state.pending = undefined;
+        throw error;
+      });
+    return state.pending;
+  }
+  private loadSync(): ProjectionTransform {
+    const state = this.deferred;
+    if (!state) return this as unknown as ProjectionTransform;
+    if (!state.implementation) {
+      const projections = requiredProjections(state.options).map(descriptor => {
+        const plugin = getLoadedProjection(descriptor);
+        if (!plugin)
+          throw new Error(
+            'Projection is not preloaded: ' + descriptor.name + '. Call preload() first.'
+          );
+        return plugin;
+      });
+      state.implementation = new ProjectionTransform({...state.options, projections});
+    }
+    return state.implementation;
+  }
+  /** Synchronous variants never import algorithms; descriptors must be preloaded. */
+  projectSync(coordinate: readonly number[]): number[] {
+    return this.deferred
+      ? this.loadSync().project(coordinate)
+      : transformScalar(coordinate, this.forwardTransform, this.coordinateScratch);
+  }
+  unprojectSync(coordinate: readonly number[]): number[] {
+    return this.deferred
+      ? this.loadSync().unproject(coordinate)
+      : transformScalar(coordinate, this.inverseTransform, this.coordinateScratch);
+  }
+  projectFlatSync<T extends ProjectionArray>(coordinates: T, dimension = 2): T {
+    return this.deferred
+      ? this.loadSync().projectFlat(coordinates, dimension)
+      : transformInPlace(coordinates, dimension, this.forwardTransform, this.coordinateScratch);
+  }
+  unprojectFlatSync<T extends ProjectionArray>(coordinates: T, dimension = 2): T {
+    return this.deferred
+      ? this.loadSync().unprojectFlat(coordinates, dimension)
+      : transformInPlace(coordinates, dimension, this.inverseTransform, this.coordinateScratch);
+  }
+  /** Optional warm-up. Coordinate methods also load automatically on first use. */
+  async preload(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.load();
+  }
+  /** Eager plugins return arrays; descriptor-backed instances return promises. */
+  project(coordinate: readonly number[]): ProjectionResult<P, number[]> {
+    const result = this.deferred
+      ? this.projectLoaded(coordinate, false)
+      : transformScalar(coordinate, this.forwardTransform, this.coordinateScratch);
+    return result as ProjectionResult<P, number[]>;
+  }
+  unproject(coordinate: readonly number[]): ProjectionResult<P, number[]> {
+    const result = this.deferred
+      ? this.projectLoaded(coordinate, true)
+      : transformScalar(coordinate, this.inverseTransform, this.coordinateScratch);
+    return result as ProjectionResult<P, number[]>;
+  }
+  /** Write one coordinate into caller-owned storage; return that same output. */
+  projectTo<T extends ProjectionOutput>(
+    coordinate: ProjectionCoordinate,
+    output: T
+  ): ProjectionResult<P, T> {
+    return (
+      this.deferred
+        ? this.projectToLoaded(coordinate, output, false)
+        : this.projectToSync(coordinate, output)
+    ) as ProjectionResult<P, T>;
+  }
+  unprojectTo<T extends ProjectionOutput>(
+    coordinate: ProjectionCoordinate,
+    output: T
+  ): ProjectionResult<P, T> {
+    return (
+      this.deferred
+        ? this.projectToLoaded(coordinate, output, true)
+        : this.unprojectToSync(coordinate, output)
+    ) as ProjectionResult<P, T>;
+  }
+  projectToSync<T extends ProjectionOutput>(coordinate: ProjectionCoordinate, output: T): T {
+    if (this.deferred) return this.loadSync().projectTo(coordinate, output);
+    validateScalarOutput(
+      coordinate,
+      output,
+      Math.max(coordinate.length, this.forwardTransform.geocentricOutput ? 3 : 2)
+    );
+    return transformScalar(coordinate, this.forwardTransform, this.coordinateScratch, output);
+  }
+  unprojectToSync<T extends ProjectionOutput>(coordinate: ProjectionCoordinate, output: T): T {
+    if (this.deferred) return this.loadSync().unprojectTo(coordinate, output);
+    validateScalarOutput(
+      coordinate,
+      output,
+      Math.max(coordinate.length, this.inverseTransform.geocentricOutput ? 3 : 2)
+    );
+    return transformScalar(coordinate, this.inverseTransform, this.coordinateScratch, output);
+  }
+  private projectToLoaded<T extends ProjectionOutput>(
+    coordinate: ProjectionCoordinate,
+    output: T,
+    inverse: boolean
+  ): Promise<T> {
+    validateScalarOutput(coordinate, output, coordinate.length);
+    const input = coordinate.slice();
+    return this.load().then(projection =>
+      inverse ? projection.unprojectTo(input, output) : projection.projectTo(input, output)
+    );
+  }
+  private projectLoaded(coordinate: readonly number[], inverse: boolean): Promise<number[]> {
+    const input = coordinate.slice();
+    return this.load().then(projection =>
+      inverse ? projection.unproject(input) : projection.project(input)
+    );
+  }
+  /** In-place; descriptor callers must await completion before reusing the buffer. */
+  projectFlat<T extends ProjectionArray>(coordinates: T, dimension = 2): ProjectionResult<P, T> {
+    const result = this.deferred
+      ? this.load().then(projection => projection.projectFlat(coordinates, dimension))
+      : transformInPlace(coordinates, dimension, this.forwardTransform, this.coordinateScratch);
+    return result as ProjectionResult<P, T>;
+  }
+  unprojectFlat<T extends ProjectionArray>(coordinates: T, dimension = 2): ProjectionResult<P, T> {
+    const result = this.deferred
+      ? this.load().then(projection => projection.unprojectFlat(coordinates, dimension))
+      : transformInPlace(coordinates, dimension, this.inverseTransform, this.coordinateScratch);
+    return result as ProjectionResult<P, T>;
+  }
+}
+function requiredProjections(options: ProjectionTransformCreateOptions): ProjectionRegistration[] {
+  const available = registry(options.projections || []);
+  const required = new Set<ProjectionPlugin | ProjectionDescriptor>();
+  for (const definition of [options.from ?? 'WGS84', options.to ?? 'WGS84']) {
+    const crs = normalizeCRS(definition, options);
+    if (['geographic', 'identity'].includes(crs.kind)) continue;
+    const projection = available.get(pluginKey(crs.projection));
+    if (!projection)
+      throw new TypeScriptCRSError(
+        'missing-plugin',
+        'Projection plugin is not registered: ' + crs.projection
+      );
+    required.add(projection);
+  }
+  return [...required];
+}
+export type ProjectionCompatibility = {
+  status: 'supported' | 'unsupported' | 'unknown';
+  lossy: boolean;
+  reason?: CRSCompatibilityReason;
+  message?: string;
+};
+/** Check construction with this backend and this exact set of registered plugins/readers. */
+export function checkProjectionCompatibility(
+  definition: TypeScriptCRSInput,
+  options: ProjectionTransformOptions = {}
+): ProjectionCompatibility {
+  try {
+    const crs = compileCRS(definition, registry(options.projections || []), options);
+    return {status: 'supported', lossy: crs.lossy};
+  } catch (error) {
+    const reason = error instanceof TypeScriptCRSError ? error.reason : 'invalid-definition';
+    return {
+      status: reason === 'unknown-syntax' ? 'unknown' : 'unsupported',
+      lossy: false,
+      reason,
+      message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+    };
+  }
+}
+const pluginKey = (name: string): string => name.toLowerCase().replace(/[\s_-]/g, '');
+function registry<T extends Pick<ProjectionPlugin, 'name' | 'aliases'>>(
+  projections: readonly T[]
+): Map<string, T> {
+  const plugins = new Map<string, T>();
+  for (const plugin of projections) {
+    for (const name of new Set([plugin.name, ...(plugin.aliases || [])].map(pluginKey))) {
+      if (
+        !name ||
+        ['longlat', 'latlong', 'latlon', 'lonlat', 'identity'].includes(name) ||
+        plugins.has(name)
+      )
+        throw new Error('Duplicate or reserved projection plugin: ' + name);
+      plugins.set(name, plugin);
+    }
+  }
+  return plugins;
+}
+function compileCRS(
+  definition: TypeScriptCRSInput,
+  plugins: ReadonlyMap<string, ProjectionPlugin>,
+  options: ProjectionTransformOptions
+): CompiledCRS {
+  const crs = normalizeCRS(definition, options);
+  const plugin = plugins.get(pluginKey(crs.projection));
+  if (!['geographic', 'identity'].includes(crs.kind) && !plugin)
+    throw new TypeScriptCRSError(
+      'missing-plugin',
+      'Projection plugin is not registered: ' + crs.projection
+    );
+  const allowed = new Set([...CORE_PARAMETERS, ...(plugin?.parameters || [])]);
+  for (const key of Object.keys(crs.parameters)) {
+    if (!allowed.has(key))
+      throw new TypeScriptCRSError(
+        'missing-transform-stage',
+        'Unsupported PROJ parameter: +' + key
+      );
+    const flag = CORE_FLAGS.includes(key) || plugin?.flags?.includes(key);
+    if (flag && crs.parameters[key] !== undefined)
+      throw new Error('Expected a flag without a value: +' + key);
+    if (!flag && !crs.parameters[key]) throw new Error('PROJ parameter requires a value: +' + key);
+  }
+  if (crs.parameters['type'] && crs.parameters['type'] !== 'crs')
+    throw new Error('Only +type=crs is supported');
+  const parameters =
+    pluginKey(crs.projection) === 'fasttransversemercator'
+      ? Object.freeze({...crs.parameters, approx: undefined})
+      : crs.parameters;
+  const implementation = plugin?.create({
+    ...crs.ellipsoid,
+    parameters,
+    primeMeridian: crs.primeMeridian
+  });
+  if (crs.kind === 'geocentric' && (!implementation?.forward3D || !implementation?.inverse3D))
+    throw new Error('Geocentric plugin must implement 3D operations');
+  const references = crs.datum.grids;
+  const nullIndex = references?.findIndex(reference => reference.name === 'null') ?? -1;
+  const grids = references?.slice(0, nullIndex < 0 ? undefined : nullIndex + 1).map(reference => {
+    const grid = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(options.datumGrids || {}, reference.name)
+      ? options.datumGrids[reference.name]
+      : undefined;
+    if (grid && typeof grid.shift !== 'function')
+      throw new Error('Invalid prepared datum grid: ' + reference.name);
+    return Object.freeze({...reference, grid});
+  });
+  // A null fallback terminates the list. Later entries can never be consulted.
+  for (const reference of grids || []) {
+    if (reference.name === 'null') break;
+    if (!reference.optional && !reference.grid)
+      unsupportedStage('Required datum grid is not registered: ' + reference.name);
+  }
+  const datum = grids ? Object.freeze({...crs.datum, grids: Object.freeze(grids)}) : crs.datum;
+  const verticalGrid = compileVerticalGrid(crs.parameters['geoidgrids'], options.verticalGrids);
+  if (verticalGrid && (crs.kind === 'geocentric' || crs.kind === 'identity' || crs.lossy))
+    unsupportedStage('Vertical grids require a non-lossy geographic or projected CRS');
+  return {...crs, datum, implementation, verticalGrid};
+}
+
+function finite(point: ProjectionPoint): boolean {
+  return Number.isFinite(point.x) && Number.isFinite(point.y) && Number.isFinite(point.z);
+}
+function compileAxis(
+  axis: string,
+  inverse: boolean
+): ((point: ProjectionPoint) => void) | undefined {
+  if (axis === 'enu') return undefined;
+  const indexes = [0, 0, 0],
+    signs = [0, 0, 0];
+  for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+    const char = axis[i],
+      component = 'ew'.includes(char) ? 0 : 'ns'.includes(char) ? 1 : 2;
+    indexes[inverse ? i : component] = inverse ? component : i;
+    signs[inverse ? i : component] = 'wsd'.includes(char) ? -1 : 1;
+  }
+  return point => {
+    const x = point.x,
+      y = point.y,
+      z = point.z;
+    point.x = signs[0] * (indexes[0] === 0 ? x : indexes[0] === 1 ? y : z);
+    point.y = signs[1] * (indexes[1] === 0 ? x : indexes[1] === 1 ? y : z);
+    point.z = signs[2] * (indexes[2] === 0 ? x : indexes[2] === 1 ? y : z);
+  };
+}
+function compileTransform(
+  from: CompiledCRS,
+  to: CompiledCRS,
+  enforceAxis: boolean
+): CoordinateTransform {
+  const fromAxis = from.storedAxis || (enforceAxis ? from.axis : 'enu');
+  const toAxis = to.storedAxis || (enforceAxis ? to.axis : 'enu');
+  const inputAxis = compileAxis(fromAxis, false),
+    outputAxis = compileAxis(toAxis, true);
+  const source =
+    from.implementation &&
+    projectionOperation(from.implementation, true, from.kind === 'geocentric');
+  const target =
+    to.implementation && projectionOperation(to.implementation, false, to.kind === 'geocentric');
+  const datum = createDatumTransform(from.datum, to.datum);
+  const horizontalOnly = from.lossy || to.lossy;
+  // Resolve CRS kinds and scalar constants once, outside the coordinate loop.
+  const fromGeocentric = from.kind === 'geocentric';
+  const inputScale = from.kind === 'geographic' ? from.angularUnit : from.toMeter;
+  const outputScale = to.kind === 'geographic' ? to.angularUnit : to.toMeter;
+  const inputVerticalScale = fromGeocentric ? 1 : from.verticalUnit,
+    outputVerticalScale = to.kind === 'geocentric' ? outputScale : to.verticalUnit;
+  const fromPrime = from.primeMeridian,
+    toPrime = to.primeMeridian;
+  const longitudeWrap = to.kind === 'geographic' ? to.longitudeWrap : undefined;
+  let flat: ProjectionFlatOperation | undefined;
+  if (
+    !datum &&
+    !from.verticalGrid &&
+    !to.verticalGrid &&
+    !horizontalOnly &&
+    !inputAxis &&
+    !outputAxis &&
+    !fromPrime &&
+    !toPrime &&
+    from.verticalUnit === 1 &&
+    to.verticalUnit === 1 &&
+    longitudeWrap === undefined
+  ) {
+    const context = Object.freeze({inputScale, outputScale});
+    if (from.kind === 'geographic' && to.kind === 'projected')
+      flat = to.implementation?.createForwardFlat?.(context);
+    if (from.kind === 'projected' && to.kind === 'geographic')
+      flat = from.implementation?.createInverseFlat?.(context);
+  }
+  return {
+    flat,
+    requiresInputZ:
+      Boolean(from.verticalGrid || to.verticalGrid) ||
+      from.kind === 'geocentric' ||
+      /[ud]/.test(fromAxis.slice(0, 2)) ||
+      /[ud]/.test(toAxis.slice(0, 2)),
+    geocentricOutput: to.kind === 'geocentric',
+    run(point) {
+      if (!finite(point))
+        throw new Error('Coordinates must contain finite x, y and optional z values');
+      inputAxis?.(point);
+      const preservedHeight = point.z;
+      if (horizontalOnly) point.z = 0;
+      if (inputScale !== 1) {
+        point.x *= inputScale;
+        point.y *= inputScale;
+        if (fromGeocentric) point.z *= inputScale;
+      }
+      source?.(point);
+      if (inputVerticalScale !== 1) point.z *= inputVerticalScale;
+      if (Math.abs(point.y) > Math.PI / 2 || !finite(point))
+        throw new Error('Coordinate is outside the geographic domain');
+      point.x += fromPrime;
+      // Source H -> h before datum conversion; destination h -> H after it.
+      // Sample Greenwich geographic coordinates in each grid's horizontal datum.
+      if (from.verticalGrid) point.z += from.verticalGrid(point.x, point.y);
+      datum?.(point);
+      if (to.verticalGrid) point.z -= to.verticalGrid(point.x, point.y);
+      point.x -= toPrime;
+      if (longitudeWrap !== undefined)
+        point.x = longitudeWrap + wrapLongitude(point.x - longitudeWrap);
+      target?.(point);
+      if (outputScale !== 1) {
+        point.x /= outputScale;
+        point.y /= outputScale;
+      }
+      if (outputVerticalScale !== 1) point.z /= outputVerticalScale;
+      if (horizontalOnly) point.z = preservedHeight;
+      outputAxis?.(point);
+      if (!finite(point)) throw new Error('Projection produced non-finite coordinates');
+    }
+  };
+}
+function transformScalar<T extends ProjectionOutput = number[]>(
+  coordinate: ProjectionCoordinate,
+  operation: CoordinateTransform,
+  scratch: ProjectionScratch,
+  output?: T
+): T {
+  if (coordinate.length < 2)
+    throw new Error('Coordinates must contain finite x, y and optional z values');
+  if (coordinate.length < 3 && operation.requiresInputZ)
+    throw new Error('This transform requires three ordinates');
+  const length = Math.max(coordinate.length, operation.geocentricOutput ? 3 : 2);
+  const point = scratch.acquire();
+  try {
+    point.x = coordinate[0];
+    point.y = coordinate[1];
+    point.z = coordinate.length >= 3 ? coordinate[2] : 0;
+    operation.run(point);
+    if (output) return writeScalarOutput(coordinate, output, point, length);
+    // Only the legacy number-array methods omit output; retain their owned result contract.
+    const result = (coordinate as readonly number[]).slice();
+    result[0] = point.x;
+    result[1] = point.y;
+    if (coordinate.length >= 3 || operation.geocentricOutput) result[2] = point.z;
+    return result as T;
+  } finally {
+    scratch.release(point);
+  }
+}
+function transformInPlace<T extends ProjectionArray>(
+  coordinates: T,
+  dimension: number,
+  operation: CoordinateTransform,
+  scratch: ProjectionScratch
+): T {
+  if (!(coordinates instanceof Float32Array || coordinates instanceof Float64Array))
+    throw new Error('In-place projection requires a Float32Array or Float64Array');
+  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(dimension) || dimension < 2 || coordinates.length % dimension !== 0)
+    throw new Error('Dimension must be an integer >= 2 and divide the typed array length');
+  if (dimension < 3 && (operation.requiresInputZ || operation.geocentricOutput))
+    throw new Error('This transform requires a dimension of at least 3');
+  if (operation.flat) {
+    operation.flat(coordinates, dimension);
+    return coordinates;
+  }
+  const point = scratch.acquire();
+  try {
+    const float32 = coordinates instanceof Float32Array;
+    for (let offset = 0; offset < coordinates.length; offset += dimension) {
+      point.x = coordinates[offset];
+      point.y = coordinates[offset + 1];
+      point.z = dimension >= 3 ? coordinates[offset + 2] : 0;
+      operation.run(point);
+      // Commit only a complete finite record; do not silently overflow Float32 storage.
+      if (
+        float32 &&
+        (Math.abs(point.x) > 3.4028234663852886e38 ||
+          Math.abs(point.y) > 3.4028234663852886e38 ||
+          (dimension >= 3 && Math.abs(point.z) > 3.4028234663852886e38))
+      )
+        throw new Error('Projected coordinate exceeds Float32 range');
+      coordinates[offset] = point.x;
+      coordinates[offset + 1] = point.y;
+      if (dimension >= 3) coordinates[offset + 2] = point.z;
+    }
+    return coordinates;
+  } finally {
+    scratch.release(point);
+  }
+}

package/src/projection/experimental/vertical-datum.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// math.gl
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) vis.gl contributors
+// SPDX-FileComment: Original explicit vertical-grid stage, following PROJ geoid-height conventions. No proj4js or PROJ implementation code is copied.
+import {unsupportedStage} from './crs/types';
+import type {VerticalGridCollection} from './grids/types';
+
+/** Compile an ordered list; null explicitly supplies a zero-offset fallback. */
+export function compileVerticalGrid(
+  names: string | undefined,
+  grids: VerticalGridCollection = {}
+): ((longitude: number, latitude: number) => number) | undefined {
+  if (names === undefined) return undefined;
+  const entries: (((longitude: number, latitude: number) => number | undefined) | null)[] = [];
+  for (const entry of names.split(',')) {
+    const optional = entry.startsWith('@');
+    const name = optional ? entry.slice(1) : entry;
+    if (!name || /\s/.test(name)) throw new Error('Invalid vertical grid name');
+    if (name === 'null') {
+      entries.push(null);
+      break;
+    }
+    const grid = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(grids, name) ? grids[name] : undefined;
+    if (grid) {
+      if (typeof grid.getOffset !== 'function') throw new Error('Invalid vertical grid: ' + name);
+      entries.push(grid.getOffset.bind(grid));
+    } else if (!optional) unsupportedStage('Required vertical grid is not registered: ' + name);
+  }
+  return (longitude, latitude) => {
+    for (const sample of entries) {
+      if (!sample) return 0;
+      const offset = sample(longitude, latitude);
+      if (offset === undefined) continue;
+      if (!Number.isFinite(offset)) throw new Error('Vertical grid returned a non-finite offset');
+      return offset;
+    }
+    throw new Error('No vertical grid covers this coordinate');
+  };
+}

package/src/projection/grids/velocity.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+// math.gl
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) vis.gl contributors
+export {createVelocityGrid} from '../experimental/grids/velocity';
+export type {VelocityGrid, VelocityGridOptions} from '../experimental/grids/velocity';

package/src/projection/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// math.gl
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) vis.gl contributors
+
+export * from './experimental/index';
+export {FullProjectionEngine, projectionEngine} from './lib/projection';