@k2works/claude-code-booster 6.2.0 → 6.3.0

package/lib/assets/docs/article/functional-desgin-ppp/elixir/14-abstract-server-pattern.md

@@ -1,738 +0,0 @@
----
-type: Article
-title: "第14章: Abstract Server パターン"
-description: "Abstract Server パターンは、依存関係逆転の原則（DIP）を実現するパターンです。"
-tags: [article, functional-desgin-ppp, elixir]
-status: stable
-generated: { by: human:kakimomokuri, at: 2026-03-24T05:22:28Z }
----
-
-# 第14章: Abstract Server パターン
-
-## はじめに
-
-Abstract Server パターンは、依存関係逆転の原則（DIP）を実現するパターンです。高レベルモジュールが低レベルモジュールの詳細に依存するのではなく、両者が抽象（プロトコル）に依存することで疎結合を実現します。
-
-Elixir では、プロトコルを使用して Abstract Server を定義し、異なる具体的な実装を提供します。
-
-## 1. Switchable パターン
-
-### Switchable プロトコル
-
-```elixir
-defprotocol Switchable do
-  @moduledoc "スイッチ可能なデバイスのプロトコル"
-
-  @doc "デバイスをオンにする"
-  @spec turn_on(t()) :: t()
-  def turn_on(device)
-
-  @doc "デバイスをオフにする"
-  @spec turn_off(t()) :: t()
-  def turn_off(device)
-
-  @doc "デバイスがオンかどうか"
-  @spec on?(t()) :: boolean()
-  def on?(device)
-end
-```
-
-### Concrete Server: Light
-
-```elixir
-defmodule Light do
-  defstruct state: :off, brightness: 100
-
-  def new, do: %__MODULE__{}
-  def new(brightness), do: %__MODULE__{brightness: brightness}
-
-  def set_brightness(%__MODULE__{state: :on} = light, brightness)
-      when brightness >= 0 and brightness <= 100 do
-    %{light | brightness: brightness}
-  end
-  def set_brightness(light, _), do: light
-end
-
-defimpl Switchable, for: Light do
-  def turn_on(%Light{} = light), do: %{light | state: :on}
-  def turn_off(%Light{} = light), do: %{light | state: :off}
-  def on?(%Light{state: state}), do: state == :on
-end
-```
-
-### Concrete Server: Fan
-
-```elixir
-defmodule Fan do
-  defstruct state: :off, speed: nil
-
-  def new, do: %__MODULE__{}
-
-  def set_speed(%__MODULE__{state: :on} = fan, speed)
-      when speed in [:low, :medium, :high] do
-    %{fan | speed: speed}
-  end
-  def set_speed(fan, _), do: fan
-end
-
-defimpl Switchable, for: Fan do
-  def turn_on(%Fan{} = fan), do: %{fan | state: :on, speed: :low}
-  def turn_off(%Fan{} = fan), do: %{fan | state: :off, speed: nil}
-  def on?(%Fan{state: state}), do: state == :on
-end
-```
-
-### Concrete Server: Motor
-
-```elixir
-defmodule Motor do
-  defstruct state: :off, direction: nil, rpm: 0
-
-  def new, do: %__MODULE__{}
-
-  def reverse(%__MODULE__{state: :on, direction: dir} = motor) do
-    new_dir = if dir == :forward, do: :reverse, else: :forward
-    %{motor | direction: new_dir}
-  end
-  def reverse(motor), do: motor
-
-  def set_rpm(%__MODULE__{state: :on} = motor, rpm) when rpm >= 0 do
-    %{motor | rpm: rpm}
-  end
-  def set_rpm(motor, _), do: motor
-end
-
-defimpl Switchable, for: Motor do
-  def turn_on(%Motor{} = motor), do: %{motor | state: :on, direction: :forward, rpm: 1000}
-  def turn_off(%Motor{} = motor), do: %{motor | state: :off, direction: nil, rpm: 0}
-  def on?(%Motor{state: state}), do: state == :on
-end
-```
-
-### Client: Switch
-
-```elixir
-defmodule Switch do
-  @moduledoc """
-  スイッチクライアント。
-  Switchable プロトコルを通じてデバイスを操作する。
-  """
-
-  @doc "スイッチを入れる"
-  def engage(device), do: Switchable.turn_on(device)
-
-  @doc "スイッチを切る"
-  def disengage(device), do: Switchable.turn_off(device)
-
-  @doc "スイッチを切り替える"
-  def toggle(device) do
-    if Switchable.on?(device) do
-      Switchable.turn_off(device)
-    else
-      Switchable.turn_on(device)
-    end
-  end
-
-  @doc "デバイスの状態を取得"
-  def status(device), do: if(Switchable.on?(device), do: :on, else: :off)
-end
-```
-
-### 使用例
-
-```elixir
-# Light を操作
-light = Light.new()
-light = Switch.engage(light)    # オン
-light = Switch.toggle(light)    # オフ
-
-# Fan を操作（同じ Switch コード）
-fan = Fan.new()
-fan = Switch.engage(fan)        # オン（speed: :low）
-fan = Fan.set_speed(fan, :high) # 速度を変更
-fan = Switch.disengage(fan)     # オフ
-
-# Motor を操作（同じ Switch コード）
-motor = Motor.new()
-motor = Switch.engage(motor)    # オン（direction: :forward, rpm: 1000）
-motor = Motor.reverse(motor)    # 方向を反転
-```
-
-## 2. Repository パターン
-
-### Repository プロトコル
-
-```elixir
-defprotocol Repository do
-  @moduledoc "データリポジトリのプロトコル"
-
-  @doc "IDでエンティティを取得"
-  @spec find_by_id(t(), String.t()) :: {:ok, map()} | {:error, :not_found}
-  def find_by_id(repo, id)
-
-  @doc "全てのエンティティを取得"
-  @spec find_all(t()) :: [map()]
-  def find_all(repo)
-
-  @doc "エンティティを保存"
-  @spec save(t(), map()) :: {:ok, map()}
-  def save(repo, entity)
-
-  @doc "エンティティを削除"
-  @spec delete(t(), String.t()) :: {:ok, map()} | {:error, :not_found}
-  def delete(repo, id)
-end
-```
-
-### Concrete Server: MemoryRepository
-
-```elixir
-defmodule MemoryRepository do
-  @moduledoc "インメモリリポジトリ"
-
-  defstruct [:agent]
-
-  def new do
-    {:ok, agent} = Agent.start_link(fn -> %{} end)
-    %__MODULE__{agent: agent}
-  end
-
-  def stop(%__MODULE__{agent: agent}) do
-    if Process.alive?(agent) do
-      Agent.stop(agent)
-    else
-      :ok
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-defimpl Repository, for: MemoryRepository do
-  def find_by_id(%MemoryRepository{agent: agent}, id) do
-    case Agent.get(agent, &Map.get(&1, id)) do
-      nil -> {:error, :not_found}
-      entity -> {:ok, entity}
-    end
-  end
-
-  def find_all(%MemoryRepository{agent: agent}) do
-    Agent.get(agent, &Map.values(&1))
-  end
-
-  def save(%MemoryRepository{agent: agent}, entity) do
-    id = Map.get(entity, :id) || generate_id()
-    entity_with_id = Map.put(entity, :id, id)
-    Agent.update(agent, &Map.put(&1, id, entity_with_id))
-    {:ok, entity_with_id}
-  end
-
-  def delete(%MemoryRepository{agent: agent}, id) do
-    case Agent.get(agent, &Map.get(&1, id)) do
-      nil ->
-        {:error, :not_found}
-      entity ->
-        Agent.update(agent, &Map.delete(&1, id))
-        {:ok, entity}
-    end
-  end
-
-  defp generate_id, do: :crypto.strong_rand_bytes(8) |> Base.encode16(case: :lower)
-end
-```
-
-### Concrete Server: MockRepository（テスト用）
-
-```elixir
-defmodule MockRepository do
-  @moduledoc "モックリポジトリ（テスト用）"
-
-  defstruct data: %{}
-
-  def new(data \\ %{}), do: %__MODULE__{data: data}
-end
-
-defimpl Repository, for: MockRepository do
-  def find_by_id(%MockRepository{data: data}, id) do
-    case Map.get(data, id) do
-      nil -> {:error, :not_found}
-      entity -> {:ok, entity}
-    end
-  end
-
-  def find_all(%MockRepository{data: data}), do: Map.values(data)
-
-  def save(%MockRepository{}, entity) do
-    id = Map.get(entity, :id) || "mock-id"
-    entity_with_id = Map.put(entity, :id, id)
-    {:ok, entity_with_id}
-  end
-
-  def delete(%MockRepository{data: data}, id) do
-    case Map.get(data, id) do
-      nil -> {:error, :not_found}
-      entity -> {:ok, entity}
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-## 3. Logger パターン
-
-### Logger プロトコル
-
-```elixir
-defprotocol Logger do
-  @moduledoc "ロガーのプロトコル"
-
-  @doc "デバッグログ"
-  @spec debug(t(), String.t()) :: t()
-  def debug(logger, message)
-
-  @doc "情報ログ"
-  @spec info(t(), String.t()) :: t()
-  def info(logger, message)
-
-  @doc "警告ログ"
-  @spec warn(t(), String.t()) :: t()
-  def warn(logger, message)
-
-  @doc "エラーログ"
-  @spec error(t(), String.t()) :: t()
-  def error(logger, message)
-end
-```
-
-### Concrete Server: ConsoleLogger
-
-```elixir
-defmodule ConsoleLogger do
-  @moduledoc "コンソールロガー"
-  defstruct level: :debug
-
-  @levels [:debug, :info, :warn, :error]
-
-  def new(level \\ :debug), do: %__MODULE__{level: level}
-
-  def should_log?(%__MODULE__{level: min_level}, level) do
-    min_idx = Enum.find_index(@levels, &(&1 == min_level))
-    level_idx = Enum.find_index(@levels, &(&1 == level))
-    level_idx >= min_idx
-  end
-end
-
-defimpl Logger, for: ConsoleLogger do
-  def debug(logger, message) do
-    if ConsoleLogger.should_log?(logger, :debug), do: IO.puts("[DEBUG] #{message}")
-    logger
-  end
-
-  def info(logger, message) do
-    if ConsoleLogger.should_log?(logger, :info), do: IO.puts("[INFO] #{message}")
-    logger
-  end
-
-  def warn(logger, message) do
-    if ConsoleLogger.should_log?(logger, :warn), do: IO.puts("[WARN] #{message}")
-    logger
-  end
-
-  def error(logger, message) do
-    if ConsoleLogger.should_log?(logger, :error), do: IO.puts("[ERROR] #{message}")
-    logger
-  end
-end
-```
-
-### Concrete Server: MemoryLogger（テスト用）
-
-```elixir
-defmodule MemoryLogger do
-  @moduledoc "メモリロガー（テスト用）"
-  defstruct entries: []
-
-  def new, do: %__MODULE__{}
-
-  def get_entries(%__MODULE__{entries: entries}), do: Enum.reverse(entries)
-
-  def clear(%__MODULE__{}), do: %__MODULE__{}
-end
-
-defimpl Logger, for: MemoryLogger do
-  def debug(%MemoryLogger{entries: entries} = logger, message) do
-    %{logger | entries: [{:debug, message} | entries]}
-  end
-
-  def info(%MemoryLogger{entries: entries} = logger, message) do
-    %{logger | entries: [{:info, message} | entries]}
-  end
-
-  def warn(%MemoryLogger{entries: entries} = logger, message) do
-    %{logger | entries: [{:warn, message} | entries]}
-  end
-
-  def error(%MemoryLogger{entries: entries} = logger, message) do
-    %{logger | entries: [{:error, message} | entries]}
-  end
-end
-```
-
-## 4. Notifier パターン
-
-### Notifier プロトコル
-
-```elixir
-defprotocol Notifier do
-  @moduledoc "通知のプロトコル"
-
-  @doc "通知を送信"
-  @spec notify(t(), String.t(), String.t()) :: {:ok, t()} | {:error, term()}
-  def notify(notifier, recipient, message)
-end
-```
-
-### 複数の通知実装
-
-```elixir
-defmodule EmailNotifier do
-  defstruct from: "noreply@example.com", sent: []
-
-  def new(from \\ "noreply@example.com"), do: %__MODULE__{from: from}
-  def get_sent(%__MODULE__{sent: sent}), do: Enum.reverse(sent)
-end
-
-defimpl Notifier, for: EmailNotifier do
-  def notify(%EmailNotifier{from: from, sent: sent} = notifier, recipient, message) do
-    email = %{from: from, to: recipient, subject: "Notification", body: message}
-    {:ok, %{notifier | sent: [email | sent]}}
-  end
-end
-
-defmodule SMSNotifier do
-  defstruct sender: "+1234567890", sent: []
-
-  def new(sender \\ "+1234567890"), do: %__MODULE__{sender: sender}
-  def get_sent(%__MODULE__{sent: sent}), do: Enum.reverse(sent)
-end
-
-defimpl Notifier, for: SMSNotifier do
-  def notify(%SMSNotifier{sender: sender, sent: sent} = notifier, recipient, message) do
-    truncated = String.slice(message, 0, 160)  # SMS character limit
-    sms = %{from: sender, to: recipient, body: truncated}
-    {:ok, %{notifier | sent: [sms | sent]}}
-  end
-end
-
-defmodule PushNotifier do
-  defstruct app_id: "default", sent: []
-
-  def new(app_id \\ "default"), do: %__MODULE__{app_id: app_id}
-  def get_sent(%__MODULE__{sent: sent}), do: Enum.reverse(sent)
-end
-
-defimpl Notifier, for: PushNotifier do
-  def notify(%PushNotifier{app_id: app_id, sent: sent} = notifier, recipient, message) do
-    push = %{app_id: app_id, device_token: recipient, body: message}
-    {:ok, %{notifier | sent: [push | sent]}}
-  end
-end
-```
-
-### CompositeNotifier（複数チャネルに送信）
-
-```elixir
-defmodule CompositeNotifier do
-  @moduledoc "複合通知（複数チャネルに同時送信）"
-  defstruct notifiers: []
-
-  def new(notifiers), do: %__MODULE__{notifiers: notifiers}
-
-  def add(%__MODULE__{notifiers: ns} = cn, notifier) do
-    %{cn | notifiers: ns ++ [notifier]}
-  end
-end
-
-defimpl Notifier, for: CompositeNotifier do
-  def notify(%CompositeNotifier{notifiers: notifiers} = composite, recipient, message) do
-    updated_notifiers = Enum.map(notifiers, fn n ->
-      case Notifier.notify(n, recipient, message) do
-        {:ok, updated} -> updated
-        {:error, _} -> n
-      end
-    end)
-    {:ok, %{composite | notifiers: updated_notifiers}}
-  end
-end
-```
-
-## 5. Service Layer
-
-### UserService
-
-```elixir
-defmodule UserService do
-  @moduledoc """
-  ユーザーサービス。
-  Repository と Logger に依存するが、具体的な実装は知らない。
-  """
-
-  defstruct [:repo, :logger]
-
-  def new(repo, logger), do: %__MODULE__{repo: repo, logger: logger}
-
-  @doc "ユーザーを作成"
-  def create_user(%__MODULE__{repo: repo, logger: logger} = service, name, email) do
-    logger = Logger.info(logger, "Creating user: #{name}")
-    user = %{name: name, email: email, created_at: DateTime.utc_now()}
-
-    case Repository.save(repo, user) do
-      {:ok, saved} ->
-        Logger.info(logger, "User created: #{saved.id}")
-        {:ok, saved, %{service | logger: logger}}
-      error ->
-        Logger.error(logger, "Failed to create user: #{inspect(error)}")
-        error
-    end
-  end
-
-  @doc "ユーザーを取得"
-  def get_user(%__MODULE__{repo: repo, logger: logger} = service, id) do
-    logger = Logger.debug(logger, "Getting user: #{id}")
-
-    case Repository.find_by_id(repo, id) do
-      {:ok, user} ->
-        {:ok, user, %{service | logger: logger}}
-      {:error, :not_found} = error ->
-        Logger.warn(logger, "User not found: #{id}")
-        error
-    end
-  end
-
-  @doc "全ユーザーを取得"
-  def get_all_users(%__MODULE__{repo: repo, logger: logger} = service) do
-    logger = Logger.debug(logger, "Getting all users")
-    users = Repository.find_all(repo)
-    {:ok, users, %{service | logger: logger}}
-  end
-end
-```
-
-### NotificationService
-
-```elixir
-defmodule NotificationService do
-  @moduledoc """
-  通知サービス。
-  Notifier と Logger に依存する。
-  """
-
-  defstruct [:notifier, :logger]
-
-  def new(notifier, logger), do: %__MODULE__{notifier: notifier, logger: logger}
-
-  @doc "ユーザーに通知を送信"
-  def notify_user(%__MODULE__{notifier: notifier, logger: logger} = service, user, message) do
-    recipient = Map.get(user, :email) || Map.get(user, :phone) || Map.get(user, :device_token)
-    logger = Logger.info(logger, "Sending notification to: #{recipient}")
-
-    case Notifier.notify(notifier, recipient, message) do
-      {:ok, updated_notifier} ->
-        logger = Logger.info(logger, "Notification sent successfully")
-        {:ok, %{service | notifier: updated_notifier, logger: logger}}
-      {:error, reason} = error ->
-        Logger.error(logger, "Failed to send notification: #{inspect(reason)}")
-        error
-    end
-  end
-
-  @doc "複数ユーザーに通知を送信"
-  def broadcast(%__MODULE__{} = service, users, message) do
-    Enum.reduce(users, {:ok, service}, fn user, acc ->
-      case acc do
-        {:ok, srv} -> notify_user(srv, user, message)
-        error -> error
-      end
-    end)
-  end
-end
-```
-
-## 6. Dependency Injection Container
-
-```elixir
-defmodule Container do
-  @moduledoc """
-  依存性注入コンテナ。
-  Abstract Server の具体的な実装を管理する。
-  """
-
-  defstruct services: %{}
-
-  def new, do: %__MODULE__{}
-
-  @doc "サービスを登録"
-  def register(%__MODULE__{services: services} = container, key, service) do
-    %{container | services: Map.put(services, key, service)}
-  end
-
-  @doc "サービスを取得"
-  def resolve(%__MODULE__{services: services}, key) do
-    case Map.get(services, key) do
-      nil -> {:error, {:not_found, key}}
-      service -> {:ok, service}
-    end
-  end
-
-  @doc "サービスを取得（存在しない場合はエラー）"
-  def resolve!(%__MODULE__{} = container, key) do
-    case resolve(container, key) do
-      {:ok, service} -> service
-      {:error, _} -> raise "Service not found: #{inspect(key)}"
-    end
-  end
-
-  @doc "ファクトリ関数でサービスを登録"
-  def register_factory(%__MODULE__{services: services} = container, key, factory)
-      when is_function(factory, 1) do
-    %{container | services: Map.put(services, key, {:factory, factory})}
-  end
-
-  @doc "ファクトリを考慮してサービスを解決"
-  def resolve_with_factory(%__MODULE__{services: services} = container, key) do
-    case Map.get(services, key) do
-      nil -> {:error, {:not_found, key}}
-      {:factory, factory} -> {:ok, factory.(container)}
-      service -> {:ok, service}
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-## 7. Application セットアップ
-
-```elixir
-defmodule Application do
-  @moduledoc "アプリケーションのセットアップ例"
-
-  @doc "開発環境用のコンテナを作成"
-  def development_container do
-    Container.new()
-    |> Container.register(:repository, MemoryRepository.new())
-    |> Container.register(:logger, ConsoleLogger.new(:debug))
-    |> Container.register(:notifier, EmailNotifier.new("dev@example.com"))
-    |> Container.register_factory(:user_service, fn container ->
-      repo = Container.resolve!(container, :repository)
-      logger = Container.resolve!(container, :logger)
-      UserService.new(repo, logger)
-    end)
-    |> Container.register_factory(:notification_service, fn container ->
-      notifier = Container.resolve!(container, :notifier)
-      logger = Container.resolve!(container, :logger)
-      NotificationService.new(notifier, logger)
-    end)
-  end
-
-  @doc "テスト環境用のコンテナを作成"
-  def test_container do
-    Container.new()
-    |> Container.register(:repository, MockRepository.new())
-    |> Container.register(:logger, MemoryLogger.new())
-    |> Container.register(:notifier, EmailNotifier.new("test@example.com"))
-    |> Container.register_factory(:user_service, fn container ->
-      repo = Container.resolve!(container, :repository)
-      logger = Container.resolve!(container, :logger)
-      UserService.new(repo, logger)
-    end)
-  end
-end
-```
-
-### 使用例
-
-```elixir
-# 開発環境でアプリケーションをセットアップ
-container = Application.development_container()
-
-# サービスを取得
-{:ok, user_service} = Container.resolve_with_factory(container, :user_service)
-{:ok, notification_service} = Container.resolve_with_factory(container, :notification_service)
-
-# サービスを使用
-{:ok, user, _} = UserService.create_user(user_service, "Alice", "alice@example.com")
-{:ok, _} = NotificationService.notify_user(notification_service, user, "Welcome!")
-
-# テスト環境に切り替え
-test_container = Application.test_container()
-{:ok, test_user_service} = Container.resolve_with_factory(test_container, :user_service)
-# 同じサービスインターフェースで、異なる実装（モック）を使用
-```
-
-## 設計のポイント
-
-### 依存関係逆転の原則（DIP）
-
-```
-従来の依存関係:
-┌─────────────┐     ┌─────────────┐
-│ UserService │ ──► │MemoryRepo   │
-└─────────────┘     └─────────────┘
-
-Abstract Server による依存関係:
-┌─────────────┐     ┌─────────────┐     ┌─────────────┐
-│ UserService │ ──► │ Repository  │ ◄── │MemoryRepo   │
-└─────────────┘     │ (Protocol)  │     │ MockRepo    │
-                    └─────────────┘     └─────────────┘
-```
-
-### テスト容易性
-
-```elixir
-# テスト時はモック実装を注入
-defmodule UserServiceTest do
-  test "creates user" do
-    mock_repo = MockRepository.new()
-    memory_logger = MemoryLogger.new()
-    service = UserService.new(mock_repo, memory_logger)
-
-    {:ok, user, updated_service} = UserService.create_user(service, "Test", "test@example.com")
-
-    assert user.name == "Test"
-
-    # ログを検証
-    entries = MemoryLogger.get_entries(updated_service.logger)
-    assert Enum.any?(entries, fn {level, _} -> level == :info end)
-  end
-end
-```
-
-### 拡張性
-
-新しい実装を追加するには、プロトコルを実装するだけ：
-
-```elixir
-# 新しいリポジトリ実装
-defmodule PostgresRepository do
-  defstruct [:connection]
-
-  def new(connection), do: %__MODULE__{connection: connection}
-end
-
-defimpl Repository, for: PostgresRepository do
-  def find_by_id(repo, id), do: # PostgreSQL クエリ
-  def find_all(repo), do: # PostgreSQL クエリ
-  def save(repo, entity), do: # PostgreSQL INSERT/UPDATE
-  def delete(repo, id), do: # PostgreSQL DELETE
-end
-
-# 既存のサービスコードは変更不要
-service = UserService.new(PostgresRepository.new(conn), ConsoleLogger.new())
-```
-
-## まとめ
-
-Abstract Server パターンの利点：
-
-1. **疎結合**: 高レベルモジュールが低レベルモジュールの詳細に依存しない
-2. **テスト容易性**: モック実装を容易に注入可能
-3. **拡張性**: 新しい実装を追加しても既存コードに影響なし
-4. **設定可能性**: 環境に応じて異なる実装を選択可能
-
-Elixir のプロトコルは、Abstract Server パターンを自然に実装するための強力な仕組みを提供します。構造体と組み合わせることで、型安全で拡張可能なシステムを構築できます。