@k2works/claude-code-booster 6.2.0 → 6.3.0

package/lib/assets/docs/article/functional-desgin-ppp/scala/18-concurrency-system.md

@@ -1,739 +0,0 @@
----
-type: Article
-title: "第18章: 並行処理システム"
-description: "本章では、Scala の並行処理プリミティブを使った並行処理システムを学びます。"
-tags: [article, functional-desgin-ppp, scala]
-status: stable
-generated: { by: human:kakimomokuri, at: 2026-03-24T05:22:28Z }
----
-
-# 第18章: 並行処理システム
-
-## はじめに
-
-本章では、Scala の並行処理プリミティブを使った並行処理システムを学びます。電話通話システムを状態機械パターンで実装し、イベント駆動アーキテクチャの基礎を理解します。
-
-この問題を通じて以下の概念を学びます：
-
-- Scala の並行処理プリミティブ（AtomicReference、TrieMap）
-- 状態機械パターンの実装
-- イベント駆動アーキテクチャ
-- Pub/Sub パターン
-
-## 1. Scala の並行処理モデル
-
-Scala/JVM は複数の並行処理プリミティブを提供します：
-
-| プリミティブ | 特徴 | 用途 |
-|------------|------|------|
-| AtomicReference | CAS 操作、ロックフリー | 単一値の安全な更新 |
-| TrieMap | 並行安全なマップ | 共有状態の管理 |
-| Future/Promise | 非同期計算 | 並行タスクの実行 |
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-title Scala の並行処理プリミティブ
-
-rectangle "AtomicReference" {
-  card "CAS操作" as a1
-  card "ロックフリー" as a2
-  card "compareAndSet" as a3
-}
-
-rectangle "TrieMap" {
-  card "並行安全" as t1
-  card "ロックフリー" as t2
-  card "更新操作" as t3
-}
-
-rectangle "Future/Promise" {
-  card "非同期計算" as f1
-  card "コールバック" as f2
-  card "合成可能" as f3
-}
-
-note bottom
-  本章ではAtomicReferenceとTrieMapを使用して
-  状態機械とイベントバスを実装します
-end note
-@enduml
-```
-
-## 2. 状態機械パターン
-
-### 電話通話の状態遷移
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-title 電話通話の状態機械
-
-[*] --> Idle
-
-state Idle {
-}
-
-state Calling {
-}
-
-state Dialing {
-}
-
-state WaitingForConnection {
-}
-
-state Talking {
-}
-
-Idle --> Calling : Call
-Idle --> WaitingForConnection : Ring
-
-Calling --> Dialing : Dialtone
-
-Dialing --> WaitingForConnection : Ringback
-
-WaitingForConnection --> Talking : Connected
-
-Talking --> Idle : Disconnect
-Idle --> [*] : Disconnect
-
-@enduml
-```
-
-### 状態機械の定義
-
-```scala
-/**
- * 電話の状態
- */
-enum PhoneState:
-  case Idle
-  case Calling
-  case Dialing
-  case WaitingForConnection
-  case Talking
-
-/**
- * 電話イベント
- */
-enum PhoneEvent:
-  case Call
-  case Ring
-  case Dialtone
-  case Ringback
-  case Connected
-  case Disconnect
-
-/**
- * アクションタイプ
- */
-enum ActionType:
-  case CallerOffHook
-  case CalleeOffHook
-  case Dial
-  case Talk
-  case None
-
-/**
- * 状態遷移結果
- */
-case class Transition(
-  nextState: PhoneState,
-  action: ActionType
-)
-
-/**
- * 状態機械の定義
- */
-object PhoneStateMachine:
-  import PhoneState.*
-  import PhoneEvent.*
-  import ActionType.*
-
-  private val transitions: Map[(PhoneState, PhoneEvent), Transition] = Map(
-    (Idle, Call) -> Transition(Calling, CallerOffHook),
-    (Idle, Ring) -> Transition(WaitingForConnection, CalleeOffHook),
-    (Idle, Disconnect) -> Transition(Idle, None),
-    (Calling, Dialtone) -> Transition(Dialing, Dial),
-    (Dialing, Ringback) -> Transition(WaitingForConnection, None),
-    (WaitingForConnection, Connected) -> Transition(Talking, Talk),
-    (Talking, Disconnect) -> Transition(Idle, None)
-  )
-
-  def transition(state: PhoneState, event: PhoneEvent): Option[Transition] =
-    transitions.get((state, event))
-
-  def isValidTransition(state: PhoneState, event: PhoneEvent): Boolean =
-    transitions.contains((state, event))
-```
-
-## 3. アクションハンドラ
-
-```scala
-/**
- * アクションハンドラ
- */
-trait ActionHandler:
-  def handle(fromUser: UserId, toUser: UserId, action: ActionType): Unit
-
-/**
- * ログ出力アクションハンドラ
- */
-class LoggingActionHandler extends ActionHandler:
-  private var logs: List[String] = Nil
-
-  def handle(fromUser: UserId, toUser: UserId, action: ActionType): Unit =
-    val message = action match
-      case ActionType.CallerOffHook => s"$fromUser picked up the phone to call $toUser"
-      case ActionType.CalleeOffHook => s"$fromUser answered the call from $toUser"
-      case ActionType.Dial => s"$fromUser is dialing $toUser"
-      case ActionType.Talk => s"$fromUser is now talking with $toUser"
-      case ActionType.None => ""
-
-    if message.nonEmpty then
-      logs = logs :+ message
-      println(message)
-
-  def getLogs: List[String] = logs
-  def clear(): Unit = logs = Nil
-
-/**
- * サイレントアクションハンドラ（テスト用）
- */
-class SilentActionHandler extends ActionHandler:
-  private var actions: List[(UserId, UserId, ActionType)] = Nil
-
-  def handle(fromUser: UserId, toUser: UserId, action: ActionType): Unit =
-    if action != ActionType.None then
-      actions = actions :+ (fromUser, toUser, action)
-
-  def getActions: List[(UserId, UserId, ActionType)] = actions
-  def clear(): Unit = actions = Nil
-```
-
-## 4. ユーザーエージェント
-
-AtomicReference を使用してスレッドセーフな状態管理を実現します。
-
-```scala
-/**
- * ユーザー状態
- */
-case class UserState(
-  userId: UserId,
-  state: PhoneState = PhoneState.Idle,
-  peer: Option[UserId] = None
-)
-
-/**
- * ユーザーエージェント
- */
-class UserAgent(val userId: UserId, actionHandler: ActionHandler):
-  private val stateRef = new AtomicReference(UserState(userId))
-
-  def getState: PhoneState = stateRef.get().state
-  def getPeer: Option[UserId] = stateRef.get().peer
-  def getUserState: UserState = stateRef.get()
-
-  /**
-   * イベントを送信（CAS操作で安全に状態遷移）
-   */
-  def sendEvent(event: PhoneEvent, peer: Option[UserId] = None): Boolean =
-    var success = false
-    var done = false
-    while !done do
-      val current = stateRef.get()
-      PhoneStateMachine.transition(current.state, event) match
-        case Some(trans) =>
-          val newPeer = peer.orElse(current.peer)
-          val newState = current.copy(state = trans.nextState, peer = newPeer)
-          if stateRef.compareAndSet(current, newState) then
-            if trans.action != ActionType.None then
-              actionHandler.handle(userId, newPeer.getOrElse("unknown"), trans.action)
-            success = true
-            done = true
-        case None =>
-          done = true
-    success
-
-  def reset(): Unit =
-    stateRef.set(UserState(userId))
-```
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-title ユーザーエージェントによる状態遷移
-
-participant "Client" as client
-participant "UserAgent" as agent
-participant "AtomicReference" as ref
-participant "StateMachine" as sm
-participant "ActionHandler" as handler
-
-client -> agent : sendEvent(Call)
-activate agent
-
-agent -> ref : get()
-ref --> agent : current state
-
-agent -> sm : transition(state, event)
-sm --> agent : Some(Transition)
-
-agent -> ref : compareAndSet(current, new)
-ref --> agent : true
-
-agent -> handler : handle(action)
-handler --> agent : done
-
-deactivate agent
-
-note right of ref
-  CAS操作により
-  スレッドセーフな
-  状態更新を実現
-end note
-@enduml
-```
-
-## 5. 電話システム
-
-```scala
-/**
- * 電話システム
- */
-class PhoneSystem(actionHandler: ActionHandler = new LoggingActionHandler):
-  private val users = TrieMap.empty[UserId, UserAgent]
-
-  def createUser(userId: UserId): UserAgent =
-    val agent = new UserAgent(userId, actionHandler)
-    users.put(userId, agent)
-    agent
-
-  def getUser(userId: UserId): Option[UserAgent] =
-    users.get(userId)
-
-  /**
-   * 電話をかける
-   */
-  def makeCall(callerId: UserId, calleeId: UserId): Boolean =
-    (for
-      caller <- users.get(callerId)
-      callee <- users.get(calleeId)
-    yield
-      val callerSuccess = caller.sendEvent(PhoneEvent.Call, Some(calleeId))
-      val calleeSuccess = callee.sendEvent(PhoneEvent.Ring, Some(callerId))
-      callerSuccess && calleeSuccess
-    ).getOrElse(false)
-
-  /**
-   * 電話に出る
-   */
-  def answerCall(callerId: UserId, calleeId: UserId): Boolean =
-    (for
-      caller <- users.get(callerId)
-      callee <- users.get(calleeId)
-    yield
-      caller.sendEvent(PhoneEvent.Dialtone) &&
-      caller.sendEvent(PhoneEvent.Ringback) &&
-      caller.sendEvent(PhoneEvent.Connected) &&
-      callee.sendEvent(PhoneEvent.Connected)
-    ).getOrElse(false)
-
-  /**
-   * 電話を切る
-   */
-  def hangUp(callerId: UserId, calleeId: UserId): Boolean =
-    (for
-      caller <- users.get(callerId)
-      callee <- users.get(calleeId)
-    yield
-      caller.sendEvent(PhoneEvent.Disconnect) &&
-      callee.sendEvent(PhoneEvent.Disconnect)
-    ).getOrElse(false)
-```
-
-## 6. イベントバス
-
-```scala
-/**
- * イベント
- */
-case class Event(
-  eventType: EventType,
-  data: Map[String, Any],
-  timestamp: Long = System.currentTimeMillis()
-)
-
-/**
- * イベントハンドラ
- */
-type EventHandler = Event => Unit
-
-/**
- * イベントバス
- */
-class EventBus:
-  private val subscribers = TrieMap.empty[EventType, List[EventHandler]]
-  private var eventLog: List[Event] = Nil
-  private val logLock = new Object
-
-  /**
-   * イベントを購読
-   */
-  def subscribe(eventType: EventType, handler: EventHandler): Unit =
-    subscribers.updateWith(eventType) {
-      case Some(handlers) => Some(handlers :+ handler)
-      case None => Some(List(handler))
-    }
-
-  /**
-   * イベントを発行（同期）
-   */
-  def publish(eventType: EventType, data: Map[String, Any] = Map.empty): Event =
-    val event = Event(eventType, data)
-    logLock.synchronized {
-      eventLog = eventLog :+ event
-    }
-    subscribers.get(eventType).foreach { handlers =>
-      handlers.foreach { handler =>
-        try handler(event)
-        catch case e: Exception => println(s"Handler error: ${e.getMessage}")
-      }
-    }
-    event
-
-  /**
-   * イベントを発行（非同期）
-   */
-  def publishAsync(eventType: EventType, data: Map[String, Any] = Map.empty)
-                  (using ec: ExecutionContext): Future[Event] =
-    Future {
-      publish(eventType, data)
-    }
-
-  def getEventLog: List[Event] = logLock.synchronized { eventLog }
-```
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-title イベント駆動アーキテクチャ
-
-rectangle "Event Bus" as bus {
-  card "subscribers" as subs
-  card "event-log" as log
-}
-
-rectangle "Publishers" as pubs {
-  card "Component A" as pa
-  card "Component B" as pb
-}
-
-rectangle "Subscribers" as subs2 {
-  card "Handler 1" as h1
-  card "Handler 2" as h2
-  card "Handler 3" as h3
-}
-
-pa --> bus : publish("event-a")
-pb --> bus : publish("event-b")
-
-bus --> h1 : "event-a"
-bus --> h2 : "event-a"
-bus --> h3 : "event-b"
-
-note bottom of bus
-  イベントバスは
-  パブリッシャーとサブスクライバーを
-  疎結合にする
-end note
-@enduml
-```
-
-## 7. 汎用状態機械
-
-```scala
-/**
- * 汎用状態機械
- */
-class StateMachine[S, E](
-  initialState: S,
-  transitions: Map[(S, E), (S, Option[() => Unit])]
-):
-  private val stateRef = new AtomicReference(initialState)
-
-  def getState: S = stateRef.get()
-
-  def send(event: E): Boolean =
-    var success = false
-    var done = false
-    while !done do
-      val current = stateRef.get()
-      transitions.get((current, event)) match
-        case Some((nextState, action)) =>
-          if stateRef.compareAndSet(current, nextState) then
-            action.foreach(_())
-            success = true
-            done = true
-        case None =>
-          done = true
-    success
-
-  def reset(): Unit = stateRef.set(initialState)
-
-object StateMachine:
-  def builder[S, E](initialState: S): StateMachineBuilder[S, E] =
-    StateMachineBuilder(initialState, Map.empty)
-
-  case class StateMachineBuilder[S, E](
-    initialState: S,
-    transitions: Map[(S, E), (S, Option[() => Unit])]
-  ):
-    def addTransition(from: S, event: E, to: S, action: Option[() => Unit] = None): StateMachineBuilder[S, E] =
-      copy(transitions = transitions + ((from, event) -> (to, action)))
-
-    def build: StateMachine[S, E] =
-      new StateMachine(initialState, transitions)
-```
-
-## 8. Pub/Sub システム
-
-```scala
-/**
- * トピック
- */
-class Topic[T](name: String):
-  private val subscribers = TrieMap.empty[String, T => Unit]
-
-  def subscribe(subscriberId: String, handler: T => Unit): Unit =
-    subscribers.put(subscriberId, handler)
-
-  def unsubscribe(subscriberId: String): Unit =
-    subscribers.remove(subscriberId)
-
-  def publish(message: T): Unit =
-    subscribers.values.foreach { handler =>
-      try handler(message)
-      catch case e: Exception => println(s"Handler error: ${e.getMessage}")
-    }
-
-  def subscriberCount: Int = subscribers.size
-
-/**
- * メッセージブローカー
- */
-class MessageBroker:
-  private val topics = TrieMap.empty[String, Topic[Any]]
-
-  def getTopic[T](name: String): Topic[T] =
-    topics.getOrElseUpdate(name, new Topic[Any](name)).asInstanceOf[Topic[T]]
-
-  def topicNames: Set[String] = topics.keySet.toSet
-```
-
-## 9. タスクキュー
-
-```scala
-/**
- * タスクキュー
- */
-class TaskQueue[T](workers: Int = 4)(using ec: ExecutionContext):
-  private val queue = new java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue[Task[T]]()
-  @volatile private var running = false
-  private var workerThreads: List[Thread] = Nil
-
-  def submit(id: String, computation: () => T): Future[T] =
-    val task = Task(id, computation)
-    queue.put(task)
-    task.future
-
-  def start(): Unit =
-    if !running then
-      running = true
-      workerThreads = (1 to workers).map { i =>
-        val t = new Thread(() => {
-          while running do
-            try
-              val task = queue.poll(100, java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
-              if task != null then
-                try
-                  val result = task.computation()
-                  task.promise.success(result)
-                catch
-                  case e: Exception => task.promise.failure(e)
-            catch
-              case _: InterruptedException => ()
-        }, s"TaskQueue-Worker-$i")
-        t.start()
-        t
-      }.toList
-
-  def stop(): Unit =
-    running = false
-    workerThreads.foreach(_.interrupt())
-```
-
-## 10. 使用例
-
-### 電話通話のシミュレーション
-
-```scala
-import ConcurrencySystem.*
-
-// 電話システムを作成
-val handler = new SilentActionHandler
-val system = new PhoneSystem(handler)
-
-// ユーザーを作成
-val alice = system.createUser("Alice")
-val bob = system.createUser("Bob")
-
-// 初期状態の確認
-alice.getState // => PhoneState.Idle
-bob.getState   // => PhoneState.Idle
-
-// Alice が Bob に電話をかける
-system.makeCall("Alice", "Bob")
-alice.getState // => PhoneState.Calling
-bob.getState   // => PhoneState.WaitingForConnection
-
-// Bob が電話に出る
-system.answerCall("Alice", "Bob")
-alice.getState // => PhoneState.Talking
-bob.getState   // => PhoneState.Talking
-
-// 電話を切る
-system.hangUp("Alice", "Bob")
-alice.getState // => PhoneState.Idle
-bob.getState   // => PhoneState.Idle
-```
-
-### イベントシステムの使用
-
-```scala
-import ConcurrencySystem.*
-import scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer
-
-// イベントバスを作成
-val bus = new EventBus
-
-// ログを収集するリスト
-val logs = ListBuffer.empty[String]
-
-// ハンドラを登録
-bus.subscribe("user-logged-in", event =>
-  logs += s"User logged in: ${event.data}"
-)
-
-bus.subscribe("user-logged-in", event =>
-  logs += s"Sending welcome email to: ${event.data}"
-)
-
-// イベントを発行
-bus.publish("user-logged-in", Map("userId" -> "U001", "name" -> "Alice"))
-
-// ログの確認
-logs.toList
-// => List(
-//      "User logged in: Map(userId -> U001, name -> Alice)",
-//      "Sending welcome email to: Map(userId -> U001, name -> Alice)"
-//    )
-
-// イベントログの確認
-bus.getEventLog
-// => List(Event("user-logged-in", Map(...), timestamp))
-```
-
-## 11. Clojure との比較
-
-| 機能 | Clojure | Scala |
-|------|---------|-------|
-| 非同期状態 | Agent | AtomicReference + CAS |
-| 並行マップ | atom + {} | TrieMap |
-| 非同期送信 | send | Future |
-| 状態待機 | await | compareAndSet ループ |
-| エラー処理 | agent-error | try/catch |
-
-Clojure の Agent は非同期で `send` によりバックグラウンドで状態更新されますが、Scala では `AtomicReference` の CAS（Compare-And-Set）操作を使用して同期的にスレッドセーフな更新を行います。
-
-```scala
-// Scala: CAS操作による安全な更新
-while !done do
-  val current = stateRef.get()
-  transitions.get((current, event)) match
-    case Some((nextState, _)) =>
-      if stateRef.compareAndSet(current, newState) then
-        done = true
-    case None =>
-      done = true
-```
-
-```clojure
-;; Clojure: Agentによる非同期更新
-(send user-agent transition event event-data)
-(await user-agent)  ; 完了を待つ
-```
-
-## 12. シーケンス図
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-title 電話通話の完全なフロー
-
-participant "Alice\n(UserAgent)" as alice
-participant "Bob\n(UserAgent)" as bob
-participant "StateMachine" as sm
-
-== 発信 ==
-alice -> alice : sendEvent(Call)
-alice -> sm : transition(Idle, Call)
-sm --> alice : state = Calling
-
-bob -> bob : sendEvent(Ring)
-bob -> sm : transition(Idle, Ring)
-sm --> bob : state = WaitingForConnection
-
-== 応答 ==
-alice -> alice : sendEvent(Dialtone)
-alice -> sm : transition(Calling, Dialtone)
-sm --> alice : state = Dialing
-
-alice -> alice : sendEvent(Ringback)
-alice -> sm : transition(Dialing, Ringback)
-sm --> alice : state = WaitingForConnection
-
-alice -> alice : sendEvent(Connected)
-alice -> sm : transition(WaitingForConnection, Connected)
-sm --> alice : state = Talking
-
-bob -> bob : sendEvent(Connected)
-bob -> sm : transition(WaitingForConnection, Connected)
-sm --> bob : state = Talking
-
-== 終了 ==
-alice -> alice : sendEvent(Disconnect)
-alice -> sm : transition(Talking, Disconnect)
-sm --> alice : state = Idle
-
-bob -> bob : sendEvent(Disconnect)
-bob -> sm : transition(Talking, Disconnect)
-sm --> bob : state = Idle
-@enduml
-```
-
-## まとめ
-
-本章では、並行処理システムを通じて以下を学びました：
-
-1. **AtomicReference**: CAS 操作による安全な状態更新
-2. **状態機械パターン**: 宣言的な状態遷移定義
-3. **イベント駆動アーキテクチャ**: 疎結合なコンポーネント間通信
-4. **Pub/Sub パターン**: トピックベースのメッセージング
-5. **タスクキュー**: 並行タスクの管理
-
-Scala では Clojure の Agent と異なり、`AtomicReference` と CAS 操作を使用してスレッドセーフな状態管理を実現しました。これにより、同期的かつ決定的な動作が保証され、テストが容易になります。
-
-## 参考コード
-
-本章のコード例は以下のファイルで確認できます：
-
-- ソースコード: `apps/scala/part6/src/main/scala/ConcurrencySystem.scala`
-- テストコード: `apps/scala/part6/src/test/scala/ConcurrencySystemSpec.scala`