@k2works/claude-code-booster 6.1.0 → 6.3.0

package/lib/assets/docs/article/grokkingfp/haskell/part-2.md

@@ -1,875 +0,0 @@
----
-type: Article
-title: "Part II: 関数型スタイルのプログラミング"
-description: "本章では、関数型プログラミングの核心となるテクニックを Haskell で学びます。"
-tags: [article, grokkingfp, haskell]
-status: stable
-generated: { by: human:kakimomokuri, at: 2026-03-24T05:22:28Z }
----
-
-# Part II: 関数型スタイルのプログラミング
-
-本章では、関数型プログラミングの核心となるテクニックを Haskell で学びます。イミュータブルなデータ操作、高階関数、そして `concatMap`（flatMap）による複雑なデータ変換を習得します。
-
----
-
-## 第3章: イミュータブルなデータ操作
-
-### 3.1 イミュータブルとは
-
-イミュータブル（不変）とは、一度作成されたデータが変更されないことを意味します。データを「変更」する代わりに、新しいデータを「作成」します。
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-
-rectangle "ミュータブル（可変）" as mut {
-  card "list = [A, B]" as m1
-  card "list.push(C)" as m2
-  card "list = [A, B, C]" as m3
-  m1 --> m2 : 変更
-  m2 --> m3 : 同じリストが変わる
-}
-
-rectangle "イミュータブル（不変）" as immut {
-  card "list1 = [A, B]" as i1
-  card "list2 = list1 ++ [C]" as i2
-  card "list1 = [A, B]\nlist2 = [A, B, C]" as i3
-  i1 --> i2 : 新規作成
-  i2 --> i3 : 両方が存在
-}
-
-@enduml
-```
-
-**Haskell ではすべてのデータがデフォルトでイミュータブルです。**
-
-### 3.2 List の基本操作
-
-**ソースファイル**: `app/haskell/src/Ch03/ImmutableValues.hs`
-
-#### 要素の追加
-
-```haskell
--- 要素を末尾に追加（新しいリストを返す）
-appended :: [a] -> a -> [a]
-appended xs x = xs ++ [x]
-
--- 使用例
-let appleBook      = ["Apple", "Book"]
-let appleBookMango = appended appleBook "Mango"
-
--- appleBook は ["Apple", "Book"] のまま（変わらない）
--- appleBookMango は ["Apple", "Book", "Mango"]
-```
-
-#### slice - リストの切り出し
-
-```haskell
--- リストの一部を切り出す（start <= index < end）
-slice :: Int -> Int -> [a] -> [a]
-slice start end xs = take (end - start) $ drop start xs
-
--- 最初の2要素を取得
-firstTwo :: [a] -> [a]
-firstTwo = take 2
-
--- 最後の2要素を取得
-lastTwo :: [a] -> [a]
-lastTwo xs = drop (length xs - 2) xs
-
--- 使用例
-firstTwo ["a", "b", "c"]  -- ["a", "b"]
-lastTwo ["a", "b", "c"]   -- ["b", "c"]
-slice 1 3 ["a","b","c","d"]  -- ["b", "c"]
-```
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-
-rectangle "slice start end" {
-  card "[\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"]" as orig
-  card "slice 1 3" as op
-  card "[\"b\", \"c\"]" as result
-
-  orig --> op
-  op --> result
-}
-
-note bottom of result
-  インデックス 1 から 3 の手前まで
-  (end は含まない)
-end note
-
-@enduml
-```
-
-### 3.3 リストの変換例
-
-```haskell
--- 最初の2要素を末尾に移動
-movedFirstTwoToTheEnd :: [a] -> [a]
-movedFirstTwoToTheEnd xs =
-    let first = take 2 xs
-        rest  = drop 2 xs
-    in rest ++ first
-
--- 使用例
-movedFirstTwoToTheEnd ["a","b","c"]  -- ["c","a","b"]
-
--- 中央に要素を挿入
-insertAtMiddle :: [a] -> a -> [a]
-insertAtMiddle xs element =
-    let middle = length xs `div` 2
-        before = take middle xs
-        after  = drop middle xs
-    in before ++ [element] ++ after
-
--- 使用例
-insertAtMiddle ["a","b","c","d"] "X"  -- ["a","b","X","c","d"]
-```
-
-### 3.4 旅程の再計画
-
-旅行の計画変更をイミュータブルに行う例です。
-
-```haskell
--- 旅程を再計画する（指定都市の前に新都市を挿入）
-replan :: [String] -> String -> String -> [String]
-replan plan newCity beforeCity =
-    let beforeCityIndex = findIndex beforeCity plan
-        citiesBefore    = take beforeCityIndex plan
-        citiesAfter     = drop beforeCityIndex plan
-    in citiesBefore ++ [newCity] ++ citiesAfter
-
--- 使用例
-let planA = ["Paris", "Berlin", "Krakow"]
-let planB = replan planA "Vienna" "Krakow"
-
--- planA は ["Paris", "Berlin", "Krakow"] のまま！
--- planB は ["Paris", "Berlin", "Vienna", "Krakow"]
-```
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-
-rectangle "旅程の再計画" {
-  card "Plan A:\nParis → Berlin → Krakow" as planA
-  card "replan planA \"Vienna\" \"Krakow\"" as op
-  card "Plan B:\nParis → Berlin → Vienna → Krakow" as planB
-
-  planA --> op
-  op --> planB
-}
-
-note right of planA
-  Plan A は変更されない
-  (イミュータブル)
-end note
-
-@enduml
-```
-
-### 3.5 名前の省略
-
-```haskell
--- 名前を省略形にする
-abbreviate :: String -> String
-abbreviate name =
-    let initial   = take 1 name
-        separator = findSpaceIndex name
-        lastName  = drop (separator + 1) name
-    in initial ++ ". " ++ lastName
-
--- 使用例
-abbreviate "Alonzo Church"  -- "A. Church"
-abbreviate "Haskell Curry"  -- "H. Curry"
-```
-
----
-
-## 第4章: 関数を値として扱う
-
-### 4.1 高階関数とは
-
-高階関数（Higher-Order Function）とは、以下のいずれかを満たす関数です:
-
-1. 関数を引数として受け取る
-2. 関数を戻り値として返す
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-
-rectangle "高階関数" {
-  rectangle "関数を引数に取る" as arg {
-    card "sortBy" as sortBy
-    card "map" as map
-    card "filter" as filter
-    card "foldl" as fold
-  }
-
-  rectangle "関数を返す" as ret {
-    card "largerThan n" as larger
-    card "divisibleBy n" as divisible
-  }
-}
-
-@enduml
-```
-
-### 4.2 map - 各要素を変換
-
-**ソースファイル**: `app/haskell/src/Ch04/FunctionsAsValues.hs`
-
-```haskell
--- map の実装
-myMap :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
-myMap _ []     = []
-myMap f (x:xs) = f x : myMap f xs
-
--- 使用例
-map (+1) [1, 2, 3]        -- [2, 3, 4]
-map length ["scala", "rust", "ada"]  -- [5, 4, 3]
-map (*2) [5, 1, 2, 4, 0]  -- [10, 2, 4, 8, 0]
-```
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-
-rectangle "map の動作" {
-  card "[\"scala\", \"rust\", \"ada\"]" as input
-  card "length関数を各要素に適用" as op
-  card "[5, 4, 3]" as output
-
-  input --> op
-  op --> output
-}
-
-@enduml
-```
-
-### 4.3 filter - 条件に合う要素を抽出
-
-```haskell
--- filter の実装
-myFilter :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
-myFilter _ []     = []
-myFilter p (x:xs)
-    | p x       = x : myFilter p xs
-    | otherwise = myFilter p xs
-
--- 使用例
-filter odd [5, 1, 2, 4, 0]   -- [5, 1]
-filter (> 4) [5, 1, 2, 4, 0] -- [5]
-filter even [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] -- [2, 4, 6]
-```
-
-### 4.4 foldl - 畳み込み
-
-```haskell
--- foldl の実装
-myFoldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b
-myFoldl _ acc []     = acc
-myFoldl f acc (x:xs) = myFoldl f (f acc x) xs
-
--- 使用例
-foldl (+) 0 [5, 1, 2, 4, 100]  -- 112
-foldl max minBound [5, 1, 2, 4, 15]  -- 15
-foldl (*) 1 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  -- 120 (階乗)
-```
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-
-rectangle "foldl の動作" {
-  card "初期値: 0" as init
-  card "0 + 5 = 5" as s1
-  card "5 + 1 = 6" as s2
-  card "6 + 2 = 8" as s3
-  card "8 + 4 = 12" as s4
-  card "12 + 100 = 112" as s5
-
-  init --> s1
-  s1 --> s2
-  s2 --> s3
-  s3 --> s4
-  s4 --> s5
-}
-
-@enduml
-```
-
-### 4.5 ワードスコアリングの例
-
-複数のスコアリングロジックを組み合わせる例です。
-
-```haskell
--- 'a' を除いた文字数をスコアとして計算
-score :: String -> Int
-score word = length $ filter (/= 'a') word
-
--- 'c' を含む場合のボーナス
-bonus :: String -> Int
-bonus word = if 'c' `elem` word then 5 else 0
-
--- 's' を含む場合のペナルティ
-penalty :: String -> Int
-penalty word = if 's' `elem` word then 7 else 0
-
--- スコア関数を使って単語をランキング
-rankedWords :: (String -> Int) -> [String] -> [String]
-rankedWords wordScore words =
-    reverse $ sortBy (comparing wordScore) words
-
--- 使用例
-let words = ["ada", "haskell", "scala", "java", "rust"]
-
--- 基本スコアでランキング
-rankedWords score words
--- ["haskell", "rust", "scala", "java", "ada"]
-
--- ボーナス付きスコアでランキング
-rankedWords (\w -> score w + bonus w) words
--- ["scala", "haskell", "rust", "java", "ada"]
-
--- ボーナスとペナルティ付きスコアでランキング
-rankedWords (\w -> score w + bonus w - penalty w) words
--- ["java", "scala", "ada", "haskell", "rust"]
-```
-
-### 4.6 関数を返す関数
-
-```haskell
--- n より大きいかを判定する関数を返す
-largerThan :: Int -> (Int -> Bool)
-largerThan n = \i -> i > n
-
--- 使用例
-filter (largerThan 4) [5, 1, 2, 4, 0]  -- [5]
-filter (largerThan 1) [5, 1, 2, 4, 0]  -- [5, 2, 4]
-
--- n で割り切れるかを判定する関数を返す
-divisibleBy :: Int -> (Int -> Bool)
-divisibleBy n = \i -> i `mod` n == 0
-
--- 使用例
-filter (divisibleBy 3) [1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10]  -- [3, 6, 9]
-```
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-
-rectangle "関数を返す関数" {
-  card "largerThan 4" as call
-  card "\\i -> i > 4" as fn
-  card "filter に渡す" as filter
-
-  call --> fn : 関数を生成
-  fn --> filter : 生成された関数を使用
-}
-
-note bottom
-  largerThan 4 は
-  「4より大きいか判定する関数」を返す
-end note
-
-@enduml
-```
-
-### 4.7 カリー化
-
-Haskell では、**すべての関数がデフォルトでカリー化されています。**
-
-```haskell
--- Haskell の関数は自動的にカリー化される
-addCurried :: Int -> Int -> Int
-addCurried a b = a + b
-
--- 部分適用
-let add5 = addCurried 5
-add5 3   -- 8
-add5 10  -- 15
-
--- 3引数の関数も同様
-multiply3 :: Int -> Int -> Int -> Int
-multiply3 a b c = a * b * c
-
-let double = multiply3 2 1
-double 5  -- 10
-double 7  -- 14
-```
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-
-rectangle "カリー化" {
-  rectangle "Haskell のすべての関数" as all {
-    card "f :: a -> b -> c" as sig
-    card "f x y = ..." as def
-  }
-
-  rectangle "自動的にカリー化" as curried {
-    card "f :: a -> (b -> c)" as sig2
-    card "f x = \\y -> ..." as def2
-  }
-
-  all --> curried : 等価
-}
-
-note bottom of curried
-  部分適用が常に可能
-  f x → 関数を返す
-  f x y → 結果を返す
-end note
-
-@enduml
-```
-
-### 4.8 レコード型とパターン
-
-```haskell
--- プログラミング言語を表すデータ型
-data ProgrammingLanguage = ProgrammingLanguage
-    { plName :: String
-    , plYear :: Int
-    } deriving (Show, Eq)
-
-let java    = ProgrammingLanguage "Java" 1995
-let scala   = ProgrammingLanguage "Scala" 2004
-let haskell = ProgrammingLanguage "Haskell" 1990
-let langs = [java, scala, haskell]
-
--- フィールドにアクセス
-map plName langs  -- ["Java", "Scala", "Haskell"]
-
--- 条件でフィルタ
-filter (\lang -> plYear lang > 2000) langs
--- [ProgrammingLanguage "Scala" 2004]
-
--- 年でソート
-sortBy (comparing plYear) langs
--- [Haskell, Java, Scala]
-```
-
----
-
-## 第5章: concatMap とネスト構造
-
-### 5.1 concat と concatMap
-
-**ソースファイル**: `app/haskell/src/Ch05/SequentialPrograms.hs`
-
-#### concat - ネストしたリストを平坦化
-
-```haskell
--- concat の動作
-concat [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6]]  -- [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
-concat [["A", "B"], ["C"]]       -- ["A", "B", "C"]
-```
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-
-rectangle "concat の動作" {
-  card "[[\"A\", \"B\"], [\"C\"]]" as nested
-  card "concat" as op
-  card "[\"A\", \"B\", \"C\"]" as flat
-
-  nested --> op
-  op --> flat
-}
-
-@enduml
-```
-
-#### concatMap = map + concat（= flatMap）
-
-```haskell
--- concatMap の動作
--- Scala の flatMap に相当
-concatMap (\x -> [x, x + 10]) [1, 2, 3]
--- [1, 11, 2, 12, 3, 13]
-
--- 本の著者をすべて取得
-data Book = Book { bookTitle :: String, bookAuthors :: [String] }
-
-let books = [ Book "FP in Scala" ["Chiusano", "Bjarnason"]
-            , Book "The Hobbit" ["Tolkien"]
-            ]
-
--- map だけだとネストする
-map bookAuthors books
--- [["Chiusano", "Bjarnason"], ["Tolkien"]]
-
--- concatMap で平坦化
-concatMap bookAuthors books
--- ["Chiusano", "Bjarnason", "Tolkien"]
-```
-
-### 5.2 concatMap によるリストサイズの変化
-
-```haskell
--- 要素数が増える
-concatMap (\i -> [i, i + 10]) [1, 2, 3]
--- [1, 11, 2, 12, 3, 13] - 6要素
-
--- 要素数が同じ
-concatMap (\i -> [i * 2]) [1, 2, 3]
--- [2, 4, 6] - 3要素
-
--- 要素数が減る（フィルタリング効果）
-concatMap (\i -> if even i then [i] else []) [1, 2, 3]
--- [2] - 1要素
-```
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-
-rectangle "concatMap とサイズの変化" {
-  rectangle "増加" as inc {
-    card "[1, 2, 3]" as i1
-    card "i -> [i, i+10]" as f1
-    card "[1, 11, 2, 12, 3, 13]" as r1
-    i1 --> f1
-    f1 --> r1
-  }
-
-  rectangle "減少（フィルタ）" as dec {
-    card "[1, 2, 3]" as i2
-    card "i -> if even [i] else []" as f2
-    card "[2]" as r2
-    i2 --> f2
-    f2 --> r2
-  }
-}
-
-@enduml
-```
-
-### 5.3 do 記法
-
-ネストした concatMap は do 記法で読みやすく書けます。
-
-```haskell
--- 本の映画化推奨を生成
-getRecommendations :: [Book] -> [String]
-getRecommendations books = do
-    book   <- books
-    author <- bookAuthors book
-    movie  <- bookAdaptations author
-    return $ "You may like " ++ movieTitle movie ++
-             ", because you liked " ++ author ++ "'s " ++ bookTitle book
-
--- concatMap 版（等価）
-getRecommendations' :: [Book] -> [String]
-getRecommendations' books =
-    concatMap (\book ->
-        concatMap (\author ->
-            map (\movie ->
-                "You may like " ++ movieTitle movie ++
-                ", because you liked " ++ author ++ "'s " ++ bookTitle book
-            ) (bookAdaptations author)
-        ) (bookAuthors book)
-    ) books
-```
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-
-rectangle "do 記法の構造" {
-  card "do {\n  x <- xs\n  y <- ys\n  z <- zs\n  return f(x, y, z)\n}" as doNotation
-
-  card "concatMap (\\x ->\n  concatMap (\\y ->\n    map (\\z ->\n      f(x, y, z)\n    ) zs\n  ) ys\n) xs" as concatMaps
-
-  doNotation <--> concatMaps : 等価
-}
-
-note bottom
-  do 記法は
-  concatMap/map の糖衣構文
-end note
-
-@enduml
-```
-
-### 5.4 円内の点の判定
-
-do 記法でフィルタリングも行う例です。
-
-```haskell
-data Point = Point { pointX :: Int, pointY :: Int }
-
--- 点が指定半径の円内にあるか判定
-isInside :: Point -> Int -> Bool
-isInside point radius =
-    radius * radius >= pointX point * pointX point + pointY point * pointY point
-
--- 全組み合わせを生成
-let points   = [Point 1 1, Point 5 2]
-let radiuses = [2, 1]
-
-allCombinations :: [Point] -> [Int] -> [(String, Int, Bool)]
-allCombinations points radiuses = do
-    r     <- radiuses
-    point <- points
-    let desc = "Point " ++ show (pointX point) ++ " " ++ show (pointY point)
-    return (desc, r, isInside point r)
-
--- 結果:
--- [("Point 1 1", 2, True), ("Point 5 2", 2, False),
---  ("Point 1 1", 1, False), ("Point 5 2", 1, False)]
-```
-
-#### ガード式によるフィルタリング
-
-```haskell
--- 円内にある点のみを返す
-pointsInsideRadius :: [Point] -> Int -> [Point]
-pointsInsideRadius points radius = do
-    point <- points
-    if isInside point radius
-        then return point
-        else []
-
--- 使用例
-pointsInsideRadius [Point 1 1, Point 5 2] 2
--- [Point 1 1]
-```
-
-### 5.5 リスト内包表記
-
-Haskell には do 記法の代わりにリスト内包表記も使えます。
-
-```haskell
--- do 記法
-combinations :: [a] -> [b] -> [(a, b)]
-combinations xs ys = do
-    x <- xs
-    y <- ys
-    return (x, y)
-
--- リスト内包表記（等価）
-combinations' :: [a] -> [b] -> [(a, b)]
-combinations' xs ys = [(x, y) | x <- xs, y <- ys]
-
--- ガード付きリスト内包表記
-evenPairs :: [Int] -> [Int] -> [(Int, Int)]
-evenPairs xs ys = [(x, y) | x <- xs, y <- ys, even (x + y)]
-```
-
-### 5.6 デカルト積
-
-```haskell
--- 3つのリストのデカルト積
-cartesianProduct :: [Int] -> [Int] -> [Int] -> [Int]
-cartesianProduct xs ys zs = do
-    x <- xs
-    y <- ys
-    z <- zs
-    return (x + y + z)
-
--- 使用例
-cartesianProduct [1, 2] [10, 20] [100, 200]
--- [111, 211, 121, 221, 112, 212, 122, 222]
-
--- リスト内包表記版
-cartesianProduct' xs ys zs = [x + y + z | x <- xs, y <- ys, z <- zs]
-```
-
----
-
-## まとめ
-
-### Part II で学んだこと
-
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-
-rectangle "Part II: 関数型スタイルのプログラミング" {
-  rectangle "第3章" as ch3 {
-    card "イミュータブルデータ"
-    card "take / drop / (++)"
-    card "データ変換パターン"
-  }
-
-  rectangle "第4章" as ch4 {
-    card "高階関数"
-    card "map / filter / foldl"
-    card "関数を返す関数"
-    card "カリー化（自動）"
-  }
-
-  rectangle "第5章" as ch5 {
-    card "concat / concatMap"
-    card "ネストした変換"
-    card "do 記法"
-    card "リスト内包表記"
-  }
-}
-
-ch3 --> ch4
-ch4 --> ch5
-
-@enduml
-```
-
-### キーポイント
-
-| 章 | 主要概念 | キー操作 |
-|----|----------|----------|
-| 第3章 | イミュータブル | `take`, `drop`, `(++)`, `slice` |
-| 第4章 | 高階関数 | `map`, `filter`, `foldl`, `sortBy` |
-| 第5章 | 平坦化 | `concat`, `concatMap`, `do` 記法 |
-
-### Scala との対応
-
-| Scala | Haskell | 説明 |
-|-------|---------|------|
-| `list.appended(x)` | `list ++ [x]` | 要素追加 |
-| `list.slice(s, e)` | `take (e-s) $ drop s list` | スライス |
-| `list.map(f)` | `map f list` | 変換 |
-| `list.filter(p)` | `filter p list` | フィルタ |
-| `list.foldLeft(z)(f)` | `foldl f z list` | 畳み込み |
-| `list.flatten` | `concat list` | 平坦化 |
-| `list.flatMap(f)` | `concatMap f list` | 変換+平坦化 |
-| `for { ... } yield` | `do { ... }` または `[ | ]` | 内包表記 |
-
-### 重要な法則
-
-1. **イミュータブルデータ**: Haskell ではすべてデフォルトでイミュータブル
-2. **関数は値**: 関数を引数として渡したり、戻り値として返したりできる
-3. **自動カリー化**: Haskell のすべての関数は自動的にカリー化される
-4. **concatMap パターン**: ネストした構造を平坦化しながら変換する
-5. **do 記法**: concatMap/map の糖衣構文として使える
-
-### 次のステップ
-
-Part III では、以下のトピックを学びます:
-
-- `Maybe` 型による安全なエラーハンドリング
-- `Either` 型と複合的なエラー処理
-
----
-
-## 演習問題
-
-### 問題 1: イミュータブルな操作
-
-以下の関数を実装してください。リストの中央に要素を挿入する関数です。
-
-```haskell
-insertAtMiddle :: [a] -> a -> [a]
-insertAtMiddle = ???
-
--- 期待される動作
-insertAtMiddle ["a","b","c","d"] "X" == ["a","b","X","c","d"]
-insertAtMiddle ["a","b"] "X" == ["a","X","b"]
-```
-
-<details>
-<summary>解答</summary>
-
-```haskell
-insertAtMiddle :: [a] -> a -> [a]
-insertAtMiddle xs element =
-    let middle = length xs `div` 2
-        before = take middle xs
-        after  = drop middle xs
-    in before ++ [element] ++ after
-```
-
-</details>
-
-### 問題 2: 高階関数
-
-以下の関数を実装してください。条件を満たす要素の数をカウントする関数です。
-
-```haskell
-countWhere :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> Int
-countWhere = ???
-
--- 期待される動作
-countWhere (> 3) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] == 2
-countWhere (\s -> length s > 1) ["a", "bb", "ccc"] == 2
-```
-
-<details>
-<summary>解答</summary>
-
-```haskell
-countWhere :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> Int
-countWhere p xs = length $ filter p xs
-
--- または foldl を使って
-countWhere' :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> Int
-countWhere' p = foldl (\count elem -> if p elem then count + 1 else count) 0
-```
-
-</details>
-
-### 問題 3: do 記法
-
-以下のネストした concatMap を do 記法で書き換えてください。
-
-```haskell
-result = concatMap (\x ->
-    concatMap (\y ->
-        map (\z ->
-            x + y + z
-        ) [100, 200]
-    ) [10, 20]
-) [1, 2]
-```
-
-<details>
-<summary>解答</summary>
-
-```haskell
-result = do
-    x <- [1, 2]
-    y <- [10, 20]
-    z <- [100, 200]
-    return (x + y + z)
-
--- またはリスト内包表記
-result' = [x + y + z | x <- [1, 2], y <- [10, 20], z <- [100, 200]]
-
--- 結果: [111, 211, 121, 221, 112, 212, 122, 222]
-```
-
-</details>
-
-### 問題 4: concatMap によるフィルタリング
-
-do 記法の `if` を使わずに、concatMap だけで偶数のみを抽出するコードを書いてください。
-
-```haskell
-numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
--- 偶数のみを抽出: [2, 4, 6]
-```
-
-<details>
-<summary>解答</summary>
-
-```haskell
-evenNumbers = concatMap (\n -> if even n then [n] else []) numbers
-
--- または関数に分離
-evenFilter :: Int -> [Int]
-evenFilter n = if even n then [n] else []
-
-evenNumbers' = concatMap evenFilter numbers
-```
-
-</details>