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@k2works/claude-code-booster 6.1.0 → 6.3.0

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package/lib/assets/docs/article/grokkingfp/clojure/part-3.md DELETED Viewed

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----
-type: Article
-title: "Part III: エラーハンドリング（Clojure 版）"
-description: "本章では、Clojure における安全なエラーハンドリングを学びます。"
-tags: [article, grokkingfp, clojure]
-status: stable
-generated: { by: human:kakimomokuri, at: 2026-03-24T05:22:28Z }
----
-# Part III: エラーハンドリング（Clojure 版）
-本章では、Clojure における安全なエラーハンドリングを学びます。`nil` の扱い、Result 型パターン、そして代数的データ型（ADT）を習得します。
----
-## 第6章: nil と安全なエラーハンドリング
-### 6.1 なぜ安全なエラーハンドリングが必要か
-従来のエラーハンドリングには問題があります。
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-rectangle "従来のエラーハンドリング" {
-  rectangle "null/nil を返す" as null_ret {
-    card "NullPointerException の危険"
-    card "チェック漏れ"
-  }
-  rectangle "例外をスローする" as exception {
-    card "制御フローが複雑化"
-    card "純粋関数ではなくなる"
-  }
-}
-rectangle "Clojure のアプローチ" as clj {
-  card "nil を明示的に扱う"
-  card "some-> / some->> マクロ"
-  card "Result 型パターン"
-}
-null_ret --> clj : 改善
-exception --> clj : 改善
-@enduml
-```
-### 6.2 nil の基本
-Clojure では `nil` が「値がない」ことを表します。
-```clojure
-;; nil チェック
-(some? 42)    ; => true
-(some? nil)   ; => false
-(nil? nil)    ; => true
-(nil? 42)     ; => false
-;; nil は false 扱い（falsy）
-(if nil "truthy" "falsy")  ; => "falsy"
-(if 0 "truthy" "falsy")    ; => "truthy" (0 は truthy)
-```
-### 6.3 安全な関数
-```clojure
-;; 安全な除算
-(defn safe-divide [a b]
-  (when-not (zero? b)
-    (/ a b)))
-(safe-divide 10 2)  ; => 5
-(safe-divide 10 0)  ; => nil
-;; 安全な平方根
-(defn safe-sqrt [n]
-  (when (>= n 0)
-    (Math/sqrt n)))
-(safe-sqrt 4)   ; => 2.0
-(safe-sqrt -1)  ; => nil
-```
-### 6.4 some-> と some->> マクロ
-`some->` は途中で `nil` になったら処理を中断します。Scala の `Option.flatMap` のチェーンに相当します。
-```clojure
-;; some-> : 最初の引数位置に挿入、nil で中断
-(some-> {:user {:profile {:name "Alice"}}}
-        :user
-        :profile
-        :name)
-; => "Alice"
-(some-> {:user {:profile {}}}
-        :user
-        :profile
-        :name)
-; => nil （:name がないので nil）
-;; some->> : 最後の引数位置に挿入
-(some->> [1 -2 3 -4 5]
-         (filter pos?)
-         seq
-         (reduce +))
-; => 9
-```
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-rectangle "some-> の動作" {
-  card "値" as v1
-  card "f1" as f1
-  card "f2" as f2
-  card "f3" as f3
-  card "結果" as result
-  v1 --> f1
-  f1 --> f2 : nil でなければ続行
-  f2 --> f3 : nil でなければ続行
-  f3 --> result
-  card "nil" as nil_val
-  f1 --> nil_val : nil なら中断
-}
-@enduml
-```
-### 6.5 TV番組パースの例
-TV番組の文字列をパースする例で、nil の扱いを学びます。
-```clojure
-;; TV番組のデータ構造
-(defn tv-show [title start end]
-  {:title title :start start :end end})
-;; 文字列を整数にパース（失敗時は nil）
-(defn parse-int [s]
-  (try
-    (Integer/parseInt (clojure.string/trim s))
-    (catch Exception _ nil)))
-;; 名前を抽出
-(defn extract-name [raw-show]
-  (when-let [bracket-open (.indexOf raw-show "(")]
-    (when (pos? bracket-open)
-      (clojure.string/trim (subs raw-show 0 bracket-open)))))
-(extract-name "Breaking Bad (2008-2013)")
-; => "Breaking Bad"
-(extract-name "No Brackets")
-; => nil
-```
-### 6.6 when-let と if-let
-```clojure
-;; when-let: 値があれば処理
-(defn greet-user [user]
-  (if-let [name (:name user)]
-    (str "Hello, " name "!")
-    "Hello, Guest!"))
-(greet-user {:name "Alice"})  ; => "Hello, Alice!"
-(greet-user {})               ; => "Hello, Guest!"
-;; when-let: 条件を満たす場合のみ処理（else なし）
-(defn process-order [order]
-  (when-let [items (:items order)]
-    (when (seq items)
-      {:order-id (:id order)
-       :total (reduce + (map :price items))})))
-```
-### 6.7 TV番組パース（完全版）
-```clojure
-;; 開始年を抽出
-(defn extract-year-start [raw-show]
-  (let [bracket-open (.indexOf raw-show "(")
-        dash (.indexOf raw-show "-")]
-    (when (and (>= bracket-open 0) (> dash (inc bracket-open)))
-      (parse-int (subs raw-show (inc bracket-open) dash)))))
-;; 終了年を抽出
-(defn extract-year-end [raw-show]
-  (let [dash (.indexOf raw-show "-")
-        bracket-close (.indexOf raw-show ")")]
-    (when (and (>= dash 0) (> bracket-close (inc dash)))
-      (parse-int (subs raw-show (inc dash) bracket-close)))))
-;; 単年を抽出（"Chernobyl (2019)" 形式）
-(defn extract-single-year [raw-show]
-  (let [dash (.indexOf raw-show "-")
-        bracket-open (.indexOf raw-show "(")
-        bracket-close (.indexOf raw-show ")")]
-    (when (and (neg? dash) (>= bracket-open 0) (> bracket-close (inc bracket-open)))
-      (parse-int (subs raw-show (inc bracket-open) bracket-close)))))
-;; TV番組パース
-(defn parse-show [raw-show]
-  (when-let [name (extract-name raw-show)]
-    (when-let [year-start (or (extract-year-start raw-show)
-                              (extract-single-year raw-show))]
-      (when-let [year-end (or (extract-year-end raw-show)
-                              (extract-single-year raw-show))]
-        (tv-show name year-start year-end)))))
-(parse-show "Breaking Bad (2008-2013)")
-; => {:title "Breaking Bad", :start 2008, :end 2013}
-(parse-show "Chernobyl (2019)")
-; => {:title "Chernobyl", :start 2019, :end 2019}
-(parse-show "Invalid")
-; => nil
-```
-### 6.8 エラーハンドリング戦略
-```clojure
-;; Best-effort 戦略: パースできたものだけ返す
-(defn parse-shows-best-effort [raw-shows]
-  (keep parse-show raw-shows))
-(parse-shows-best-effort ["Breaking Bad (2008-2013)"
-                          "Invalid"
-                          "Chernobyl (2019)"])
-; => ({:title "Breaking Bad", ...} {:title "Chernobyl", ...})
-;; All-or-nothing 戦略: 全部成功するか nil
-(defn parse-shows-all-or-nothing [raw-shows]
-  (let [parsed (map parse-show raw-shows)]
-    (when (every? some? parsed)
-      (vec parsed))))
-(parse-shows-all-or-nothing ["Breaking Bad (2008-2013)"
-                             "Chernobyl (2019)"])
-; => [{...} {...}]
-(parse-shows-all-or-nothing ["Breaking Bad (2008-2013)"
-                             "Invalid"])
-; => nil
-```
-### 6.9 fnil - nil に対するデフォルト値
-```clojure
-;; fnil: nil を指定値として扱う関数を作成
-(def safe-inc (fnil inc 0))
-(safe-inc 5)    ; => 6
-(safe-inc nil)  ; => 1
-;; 出現回数カウントに活用
-(defn count-occurrences [coll]
-  (reduce (fn [acc item]
-            (update acc item (fnil inc 0)))
-          {}
-          coll))
-(count-occurrences [:a :b :b :c :a :b])
-; => {:a 2, :b 3, :c 1}
-```
----
-## 第7章: Result 型パターンと ADT
-### 7.1 nil の限界
-`nil` は「値がないこと」しか表現できません。**なぜ失敗したのか**を伝えられません。
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-rectangle "nil vs Result" {
-  rectangle "nil" as nil_type {
-    card "値あり: 値"
-    card "値なし: nil"
-  }
-  rectangle "Result" as result_type {
-    card "成功: {:status :ok :value 値}"
-    card "失敗: {:status :error :error メッセージ}"
-  }
-  nil_type --> result_type : 進化
-}
-note bottom of nil_type
-  失敗理由が分からない
-end note
-note bottom of result_type
-  エラー情報を保持できる
-end note
-@enduml
-```
-### 7.2 Result 型パターン
-Clojure では Either の代わりに `:ok/:error` のマップを使うのが一般的です。
-```clojure
-;; Result 作成関数
-(defn ok [value]
-  {:status :ok :value value})
-(defn error [message]
-  {:status :error :error message})
-;; チェック関数
-(defn ok? [result]
-  (= (:status result) :ok))
-(defn error? [result]
-  (= (:status result) :error))
-;; 使用例
-(ok 42)           ; => {:status :ok, :value 42}
-(error "Failed")  ; => {:status :error, :error "Failed"}
-```
-### 7.3 Result の操作
-```clojure
-;; map: 成功時のみ値を変換
-(defn result-map [f result]
-  (if (ok? result)
-    (ok (f (:value result)))
-    result))
-(result-map #(* % 2) (ok 5))      ; => {:status :ok, :value 10}
-(result-map #(* % 2) (error "e")) ; => {:status :error, :error "e"}
-;; flatmap: Result を返す関数を適用
-(defn result-flatmap [f result]
-  (if (ok? result)
-    (f (:value result))
-    result))
-;; or-else: エラー時に代替を使用
-(defn result-or-else [result alternative]
-  (if (ok? result)
-    result
-    alternative))
-;; get-or-else: 値を取得、エラー時はデフォルト
-(defn result-get-or-else [result default]
-  (if (ok? result)
-    (:value result)
-    default))
-```
-### 7.4 TV番組パース（Result 版）
-```clojure
-(defn parse-int-result [s]
-  (try
-    (ok (Integer/parseInt (clojure.string/trim s)))
-    (catch Exception _
-      (error (str "Cannot parse '" s "' as integer")))))
-(defn extract-name-result [raw-show]
-  (if-let [bracket-open (.indexOf raw-show "(")]
-    (if (pos? bracket-open)
-      (ok (clojure.string/trim (subs raw-show 0 bracket-open)))
-      (error (str "Can't extract name from " raw-show)))
-    (error (str "Can't extract name from " raw-show))))
-(extract-name-result "The Wire (2002-2008)")
-; => {:status :ok, :value "The Wire"}
-(extract-name-result "(2022)")
-; => {:status :error, :error "Can't extract name from (2022)"}
-```
-### 7.5 代数的データ型（ADT）
-Clojure ではマップ + `:type` タグで ADT を表現します。
-#### 直和型（Sum Type）
-```clojure
-;; 活動期間を表す直和型
-(defn still-active [since]
-  {:type :still-active :since since})
-(defn active-between [start end]
-  {:type :active-between :start start :end end})
-;; 使用例
-(still-active 1981)
-; => {:type :still-active, :since 1981}
-(active-between 1968 1980)
-; => {:type :active-between, :start 1968, :end 1980}
-```
-#### 直積型（Product Type）
-```clojure
-;; アーティストを表す直積型
-(defn artist [name genre origin years-active]
-  {:name name
-   :genre genre
-   :origin origin
-   :years-active years-active})
-(def metallica
-  (artist "Metallica" :heavy-metal "U.S." (still-active 1981)))
-(def led-zeppelin
-  (artist "Led Zeppelin" :hard-rock "England" (active-between 1968 1980)))
-```
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-rectangle "代数的データ型（ADT）" {
-  rectangle "直積型（Product Type）" as product {
-    card "マップ"
-    card "name AND genre AND origin"
-  }
-  rectangle "直和型（Sum Type）" as sum {
-    card ":type タグ"
-    card "still-active OR active-between"
-  }
-}
-note bottom of product
-  Artist = name AND genre AND origin AND years-active
-end note
-note bottom of sum
-  YearsActive = StillActive OR ActiveBetween
-end note
-@enduml
-```
-### 7.6 パターンマッチング
-`case` を使って直和型を処理します。
-```clojure
-(defn was-artist-active? [artist year-start year-end]
-  (let [years (:years-active artist)]
-    (case (:type years)
-      :still-active (<= (:since years) year-end)
-      :active-between (and (<= (:start years) year-end)
-                           (>= (:end years) year-start)))))
-(was-artist-active? metallica 1990 2000)    ; => true
-(was-artist-active? led-zeppelin 1990 2000) ; => false
-(defn active-length [artist current-year]
-  (let [years (:years-active artist)]
-    (case (:type years)
-      :still-active (- current-year (:since years))
-      :active-between (- (:end years) (:start years)))))
-(active-length metallica 2024)     ; => 43
-(active-length led-zeppelin 2024)  ; => 12
-```
-### 7.7 検索条件のモデリング
-```clojure
-;; 検索条件（直和型）
-(defn search-by-genre [genres]
-  {:type :by-genre :genres (set genres)})
-(defn search-by-origin [locations]
-  {:type :by-origin :locations (set locations)})
-(defn search-by-active-years [start end]
-  {:type :by-active-years :start start :end end})
-;; 条件マッチング
-(defn matches-condition? [artist condition]
-  (case (:type condition)
-    :by-genre (contains? (:genres condition) (:genre artist))
-    :by-origin (contains? (:locations condition) (:origin artist))
-    :by-active-years (was-artist-active? artist
-                                         (:start condition)
-                                         (:end condition))))
-;; 検索
-(defn search-artists [artists conditions]
-  (filter (fn [artist]
-            (every? #(matches-condition? artist %) conditions))
-          artists))
-(search-artists sample-artists
-                [(search-by-genre [:heavy-metal])
-                 (search-by-origin ["U.S."])])
-; => [{:name "Metallica", ...}]
-```
-### 7.8 バリデーション
-```clojure
-(defn validate-not-empty [field-name value]
-  (if (and value (not (clojure.string/blank? value)))
-    (ok value)
-    (error (str field-name " cannot be empty"))))
-(defn validate-email [email]
-  (if (re-matches #".+@.+\..+" email)
-    (ok email)
-    (error "Invalid email format")))
-(defn validate-age [age]
-  (cond
-    (not (integer? age)) (error "Age must be an integer")
-    (neg? age) (error "Age cannot be negative")
-    (> age 150) (error "Age seems unrealistic")
-    :else (ok age)))
-(defn validate-user [user]
-  (let [name-result (validate-not-empty "Name" (:name user))
-        email-result (validate-email (or (:email user) ""))
-        age-result (validate-age (:age user))]
-    (if (and (ok? name-result) (ok? email-result) (ok? age-result))
-      (ok user)
-      (error {:errors (remove nil?
-                        [(when (error? name-result) (:error name-result))
-                         (when (error? email-result) (:error email-result))
-                         (when (error? age-result) (:error age-result))])}))))
-(validate-user {:name "Alice" :email "alice@example.com" :age 30})
-; => {:status :ok, :value {...}}
-(validate-user {:name "" :email "invalid" :age -1})
-; => {:status :error, :error {:errors ["Name cannot be empty" "Invalid email format" "Age cannot be negative"]}}
-```
-### 7.9 every? と some
-```clojure
-;; every?: すべてが条件を満たす
-(every? pos? [1 2 3 4 5])  ; => true
-(every? pos? [1 -2 3])     ; => false
-;; some: いずれかが条件を満たす（最初のマッチを返す）
-(some neg? [1 2 -3 4])     ; => true (-3 がマッチ)
-(some neg? [1 2 3])        ; => nil
-;; not-any?: どれも条件を満たさない
-(not-any? neg? [1 2 3])    ; => true
-;; not-every?: すべてが条件を満たすわけではない
-(not-every? pos? [1 -2 3]) ; => true
-```
-### 7.10 ex-info による例外処理
-```clojure
-;; ex-info: データ付き例外を作成
-(defn divide-or-throw [a b]
-  (if (zero? b)
-    (throw (ex-info "Division by zero" {:a a :b b}))
-    (/ a b)))
-;; Result に変換
-(defn try-result [f]
-  (try
-    (ok (f))
-    (catch Exception e
-      (error {:message (ex-message e)
-              :data (ex-data e)}))))
-(try-result #(divide-or-throw 10 2))
-; => {:status :ok, :value 5}
-(try-result #(divide-or-throw 10 0))
-; => {:status :error, :error {:message "Division by zero", :data {:a 10, :b 0}}}
-```
----
-## まとめ
-### Part III で学んだこと
-| 章 | 主要概念 | キー操作 |
-|----|----------|----------|
-| 第6章 | nil の扱い | `some?`, `nil?`, `some->`, `when-let` |
-| 第7章 | Result パターン | `ok`, `error`, `case`, ADT |
-### Scala との比較
-| 概念 | Scala | Clojure |
-|------|-------|---------|
-| 値の有無 | `Option[A]` | `nil` / 値 |
-| 成功/失敗 | `Either[E, A]` | `{:status :ok/:error ...}` |
-| パターンマッチ | `match` | `case`, `cond` |
-| チェーン | `flatMap` | `some->`, `some->>` |
-| デフォルト値 | `getOrElse` | `or`, `get`, `fnil` |
-### キーポイント
-1. **nil の明示的な扱い**: `some?`, `nil?` でチェック
-2. **some-> マクロ**: nil で中断するパイプライン
-3. **Result パターン**: エラー情報を保持する `:ok/:error` マップ
-4. **ADT**: `:type` タグで直和型を表現
-5. **case によるパターンマッチ**: 直和型を安全に処理
-### 次のステップ
-[Part IV: 副作用の管理](part-4.md) では、以下を学びます：
-- atom と ref による状態管理
-- STM（Software Transactional Memory）
-- core.async による非同期処理