npm - @k2works/claude-code-booster - Versions diffs - 4.4.2 → 4.6.0 - Mend

@k2works/claude-code-booster 4.4.2 → 4.6.0

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package/lib/assets/docs/article/grokkingfp/fsharp/part-3.md CHANGED Viewed

@@ -1,972 +1,972 @@
-# Part III: エラーハンドリングと Option/Result
-本章では、関数型プログラミングにおける安全なエラーハンドリングを学びます。`null` や例外に頼らず、`Option` と `Result` を使って型安全にエラーを扱う方法を習得します。
----
-## 第6章: Option 型による安全なエラーハンドリング
-### 6.1 なぜ Option が必要か
-従来のエラーハンドリングには問題があります。
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-rectangle "従来のエラーハンドリング" {
-  rectangle "null を返す" as null_ret {
-    card "NullReferenceException の危険"
-    card "コンパイル時に検出できない"
-  }
-  rectangle "例外をスローする" as exception {
-    card "制御フローが複雑化"
-    card "純粋関数ではなくなる"
-  }
-}
-rectangle "Option による解決" as option {
-  card "型で「値がないかもしれない」を表現"
-  card "コンパイル時にチェック"
-  card "純粋関数のまま"
-}
-null_ret --> option : 置き換え
-exception --> option : 置き換え
-@enduml
-```
-### 6.2 Option の基本
-`'a option` は「`'a` 型の値があるか、ないか」を表す型です。
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-rectangle "'a option" as option {
-  rectangle "Some value" as some {
-    card "値が存在する"
-    card "value: 'a を保持"
-  }
-  rectangle "None" as none {
-    card "値が存在しない"
-    card "null の代わり"
-  }
-}
-@enduml
-```
-**ソースファイル**: `app/fsharp/src/Ch06/OptionHandling.fs`
-### 6.3 TV番組のパース例
-TV番組の文字列をパースする例で Option の使い方を学びます。
-```fsharp
-type TvShow = {
-    Title: string
-    Start: int
-    End: int
-}
-// 入力例: "Breaking Bad (2008-2013)"
-// 期待する出力: { Title = "Breaking Bad"; Start = 2008; End = 2013 }
-```
-#### 例外を使う方法（問題あり）
-```fsharp
-let parseShowUnsafe (rawShow: string) : TvShow =
-    let bracketOpen = rawShow.IndexOf('(')
-    let bracketClose = rawShow.IndexOf(')')
-    let dash = rawShow.IndexOf('-')
-    let name = rawShow.Substring(0, bracketOpen).Trim()
-    let yearStart = int (rawShow.Substring(bracketOpen + 1, dash - bracketOpen - 1))
-    let yearEnd = int (rawShow.Substring(dash + 1, bracketClose - dash - 1))
-    { Title = name; Start = yearStart; End = yearEnd }
-// 正常ケース
-parseShowUnsafe "Breaking Bad (2008-2013)"
-// { Title = "Breaking Bad"; Start = 2008; End = 2013 }
-// 異常ケース → 例外がスローされる!
-parseShowUnsafe "Chernobyl (2019)"        // ArgumentOutOfRangeException
-parseShowUnsafe "The Wire 2002-2008"      // ArgumentOutOfRangeException
-```
-#### Option を使う方法
-```fsharp
-let parseShow (rawShow: string) : TvShow option =
-    match extractName rawShow with
-    | None -> None
-    | Some name ->
-        let yearStart =
-            extractYearStart rawShow
-            |> Option.orElse (extractSingleYear rawShow)
-        let yearEnd =
-            extractYearEnd rawShow
-            |> Option.orElse (extractSingleYear rawShow)
-        match yearStart, yearEnd with
-        | Some start, Some endYear ->
-            Some { Title = name; Start = start; End = endYear }
-        | _ -> None
-// 正常ケース
-parseShow "Breaking Bad (2008-2013)"
-// Some { Title = "Breaking Bad"; Start = 2008; End = 2013 }
-// 異常ケース → None が返される（例外なし）
-parseShow "The Wire 2002-2008"  // None
-```
-### 6.4 小さな関数から組み立てる
-複雑なパース処理を小さな関数に分解します。
-```fsharp
-/// 文字列を安全に整数に変換
-let tryParseInt (s: string) : int option =
-    match System.Int32.TryParse(s) with
-    | true, value -> Some value
-    | false, _ -> None
-/// 名前を抽出
-let extractName (rawShow: string) : string option =
-    let bracketOpen = rawShow.IndexOf('(')
-    if bracketOpen > 0 then
-        Some (rawShow.Substring(0, bracketOpen).Trim())
-    else
-        None
-/// 開始年を抽出
-let extractYearStart (rawShow: string) : int option =
-    let bracketOpen = rawShow.IndexOf('(')
-    let dash = rawShow.IndexOf('-')
-    if bracketOpen <> -1 && dash > bracketOpen + 1 then
-        let yearStr = rawShow.Substring(bracketOpen + 1, dash - bracketOpen - 1)
-        tryParseInt yearStr
-    else
-        None
-/// 終了年を抽出
-let extractYearEnd (rawShow: string) : int option =
-    let dash = rawShow.IndexOf('-')
-    let bracketClose = rawShow.IndexOf(')')
-    if dash <> -1 && bracketClose > dash + 1 then
-        let yearStr = rawShow.Substring(dash + 1, bracketClose - dash - 1)
-        tryParseInt yearStr
-    else
-        None
-```
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-rectangle "パース処理の分解" {
-  card "\"Breaking Bad (2008-2013)\"" as input
-  rectangle "小さな関数" as funcs {
-    card "extractName" as name
-    card "extractYearStart" as start
-    card "extractYearEnd" as end
-  }
-  card "TvShow" as output
-  input --> funcs
-  funcs --> output : パターンマッチで合成
-}
-@enduml
-```
-### 6.5 Option.orElse によるフォールバック
-`Option.orElse` を使って、最初の Option が `None` の場合に代替を試すことができます。
-```fsharp
-let seven = Some 7
-let eight = Some 8
-let none: int option = None
-seven |> Option.orElse eight   // Some 7 - 最初が Some なのでそのまま
-none |> Option.orElse eight    // Some 8 - 最初が None なので代替を使用
-seven |> Option.orElse none    // Some 7
-none |> Option.orElse none     // None
-```
-#### 単年の番組に対応する
-「Chernobyl (2019)」のような単年の番組をパースできるようにします。
-```fsharp
-/// 単年を抽出
-let extractSingleYear (rawShow: string) : int option =
-    let dash = rawShow.IndexOf('-')
-    let bracketOpen = rawShow.IndexOf('(')
-    let bracketClose = rawShow.IndexOf(')')
-    if dash = -1 && bracketOpen <> -1 && bracketClose > bracketOpen + 1 then
-        let yearStr = rawShow.Substring(bracketOpen + 1, bracketClose - bracketOpen - 1)
-        tryParseInt yearStr
-    else
-        None
-let parseShow (rawShow: string) : TvShow option =
-    match extractName rawShow with
-    | None -> None
-    | Some name ->
-        let yearStart =
-            extractYearStart rawShow
-            |> Option.orElse (extractSingleYear rawShow)
-        let yearEnd =
-            extractYearEnd rawShow
-            |> Option.orElse (extractSingleYear rawShow)
-        match yearStart, yearEnd with
-        | Some start, Some endYear ->
-            Some { Title = name; Start = start; End = endYear }
-        | _ -> None
-// これで単年の番組もパースできる
-parseShow "Chernobyl (2019)"
-// Some { Title = "Chernobyl"; Start = 2019; End = 2019 }
-```
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-rectangle "Option.orElse のフロー" {
-  card "extractYearStart rawShow" as first
-  card "extractSingleYear rawShow" as second
-  card "結果" as result
-  first --> result : Some の場合
-  first --> second : None の場合
-  second --> result
-}
-@enduml
-```
-### 6.6 Option の主要メソッド
-| 関数 | 説明 | 例 |
-|------|------|-----|
-| `Option.map` | 値があれば変換 | `Some 5 \|> Option.map ((*) 2)` → `Some 10` |
-| `Option.bind` | 値があれば Option を返す関数を適用 | `Some 5 \|> Option.bind (fun x -> Some (x * 2))` → `Some 10` |
-| `Option.filter` | 条件を満たさなければ None | `Some 5 \|> Option.filter (fun x -> x > 10)` → `None` |
-| `Option.orElse` | None なら代替を使用 | `None \|> Option.orElse (Some 5)` → `Some 5` |
-| `Option.defaultValue` | None ならデフォルト値 | `None \|> Option.defaultValue 0` → `0` |
-| `Option.toList` | List に変換 | `Some 5 \|> Option.toList` → `[5]` |
-```fsharp
-let year: int option = Some 996
-let noYear: int option = None
-// map
-year |> Option.map (fun x -> x * 2)     // Some 1992
-noYear |> Option.map (fun x -> x * 2)   // None
-// bind
-year |> Option.bind (fun y -> Some (y * 2))     // Some 1992
-noYear |> Option.bind (fun y -> Some (y * 2))   // None
-// filter
-year |> Option.filter (fun x -> x < 2020)   // Some 996
-year |> Option.filter (fun x -> x > 2020)   // None
-// orElse
-year |> Option.orElse (Some 2020)     // Some 996
-noYear |> Option.orElse (Some 2020)   // Some 2020
-```
-### 6.7 エラーハンドリング戦略
-複数の要素をパースする場合、2つの戦略があります。
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-rectangle "エラーハンドリング戦略" {
-  rectangle "Best-effort 戦略" as best {
-    card "パースできたものだけ返す"
-    card "エラーは無視"
-    card "TvShow list を返す"
-  }
-  rectangle "All-or-nothing 戦略" as all {
-    card "全部成功するか、全部失敗"
-    card "一つでも失敗したら None"
-    card "TvShow list option を返す"
-  }
-}
-@enduml
-```
-#### Best-effort 戦略
-```fsharp
-let parseShowsBestEffort (rawShows: string list) : TvShow list =
-    rawShows
-    |> List.choose parseShow  // Some のものだけ抽出
-let rawShows = [
-    "Breaking Bad (2008-2013)"
-    "The Wire 2002 2008"        // 無効な形式
-    "Mad Men (2007-2015)"
-]
-parseShowsBestEffort rawShows
-// [{ Title = "Breaking Bad"; ... }; { Title = "Mad Men"; ... }]
-// 無効なものは無視される
-```
-#### All-or-nothing 戦略
-```fsharp
-let parseShowsAllOrNothing (rawShows: string list) : TvShow list option =
-    let parsed = rawShows |> List.map parseShow
-    if List.forall Option.isSome parsed then
-        Some (parsed |> List.choose id)
-    else
-        None
-// 全部成功 → Some [...]
-parseShowsAllOrNothing ["Breaking Bad (2008-2013)"; "Mad Men (2007-2015)"]
-// Some [{ Title = "Breaking Bad"; ... }; { Title = "Mad Men"; ... }]
-// 一つでも失敗 → None
-parseShowsAllOrNothing ["Breaking Bad (2008-2013)"; "Invalid"]
-// None
-```
-### 6.8 forall と exists
-Option で条件判定をする際に便利な関数です。
-| 関数 | 動作 |
-|------|------|
-| `Option.forall p` | None → true, Some x → p(x) |
-| `Option.exists p` | None → false, Some x → p(x) |
-| `Option.contains x` | Some x と等しいか |
-```fsharp
-let year = Some 996
-let noYear: int option = None
-// forall - 「全て」または「存在しない」
-year |> Option.forall (fun x -> x < 2020)     // true (996 < 2020)
-noYear |> Option.forall (fun x -> x < 2020)   // true (値がないので「全て」が自明に真)
-year |> Option.forall (fun x -> x > 2020)     // false
-// exists - 「存在して条件を満たす」
-year |> Option.exists (fun x -> x < 2020)     // true
-noYear |> Option.exists (fun x -> x < 2020)   // false (値がないので存在しない)
-```
-#### 実用例: ユーザーのメールフィルタリング
-```fsharp
-type User = {
-    Name: string
-    Email: string option
-    Age: int
-}
-let users = [
-    { Name = "Alice"; Email = Some "alice@example.com"; Age = 25 }
-    { Name = "Bob"; Email = None; Age = 30 }
-    { Name = "Charlie"; Email = Some "charlie@test.com"; Age = 17 }
-]
-// メールアドレスが設定されていないか、example.com ドメイン
-let filterByDomain domain users =
-    users
-    |> List.filter (fun user ->
-        user.Email |> Option.forall (fun email -> email.EndsWith(domain)))
-filterByDomain "@example.com" users
-// [Alice; Bob] - Bob は None なので forall = true
-// メールアドレスが設定されていて、test.com ドメイン
-let filterByDomainExists domain users =
-    users
-    |> List.filter (fun user ->
-        user.Email |> Option.exists (fun email -> email.EndsWith(domain)))
-filterByDomainExists "@test.com" users
-// [Charlie]
-```
----
-## 第7章: Result 型と複合的なエラー処理
-### 7.1 Option の限界
-`Option` は「値があるかないか」しか表現できません。**なぜ失敗したのか**を伝えられません。
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-rectangle "Option vs Result" {
-  rectangle "'a option" as opt {
-    card "Some value" as some
-    card "None" as none
-    none -[hidden]-> some
-  }
-  rectangle "Result<'a, 'e>" as result {
-    card "Ok value" as ok
-    card "Error error" as error
-    error -[hidden]-> ok
-  }
-  opt --> result : 進化
-}
-note bottom of none
-  失敗理由が分からない
-end note
-note bottom of error
-  エラー情報を保持できる
-end note
-@enduml
-```
-### 7.2 Result の基本
-`Result<'T, 'Error>` は「`'T` 型の成功値か、`'Error` 型のエラーか」を表す型です。
-- `Ok value`: 成功
-- `Error error`: 失敗（エラー情報を保持）
-**ソースファイル**: `app/fsharp/src/Ch07/ResultHandling.fs`
-```fsharp
-let extractName (show: string) : Result<string, string> =
-    let bracketOpen = show.IndexOf('(')
-    if bracketOpen > 0 then
-        Ok (show.Substring(0, bracketOpen).Trim())
-    else
-        Error $"Can't extract name from '{show}'"
-extractName "The Wire (2002-2008)"  // Ok "The Wire"
-extractName "(2022)"                // Error "Can't extract name from '(2022)'"
-```
-### 7.3 Result を使ったパース
-```fsharp
-let extractYearStart (rawShow: string) : Result<int, string> =
-    let bracketOpen = rawShow.IndexOf('(')
-    let dash = rawShow.IndexOf('-')
-    if bracketOpen <> -1 && dash > bracketOpen + 1 then
-        let yearStr = rawShow.Substring(bracketOpen + 1, dash - bracketOpen - 1)
-        tryParseInt yearStr
-    else
-        Error $"Can't extract start year from '{rawShow}'"
-extractYearStart "The Wire (2002-2008)"  // Ok 2002
-extractYearStart "The Wire (-2008)"      // Error "Can't extract start year from 'The Wire (-2008)'"
-extractYearStart "The Wire (oops-2008)"  // Error "Can't parse 'oops' as integer"
-```
-### 7.4 Option から Result への変換
-`Option.toResult` 相当の変換ができます。
-```fsharp
-let year = Some 996
-let noYear: int option = None
-// Option を Result に変換
-let toResult errorMsg opt =
-    match opt with
-    | Some x -> Ok x
-    | None -> Error errorMsg
-year |> toResult "no year given"     // Ok 996
-noYear |> toResult "no year given"   // Error "no year given"
-```
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-rectangle "Option → Result の変換" {
-  card "Some value" as some
-  card "None" as none
-  card "Ok value" as ok
-  card "Error errorMsg" as error
-  some --> ok : toResult errorMsg
-  none --> error : toResult errorMsg
-}
-@enduml
-```
-### 7.5 Result による完全なパーサー
-```fsharp
-let parseShow (rawShow: string) : Result<TvShow, string> =
-    match extractName rawShow with
-    | Error e -> Error e
-    | Ok name ->
-        let yearStart =
-            extractYearStart rawShow
-            |> orElse (extractSingleYear rawShow)
-        let yearEnd =
-            extractYearEnd rawShow
-            |> orElse (extractSingleYear rawShow)
-        match yearStart, yearEnd with
-        | Ok start, Ok endYear ->
-            Ok { Title = name; Start = start; End = endYear }
-        | Error e, _ -> Error e
-        | _, Error e -> Error e
-parseShow "The Wire (2002-2008)"  // Ok { Title = "The Wire"; Start = 2002; End = 2008 }
-parseShow "Mad Men ()"            // Error "Can't extract single year from 'Mad Men ()'"
-parseShow "(2002-2008)"           // Error "Can't extract name from '(2002-2008)'"
-```
-### 7.6 バリデーション
-Result はバリデーションに最適です。
-```fsharp
-let validateAge (age: int) : Result<int, string> =
-    if age < 0 then Error "Age cannot be negative"
-    elif age > 150 then Error "Age cannot be greater than 150"
-    else Ok age
-let validateName (name: string) : Result<string, string> =
-    if System.String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(name) then
-        Error "Name cannot be empty"
-    elif name.Length > 100 then
-        Error "Name cannot be longer than 100 characters"
-    else
-        Ok name
-let validateEmail (email: string) : Result<string, string> =
-    if System.String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(email) then
-        Error "Email cannot be empty"
-    elif not (email.Contains("@")) then
-        Error "Email must contain @"
-    else
-        Ok email
-```
-### 7.7 代数的データ型（ADT）
-F# では、判別共用体（Discriminated Union）で直和型を表現します。
-#### 直積型（Product Type）
-複数のフィールドを**AND**で組み合わせる型です。
-```fsharp
-/// アーティスト（直積型）
-type Artist = {
-    Name: string
-    Genre: MusicGenre
-    Origin: Location
-    YearsActive: YearsActive
-}
-```
-#### 直和型（Sum Type）
-複数の選択肢を**OR**で表す型です。
-```fsharp
-/// 音楽ジャンル（直和型）
-type MusicGenre =
-    | HeavyMetal
-    | Pop
-    | HardRock
-    | Jazz
-    | Classical
-/// 活動期間（直和型）
-type YearsActive =
-    | StillActive of since: int
-    | ActiveBetween of start: int * endYear: int
-/// 地域（直和型）
-type Location =
-    | US
-    | UK
-    | England
-    | Japan
-    | Germany
-    | Other of string
-```
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-rectangle "代数的データ型（ADT）" {
-  rectangle "直積型（Product Type）" as product {
-    card "レコード型"
-    card "A AND B AND C"
-    card "フィールドの組み合わせ"
-  }
-  rectangle "直和型（Sum Type）" as sum {
-    card "判別共用体"
-    card "A OR B OR C"
-    card "選択肢のいずれか"
-  }
-}
-note bottom of product
-  Artist = Name AND Genre AND Origin AND YearsActive
-end note
-note bottom of sum
-  YearsActive = StillActive OR ActiveBetween
-end note
-@enduml
-```
-### 7.8 パターンマッチング
-直和型は**パターンマッチング**で処理します。
-```fsharp
-let wasArtistActive (artist: Artist) (yearStart: int) (yearEnd: int) : bool =
-    match artist.YearsActive with
-    | StillActive since -> since <= yearEnd
-    | ActiveBetween (start, endY) -> start <= yearEnd && endY >= yearStart
-let activeLength (artist: Artist) (currentYear: int) : int =
-    match artist.YearsActive with
-    | StillActive since -> currentYear - since
-    | ActiveBetween (start, endY) -> endY - start
-let describeActivity (yearsActive: YearsActive) : string =
-    match yearsActive with
-    | StillActive since -> $"Active since {since}"
-    | ActiveBetween (start, endY) -> $"Active from {start} to {endY}"
-```
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-rectangle "パターンマッチング" {
-  card "artist.YearsActive" as input
-  rectangle "match ... with" as match_block {
-    card "| StillActive since -> ..." as case1
-    card "| ActiveBetween (start, end) -> ..." as case2
-  }
-  card "結果" as result
-  input --> match_block
-  match_block --> result
-}
-note bottom
-  全てのケースを網羅する必要がある
-  （コンパイラがチェック）
-end note
-@enduml
-```
-### 7.9 検索条件のモデリング
-検索条件も ADT でモデリングできます。
-```fsharp
-type SearchCondition =
-    | SearchByGenre of genres: MusicGenre list
-    | SearchByOrigin of locations: Location list
-    | SearchByActiveYears of start: int * endYear: int
-let matchesCondition (artist: Artist) (condition: SearchCondition) : bool =
-    match condition with
-    | SearchByGenre genres -> List.contains artist.Genre genres
-    | SearchByOrigin locations -> List.contains artist.Origin locations
-    | SearchByActiveYears (start, endY) -> wasArtistActive artist start endY
-let searchArtists (artists: Artist list) (conditions: SearchCondition list) : Artist list =
-    artists
-    |> List.filter (fun artist ->
-        conditions |> List.forall (matchesCondition artist))
-```
-### 7.10 支払い方法の例
-```fsharp
-type PaymentMethod =
-    | CreditCard of number: string * expiry: string
-    | BankTransfer of accountNumber: string
-    | Cash
-let describePayment (method: PaymentMethod) : string =
-    match method with
-    | CreditCard (number, _) -> $"Credit card ending in {number}"
-    | BankTransfer account -> $"Bank transfer to account {account}"
-    | Cash -> "Cash payment"
-let isValidPayment (method: PaymentMethod) : bool =
-    match method with
-    | CreditCard (number, expiry) ->
-        number.Length >= 4 && expiry.Contains("/")
-    | BankTransfer account ->
-        account.Length > 0
-    | Cash -> true
-```
----
-## まとめ
-### Part III で学んだこと
-```plantuml
-@startuml
-!theme plain
-rectangle "Part III: エラーハンドリング" {
-  rectangle "第6章" as ch6 {
-    card "Option<'a>"
-    card "Some / None"
-    card "Option.orElse"
-    card "Option.forall / exists"
-    card "エラーハンドリング戦略"
-  }
-  rectangle "第7章" as ch7 {
-    card "Result<'T, 'Error>"
-    card "Ok / Error"
-    card "エラーメッセージの保持"
-    card "ADT（判別共用体）"
-    card "パターンマッチング"
-  }
-}
-ch6 --> ch7
-@enduml
-```
-### Option vs Result の使い分け
-| 状況 | 使用する型 |
-|------|------------|
-| 値があるかないかだけが重要 | `'a option` |
-| 失敗理由を伝える必要がある | `Result<'a, string>` |
-| 検索結果が見つからない | `'a option` |
-| バリデーションエラーを伝える | `Result<'a, string>` |
-| 複数のエラー種別がある | `Result<'a, ErrorType>` |
-### F# と Scala の対応
-| 概念 | F# | Scala |
-|------|-----|-------|
-| 値の有無 | `option` | `Option` |
-| 成功/失敗 | `Result` | `Either` |
-| 値あり | `Some` | `Some` |
-| 値なし | `None` | `None` |
-| 成功 | `Ok` | `Right` |
-| 失敗 | `Error` | `Left` |
-| 直和型 | 判別共用体 | enum / sealed trait |
-### キーポイント
-1. **Option**: 値の有無を型で表現する
-2. **Result**: 成功/失敗とエラー情報を型で表現する
-3. **パターンマッチング**: Option/Result を安全に処理する
-4. **Option.orElse**: フォールバックを提供する
-5. **ADT**: 直積型と直和型でドメインを正確にモデリング
-6. **forall/exists**: Option での条件判定に便利
-### 次のステップ
-Part IV では、以下のトピックを学びます:
-- 副作用の管理
-- 非同期処理
-- ストリーム処理
----
-## 演習問題
-### 問題 1: Option の基本
-以下の関数を実装してください。
-```fsharp
-let safeDivide (a: int) (b: int) : int option = ???
-// 期待される動作
-assert (safeDivide 10 2 = Some 5)
-assert (safeDivide 10 0 = None)
-assert (safeDivide 7 2 = Some 3)
-```
-<details>
-<summary>解答</summary>
-```fsharp
-let safeDivide (a: int) (b: int) : int option =
-    if b = 0 then None
-    else Some (a / b)
-```
-</details>
-### 問題 2: Option の合成
-以下の関数を実装してください。2つの数値文字列を受け取り、その合計を返します。
-```fsharp
-let addStrings (a: string) (b: string) : int option = ???
-// 期待される動作
-assert (addStrings "10" "20" = Some 30)
-assert (addStrings "10" "abc" = None)
-assert (addStrings "xyz" "20" = None)
-```
-<details>
-<summary>解答</summary>
-```fsharp
-let tryParseInt (s: string) : int option =
-    match System.Int32.TryParse(s) with
-    | true, value -> Some value
-    | false, _ -> None
-let addStrings (a: string) (b: string) : int option =
-    match tryParseInt a, tryParseInt b with
-    | Some x, Some y -> Some (x + y)
-    | _ -> None
-```
-</details>
-### 問題 3: Result によるバリデーション
-以下の関数を実装してください。年齢を検証し、エラーメッセージを返します。
-```fsharp
-let validateAge (age: int) : Result<int, string> = ???
-// 期待される動作
-assert (validateAge 25 = Ok 25)
-assert (validateAge -5 = Error "Age cannot be negative")
-assert (validateAge 200 = Error "Age cannot be greater than 150")
-```
-<details>
-<summary>解答</summary>
-```fsharp
-let validateAge (age: int) : Result<int, string> =
-    if age < 0 then Error "Age cannot be negative"
-    elif age > 150 then Error "Age cannot be greater than 150"
-    else Ok age
-```
-</details>
-### 問題 4: パターンマッチング
-以下の判別共用体とパターンマッチングを使った関数を実装してください。
-```fsharp
-type PaymentMethod =
-    | CreditCard of number: string * expiry: string
-    | BankTransfer of accountNumber: string
-    | Cash
-let describePayment (method: PaymentMethod) : string = ???
-// 期待される動作
-assert (describePayment (CreditCard ("1234", "12/25")) = "Credit card ending in 1234")
-assert (describePayment (BankTransfer "9876") = "Bank transfer to account 9876")
-assert (describePayment Cash = "Cash payment")
-```
-<details>
-<summary>解答</summary>
-```fsharp
-let describePayment (method: PaymentMethod) : string =
-    match method with
-    | CreditCard (number, _) -> $"Credit card ending in {number}"
-    | BankTransfer account -> $"Bank transfer to account {account}"
-    | Cash -> "Cash payment"
-```
-</details>
-### 問題 5: forall と exists
-以下の条件に合うユーザーを抽出する関数を実装してください。
-```fsharp
-type User = {
-    Name: string
-    Email: string option
-    Age: int
-}
-let users = [
-    { Name = "Alice"; Email = Some "alice@example.com"; Age = 25 }
-    { Name = "Bob"; Email = None; Age = 30 }
-    { Name = "Charlie"; Email = Some "charlie@test.com"; Age = 17 }
-]
-// 1. メールアドレスが設定されていないか、example.com ドメインのユーザー
-let f1 (users: User list) : User list = ???
-// 2. メールアドレスが設定されていて、test.com ドメインのユーザー
-let f2 (users: User list) : User list = ???
-```
-<details>
-<summary>解答</summary>
-```fsharp
-// 1. メールアドレスが設定されていないか、example.com ドメイン
-let f1 (users: User list) : User list =
-    users
-    |> List.filter (fun user ->
-        user.Email |> Option.forall (fun email -> email.EndsWith("@example.com")))
-// [Alice; Bob]
-// 2. メールアドレスが設定されていて、test.com ドメイン
-let f2 (users: User list) : User list =
-    users
-    |> List.filter (fun user ->
-        user.Email |> Option.exists (fun email -> email.EndsWith("@test.com")))
-// [Charlie]
-```
-</details>
+# Part III: エラーハンドリングと Option/Result
+本章では、関数型プログラミングにおける安全なエラーハンドリングを学びます。`null` や例外に頼らず、`Option` と `Result` を使って型安全にエラーを扱う方法を習得します。
+---
+## 第6章: Option 型による安全なエラーハンドリング
+### 6.1 なぜ Option が必要か
+従来のエラーハンドリングには問題があります。
+```plantuml
+@startuml
+!theme plain
+rectangle "従来のエラーハンドリング" {
+  rectangle "null を返す" as null_ret {
+    card "NullReferenceException の危険"
+    card "コンパイル時に検出できない"
+  }
+  rectangle "例外をスローする" as exception {
+    card "制御フローが複雑化"
+    card "純粋関数ではなくなる"
+  }
+}
+rectangle "Option による解決" as option {
+  card "型で「値がないかもしれない」を表現"
+  card "コンパイル時にチェック"
+  card "純粋関数のまま"
+}
+null_ret --> option : 置き換え
+exception --> option : 置き換え
+@enduml
+```
+### 6.2 Option の基本
+`'a option` は「`'a` 型の値があるか、ないか」を表す型です。
+```plantuml
+@startuml
+!theme plain
+rectangle "'a option" as option {
+  rectangle "Some value" as some {
+    card "値が存在する"
+    card "value: 'a を保持"
+  }
+  rectangle "None" as none {
+    card "値が存在しない"
+    card "null の代わり"
+  }
+}
+@enduml
+```
+**ソースファイル**: `app/fsharp/src/Ch06/OptionHandling.fs`
+### 6.3 TV番組のパース例
+TV番組の文字列をパースする例で Option の使い方を学びます。
+```fsharp
+type TvShow = {
+    Title: string
+    Start: int
+    End: int
+}
+// 入力例: "Breaking Bad (2008-2013)"
+// 期待する出力: { Title = "Breaking Bad"; Start = 2008; End = 2013 }
+```
+#### 例外を使う方法（問題あり）
+```fsharp
+let parseShowUnsafe (rawShow: string) : TvShow =
+    let bracketOpen = rawShow.IndexOf('(')
+    let bracketClose = rawShow.IndexOf(')')
+    let dash = rawShow.IndexOf('-')
+    let name = rawShow.Substring(0, bracketOpen).Trim()
+    let yearStart = int (rawShow.Substring(bracketOpen + 1, dash - bracketOpen - 1))
+    let yearEnd = int (rawShow.Substring(dash + 1, bracketClose - dash - 1))
+    { Title = name; Start = yearStart; End = yearEnd }
+// 正常ケース
+parseShowUnsafe "Breaking Bad (2008-2013)"
+// { Title = "Breaking Bad"; Start = 2008; End = 2013 }
+// 異常ケース → 例外がスローされる!
+parseShowUnsafe "Chernobyl (2019)"        // ArgumentOutOfRangeException
+parseShowUnsafe "The Wire 2002-2008"      // ArgumentOutOfRangeException
+```
+#### Option を使う方法
+```fsharp
+let parseShow (rawShow: string) : TvShow option =
+    match extractName rawShow with
+    | None -> None
+    | Some name ->
+        let yearStart =
+            extractYearStart rawShow
+            |> Option.orElse (extractSingleYear rawShow)
+        let yearEnd =
+            extractYearEnd rawShow
+            |> Option.orElse (extractSingleYear rawShow)
+        match yearStart, yearEnd with
+        | Some start, Some endYear ->
+            Some { Title = name; Start = start; End = endYear }
+        | _ -> None
+// 正常ケース
+parseShow "Breaking Bad (2008-2013)"
+// Some { Title = "Breaking Bad"; Start = 2008; End = 2013 }
+// 異常ケース → None が返される（例外なし）
+parseShow "The Wire 2002-2008"  // None
+```
+### 6.4 小さな関数から組み立てる
+複雑なパース処理を小さな関数に分解します。
+```fsharp
+/// 文字列を安全に整数に変換
+let tryParseInt (s: string) : int option =
+    match System.Int32.TryParse(s) with
+    | true, value -> Some value
+    | false, _ -> None
+/// 名前を抽出
+let extractName (rawShow: string) : string option =
+    let bracketOpen = rawShow.IndexOf('(')
+    if bracketOpen > 0 then
+        Some (rawShow.Substring(0, bracketOpen).Trim())
+    else
+        None
+/// 開始年を抽出
+let extractYearStart (rawShow: string) : int option =
+    let bracketOpen = rawShow.IndexOf('(')
+    let dash = rawShow.IndexOf('-')
+    if bracketOpen <> -1 && dash > bracketOpen + 1 then
+        let yearStr = rawShow.Substring(bracketOpen + 1, dash - bracketOpen - 1)
+        tryParseInt yearStr
+    else
+        None
+/// 終了年を抽出
+let extractYearEnd (rawShow: string) : int option =
+    let dash = rawShow.IndexOf('-')
+    let bracketClose = rawShow.IndexOf(')')
+    if dash <> -1 && bracketClose > dash + 1 then
+        let yearStr = rawShow.Substring(dash + 1, bracketClose - dash - 1)
+        tryParseInt yearStr
+    else
+        None
+```
+```plantuml
+@startuml
+!theme plain
+rectangle "パース処理の分解" {
+  card "\"Breaking Bad (2008-2013)\"" as input
+  rectangle "小さな関数" as funcs {
+    card "extractName" as name
+    card "extractYearStart" as start
+    card "extractYearEnd" as end
+  }
+  card "TvShow" as output
+  input --> funcs
+  funcs --> output : パターンマッチで合成
+}
+@enduml
+```
+### 6.5 Option.orElse によるフォールバック
+`Option.orElse` を使って、最初の Option が `None` の場合に代替を試すことができます。
+```fsharp
+let seven = Some 7
+let eight = Some 8
+let none: int option = None
+seven |> Option.orElse eight   // Some 7 - 最初が Some なのでそのまま
+none |> Option.orElse eight    // Some 8 - 最初が None なので代替を使用
+seven |> Option.orElse none    // Some 7
+none |> Option.orElse none     // None
+```
+#### 単年の番組に対応する
+「Chernobyl (2019)」のような単年の番組をパースできるようにします。
+```fsharp
+/// 単年を抽出
+let extractSingleYear (rawShow: string) : int option =
+    let dash = rawShow.IndexOf('-')
+    let bracketOpen = rawShow.IndexOf('(')
+    let bracketClose = rawShow.IndexOf(')')
+    if dash = -1 && bracketOpen <> -1 && bracketClose > bracketOpen + 1 then
+        let yearStr = rawShow.Substring(bracketOpen + 1, bracketClose - bracketOpen - 1)
+        tryParseInt yearStr
+    else
+        None
+let parseShow (rawShow: string) : TvShow option =
+    match extractName rawShow with
+    | None -> None
+    | Some name ->
+        let yearStart =
+            extractYearStart rawShow
+            |> Option.orElse (extractSingleYear rawShow)
+        let yearEnd =
+            extractYearEnd rawShow
+            |> Option.orElse (extractSingleYear rawShow)
+        match yearStart, yearEnd with
+        | Some start, Some endYear ->
+            Some { Title = name; Start = start; End = endYear }
+        | _ -> None
+// これで単年の番組もパースできる
+parseShow "Chernobyl (2019)"
+// Some { Title = "Chernobyl"; Start = 2019; End = 2019 }
+```
+```plantuml
+@startuml
+!theme plain
+rectangle "Option.orElse のフロー" {
+  card "extractYearStart rawShow" as first
+  card "extractSingleYear rawShow" as second
+  card "結果" as result
+  first --> result : Some の場合
+  first --> second : None の場合
+  second --> result
+}
+@enduml
+```
+### 6.6 Option の主要メソッド
+| 関数 | 説明 | 例 |
+|------|------|-----|
+| `Option.map` | 値があれば変換 | `Some 5 \|> Option.map ((*) 2)` → `Some 10` |
+| `Option.bind` | 値があれば Option を返す関数を適用 | `Some 5 \|> Option.bind (fun x -> Some (x * 2))` → `Some 10` |
+| `Option.filter` | 条件を満たさなければ None | `Some 5 \|> Option.filter (fun x -> x > 10)` → `None` |
+| `Option.orElse` | None なら代替を使用 | `None \|> Option.orElse (Some 5)` → `Some 5` |
+| `Option.defaultValue` | None ならデフォルト値 | `None \|> Option.defaultValue 0` → `0` |
+| `Option.toList` | List に変換 | `Some 5 \|> Option.toList` → `[5]` |
+```fsharp
+let year: int option = Some 996
+let noYear: int option = None
+// map
+year |> Option.map (fun x -> x * 2)     // Some 1992
+noYear |> Option.map (fun x -> x * 2)   // None
+// bind
+year |> Option.bind (fun y -> Some (y * 2))     // Some 1992
+noYear |> Option.bind (fun y -> Some (y * 2))   // None
+// filter
+year |> Option.filter (fun x -> x < 2020)   // Some 996
+year |> Option.filter (fun x -> x > 2020)   // None
+// orElse
+year |> Option.orElse (Some 2020)     // Some 996
+noYear |> Option.orElse (Some 2020)   // Some 2020
+```
+### 6.7 エラーハンドリング戦略
+複数の要素をパースする場合、2つの戦略があります。
+```plantuml
+@startuml
+!theme plain
+rectangle "エラーハンドリング戦略" {
+  rectangle "Best-effort 戦略" as best {
+    card "パースできたものだけ返す"
+    card "エラーは無視"
+    card "TvShow list を返す"
+  }
+  rectangle "All-or-nothing 戦略" as all {
+    card "全部成功するか、全部失敗"
+    card "一つでも失敗したら None"
+    card "TvShow list option を返す"
+  }
+}
+@enduml
+```
+#### Best-effort 戦略
+```fsharp
+let parseShowsBestEffort (rawShows: string list) : TvShow list =
+    rawShows
+    |> List.choose parseShow  // Some のものだけ抽出
+let rawShows = [
+    "Breaking Bad (2008-2013)"
+    "The Wire 2002 2008"        // 無効な形式
+    "Mad Men (2007-2015)"
+]
+parseShowsBestEffort rawShows
+// [{ Title = "Breaking Bad"; ... }; { Title = "Mad Men"; ... }]
+// 無効なものは無視される
+```
+#### All-or-nothing 戦略
+```fsharp
+let parseShowsAllOrNothing (rawShows: string list) : TvShow list option =
+    let parsed = rawShows |> List.map parseShow
+    if List.forall Option.isSome parsed then
+        Some (parsed |> List.choose id)
+    else
+        None
+// 全部成功 → Some [...]
+parseShowsAllOrNothing ["Breaking Bad (2008-2013)"; "Mad Men (2007-2015)"]
+// Some [{ Title = "Breaking Bad"; ... }; { Title = "Mad Men"; ... }]
+// 一つでも失敗 → None
+parseShowsAllOrNothing ["Breaking Bad (2008-2013)"; "Invalid"]
+// None
+```
+### 6.8 forall と exists
+Option で条件判定をする際に便利な関数です。
+| 関数 | 動作 |
+|------|------|
+| `Option.forall p` | None → true, Some x → p(x) |
+| `Option.exists p` | None → false, Some x → p(x) |
+| `Option.contains x` | Some x と等しいか |
+```fsharp
+let year = Some 996
+let noYear: int option = None
+// forall - 「全て」または「存在しない」
+year |> Option.forall (fun x -> x < 2020)     // true (996 < 2020)
+noYear |> Option.forall (fun x -> x < 2020)   // true (値がないので「全て」が自明に真)
+year |> Option.forall (fun x -> x > 2020)     // false
+// exists - 「存在して条件を満たす」
+year |> Option.exists (fun x -> x < 2020)     // true
+noYear |> Option.exists (fun x -> x < 2020)   // false (値がないので存在しない)
+```
+#### 実用例: ユーザーのメールフィルタリング
+```fsharp
+type User = {
+    Name: string
+    Email: string option
+    Age: int
+}
+let users = [
+    { Name = "Alice"; Email = Some "alice@example.com"; Age = 25 }
+    { Name = "Bob"; Email = None; Age = 30 }
+    { Name = "Charlie"; Email = Some "charlie@test.com"; Age = 17 }
+]
+// メールアドレスが設定されていないか、example.com ドメイン
+let filterByDomain domain users =
+    users
+    |> List.filter (fun user ->
+        user.Email |> Option.forall (fun email -> email.EndsWith(domain)))
+filterByDomain "@example.com" users
+// [Alice; Bob] - Bob は None なので forall = true
+// メールアドレスが設定されていて、test.com ドメイン
+let filterByDomainExists domain users =
+    users
+    |> List.filter (fun user ->
+        user.Email |> Option.exists (fun email -> email.EndsWith(domain)))
+filterByDomainExists "@test.com" users
+// [Charlie]
+```
+---
+## 第7章: Result 型と複合的なエラー処理
+### 7.1 Option の限界
+`Option` は「値があるかないか」しか表現できません。**なぜ失敗したのか**を伝えられません。
+```plantuml
+@startuml
+!theme plain
+rectangle "Option vs Result" {
+  rectangle "'a option" as opt {
+    card "Some value" as some
+    card "None" as none
+    none -[hidden]-> some
+  }
+  rectangle "Result<'a, 'e>" as result {
+    card "Ok value" as ok
+    card "Error error" as error
+    error -[hidden]-> ok
+  }
+  opt --> result : 進化
+}
+note bottom of none
+  失敗理由が分からない
+end note
+note bottom of error
+  エラー情報を保持できる
+end note
+@enduml
+```
+### 7.2 Result の基本
+`Result<'T, 'Error>` は「`'T` 型の成功値か、`'Error` 型のエラーか」を表す型です。
+- `Ok value`: 成功
+- `Error error`: 失敗（エラー情報を保持）
+**ソースファイル**: `app/fsharp/src/Ch07/ResultHandling.fs`
+```fsharp
+let extractName (show: string) : Result<string, string> =
+    let bracketOpen = show.IndexOf('(')
+    if bracketOpen > 0 then
+        Ok (show.Substring(0, bracketOpen).Trim())
+    else
+        Error $"Can't extract name from '{show}'"
+extractName "The Wire (2002-2008)"  // Ok "The Wire"
+extractName "(2022)"                // Error "Can't extract name from '(2022)'"
+```
+### 7.3 Result を使ったパース
+```fsharp
+let extractYearStart (rawShow: string) : Result<int, string> =
+    let bracketOpen = rawShow.IndexOf('(')
+    let dash = rawShow.IndexOf('-')
+    if bracketOpen <> -1 && dash > bracketOpen + 1 then
+        let yearStr = rawShow.Substring(bracketOpen + 1, dash - bracketOpen - 1)
+        tryParseInt yearStr
+    else
+        Error $"Can't extract start year from '{rawShow}'"
+extractYearStart "The Wire (2002-2008)"  // Ok 2002
+extractYearStart "The Wire (-2008)"      // Error "Can't extract start year from 'The Wire (-2008)'"
+extractYearStart "The Wire (oops-2008)"  // Error "Can't parse 'oops' as integer"
+```
+### 7.4 Option から Result への変換
+`Option.toResult` 相当の変換ができます。
+```fsharp
+let year = Some 996
+let noYear: int option = None
+// Option を Result に変換
+let toResult errorMsg opt =
+    match opt with
+    | Some x -> Ok x
+    | None -> Error errorMsg
+year |> toResult "no year given"     // Ok 996
+noYear |> toResult "no year given"   // Error "no year given"
+```
+```plantuml
+@startuml
+!theme plain
+rectangle "Option → Result の変換" {
+  card "Some value" as some
+  card "None" as none
+  card "Ok value" as ok
+  card "Error errorMsg" as error
+  some --> ok : toResult errorMsg
+  none --> error : toResult errorMsg
+}
+@enduml
+```
+### 7.5 Result による完全なパーサー
+```fsharp
+let parseShow (rawShow: string) : Result<TvShow, string> =
+    match extractName rawShow with
+    | Error e -> Error e
+    | Ok name ->
+        let yearStart =
+            extractYearStart rawShow
+            |> orElse (extractSingleYear rawShow)
+        let yearEnd =
+            extractYearEnd rawShow
+            |> orElse (extractSingleYear rawShow)
+        match yearStart, yearEnd with
+        | Ok start, Ok endYear ->
+            Ok { Title = name; Start = start; End = endYear }
+        | Error e, _ -> Error e
+        | _, Error e -> Error e
+parseShow "The Wire (2002-2008)"  // Ok { Title = "The Wire"; Start = 2002; End = 2008 }
+parseShow "Mad Men ()"            // Error "Can't extract single year from 'Mad Men ()'"
+parseShow "(2002-2008)"           // Error "Can't extract name from '(2002-2008)'"
+```
+### 7.6 バリデーション
+Result はバリデーションに最適です。
+```fsharp
+let validateAge (age: int) : Result<int, string> =
+    if age < 0 then Error "Age cannot be negative"
+    elif age > 150 then Error "Age cannot be greater than 150"
+    else Ok age
+let validateName (name: string) : Result<string, string> =
+    if System.String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(name) then
+        Error "Name cannot be empty"
+    elif name.Length > 100 then
+        Error "Name cannot be longer than 100 characters"
+    else
+        Ok name
+let validateEmail (email: string) : Result<string, string> =
+    if System.String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(email) then
+        Error "Email cannot be empty"
+    elif not (email.Contains("@")) then
+        Error "Email must contain @"
+    else
+        Ok email
+```
+### 7.7 代数的データ型（ADT）
+F# では、判別共用体（Discriminated Union）で直和型を表現します。
+#### 直積型（Product Type）
+複数のフィールドを**AND**で組み合わせる型です。
+```fsharp
+/// アーティスト（直積型）
+type Artist = {
+    Name: string
+    Genre: MusicGenre
+    Origin: Location
+    YearsActive: YearsActive
+}
+```
+#### 直和型（Sum Type）
+複数の選択肢を**OR**で表す型です。
+```fsharp
+/// 音楽ジャンル（直和型）
+type MusicGenre =
+    | HeavyMetal
+    | Pop
+    | HardRock
+    | Jazz
+    | Classical
+/// 活動期間（直和型）
+type YearsActive =
+    | StillActive of since: int
+    | ActiveBetween of start: int * endYear: int
+/// 地域（直和型）
+type Location =
+    | US
+    | UK
+    | England
+    | Japan
+    | Germany
+    | Other of string
+```
+```plantuml
+@startuml
+!theme plain
+rectangle "代数的データ型（ADT）" {
+  rectangle "直積型（Product Type）" as product {
+    card "レコード型"
+    card "A AND B AND C"
+    card "フィールドの組み合わせ"
+  }
+  rectangle "直和型（Sum Type）" as sum {
+    card "判別共用体"
+    card "A OR B OR C"
+    card "選択肢のいずれか"
+  }
+}
+note bottom of product
+  Artist = Name AND Genre AND Origin AND YearsActive
+end note
+note bottom of sum
+  YearsActive = StillActive OR ActiveBetween
+end note
+@enduml
+```
+### 7.8 パターンマッチング
+直和型は**パターンマッチング**で処理します。
+```fsharp
+let wasArtistActive (artist: Artist) (yearStart: int) (yearEnd: int) : bool =
+    match artist.YearsActive with
+    | StillActive since -> since <= yearEnd
+    | ActiveBetween (start, endY) -> start <= yearEnd && endY >= yearStart
+let activeLength (artist: Artist) (currentYear: int) : int =
+    match artist.YearsActive with
+    | StillActive since -> currentYear - since
+    | ActiveBetween (start, endY) -> endY - start
+let describeActivity (yearsActive: YearsActive) : string =
+    match yearsActive with
+    | StillActive since -> $"Active since {since}"
+    | ActiveBetween (start, endY) -> $"Active from {start} to {endY}"
+```
+```plantuml
+@startuml
+!theme plain
+rectangle "パターンマッチング" {
+  card "artist.YearsActive" as input
+  rectangle "match ... with" as match_block {
+    card "| StillActive since -> ..." as case1
+    card "| ActiveBetween (start, end) -> ..." as case2
+  }
+  card "結果" as result
+  input --> match_block
+  match_block --> result
+}
+note bottom
+  全てのケースを網羅する必要がある
+  （コンパイラがチェック）
+end note
+@enduml
+```
+### 7.9 検索条件のモデリング
+検索条件も ADT でモデリングできます。
+```fsharp
+type SearchCondition =
+    | SearchByGenre of genres: MusicGenre list
+    | SearchByOrigin of locations: Location list
+    | SearchByActiveYears of start: int * endYear: int
+let matchesCondition (artist: Artist) (condition: SearchCondition) : bool =
+    match condition with
+    | SearchByGenre genres -> List.contains artist.Genre genres
+    | SearchByOrigin locations -> List.contains artist.Origin locations
+    | SearchByActiveYears (start, endY) -> wasArtistActive artist start endY
+let searchArtists (artists: Artist list) (conditions: SearchCondition list) : Artist list =
+    artists
+    |> List.filter (fun artist ->
+        conditions |> List.forall (matchesCondition artist))
+```
+### 7.10 支払い方法の例
+```fsharp
+type PaymentMethod =
+    | CreditCard of number: string * expiry: string
+    | BankTransfer of accountNumber: string
+    | Cash
+let describePayment (method: PaymentMethod) : string =
+    match method with
+    | CreditCard (number, _) -> $"Credit card ending in {number}"
+    | BankTransfer account -> $"Bank transfer to account {account}"
+    | Cash -> "Cash payment"
+let isValidPayment (method: PaymentMethod) : bool =
+    match method with
+    | CreditCard (number, expiry) ->
+        number.Length >= 4 && expiry.Contains("/")
+    | BankTransfer account ->
+        account.Length > 0
+    | Cash -> true
+```
+---
+## まとめ
+### Part III で学んだこと
+```plantuml
+@startuml
+!theme plain
+rectangle "Part III: エラーハンドリング" {
+  rectangle "第6章" as ch6 {
+    card "Option<'a>"
+    card "Some / None"
+    card "Option.orElse"
+    card "Option.forall / exists"
+    card "エラーハンドリング戦略"
+  }
+  rectangle "第7章" as ch7 {
+    card "Result<'T, 'Error>"
+    card "Ok / Error"
+    card "エラーメッセージの保持"
+    card "ADT（判別共用体）"
+    card "パターンマッチング"
+  }
+}
+ch6 --> ch7
+@enduml
+```
+### Option vs Result の使い分け
+| 状況 | 使用する型 |
+|------|------------|
+| 値があるかないかだけが重要 | `'a option` |
+| 失敗理由を伝える必要がある | `Result<'a, string>` |
+| 検索結果が見つからない | `'a option` |
+| バリデーションエラーを伝える | `Result<'a, string>` |
+| 複数のエラー種別がある | `Result<'a, ErrorType>` |
+### F# と Scala の対応
+| 概念 | F# | Scala |
+|------|-----|-------|
+| 値の有無 | `option` | `Option` |
+| 成功/失敗 | `Result` | `Either` |
+| 値あり | `Some` | `Some` |
+| 値なし | `None` | `None` |
+| 成功 | `Ok` | `Right` |
+| 失敗 | `Error` | `Left` |
+| 直和型 | 判別共用体 | enum / sealed trait |
+### キーポイント
+1. **Option**: 値の有無を型で表現する
+2. **Result**: 成功/失敗とエラー情報を型で表現する
+3. **パターンマッチング**: Option/Result を安全に処理する
+4. **Option.orElse**: フォールバックを提供する
+5. **ADT**: 直積型と直和型でドメインを正確にモデリング
+6. **forall/exists**: Option での条件判定に便利
+### 次のステップ
+Part IV では、以下のトピックを学びます:
+- 副作用の管理
+- 非同期処理
+- ストリーム処理
+---
+## 演習問題
+### 問題 1: Option の基本
+以下の関数を実装してください。
+```fsharp
+let safeDivide (a: int) (b: int) : int option = ???
+// 期待される動作
+assert (safeDivide 10 2 = Some 5)
+assert (safeDivide 10 0 = None)
+assert (safeDivide 7 2 = Some 3)
+```
+<details>
+<summary>解答</summary>
+```fsharp
+let safeDivide (a: int) (b: int) : int option =
+    if b = 0 then None
+    else Some (a / b)
+```
+</details>
+### 問題 2: Option の合成
+以下の関数を実装してください。2つの数値文字列を受け取り、その合計を返します。
+```fsharp
+let addStrings (a: string) (b: string) : int option = ???
+// 期待される動作
+assert (addStrings "10" "20" = Some 30)
+assert (addStrings "10" "abc" = None)
+assert (addStrings "xyz" "20" = None)
+```
+<details>
+<summary>解答</summary>
+```fsharp
+let tryParseInt (s: string) : int option =
+    match System.Int32.TryParse(s) with
+    | true, value -> Some value
+    | false, _ -> None
+let addStrings (a: string) (b: string) : int option =
+    match tryParseInt a, tryParseInt b with
+    | Some x, Some y -> Some (x + y)
+    | _ -> None
+```
+</details>
+### 問題 3: Result によるバリデーション
+以下の関数を実装してください。年齢を検証し、エラーメッセージを返します。
+```fsharp
+let validateAge (age: int) : Result<int, string> = ???
+// 期待される動作
+assert (validateAge 25 = Ok 25)
+assert (validateAge -5 = Error "Age cannot be negative")
+assert (validateAge 200 = Error "Age cannot be greater than 150")
+```
+<details>
+<summary>解答</summary>
+```fsharp
+let validateAge (age: int) : Result<int, string> =
+    if age < 0 then Error "Age cannot be negative"
+    elif age > 150 then Error "Age cannot be greater than 150"
+    else Ok age
+```
+</details>
+### 問題 4: パターンマッチング
+以下の判別共用体とパターンマッチングを使った関数を実装してください。
+```fsharp
+type PaymentMethod =
+    | CreditCard of number: string * expiry: string
+    | BankTransfer of accountNumber: string
+    | Cash
+let describePayment (method: PaymentMethod) : string = ???
+// 期待される動作
+assert (describePayment (CreditCard ("1234", "12/25")) = "Credit card ending in 1234")
+assert (describePayment (BankTransfer "9876") = "Bank transfer to account 9876")
+assert (describePayment Cash = "Cash payment")
+```
+<details>
+<summary>解答</summary>
+```fsharp
+let describePayment (method: PaymentMethod) : string =
+    match method with
+    | CreditCard (number, _) -> $"Credit card ending in {number}"
+    | BankTransfer account -> $"Bank transfer to account {account}"
+    | Cash -> "Cash payment"
+```
+</details>
+### 問題 5: forall と exists
+以下の条件に合うユーザーを抽出する関数を実装してください。
+```fsharp
+type User = {
+    Name: string
+    Email: string option
+    Age: int
+}
+let users = [
+    { Name = "Alice"; Email = Some "alice@example.com"; Age = 25 }
+    { Name = "Bob"; Email = None; Age = 30 }
+    { Name = "Charlie"; Email = Some "charlie@test.com"; Age = 17 }
+]
+// 1. メールアドレスが設定されていないか、example.com ドメインのユーザー
+let f1 (users: User list) : User list = ???
+// 2. メールアドレスが設定されていて、test.com ドメインのユーザー
+let f2 (users: User list) : User list = ???
+```
+<details>
+<summary>解答</summary>
+```fsharp
+// 1. メールアドレスが設定されていないか、example.com ドメイン
+let f1 (users: User list) : User list =
+    users
+    |> List.filter (fun user ->
+        user.Email |> Option.forall (fun email -> email.EndsWith("@example.com")))
+// [Alice; Bob]
+// 2. メールアドレスが設定されていて、test.com ドメイン
+let f2 (users: User list) : User list =
+    users
+    |> List.filter (fun user ->
+        user.Email |> Option.exists (fun email -> email.EndsWith("@test.com")))
+// [Charlie]
+```
+</details>