@hraness/dawg 0.6.0 → 0.7.0

package/core/styles/africa-mena-southasia.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2893 @@
+/**
+ * Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East and North Africa, South Asia (quality-08
+ * family `africa-mena-southasia`). `arabic-classical` is the worked
+ * non-Western microtonal leaf: maqam bayati with its neutral second as a
+ * quarter tone (the 24-tone convention on the `bayati` tuning table),
+ * heterophony instead of chords, a sayr that opens on the tonic jins and
+ * climbs to the ghammaz (fourth) before returning, and the maqsum iqa as
+ * a dum/tak cycle on the frame drum.
+ */
+
+import { grid, intervals, kit, maybe, role } from "./parts.ts";
+import { card, type CycleSpec, type StyleCard } from "./schema.ts";
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Timelines, talas, iqa'at and usuller (this lane's section of the cycles).
+//
+// A cycle is one stroke per beat unit (a quarter in x/4, an eighth in x/8);
+// "." is a rest, `stress` and `release` are 1-based beats (tali and khali
+// for a tala, dum accents for an iqa'). The divisions (vibhag, anga,
+// usul groups) must add up to the beats; `cycle()` checks that.
+
+/** Low (bass-voice) strokes: the open dum and bayan strokes of each family. */
+const LOW = Object.freeze([
+  "dum",
+  "dha",
+  "dhin",
+  "dhage",
+  "ge",
+  "thom",
+  "dhi",
+  "dhom",
+]);
+
+/**
+ * A rhythmic cycle; throws when strokes and divisions disagree. Every key
+ * is set (release and low too) so a child's cycle never inherits its
+ * parent's khali or low strokes.
+ */
+export function cycle(
+  kind: CycleSpec["kind"],
+  name: string,
+  divisions: readonly number[],
+  strokes: string,
+  stress: readonly number[],
+  release: readonly number[] = [],
+  low: readonly string[] = LOW,
+): CycleSpec {
+  const list = strokes.trim().split(/\s+/);
+  const beats = divisions.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0);
+  if (list.length !== beats)
+    throw new Error(`cycle ${name}: ${list.length} strokes for ${beats} beats`);
+  for (const at of [...stress, ...release])
+    if (!(at >= 1 && at <= beats))
+      throw new Error(`cycle ${name}: beat ${at} outside 1-${beats}`);
+  return Object.freeze({
+    kind,
+    name,
+    beats,
+    divisions: Object.freeze([...divisions]),
+    strokes: Object.freeze(list),
+    stress: Object.freeze([...stress]),
+    release: Object.freeze([...release]),
+    low: Object.freeze([...low]),
+  });
+}
+
+/** Teental: 16 beats, vibhag 4+4+4+4, sam on 1, khali on 9. */
+export const TEENTAL = cycle(
+  "tala",
+  "teental",
+  [4, 4, 4, 4],
+  "dha dhin dhin dha dha dhin dhin dha dha tin tin ta ta dhin dhin dha",
+  [1, 5, 13],
+  [9, 10, 11, 12],
+);
+/** Ektaal: 12 beats in six vibhag of two; khali on 3 and 7. */
+export const EKTAAL = cycle(
+  "tala",
+  "ektaal",
+  [2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2],
+  "dhin dhin dhage tirakita tu na kat ta dhage tirakita dhin na",
+  [1, 5, 9, 11],
+  [3, 4, 7, 8],
+);
+/** Chautal: 12 beats, 2+2+2+2+2+2, the pakhawaj cycle of dhrupad. */
+export const CHAUTAL = cycle(
+  "tala",
+  "chautal",
+  [2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2],
+  "dha dha din ta kita dha din ta tita kata gadi gana",
+  [1, 5, 9, 11],
+  [3, 4, 7, 8],
+);
+/** Deepchandi: 14 beats, 3+4+3+4, khali on 8 (thumri). */
+export const DEEPCHANDI = cycle(
+  "tala",
+  "deepchandi",
+  [3, 4, 3, 4],
+  "dha dhin . dha dha tin . ta tin . dha dha dhin .",
+  [1, 4, 11],
+  [8, 9, 10],
+);
+/** Keherwa: 8 beats, 4+4, khali on 5. */
+export const KEHERWA = cycle(
+  "tala",
+  "keherwa",
+  [4, 4],
+  "dha ge na ti na ka dhi na",
+  [1],
+  [5, 6, 7, 8],
+);
+/** Dadra: 6 beats, 3+3, khali on 4. */
+export const DADRA = cycle(
+  "tala",
+  "dadra",
+  [3, 3],
+  "dha dhi na dha ti na",
+  [1],
+  [4, 5, 6],
+);
+/** Adi tala: 8 beats, laghu 4 + drutam 2 + drutam 2 (claps 1, 5, 7). */
+export const ADI = cycle(
+  "tala",
+  "adi",
+  [4, 2, 2],
+  "tha ka dhi mi tha ka jo nu",
+  [1, 5, 7],
+  [6, 8],
+);
+/** Misra chapu: 7 beats, 3+2+2. */
+export const MISRA_CHAPU = cycle(
+  "tala",
+  "misra chapu",
+  [3, 2, 2],
+  "tha ki ta tha ka dhi mi",
+  [1, 4, 6],
+);
+/** Rupaka (Carnatic): 6 beats, drutam 2 + laghu 4. */
+export const RUPAKA = cycle(
+  "tala",
+  "rupaka",
+  [2, 4],
+  "tha ka tha ki ta thom",
+  [1, 3],
+  [2],
+);
+/** Maqsum: 8/8 dum tak . tak dum . tak . */
+export const MAQSUM = cycle(
+  "iqa",
+  "maqsum",
+  [8],
+  "dum tak . tak dum . tak .",
+  [1, 5],
+);
+/** Baladi (masmudi saghir): dum dum . tak dum . tak . */
+export const BALADI = cycle(
+  "iqa",
+  "baladi",
+  [8],
+  "dum dum . tak dum . tak .",
+  [1, 2, 5],
+);
+/** Sama'i thaqil: 10/8, the muwashshah and sama'i cycle. */
+export const SAMAI_THAQIL = cycle(
+  "iqa",
+  "sama'i thaqil",
+  [3, 2, 2, 3],
+  "dum . . tak . dum dum tak . .",
+  [1, 6, 7],
+);
+/** Jurjina: 10/8 (3+2+2+3), the Iraqi maqam cycle. */
+export const JURJINA = cycle(
+  "iqa",
+  "jurjina",
+  [3, 2, 2, 3],
+  "dum . tak dum . tak . dum tak .",
+  [1, 4, 8],
+);
+/** Wahda: 4/4 one dum on the downbeat, the slow tarab and recitation pulse. */
+export const WAHDA = cycle("iqa", "wahda", [4], "dum . tak .", [1]);
+/** Aksak: 9/8 in 2+2+2+3. */
+export const AKSAK = cycle(
+  "usul",
+  "aksak",
+  [2, 2, 2, 3],
+  "dum . tek . tek . dum . tek",
+  [1, 7],
+);
+/** Curcuna: 10/8 in 3+2+2+3. */
+export const CURCUNA = cycle(
+  "usul",
+  "curcuna",
+  [3, 2, 2, 3],
+  "dum . tek dum . tek . tek . .",
+  [1, 4],
+);
+/** Devr-i revan: 14/8 in 3+2+2+3+2+2, the Mevlevi ayin's third selam. */
+export const DEVR_I_REVAN = cycle(
+  "usul",
+  "devr-i revan",
+  [3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2],
+  "dum . tek dum . tek . dum . tek tek . tek .",
+  [1, 4, 8],
+);
+/** Devr-i hindi: 7/8 in 3+2+2. */
+export const DEVR_I_HINDI = cycle(
+  "usul",
+  "devr-i hindi",
+  [3, 2, 2],
+  "dum . tek dum . tek .",
+  [1, 4],
+);
+/** Çiftetelli: 8 beats of 4/4 over two bars, dum on 1, 6 and 7. */
+export const CIFTETELLI = cycle(
+  "usul",
+  "ciftetelli",
+  [3, 3, 2],
+  "dum tek . tek . dum dum tek",
+  [1, 6, 7],
+);
+
+/** Jhaptal: 10 beats, vibhag 2+3+2+3, khali on 6. */
+export const JHAPTAL = cycle(
+  "tala",
+  "jhaptal",
+  [2, 3, 2, 3],
+  "dhi na dhi dhi na ti na dhi dhi na",
+  [1, 3, 8],
+  [6, 7],
+);
+/** Rupak: 7 beats, 3+2+2; the sam itself is khali (open, no bayan). */
+export const RUPAK = cycle(
+  "tala",
+  "rupak",
+  [3, 2, 2],
+  "tin tin na dhi na dhi na",
+  [4, 6],
+  [1, 2, 3],
+);
+/** Malfuf: 8/8 in 3+3+2, the quick dabke and zaffa cycle. */
+export const MALFUF = cycle(
+  "iqa",
+  "malfuf",
+  [3, 3, 2],
+  "dum . . tak . . tak .",
+  [1],
+);
+/** Khaliji: 8/8, dum on 1 and 4, the Gulf clapped pulse. */
+export const KHALIJI = cycle(
+  "iqa",
+  "khaliji",
+  [3, 3, 2],
+  "dum . . dum tak . tak .",
+  [1, 4],
+);
+/** Masmudi kabir: 16/8, two dums, rest, then the tak run (muwashshah). */
+export const MASMUDI_KABIR = cycle(
+  "iqa",
+  "masmudi kabir",
+  [4, 4, 4, 4],
+  "dum . dum . . . tak . dum . . tak tak . tak .",
+  [1, 3, 9],
+);
+
+/** Standard 12/8 bell: seven strokes in 2-2-1-2-2-2-1. */
+export const STANDARD_BELL = grid("x.x.xx.x.x.x");
+/** Tresillo 3+3+2, twice per 4/4 bar of sixteenths. */
+export const TRESILLO = grid("x..x..x.x..x..x.");
+/** Four-on-the-floor kick. */
+export const FOUR_FLOOR = grid("x...x...x...x...");
+/** Backbeat on 2 and 4. */
+export const BACKBEAT = grid("....x.......x...");
+/** Off-beat eighths (the "and"s). */
+export const OFFBEATS = grid("..x...x...x...x.");
+/** Straight eighths. */
+export const EIGHTHS = grid("x.x.x.x.x.x.x.x.");
+/** Sixteenths with the downbeats dropped (a shaker or scraper). */
+export const SIXTEENTHS = grid("xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx");
+
+/** Root and branch cards: the shared patterns every leaf inherits. */
+const NODES: readonly StyleCard[] = [
+  card({
+    id: "africa",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary:
+      "timeline-led polyrhythm: a bell pattern, interlocking parts, cyclic short forms",
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["12/8", 0.5],
+        ["4/4", 0.5],
+      ],
+      hypermeter: [[2, 1]],
+    },
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 140], typical: 118 },
+    groove: { subdivision: 4, humanize: { timingMs: 6, velocity: 0.08 } },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        bell: grid("x.x.xx.x.x.x"),
+        kick: grid("x.....x....."),
+        perc: grid("..x..x..x..x"),
+        shaker: grid("xxxxxxxxxxxx"),
+      },
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major", 0.5],
+        ["major-pentatonic", 0.3],
+        ["mixolydian", 0.2],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["axis", 0.5],
+        ["fifties", 0.5],
+      ],
+      rhythm: [
+        [1, 0.6],
+        [2, 0.4],
+      ],
+      sevenths: 0,
+    },
+    melody: {
+      repetition: 0.75,
+      phraseBars: [
+        [1, 0.5],
+        [2, 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["ostinato", 1]], onsets: grid("x..x..x..x..") },
+    form: {
+      plans: [[["intro", "verse", "chorus", "verse", "chorus"], 1]],
+      archetype: "cyclic",
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "interlocking",
+      roles: {
+        snare: null,
+        hat: null,
+        kick: role("drums"),
+        bell: role("bell"),
+        perc: role("drums"),
+        shaker: maybe("drums"),
+        chords: role("nylon", "mbira:0.6", "marimba:0.4"),
+        lead: role("sing", "flute:0.3"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "west-africa",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary: "12/8 bell timeline, call and response, kora and balafon ostinati",
+    texture: { roles: { chords: role("harp", "marimba:0.6") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "central-africa",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary: "soukous and rumba: interlocking guitars, sebene sixteenth runs",
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]] },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x...x...x...x..."),
+        snare: grid("....x.......x..."),
+        bell: grid("x..x..x...x.x..."),
+      },
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: { chords: role("electric"), lead: role("electric", "sing:0.6") },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "east-africa",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary: "pentatonic lyres and taarab: 6/8 lilt, call and response",
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major-pentatonic", 0.5],
+        ["minor-pentatonic", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["6/8", 0.6],
+        ["4/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "southern-africa",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary: "mbira cycles and choral harmony: I-IV-I64-V in a four-bar loop",
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["4/4", 0.6],
+        ["12/8", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { forms: [[["I", "IV", "I", "V"], 1]], sources: { forms: 3 } },
+    texture: { roles: { chords: role("mbira", "choir:0.5") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "mena",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary:
+      "modal monophony and heterophony: maqam or dastgah, iqa cycles, no functional chords",
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["8/8", 0.6],
+        ["4/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    tempo: { bpm: [60, 130], typical: 96 },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["hijaz", 0.4],
+        ["nahawand", 0.3],
+        ["kurd", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.5, 1]], sevenths: 0 },
+    melody: {
+      contour: [
+        ["arch", 0.5],
+        ["terraced", 0.5],
+      ],
+      ambitus: [7, 14],
+      range: [57, 81],
+      intervals: intervals(6, 2, 0.5, 0.8),
+      chordToneRate: 0.3,
+      density: [2, 3],
+      repetition: 0.4,
+      finals: [
+        [0, 0.8],
+        [5, 0.2],
+      ],
+    },
+    bass: {
+      behaviour: [
+        ["pedal", 0.6],
+        ["none", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        kick: null,
+        snare: null,
+        hat: null,
+        chords: null,
+        bass: maybe("cello", "contrabass:0.5"),
+        perc: role("daf", "framedrum:0.6", "tabla:0.3"),
+        drone: maybe("oud", "strings:0.4"),
+        lead: role("oud", "ney:0.7", "violin:0.5", "santur:0.3"),
+        counter: maybe("ney", "violin:0.6"),
+      },
+    },
+    mix: {
+      levels: { perc: -4, lead: 0, counter: -4, drone: -10 },
+      space: 0.45,
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "arabic-maqam",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary: "Arabic maqam: ajnas joined at the ghammaz, quarter-tone seconds",
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "arabic-classical",
+    summary:
+      "maqam bayati in quarter tones, maqsum iqa, heterophonic oud and ney",
+    seedSalt: 1932,
+    tempo: { bpm: [72, 112], typical: 92 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [["8/8", 1]],
+      cycle: MAQSUM,
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      tuning: "bayati",
+      scales: [["bayati", 1]],
+      tonic: [[2, 1]],
+      maqam: { sayr: [0, 0, 2, 3, 0], ghammaz: 3 },
+    },
+    melody: {
+      ambitus: [7, 12],
+      finals: [
+        [0, 0.85],
+        [3, 0.15],
+      ],
+      intervals: intervals(7, 1.5, 0.4, 0.6),
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("oud", "violin:0.4"),
+        counter: role("ney"),
+        perc: role("daf", "framedrum:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "persian-turkic",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary: "dastgah and makam: gushe phrases, avaz free rhythm, aksak usul",
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["shur", 0.4],
+        ["chahargah", 0.3],
+        ["homayoun", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["6/8", 0.4],
+        ["9/8", 0.3],
+        ["8/8", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: { lead: role("santur", "setar:0.6", "ney:0.5", "kemence:0.4") },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "jewish",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary: "freygish and misheberakh modes, doina freedom, bulgar 3+3+2",
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["phrygian-dominant", 0.6],
+        ["dorian", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["8/8", 0.6],
+        ["4/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+      grouping: [[[3, 3, 2], 1]],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "modal" },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("clarinet", "violin:0.6"),
+        chords: role("piano", "strings:0.4"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "south-asia",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary:
+      "raga over tanpura drone in a tala cycle: alap, then composition and improvisation",
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    tempo: { bpm: [50, 140], typical: 80 },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["yaman", 0.3],
+        ["bhairav", 0.25],
+        ["kafi", 0.25],
+        ["khamaj", 0.2],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.25, 1]], sevenths: 0 },
+    melody: {
+      contour: [
+        ["arch", 0.6],
+        ["ascending", 0.4],
+      ],
+      ambitus: [7, 19],
+      chordToneRate: 0.25,
+      intervals: intervals(6, 2, 0.6, 0.8),
+      finals: [
+        [0, 0.7],
+        [7, 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x..x..x.x..x..x.") } },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        kick: null,
+        snare: null,
+        hat: null,
+        chords: null,
+        bass: null,
+        drone: role("tanpura"),
+        perc: role("tabla"),
+        lead: role("sitar", "bansuri:0.7", "sing:0.4"),
+      },
+    },
+    mix: { space: 0.5 },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "hindustani",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary:
+      "Hindustani raga: teental 16-beat cycle, vadi and samvadi emphasis, meend",
+    meter: {
+      cycle: TEENTAL,
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "carnatic",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary:
+      "Carnatic raga: adi tala, gamaka-rich lines, kriti form, mridangam",
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major", 0.3],
+        ["kafi", 0.3],
+        ["bhairavi", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: { roles: { lead: role("violin", "bansuri:0.5", "sing:0.5") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "south-asian-popular",
+    abstract: true,
+    summary: "film and pop: raga-tinged melody over chords, dholak and kit",
+    harmony: {
+      model: "functional",
+      presets: [
+        ["aeolian", 0.5],
+        ["sad-pop", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["minor", 0.4],
+        ["kafi", 0.3],
+        ["khamaj", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        kick: role("drums"),
+        snare: role("drums"),
+        bass: role("bass"),
+        chords: role("strings", "keys:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x.....x.x......."),
+        snare: grid("....x.......x..."),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+];
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Shared leaf parts.
+
+/** A required kit role on a named synth kit (the drum-set traditions). */
+const kitRole = (name: string, weight = 1) =>
+  Object.freeze({ required: true, voices: Object.freeze([kit(name, weight)]) });
+/** An optional kit role on a named synth kit. */
+const kitMaybe = (name: string) =>
+  Object.freeze({ required: false, voices: Object.freeze([kit(name)]) });
+/** The full kit (kick, snare, hat) on one synth kit. */
+const fullKit = (name: string) =>
+  Object.freeze({
+    kick: kitRole(name),
+    snare: kitRole(name),
+    hat: kitRole(name),
+  });
+/** No kit at all (hand drums, bells and voices only). */
+const NO_KIT = Object.freeze({
+  kick: null,
+  snare: null,
+  hat: null,
+  clap: null,
+  rim: null,
+  openhat: null,
+  tom: null,
+});
+
+/** Folk and devotional textures: voices, drone and hand drums only. */
+const UNPLUGGED = Object.freeze({ ...NO_KIT, chords: null, bass: null });
+
+/** Sung lines: mostly steps, few leaps. */
+const CONJUNCT = intervals(5, 2, 0.6, 0.6);
+/** Chant: repeated notes and steps (recitation, call and response). */
+const CHANT = intervals(4, 1.5, 0.3, 2);
+/** Instrumental lines with arpeggiated leaps (guitar sebene, kora runs). */
+const LEAPY = intervals(3, 2.5, 1.2, 0.4);
+/** Ornamented steps (gamaka, tahrir, meend): seconds dominate. */
+const ORNATE = intervals(8, 1.5, 0.3, 0.5);
+
+const LEAVES: readonly StyleCard[] = [
+  // West Africa. References: J. H. Kwabena Nketia, The Music of Africa
+  // (1974); Eric Charry, Mande Music (2000).
+  card({
+    id: "highlife",
+    summary:
+      "highlife: 4/4 with the 12/8 bell felt underneath, palm-wine guitar arpeggios, I-IV-V cycles, horn riffs answering the voice",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 132], typical: 116 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x.......x......."),
+        snare: BACKBEAT,
+        hat: EIGHTHS,
+        bell: grid("x.x.x..x.x.x.x.."),
+        chords: OFFBEATS,
+      },
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      forms: [[["I", "IV", "I", "V"], 1]],
+      sources: { forms: 2, presets: 1 },
+      presets: [["fifties", 1]],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("acoustic"),
+        chords: role("electric", "nylon:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing", "trumpet:0.4", "sax:0.4"),
+        counter: maybe("trumpet", "sax:0.6"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "hiplife",
+    summary:
+      "hiplife and azonto: highlife chord loops under rapped and sung Twi, programmed kit with a syncopated kick, bell on top",
+    tempo: { bpm: [108, 128], typical: 118 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x..x..x...x....."),
+        snare: BACKBEAT,
+        hat: SIXTEENTHS,
+        bell: grid("x.x..x.x..x.x..."),
+      },
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["axis", 0.6],
+        ["sad-pop", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: CHANT, density: [2, 3] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("syn808"),
+        chords: role("keys", "electric:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "afrobeat",
+    summary:
+      "afrobeat: one-chord modal vamp (dorian) for minutes, interlocking tenor and rhythm guitar, open-hat sixteenths, horn-section riffs, long build",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 128], typical: 112 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["dorian", 0.7],
+        ["minor-pentatonic", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      model: "modal",
+      rhythm: [[0.5, 1]],
+      presets: [["dorian-vamp", 1]],
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x.....x...x....."),
+        snare: grid("....x..x....x..."),
+        hat: SIXTEENTHS,
+        bell: grid("x..x..x...x.x..."),
+        chords: grid(".x.x.x.x.x.x.x.x"),
+      },
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["ostinato", 1]], onsets: grid("x..x...x.x..x...") },
+    form: {
+      plans: [
+        [["intro", "verse", "verse", "chorus", "breakdown", "chorus"], 1],
+      ],
+      archetype: "vamp-build",
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("acoustic"),
+        bass: role("ebass"),
+        chords: role("electric"),
+        lead: role("sax", "sing:0.6", "trumpet:0.4"),
+        counter: role("trumpet", "trombone:0.6"),
+        pad: maybe("organ"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "afrobeats",
+    summary:
+      "afrobeats: the 3+3+2 tresillo kick under a shaker and conga groove, sparse minor-pop loops, sung hooks, half-step syncopation",
+    tempo: { bpm: [94, 110], typical: 102 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: TRESILLO,
+        snare: grid("...x...x...x..x."),
+        hat: SIXTEENTHS,
+        shaker: SIXTEENTHS,
+        bell: grid("..x..x....x..x.."),
+      },
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["sad-pop", 0.5],
+        ["aeolian", 0.5],
+      ],
+      sevenths: 0.3,
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: CONJUNCT, repetition: 0.8 },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("trap"),
+        bass: role("bass", "saw:0.3"),
+        chords: role("keys", "epiano:0.6", "pluck:0.4"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+      },
+    },
+    mix: { loudness: "streaming" },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "juju",
+    summary:
+      "juju: talking-drum call and response over steel-guitar lines, I-IV-V hymn harmony, layered hand drums in a medium 4/4 lilt",
+    tempo: { bpm: [92, 120], typical: 104 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x.......x......."),
+        perc: grid("x..x..x.x.x..x.."),
+        bell: grid("x.x.x.x.x.x.x.x."),
+        chords: OFFBEATS,
+      },
+    },
+    harmony: { forms: [[["I", "IV", "V", "I"], 1]], sources: { forms: 3 } },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        chords: role("electric", "steel:0.6"),
+        lead: role("sing", "steel:0.4"),
+        counter: maybe("steel"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "fuji",
+    summary:
+      "fuji and apala: drums and voice only, no chords, pentatonic call and response over a dense dundun and sakara cross-rhythm",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 140], typical: 124 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["major-pentatonic", 1]] },
+    harmony: { model: "drone" },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x..x...x..x....."),
+        perc: grid("x.xx.x.xx.x.x.xx"),
+        bell: grid("x.x.x.x.x.x.x.x."),
+      },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: CHANT, density: [2, 3] },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        chords: null,
+        bass: null,
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("choir"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "griot",
+    summary:
+      "griot and kora: a kumbengo ostinato under birimintingo runs, heptatonic Mande scale, sung praise in long arching phrases, 12/8 felt in fours",
+    tempo: { bpm: [96, 132], typical: 112 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["12/8", 1]], hypermeter: [[2, 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major", 0.5],
+        ["lydian", 0.3],
+        ["mixolydian", 0.2],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "modal", rhythm: [[0.5, 1]] },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["ostinato", 1]], onsets: grid("x..x..x..x..") },
+    melody: {
+      intervals: LEAPY,
+      contour: [
+        ["arch", 0.6],
+        ["descending", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...NO_KIT,
+        bass: role("harp"),
+        chords: role("harp"),
+        lead: role("sing", "harp:0.6"),
+        counter: maybe("harp", "xylophone:0.5"),
+        perc: maybe("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "mande-pop",
+    summary:
+      "Mande and wassoulou pop: pentatonic kamalengoni ostinato, shekere sixteenths, a 12/8 lope with a swung 4/4 kit, women's call and response",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 136], typical: 118 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["12/8", 1]], hypermeter: [[2, 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["minor-pentatonic", 0.6],
+        ["major-pentatonic", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "modal", rhythm: [[0.5, 1]] },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        // The karignan iron scraper's long-short lope and a kit backbeat.
+        shaker: grid("xx.xx.xx.xx."),
+        kick: grid("x.....x....."),
+        snare: grid("...x.....x.."),
+      },
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["ostinato", 1]], onsets: grid("x.xx..x.xx..") },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        snare: maybe("drums"),
+        chords: role("harp", "electric:0.6"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: maybe("harp", "flute:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "desert-blues",
+    summary:
+      "desert blues: minor-pentatonic guitar hypnosis on a single tonic drone, 6/8 camel-gait lope, handclaps and calabash, no chord changes",
+    tempo: { bpm: [84, 120], typical: 100 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["6/8", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["minor-pentatonic", 0.6],
+        ["blues", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.25, 1]] },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x.....x....."),
+        clap: grid("...x.....x.."),
+        perc: grid("x..x.xx..x.x"),
+      },
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["pedal", 1]] },
+    melody: { intervals: CONJUNCT, ambitus: [5, 12] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        bell: null,
+        clap: kitRole("acoustic"),
+        chords: null,
+        drone: role("electric"),
+        lead: role("electric", "sing:0.6"),
+        counter: maybe("electric"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "mbalax",
+    summary:
+      "mbalax: sabar drum rolls in fast cross-rhythm, tama talking drum fills, bright major-key keys and guitar, melismatic Wolof lead",
+    tempo: { bpm: [120, 150], typical: 132 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x..x..x.x......."),
+        snare: grid("....x..x....x.x."),
+        hat: SIXTEENTHS,
+        perc: grid("xx.x.xx.x.xx.x.x"),
+      },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: ORNATE, density: [2, 4] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("acoustic"),
+        chords: role("keys", "electric:0.6"),
+        lead: role("sing", "sax:0.3"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "morna",
+    summary:
+      "morna and coladeira: slow 4/4 lament (sodade), minor key with V7-i and iv cadences, cavaquinho off-beat chops over nylon guitar",
+    tempo: { bpm: [60, 96], typical: 76 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["harmonic-minor", 0.6],
+        ["minor", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["minor-ii-v", 0.6],
+        ["andalusian", 0.4],
+      ],
+      cadences: [
+        ["V-I", 0.7],
+        ["iv-I", 0.3],
+      ],
+      sevenths: 0.5,
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        chords: grid("x..x..x.x..x..x."),
+        perc: grid("..x...x...x...x."),
+      },
+    },
+    melody: {
+      intervals: CONJUNCT,
+      contour: [
+        ["arch", 0.7],
+        ["descending", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...NO_KIT,
+        bell: null,
+        chords: role("nylon"),
+        bass: role("upright", "nylon:0.4"),
+        lead: role("sing", "violin:0.3", "clarinet:0.3"),
+        counter: maybe("violin", "piano:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "funana",
+    summary:
+      "funana: fast duple accordion two-chord pendulum (I-V or i-bVII), ferrinho scraper on every sixteenth, bass on every beat",
+    tempo: { bpm: [128, 160], typical: 140 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      forms: [
+        [["I", "V"], 0.6],
+        [["i", "bVII"], 0.4],
+      ],
+      sources: { forms: 3 },
+      rhythm: [[1, 1]],
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: FOUR_FLOOR,
+        shaker: SIXTEENTHS,
+        chords: EIGHTHS,
+      },
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]], onsets: FOUR_FLOOR },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        bell: null,
+        perc: null,
+        shaker: role("drums"),
+        chords: role("organ", "keys:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing", "organ:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "west-african-drum",
+    summary:
+      "djembe ensemble (kuku): dundunba, sangban and kenkeni ostinati with their bells interlock in a fast 4/4, accompanying djembes, the lead djembe solos, no harmony",
+    tempo: { bpm: [120, 160], typical: 138 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["major-pentatonic", 1]] },
+    harmony: { model: "none" },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        // Kenkeni bell on the off-beats, dundunba and sangban as the kick,
+        // the djembe accompaniment's tone-slap figure as the perc.
+        bell: grid("..x...x...x...x."),
+        kick: grid("x..x..x.....x..."),
+        perc: grid("x.xx..x.x.xx..x."),
+        shaker: SIXTEENTHS,
+      },
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    melody: { intervals: CHANT, density: [1, 2] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "interlocking",
+      roles: {
+        chords: null,
+        bass: null,
+        lead: role("sing", "flute:0.4"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "ewe-drumming",
+    summary:
+      "Ewe dance drumming (agbadza): the gankogui bell 2-2-1-2-2-2-1 is the timeline, support drums answer on off-pulses, atsimevu leads",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 140], typical: 120 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["12/8", 1]], hypermeter: [[2, 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["major-pentatonic", 1]] },
+    harmony: { model: "none" },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        bell: STANDARD_BELL,
+        kick: grid("x.....x....."),
+        perc: grid("..x..x..x..x"),
+        shaker: grid("x..x..x..x.."),
+      },
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    melody: { intervals: CHANT },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "interlocking",
+      roles: {
+        chords: null,
+        bass: null,
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("choir"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+
+  // Central Africa. References: Gary Stewart, Rumba on the River (2000);
+  // Simha Arom, African Polyphony and Polyrhythm (1991).
+  card({
+    id: "soukous",
+    summary:
+      "soukous and Congolese rumba: a sung rumba half, then the sebene: interlocking lead, mi-solo and rhythm guitars over a I-IV-V-IV cycle",
+    tempo: { bpm: [116, 150], typical: 132 },
+    harmony: { forms: [[["I", "IV", "V", "IV"], 1]], sources: { forms: 3 } },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { hat: SIXTEENTHS } },
+    melody: { intervals: LEAPY, density: [2, 4] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("acoustic"),
+        bass: role("ebass"),
+        counter: role("electric"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "makossa",
+    summary:
+      "makossa and bikutsi: makossa's busy melodic bass on a four-on-the-floor; bikutsi's 6/8 hammered against 4/4, balafon-like guitar",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 140], typical: 124 },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { kick: FOUR_FLOOR, hat: OFFBEATS } },
+    bass: {
+      behaviour: [
+        ["arpeggio", 0.6],
+        ["walking", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("acoustic"),
+        bass: role("ebass"),
+        chords: role("electric", "marimba:0.4"),
+        counter: maybe("sax", "trumpet:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "aka-polyphony",
+    summary:
+      "forest polyphony: yodelled interlocking voices in a pentatonic cycle, each part a short ostinato, hand claps and a hemiola pulse",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 132], typical: 116 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["12/8", 1]], hypermeter: [[2, 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["major-pentatonic", 1]] },
+    harmony: { model: "none" },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        clap: grid("x.x.xx.x.x.x"),
+        perc: grid("x..x..x..x.."),
+      },
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    melody: { intervals: LEAPY, repetition: 0.85, ambitus: [7, 14] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "interlocking",
+      roles: {
+        ...NO_KIT,
+        clap: kitRole("acoustic"),
+        bell: null,
+        chords: null,
+        bass: null,
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("choir", "flute:0.4"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  // East Africa. References: Kelly Askew, Performing the Nation (2002);
+  // Kay Kaufman Shelemay, Music, Ritual and Falasha History (1986).
+  card({
+    id: "benga",
+    summary:
+      "benga: fast 4/4 with the bass playing the plucked nyatiti lyre's leaping ostinato, bright interlocking guitars, I-IV-V in major",
+    tempo: { bpm: [120, 150], typical: 136 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major", 0.6],
+        ["major-pentatonic", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { forms: [[["I", "IV", "I", "V"], 1]], sources: { forms: 3 } },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: FOUR_FLOOR,
+        snare: BACKBEAT,
+        hat: EIGHTHS,
+        chords: SIXTEENTHS,
+      },
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["arpeggio", 1]], onsets: EIGHTHS },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("acoustic"),
+        bass: role("ebass"),
+        chords: role("electric"),
+        lead: role("sing", "electric:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "taarab",
+    summary:
+      "taarab: Swahili sung poetry on Arabic maqam (hijaz, rast) with a qanun-and-violin orchestra, the 4/4 chakacha lilt, heterophony",
+    tempo: { bpm: [84, 116], typical: 100 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["8/8", 1]], cycle: MAQSUM },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["hijaz", 0.5],
+        ["nahawand", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.5, 1]] },
+    melody: { intervals: ORNATE },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        kick: null,
+        bell: null,
+        perc: role("daf", "framedrum:0.5"),
+        chords: null,
+        drone: maybe("oud"),
+        lead: role("sing", "violin:0.5"),
+        counter: role("oud", "violin:0.6", "harp:0.4"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "bongo-flava",
+    summary:
+      "bongo flava: Tanzanian pop on a programmed kit, taarab-inflected sung hooks, minor loops, singeli-fast hats in the dance cuts",
+    tempo: { bpm: [92, 120], typical: 104 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["minor", 0.6],
+        ["minor-pentatonic", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["aeolian", 0.5],
+        ["sad-pop", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { kick: TRESILLO, snare: BACKBEAT, hat: SIXTEENTHS } },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("trap"),
+        bass: role("bass"),
+        chords: role("keys", "pluck:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "ethio-jazz",
+    summary:
+      "Ethio-jazz: the anhemitonic qenet modes (tezeta, ambassel, anchihoye) over a minor vamp, 6/8 chik-chika shuffle, horns in unison",
+    tempo: { bpm: [80, 120], typical: 96 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["6/8", 0.6],
+        ["4/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+      hypermeter: [[4, 1]],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["minor-pentatonic", 0.5],
+        ["kurd", 0.3],
+        ["minor", 0.2],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "modal", rhythm: [[0.5, 1]], sevenths: 0.6 },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: { kick: grid("x.....x....."), snare: grid("...x.....x..") },
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["ostinato", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("acoustic"),
+        bell: null,
+        bass: role("upright", "ebass:0.5"),
+        chords: role("organ", "vibes:0.6", "rhodes:0.4"),
+        lead: role("sax", "vibes:0.5", "trumpet:0.4"),
+        counter: maybe("trumpet", "sax:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "ethiopian-chant",
+    summary:
+      "zema: Ethiopian Orthodox liturgical chant in the ge'ez, ezel and araray modes, slow choral monophony with sistrum and kebero",
+    tempo: { bpm: [50, 80], typical: 64 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]], cycle: WAHDA },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major-pentatonic", 0.5],
+        ["minor-pentatonic", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.25, 1]] },
+    melody: { intervals: CHANT, density: [1, 2], ambitus: [5, 9] },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "monophonic",
+      roles: {
+        kick: null,
+        bell: maybe("bell"),
+        shaker: null,
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+        chords: null,
+        bass: null,
+        lead: role("choir", "sing:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+    mix: { space: 0.7 },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "somali",
+    summary:
+      "Somali music: pentatonic qaraami songs with oud lead, a swaying 6/8 dhaanto, call and response, few chords",
+    tempo: { bpm: [84, 120], typical: 100 },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major-pentatonic", 0.5],
+        ["minor-pentatonic", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.5, 1]] },
+    melody: { intervals: CONJUNCT },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        kick: null,
+        bell: null,
+        perc: role("framedrum", "daf:0.4"),
+        chords: null,
+        drone: maybe("oud"),
+        lead: role("sing", "oud:0.6"),
+        counter: role("oud", "keys:0.4"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "kidandali",
+    summary:
+      "kidandali: Ugandan dance pop, kadongo kamu guitar picking on a four-on-the-floor kit, I-IV-V loops, sung Luganda hooks",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 132], typical: 120 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major", 0.7],
+        ["major-pentatonic", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["axis", 0.5],
+        ["fifties", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { kick: FOUR_FLOOR, snare: BACKBEAT, hat: OFFBEATS } },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("syn808"),
+        bass: role("bass"),
+        chords: role("keys", "electric:0.6"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+
+  // Southern Africa. References: David Coplan, In Township Tonight! (1985);
+  // Paul Berliner, The Soul of Mbira (1978).
+  card({
+    id: "mbaqanga",
+    summary:
+      "mbaqanga and township jive: the I-IV-I64-V cycle, a melodic bouncing bass leading the band, clean guitar riffs, groaning male lead against women's harmony",
+    tempo: { bpm: [116, 144], typical: 128 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { kick: FOUR_FLOOR, snare: BACKBEAT, hat: EIGHTHS } },
+    bass: {
+      behaviour: [
+        ["arpeggio", 0.7],
+        ["walking", 0.3],
+      ],
+      onsets: EIGHTHS,
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("acoustic"),
+        bell: null,
+        bass: role("ebass"),
+        chords: role("electric", "organ:0.4"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("choir", "sax:0.4"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "isicathamiya",
+    summary:
+      "isicathamiya: unaccompanied Zulu male choir, bass-heavy close harmony on I-IV-I64-V, call from the leader and choral response, soft tiptoe pulse",
+    tempo: { bpm: [70, 100], typical: 84 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      voicing: { types: [["close", 1]], range: [40, 64], notes: [3, 4] },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: CONJUNCT, density: [1, 2] },
+    bass: {
+      behaviour: [
+        ["root", 0.6],
+        ["root-fifth", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        ...NO_KIT,
+        bell: null,
+        perc: null,
+        shaker: null,
+        bass: role("choir"),
+        chords: role("choir"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+      },
+    },
+    mix: { space: 0.4 },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "marabi",
+    summary:
+      "marabi and kwela: a three-chord I-IV-I64-V shuffle on keys, a pennywhistle lead in swung eighths, walking skiffle bass",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 140], typical: 124 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    groove: { subdivision: 2, swingRatio: [1.4, 1.8] },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x...x..."),
+        snare: grid("..x...x."),
+        chords: grid(".x.x.x.x"),
+      },
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["walking", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("acoustic"),
+        bell: null,
+        perc: null,
+        shaker: null,
+        bass: role("upright"),
+        chords: role("piano", "organ:0.5", "nylon:0.4"),
+        lead: role("whistle", "sax:0.4"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "cape-jazz",
+    summary:
+      "Cape jazz: marabi and ghoema rhythms under jazz harmony, ii-V-I with extended chords, piano-led modal vamps, hymn-like melodies",
+    tempo: { bpm: [80, 130], typical: 104 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["ii-v-i", 0.5],
+        ["turnaround", 0.3],
+      ],
+      forms: [[["I", "IV", "I", "V"], 1]],
+      sources: { presets: 2, forms: 1 },
+      sevenths: 0.8,
+      voicing: {
+        types: [
+          ["shell", 0.5],
+          ["open", 0.5],
+        ],
+        range: [48, 72],
+        notes: [3, 5],
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x.....x.x......."),
+        snare: grid("...x..x....x..x."),
+        hat: EIGHTHS,
+      },
+    },
+    bass: {
+      behaviour: [
+        ["walking", 0.6],
+        ["arpeggio", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("acoustic"),
+        bell: null,
+        perc: null,
+        bass: role("upright"),
+        chords: role("piano"),
+        lead: role("sax", "piano:0.5", "trumpet:0.4"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "maskandi",
+    summary:
+      "maskandi: Zulu guitar music, a fast picked izihlabo introduction then concertina-like riffs over a I-IV-V lope, spoken praise (izibongo)",
+    tempo: { bpm: [120, 150], typical: 132 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    harmony: { forms: [[["I", "IV", "V", "I"], 1]], sources: { forms: 3 } },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { kick: FOUR_FLOOR, snare: BACKBEAT, hat: EIGHTHS } },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]] },
+    melody: { intervals: LEAPY, density: [2, 4] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("acoustic"),
+        bell: null,
+        perc: null,
+        bass: role("ebass"),
+        chords: role("steel", "electric:0.5"),
+        lead: role("steel", "sing:0.6"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "chimurenga",
+    summary:
+      "chimurenga and mbira: the 48-pulse kushaura and kutsinhira interlock on a 12/8 hosho shaker, a four-phrase harmonic cycle, mbira-tuned guitars",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 140], typical: 126 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["12/8", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      tuning: "nyamaropa",
+      scales: [["major", 1]],
+      degrees: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.5, 1]] },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: { shaker: grid("x.xx.xx.xx.x"), kick: grid("x.....x.....") },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: LEAPY, repetition: 0.85 },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["ostinato", 1]], onsets: grid("x..x..x..x..") },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "interlocking",
+      roles: {
+        bell: null,
+        shaker: role("drums"),
+        bass: role("mbira"),
+        chords: null,
+        drone: role("mbira"),
+        lead: role("mbira", "sing:0.6"),
+        counter: role("mbira", "kalimba:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "kizomba",
+    summary:
+      "kizomba, semba and kuduro: slow zouk-derived 4/4 with the tresillo kick and sensual minor loops; semba faster, kuduro a hard electronic stomp",
+    tempo: { bpm: [84, 140], typical: 92 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["minor", 0.7],
+        ["dorian", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      presets: [
+        ["aeolian", 0.6],
+        ["sad-pop", 0.4],
+      ],
+      sevenths: 0.5,
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: { kick: TRESILLO, snare: grid("...x...x...x...x"), hat: EIGHTHS },
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("electro"),
+        bell: null,
+        perc: null,
+        bass: role("bass", "saw:0.3"),
+        chords: role("keys", "strings:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "marrabenta",
+    summary:
+      "marrabenta: Mozambican fast duple dance, bright I-IV-V guitar picking with a bouncing bass on the off-beats, call and response",
+    tempo: { bpm: [120, 150], typical: 136 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    harmony: { forms: [[["I", "IV", "V", "I"], 1]], sources: { forms: 3 } },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { kick: FOUR_FLOOR, snare: BACKBEAT, hat: OFFBEATS } },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]], onsets: grid("x..x..x.x..x..x.") },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("acoustic"),
+        bell: null,
+        perc: null,
+        bass: role("ebass"),
+        chords: role("electric", "nylon:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "malagasy",
+    summary:
+      "salegy and tsapiky: fast Malagasy 6/8 with ternary-binary ambiguity, valiha-like harp and accordion runs in parallel thirds",
+    tempo: { bpm: [130, 170], typical: 148 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["6/8", 0.7],
+        ["12/8", 0.3],
+      ],
+      hypermeter: [[4, 1]],
+    },
+    harmony: { forms: [[["I", "IV", "V", "I"], 1]], sources: { forms: 3 } },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x..x..x..x.."),
+        snare: grid("...x.....x.."),
+        hat: grid("xxxxxxxxxxxx"),
+      },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: LEAPY, density: [2, 4] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("acoustic"),
+        bell: null,
+        bass: role("ebass"),
+        chords: role("electric", "harp:0.5"),
+        lead: role("harp", "organ:0.5", "sing:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "sega",
+    summary:
+      "sega and maloya: ternary 6/8 on ravanne frame drum, kayamb shaker and triangle, creole call and response, maloya's tonic drone",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 140], typical: 120 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["6/8", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    harmony: {
+      forms: [
+        [["I", "V"], 0.6],
+        [["I", "IV", "V", "I"], 0.4],
+      ],
+      sources: { forms: 3 },
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: { perc: grid("x..x.xx..x.x"), shaker: grid("xxxxxxxxxxxx") },
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "homophonic",
+      roles: {
+        ...NO_KIT,
+        bell: null,
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+        shaker: role("drums"),
+        chords: role("nylon", "steel:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("choir"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  // Arabic maqam. References: Scott Marcus, Music in Egypt (2007); Habib
+  // Hassan Touma, The Music of the Arabs (1996).
+  card({
+    id: "muwashshah",
+    summary:
+      "muwashshah and Andalusian nuba: strophic sung poetry in sama'i thaqil 10/8, maqam rast with its neutral third, the nuba's slow-to-fast suite",
+    tempo: { bpm: [70, 120], typical: 92 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [["10/8", 1]],
+      grouping: [[[3, 2, 2, 3], 1]],
+      cycle: SAMAI_THAQIL,
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      tuning: "rast",
+      scales: [["rast", 1]],
+      tonic: [[0, 1]],
+      maqam: { sayr: [0, 2, 4, 2, 0], ghammaz: 4 },
+    },
+    form: {
+      plans: [[["intro", "verse", "verse", "chorus", "verse"], 1]],
+      archetype: "strophic",
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("sing", "oud:0.5"),
+        counter: role("violin", "ney:0.6", "oud:0.5"),
+        perc: role("daf", "framedrum:0.6"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "iraqi-maqam",
+    summary:
+      "Iraqi maqam: a solo singer's tahrir opening, then ascents through the maqam's sections and a return (taslim), santur and joza, jurjina 10/8",
+    tempo: { bpm: [60, 100], typical: 76 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [["10/8", 1]],
+      grouping: [[[3, 2, 2, 3], 1]],
+      cycle: JURJINA,
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      tuning: "bayati",
+      scales: [
+        ["bayati", 0.6],
+        ["saba", 0.4],
+      ],
+      maqam: { sayr: [0, 1, 3, 4, 3, 0], ghammaz: 3 },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: ORNATE, ambitus: [7, 14] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("sing", "santur:0.4"),
+        counter: role("santur", "kamancheh:0.6"),
+        perc: role("framedrum", "daf:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "khaleeji",
+    summary:
+      "khaleeji: Gulf song on the khaliji iqa (dum on 1 and 4, clapped), oud and strings in unison, maqam bayati and hijaz, a rolling 3+3+2 swing",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 120], typical: 104 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [["8/8", 1]],
+      grouping: [[[3, 3, 2], 1]],
+      cycle: KHALIJI,
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["bayati", 0.6],
+        ["hijaz", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { clap: grid("x..x..x.") } },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        clap: kitRole("acoustic"),
+        lead: role("sing", "oud:0.4"),
+        counter: role("oud", "strings:0.6"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "quranic-recitation",
+    summary:
+      "tajwid-style chant (theory only): unmetered solo monophony around a reciting tone, maqam bayati or rast in rising registers, no instruments or pulse",
+    tempo: { bpm: [50, 72], typical: 60 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: WAHDA },
+    pitch: {
+      tuning: "bayati",
+      scales: [["bayati", 1]],
+      maqam: { sayr: [0, 0, 2, 3, 2, 0], ghammaz: 3 },
+    },
+    melody: {
+      intervals: CHANT,
+      density: [1, 2],
+      ambitus: [5, 9],
+      repetition: 0.2,
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "monophonic",
+      roles: {
+        perc: null,
+        drone: null,
+        counter: null,
+        bass: null,
+        lead: role("sing"),
+      },
+    },
+    mix: { space: 0.6 },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "shaabi",
+    summary:
+      "shaabi and mahraganat: Cairo street song on the maqsum, nahawand and hijaz over a drum-machine stomp, autotuned hooks and synth riffs",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 135], typical: 120 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["8/8", 1]], cycle: MAQSUM },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["hijaz", 0.5],
+        ["nahawand", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x..x..x.x..x..x."),
+        snare: BACKBEAT,
+        hat: SIXTEENTHS,
+      },
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("syn808"),
+        lead: role("sing", "saw:0.5"),
+        counter: role("lead", "square:0.5"),
+        bass: role("bass"),
+      },
+    },
+    mix: { loudness: "loud" },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "dabke",
+    summary:
+      "dabke: Levantine line dance on the malfuf 3+3+2, mijwiz-style reed drone and riffs on hijaz or bayati, heavy tabl on beat one",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 140], typical: 124 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [["8/8", 1]],
+      grouping: [[[3, 3, 2], 1]],
+      cycle: MALFUF,
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["hijaz", 0.6],
+        ["kurd", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: CHANT, repetition: 0.8, ambitus: [5, 9] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        kick: kitRole("acoustic"),
+        drone: role("clarinet", "oud:0.4"),
+        lead: role("clarinet", "sing:0.6"),
+        counter: maybe("oud"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { kick: grid("x.......") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "rai",
+    summary:
+      "rai: Oran pop on a 6/8-against-4/4 groove, hijaz and nahawand melody with synth and darbuka, the call of the cheb over a minor two-chord vamp",
+    tempo: { bpm: [96, 128], typical: 112 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["6/8", 0.5],
+        ["4/4", 0.5],
+      ],
+      hypermeter: [[4, 1]],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["hijaz", 0.5],
+        ["nahawand", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      model: "modal",
+      rhythm: [[1, 1]],
+      forms: [[["i", "bVII"], 1]],
+      sources: { forms: 2 },
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: { kick: grid("x..x..x..x.."), snare: grid("...x.....x..") },
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        kick: kitRole("electro"),
+        snare: kitRole("electro"),
+        chords: role("keys", "saw:0.4"),
+        bass: role("bass"),
+        lead: role("sing", "lead:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "chaabi-maghreb",
+    summary:
+      "Algerian and Moroccan chaabi: Andalusian-derived qasida over a fast ternary 6/8 lilt (the derbouka's dum-tak-tak), mandole and banjo in heterophony, nahawand and hijaz",
+    tempo: { bpm: [120, 160], typical: 138 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["6/8", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["nahawand", 0.6],
+        ["hijaz", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: { perc: grid("x.xx.xx.xx.x"), clap: grid("...x.....x..") },
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        clap: kitRole("acoustic"),
+        lead: role("sing", "banjo:0.5"),
+        counter: role("banjo", "oud:0.6", "violin:0.5"),
+        perc: role("tabla", "daf:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "gnawa",
+    summary:
+      "gnawa: trance repetition on the guembri bass lute, minor-pentatonic riffs, krakeb iron castanets in a swung triplet pulse, call and response",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 140], typical: 112 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["12/8", 1]], hypermeter: [[2, 1]] },
+    groove: { subdivision: 3, swingRatio: [1, 1] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["minor-pentatonic", 0.7],
+        ["blues", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone" },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: { perc: grid("x.xx.xx.xx.x"), bass: grid("x..x.xx..x..") },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: CHANT, repetition: 0.85, ambitus: [5, 9] },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["ostinato", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        perc: role("drums"),
+        drone: null,
+        bass: role("upright", "bass:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("choir"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "amazigh",
+    summary:
+      "Amazigh music: pentatonic ahwash and ahidous chant, collective frame drums in 3+3+2 or 6/8, rribab fiddle drone, circle call and response",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 140], typical: 120 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [["8/8", 1]],
+      grouping: [[[3, 3, 2], 1]],
+      cycle: MALFUF,
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["minor-pentatonic", 0.6],
+        ["major-pentatonic", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: CHANT, repetition: 0.8 },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        perc: role("framedrum", "daf:0.6"),
+        drone: role("fiddle"),
+        lead: role("sing", "fiddle:0.5"),
+        counter: role("choir"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "yemenite",
+    summary:
+      "Yemenite song (al-ghina al-san'ani): qanbus lute and voice, maqam bayati in a narrow ambitus around the tonic jins, sahn copper-tray pulse on every eighth, a tripartite slow-medium-fast qawma",
+    tempo: { bpm: [84, 126], typical: 104 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[2, 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      tuning: "bayati",
+      scales: [["bayati", 1]],
+      maqam: { sayr: [0, 1, 2, 1, 0], ghammaz: 3 },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { bell: EIGHTHS } },
+    melody: { intervals: CHANT, ambitus: [4, 7], repetition: 0.6 },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        bell: role("bell"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("oud"),
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+
+  // Persian and Turkic. References: Bruno Nettl, The Radif of Persian Music
+  // (1987); Karl Signell, Makam (1977).
+  card({
+    id: "persian-classical",
+    summary:
+      "radif and dastgah: dastgah shur with its koron second, gushe phrases rising to the shahed (focal) tone and back to the ist (stop), avaz then a metred zarbi",
+    tempo: { bpm: [56, 100], typical: 72 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["6/8", 0.6],
+        ["4/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      tuning: "shur",
+      scales: [["shur", 1]],
+      maqam: { sayr: [0, 1, 3, 1, 0], ghammaz: 3 },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: ORNATE, density: [2, 4] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("setar", "santur:0.7", "kamancheh:0.5", "sing:0.5"),
+        counter: role("ney", "kamancheh:0.6"),
+        perc: role("tabla", "daf:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "ottoman-classical",
+    summary:
+      "Ottoman makam: the seyir of makam hicaz or ussak, peşrev and saz semaisi in long usul (aksak 9/8, curcuna 10/8), tanbur and ney heterophony",
+    tempo: { bpm: [56, 96], typical: 76 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [["9/8", 1]],
+      grouping: [[[2, 2, 2, 3], 1]],
+      cycle: AKSAK,
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["hijaz", 0.5],
+        // Ussak: bayati's quarter-tone second (the 24-tone convention).
+        ["bayati", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: ORNATE, density: [1, 3] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("ney", "tar:0.6", "kamancheh:0.5"),
+        counter: role("oud", "santur:0.5"),
+        perc: role("daf", "framedrum:0.6"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "sufi-ney",
+    summary:
+      "Mevlevi and Sufi ritual: the ney's breathy taksim, the slow devr-i revan 14/8 turning cycle, hicaz and rast, kudum pulse, sema's accelerating selams",
+    tempo: { bpm: [50, 90], typical: 66 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [["14/8", 1]],
+      grouping: [[[3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2], 1]],
+      cycle: DEVR_I_REVAN,
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      tuning: "rast",
+      scales: [["rast", 0.6]],
+      maqam: { sayr: [0, 2, 4, 5, 4, 0], ghammaz: 4 },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: ORNATE, density: [1, 2] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("ney"),
+        counter: maybe("sing", "kamancheh:0.5"),
+        drone: role("ney", "strings:0.4"),
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+    mix: { space: 0.65 },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "turkish-folk",
+    summary:
+      "Turkish folk: türkü on the bağlama in aksak meters (7/8, 9/8), uzun hava free song, davul and zurna halay in 2+2+2+3",
+    tempo: { bpm: [116, 160], typical: 136 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["9/8", 0.6],
+        ["7/8", 0.4],
+      ],
+      grouping: [
+        [[2, 2, 2, 3], 0.6],
+        [[3, 2, 2], 0.4],
+      ],
+      cycle: AKSAK,
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["hijaz", 0.4],
+        ["kurd", 0.3],
+        ["phrygian", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: CHANT, repetition: 0.7 },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { kick: grid("x.......") } },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        kick: kitRole("acoustic"),
+        lead: role("tar", "oboe:0.6", "clarinet:0.5"),
+        counter: role("oboe", "clarinet:0.5"),
+        perc: role("framedrum", "daf:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "mugham",
+    summary:
+      "Azerbaijani mugham: the khanende's tahrir trills over tar and kamancheh, mugham segah with its neutral third, rising shobe sections to a climax and descent",
+    tempo: { bpm: [56, 96], typical: 72 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["6/8", 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      tuning: "segah",
+      scales: [["segah", 1]],
+      maqam: { sayr: [0, 2, 4, 2, 0], ghammaz: 3 },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: ORNATE, density: [2, 4] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("sing", "tar:0.6"),
+        counter: role("kamancheh", "tar:0.6"),
+        perc: role("daf"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "shashmaqam",
+    summary:
+      "Shashmaqam: the six Bukharan maqoms, sung nasr suites in usul cycles on the doira frame drum, tanbur and dutar heterophony, diatonic modes",
+    tempo: { bpm: [70, 110], typical: 88 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["7/8", 0.5],
+        ["6/8", 0.5],
+      ],
+      grouping: [[[3, 2, 2], 1]],
+      cycle: DEVR_I_HINDI,
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["dorian", 0.4],
+        ["phrygian", 0.3],
+        ["minor", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("sing", "tar:0.5"),
+        counter: role("tar", "setar:0.6", "kamancheh:0.5"),
+        perc: role("daf", "framedrum:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "kurdish",
+    summary:
+      "Kurdish music: dengbêj epic narrative chant then govend circle dance, tembûr and zurna on maqam kurd and hijaz, a heavy davul halay pulse",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 140], typical: 120 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["8/8", 0.6],
+        ["4/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+      cycle: BALADI,
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["kurd", 0.6],
+        ["hijaz", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: CHANT, repetition: 0.7 },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        kick: kitRole("acoustic"),
+        lead: role("sing", "tar:0.6", "oboe:0.4"),
+        counter: role("tar", "oboe:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { kick: grid("x...x...") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "armenian-folk",
+    summary:
+      "Armenian and Georgian: the duduk's lament over a drone (dam), aeolian and hijaz modes; Georgian three-voice polyphony with parallel fourths and fifths",
+    tempo: { bpm: [60, 110], typical: 80 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["6/8", 0.5],
+        ["4/4", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["minor", 0.4],
+        ["hijaz", 0.3],
+        ["dorian", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    melody: {
+      intervals: CONJUNCT,
+      contour: [
+        ["descending", 0.5],
+        ["arch", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("oboe", "clarinet:0.6", "sing:0.5"),
+        drone: role("oboe", "strings:0.5"),
+        counter: maybe("choir"),
+        perc: role("framedrum"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+
+  // Jewish. References: Abraham Z. Idelsohn, Jewish Music (1929); Walter
+  // Zev Feldman, Klezmer: Music, History and Memory (2016).
+  card({
+    id: "klezmer",
+    summary:
+      "klezmer: freygish (phrygian dominant) and misheberakh (dorian #4) modes, krekhts sobbing ornaments, bulgar 3+3+2, freylekhs oom-pah, doina rubato",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 160], typical: 132 },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["phrygian-dominant", 0.6],
+        ["nikriz", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      model: "functional",
+      forms: [
+        [["I", "iv", "I", "I"], 0.5],
+        [["i", "bVII", "i", "I"], 0.5],
+      ],
+      sources: { forms: 3 },
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x...x..."),
+        snare: grid("..x...x."),
+        chords: grid("..x...x."),
+      },
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]] },
+    melody: { intervals: ORNATE, density: [2, 4] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        perc: null,
+        drone: null,
+        kick: kitRole("acoustic"),
+        snare: kitRole("acoustic"),
+        bass: role("tuba", "upright:0.6"),
+        chords: role("piano", "strings:0.4"),
+        lead: role("clarinet", "violin:0.6"),
+        counter: maybe("trumpet", "violin:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "cantorial",
+    summary:
+      "hazzanut: the shtayger prayer modes (ahavah rabbah = phrygian dominant, adonai malakh = mixolydian, magen avot = minor), coloratura over organ or choir",
+    tempo: { bpm: [50, 84], typical: 64 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], grouping: [[[4], 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["phrygian-dominant", 0.5],
+        ["mixolydian", 0.25],
+        ["minor", 0.25],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.25, 1]] },
+    melody: { intervals: ORNATE, density: [1, 3] },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["pedal", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "monophonic",
+      roles: {
+        chords: null,
+        perc: null,
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        drone: role("organ", "choir:0.6"),
+        counter: maybe("choir"),
+      },
+    },
+    mix: { space: 0.6 },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "sephardic",
+    summary:
+      "Sephardic song: Ladino romances in Mediterranean maqam (hijaz, nahawand, kurd), oud and frame drum, strophic with an instrumental refrain",
+    tempo: { bpm: [76, 116], typical: 96 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["6/8", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["nahawand", 0.45],
+        ["kurd", 0.35],
+        ["hijaz", 0.2],
+      ],
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { perc: grid("x.....x..x..") } },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.5, 1]] },
+    bass: {
+      behaviour: [
+        ["pedal", 0.5],
+        ["none", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "heterophonic",
+      roles: {
+        chords: null,
+        lead: role("sing", "violin:0.4"),
+        counter: role("oud", "ney:0.5"),
+        perc: role("framedrum", "daf:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "mizrahi",
+    summary:
+      "Mizrahi and Zemer Ivri: pop arrangements on the ciftetelli and maqsum, hijaz melodies with violin answers, Hebrew folk-song I-iv-V harmony",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 130], typical: 108 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["8/8", 0.6],
+        ["4/4", 0.4],
+      ],
+      grouping: [[[3, 3, 2], 1]],
+      cycle: CIFTETELLI,
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["hijaz", 0.5],
+        ["phrygian-dominant", 0.3],
+        ["minor", 0.2],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { forms: [[["i", "iv", "V", "i"], 1]], sources: { forms: 3 } },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        kick: kitRole("acoustic"),
+        bass: role("bass"),
+        chords: role("keys", "strings:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing", "violin:0.4"),
+        counter: role("violin", "oud:0.5"),
+        perc: role("tabla", "daf:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { kick: grid("x....x..") } },
+  }),
+  // Hindustani. References: Martin Clayton, Time in Indian Music (2000);
+  // Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande, Hindustani Sangeet Paddhati (1910-32).
+  // dawg has no pakhawaj, mridangam, harmonium or veena: tabla, organ and
+  // sitar stand in for them.
+  card({
+    id: "dhrupad",
+    summary:
+      "dhrupad: raga malkauns (pentatonic, no Re or Pa) in a long nom-tom alap, then the composition in chautal 12 on pakhawaj, vadi Ma, austere gamak",
+    tempo: { bpm: [44, 90], typical: 60 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: CHAUTAL },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [["malkauns", 1]],
+      raga: {
+        aroha: [0, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12],
+        avaroha: [12, 10, 8, 5, 3, 0],
+        vadi: 5,
+        samvadi: 0,
+        pakad: [[5, 3, 5, 8, 10, 8, 5]],
+      },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: ORNATE, density: [1, 2] },
+    form: {
+      plans: [[["intro", "verse", "verse", "chorus"], 1]],
+      archetype: "alap-jor-jhala",
+    },
+    texture: { roles: { lead: role("sing", "sitar:0.5") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "khayal",
+    summary:
+      "khayal: raga yaman (tivra Ma) with vadi Ga and samvadi Ni, a vilambit bada khayal then a drut chhota khayal in teental, taans and bol-alap",
+    tempo: { bpm: [50, 140], typical: 76 },
+    pitch: {
+      tuning: "yaman",
+      scales: [["yaman", 1]],
+      raga: {
+        aroha: [0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12],
+        avaroha: [12, 11, 9, 7, 6, 4, 2, 0],
+        vadi: 4,
+        samvadi: 11,
+        pakad: [[11, 2, 4, 2, 0]],
+      },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: ORNATE },
+    texture: {
+      roles: { lead: role("sing"), counter: maybe("organ", "violin:0.5") },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "hindustani-instrumental",
+    summary:
+      "the instrumental gat: alap, jor and jhala on sitar or sarod-like strings, a masitkhani gat in teental on tabla, raga kafi with tihai cadences on sam",
+    tempo: { bpm: [60, 160], typical: 96 },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [["kafi", 1]],
+      raga: {
+        aroha: [0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12],
+        avaroha: [12, 10, 9, 7, 5, 3, 2, 0],
+        vadi: 7,
+        samvadi: 0,
+      },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: LEAPY, density: [2, 4] },
+    form: {
+      plans: [[["intro", "verse", "chorus", "breakdown", "chorus"], 1]],
+      archetype: "alap-jor-jhala",
+    },
+    texture: { roles: { lead: role("sitar", "bansuri:0.5") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "thumri",
+    summary:
+      "thumri: romantic light classical in raga khamaj or bhairavi, deepchandi 14 (3+4+3+4), bol-banav text play, the laggi tabla release in keherwa",
+    tempo: { bpm: [56, 96], typical: 72 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: DEEPCHANDI },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["khamaj", 0.6],
+        ["bhairavi", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: ORNATE },
+    texture: {
+      roles: { lead: role("sing"), counter: role("organ", "violin:0.5") },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "ghazal",
+    summary:
+      "ghazal: Urdu couplets (sher) with a returning radif refrain, raga-tinged khamaj or pahadi melody over simple harmonium changes, dadra or rupak on tabla, harmonium answering",
+    tempo: { bpm: [60, 100], typical: 76 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [
+        ["6/8", 0.6],
+        ["7/8", 0.4],
+      ],
+      cycle: DADRA,
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["khamaj", 0.5],
+        // Pahadi: a bilawal (major) based folk raga, a ghazal favourite.
+        ["major", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    // The light ghazal's harmonium follows simple chord changes.
+    harmony: {
+      model: "functional",
+      rhythm: [[1, 1]],
+      forms: [
+        [["I", "IV", "V", "I"], 0.5],
+        [["I", "ii", "V", "I"], 0.5],
+      ],
+      sources: { forms: 3 },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { chords: grid("x..x..x..x..") } },
+    melody: { intervals: CONJUNCT, repetition: 0.6 },
+    form: {
+      plans: [[["intro", "verse", "chorus", "verse", "chorus"], 1]],
+      archetype: "strophic",
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        chords: role("organ"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("violin", "sitar:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "qawwali",
+    summary:
+      "qawwali: Sufi devotional song led by a soloist and chorus clapping on keherwa, harmonium riffs, raga bhairavi or kafi, sargam runs building to ecstasy",
+    tempo: { bpm: [80, 150], typical: 110 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: KEHERWA },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["bhairavi", 0.5],
+        ["kafi", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { clap: grid("x...x...x...x...") } },
+    melody: { intervals: CHANT, repetition: 0.7 },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        clap: kitRole("acoustic"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("choir", "organ:0.6"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "bhajan",
+    summary:
+      "bhajan and kirtan: devotional call and response on pentatonic bhupali or durga, keherwa on dholak, cymbal (manjira) on every beat, accelerating repetitions",
+    tempo: { bpm: [70, 140], typical: 96 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: KEHERWA },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["bhupali", 0.6],
+        ["durga", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { bell: grid("x...x...x...x...") } },
+    melody: { intervals: CHANT, repetition: 0.8 },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        bell: role("bell"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("choir", "organ:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+
+  // Carnatic. References: T. Viswanathan and Matthew Harp Allen, Music in
+  // South India (2004); P. Sambamoorthy, South Indian Music (1958-69).
+  card({
+    id: "kriti",
+    summary:
+      "kriti: pallavi, anupallavi, charanam in adi tala (laghu 4 + drutam 2 + 2), raga mayamalavagowla (the bhairav scale), sangati variations, kalpana swaram",
+    tempo: { bpm: [60, 120], typical: 84 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: ADI },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [["bhairav", 1]],
+      raga: {
+        aroha: [0, 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12],
+        avaroha: [12, 11, 8, 7, 5, 4, 1, 0],
+        vadi: 7,
+        samvadi: 0,
+      },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: ORNATE },
+    form: {
+      plans: [[["intro", "verse", "chorus", "verse", "chorus"], 1]],
+      archetype: "pallavi-anupallavi-charanam",
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: { lead: role("sing", "violin:0.4"), counter: role("violin") },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "carnatic-instrumental",
+    summary:
+      "ragam-tanam-pallavi: free ragam alapana, pulsed tanam, then a pallavi line in misra chapu (3+2+2) varied through niraval and swara kalpana, raga kalyani",
+    tempo: { bpm: [60, 132], typical: 90 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [["7/8", 1]],
+      grouping: [[[3, 2, 2], 1]],
+      cycle: MISRA_CHAPU,
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [["yaman", 1]],
+      raga: {
+        aroha: [0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12],
+        avaroha: [12, 11, 9, 7, 6, 4, 2, 0],
+        vadi: 7,
+        samvadi: 0,
+      },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: LEAPY, density: [2, 4] },
+    texture: { roles: { lead: role("sitar", "violin:0.6", "bansuri:0.5") } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "thillana",
+    summary:
+      "thillana: the rhythmic finale of a Bharatanatyam recital, jati syllables over adi tala at speed, raga hindolam (pentatonic, the malkauns set), korvai cadences",
+    tempo: { bpm: [100, 150], typical: 120 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: ADI },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [["malkauns", 1]],
+      raga: {
+        aroha: [0, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12],
+        avaroha: [12, 10, 8, 5, 3, 0],
+        vadi: 5,
+        samvadi: 10,
+      },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: CHANT, density: [2, 4], repetition: 0.7 },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        lead: role("sing", "violin:0.4"),
+        counter: role("bansuri", "violin:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+
+  // South Asian popular. References: Gregory D. Booth, Behind the Curtain
+  // (2008); Anna Morcom, Hindi Film Songs and the Cinema (2007).
+  card({
+    id: "filmi",
+    summary:
+      "filmi: string-orchestra interludes between sung verses (mukhda and antara), raga-tinged melody over pop harmony, dholak keherwa and kit",
+    tempo: { bpm: [80, 130], typical: 96 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: KEHERWA },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("acoustic"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("strings", "sitar:0.5", "bansuri:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { hat: EIGHTHS } },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "bhangra",
+    summary:
+      "bhangra: the dhol's chaal (a swung 'dha-ge' with the and of every beat accented), tumbi riffs on one or two notes, a mixolydian drone, hoy shouts",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 115], typical: 100 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    groove: { subdivision: 4, swingRatio: [1.3, 1.6] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["mixolydian", 0.6],
+        ["khamaj", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.5, 1]] },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x.....x.x....x.."),
+        snare: grid("..x...x...x...x."),
+        perc: OFFBEATS,
+      },
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: CHANT, repetition: 0.85, ambitus: [3, 8] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        kick: kitRole("acoustic"),
+        snare: kitRole("acoustic"),
+        hat: null,
+        bass: role("bass"),
+        chords: null,
+        drone: maybe("strings"),
+        lead: role("pluck", "sing:0.6"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "baul",
+    summary:
+      "Baul: wandering mystic song on the one-string ektara drone, the khamok's plucked dotted pulse, a keherwa lilt on the duggi, khamaj and pentatonic modes",
+    tempo: { bpm: [84, 132], typical: 108 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: KEHERWA },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { shaker: grid("x..x..x.x..x..x.") } },
+    harmony: { model: "drone" },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["khamaj", 0.5],
+        ["bhupali", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: CONJUNCT },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...NO_KIT,
+        chords: null,
+        bass: null,
+        shaker: role("drums"),
+        drone: role("pluck", "tanpura:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing", "bansuri:0.4"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "lavani",
+    summary:
+      "lavani: Marathi folk theatre song on the dholki, fast keherwa with accelerating tihai, call and response, kafi and bhairavi colors",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 160], typical: 132 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: KEHERWA },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["kafi", 0.6],
+        ["bhairavi", 0.4],
+      ],
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { bell: EIGHTHS } },
+    melody: { intervals: CHANT, density: [2, 4] },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.25, 1]] },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...UNPLUGGED,
+        bell: role("bell"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("organ", "choir:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "rajasthani-folk",
+    summary:
+      "Rajasthani folk: Manganiyar and Langa song on kamaicha drone and khartal clappers, kafi and khamaj (maand) modes, a quick dadra 6/8 swing",
+    tempo: { bpm: [104, 152], typical: 128 },
+    meter: {
+      signatures: [["6/8", 1]],
+      hypermeter: [[4, 1]],
+      cycle: DADRA,
+    },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["kafi", 0.5],
+        ["khamaj", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { shaker: grid("xx.xx.xx.xx.") } },
+    melody: { intervals: ORNATE },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.25, 1]] },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...UNPLUGGED,
+        shaker: role("drums"),
+        drone: role("fiddle", "tanpura:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("fiddle", "organ:0.5"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "sufi-kafi",
+    summary:
+      "Sufi kafi: Punjabi and Sindhi mystic poetry in a refrain form, slow raga kafi or bhairavi, harmonium and tabla, the tonic drone held throughout",
+    tempo: { bpm: [60, 100], typical: 76 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], cycle: KEHERWA },
+    pitch: {
+      tuning: "kafi",
+      scales: [["kafi", 1]],
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: ORNATE, density: [1, 3] },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.25, 1]] },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...UNPLUGGED,
+        lead: role("sing"),
+        counter: role("organ", "sitar:0.4"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "sri-lankan",
+    summary:
+      "Sri Lankan baila and drums: baila's fast 6/8 kaffirinha strum with I-IV-V, the Kandyan geta beraya grooves and cymbal pulse",
+    tempo: { bpm: [110, 150], typical: 128 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["6/8", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major", 0.7],
+        ["mixolydian", 0.3],
+      ],
+    },
+    harmony: {
+      model: "functional",
+      forms: [[["I", "IV", "V", "I"], 1]],
+      sources: { forms: 3 },
+      presets: [["fifties", 1]],
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: {
+        kick: grid("x.....x....."),
+        perc: grid("x..x.xx..x.x"),
+        chords: grid("x.xx.xx.xx.x"),
+      },
+    },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["root-fifth", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        kick: kitRole("acoustic"),
+        snare: kitRole("acoustic"),
+        bass: role("bass"),
+        chords: role("nylon", "steel:0.5"),
+        lead: role("sing", "violin:0.3"),
+        drone: null,
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "nepali-folk",
+    summary:
+      "Nepali and Himalayan folk: the 6/8 jhyaure lilt on madal, sarangi fiddle answering the voice, pentatonic and khamaj melodies in call and response",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 130], typical: 108 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["6/8", 1]], cycle: DADRA },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["major-pentatonic", 0.75],
+        ["khamaj", 0.25],
+      ],
+    },
+    melody: { intervals: CONJUNCT, repetition: 0.7 },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.25, 1]] },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...UNPLUGGED,
+        lead: role("sing", "bansuri:0.5"),
+        counter: role("fiddle", "bansuri:0.5"),
+        drone: maybe("strings"),
+      },
+    },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "tibetan",
+    summary:
+      "Tibetan Buddhist chant: very low sustained recitation on one tone with overtones, long horns and gongs marking structure, cymbal accelerandos, no pulse grid",
+    tempo: { bpm: [40, 70], typical: 52 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[4, 1]] },
+    pitch: { scales: [["minor-pentatonic", 1]] },
+    melody: {
+      intervals: CHANT,
+      density: [0.5, 1],
+      ambitus: [2, 5],
+      range: [40, 60],
+    },
+    rhythm: { onsets: { bell: grid("x...............") } },
+    harmony: { model: "drone", rhythm: [[0.25, 1]] },
+    bass: { behaviour: [["none", 1]] },
+    texture: {
+      kind: "monophonic",
+      roles: {
+        ...UNPLUGGED,
+        perc: null,
+        bell: role("gong"),
+        drone: role("choir", "horn:0.5"),
+        lead: role("choir"),
+      },
+    },
+    mix: { space: 0.75 },
+  }),
+  card({
+    id: "asian-underground",
+    summary:
+      "Asian Underground: London breakbeat and drum and bass under tabla loops and sitar drones, sub-bass, raga phrases sampled-style over a minor vamp",
+    tempo: { bpm: [90, 174], typical: 160 },
+    meter: { signatures: [["4/4", 1]], hypermeter: [[8, 1]] },
+    pitch: {
+      scales: [
+        ["bhairavi", 0.5],
+        ["kafi", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    rhythm: {
+      onsets: { kick: grid("x.........x....."), snare: BACKBEAT, hat: EIGHTHS },
+    },
+    bass: {
+      behaviour: [
+        ["pedal", 0.5],
+        ["ostinato", 0.5],
+      ],
+    },
+    texture: {
+      roles: {
+        ...fullKit("electro"),
+        bass: role("bass", "saw:0.4"),
+        lead: role("sitar", "sing:0.5", "bansuri:0.4"),
+        pad: maybe("strings", "saw:0.4"),
+      },
+    },
+    mix: { loudness: "club" },
+  }),
+];
+
+export const AFRICA_MENA_SOUTHASIA_CARDS: readonly StyleCard[] = [
+  ...NODES,
+  ...LEAVES,
+];