@hestia-earth/guide 0.0.17 → 0.0.18

package/dist/content/models/siteMeasurements/soil/organicCarbonPerHa/ipcc2019Tier1.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"tags":{"author":["Florian Payen"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Soil"],"tab":["IPCC (2019) Tier 1"],"citation":["Payen, F. (2025) Soil organic carbon stock modelling on HESTIA."],"tag":["soc modelling"],"modelId":["organicCarbonPerHa"],"modelRequires":["ecoClimateZone","amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed","animalManureUsed","inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed","organicFertiliserUsed","shortBareFallow"]},"content":"# Organic carbon (per ha)\n\nThe stock of organic carbon in the soil, defined as soil organic matter that is smaller than 2 mm in size.\n\n## Overview\n\nThis page is about the IPCC Tier 1 model for estimating SOC stock changes in the 0 - 30 cm depth interval of mineral soils for croplands, grasslands and land under natural vegetation.\n\nThe model estimates the SOC stock changes that occur on [Sites](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site) after a land use and/or land management change event by linearly interpolating between the initial SOC stock and the new SOC stock equilibrium over the course of 20 years. After 20 years, it is assumed that the new SOC equilibrium has been reached and the ongoing SOC stock change is negligible until a new land use and/or land management change event occurs. Any subsequent land-use and/or land-management change trigger the start of a 20-year transition to the new equilibrium.\n\nThe model is run as a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Model result values are the row-wise `mean` of simulation results. See our guide on [Monte Carlo simulation](/guide/applying-models-monte-carlo) for more information.\n\n## How the model works\n\n### Step 1. Assigning an $SOC_{ref}$\n\nThe $SOC_{ref}$ of a [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site) represents the SOC stock (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) that the soil would have in the 0 - 30 cm depth interval when non-degraded, unimproved and under native vegetation. This reference value will later be multiplied by a series of factors to calculate SOC stock gains or losses from changes in land use and/or land management.\n\nFor most [Sites](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site), the $SOC_{ref}$ value is assigned based on the combination of its [`ecoClimateZone`](https://hestia.earth/term/ecoClimateZone) and `IpccSoilCategory`. Once these two elements have been determined for a [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site), we can allocate the $SOC_{ref}$ value using the default $SOC_{ref}$ values for mineral soils (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup> in 0 - 30 cm depth interval) provided by the IPCC (2019) (see table below). All values are presented in the format of the mean for the soil by climate combination ± the 95% confidence limit expressed as a percentage of the mean (_i.e._, ± 1.96 * standard error /mean *100). Values in parentheses are the number of soils included in the derivation of mean and standard error values for each combination of soil and climate types.\n\n| IPCC climate zone                          | High activity clay soils | Low activity clay soils | Sandy soils       | Spodic soils      | Volcanic soils    | Wetlands soils    |\n| ------------------------------------------ | ------------------------ | ----------------------- | ----------------- | ----------------- | ----------------- | ----------------- |\n| Polar Moist/Dry (Px - undiff)<sup>2</sup>  | 59000 ± 41% (24)         | NA<sup>1</sup>          | 27000 ± 67% (18)  | NO<sup>1</sup>    | NA<sup>1</sup>    | NA<sup>1</sup>    |\n| Boreal Moist/Dry (Bx - undiff)<sup>2</sup> | 63000 ± 18% (35)         | NA<sup>1</sup>          | 10000 ± 90%       | 117000 ± 90%      | 20000 ± 90%       | 116000 ± 65% (6)  |\n| Cool temperate dry (C2)                    | 43000 ± 8% (177)         | 33000 ± 90%             | 13000 ± 33% (10)  | NO<sup>1</sup>    | 20000 ± 90%       | 87000 ± 90%       |\n| Cool temperate moist (C1)                  | 81000 ± 5% (334)         | 76000 ± 51% (6)         | 51000 ± 13% (126) | 128000 ± 14% (45) | 136000 ± 14% (28) | 128000 ± 13% (42) |\n| Warm temperate dry (W2)                    | 24000 ± 5% (781)         | 19000 ± 16% (41)        | 10000 ± 5% (338)  | NO<sup>1</sup>    | 84000 ± 65% (10)  | 74000 ± 17% (49)  |\n| Warm temperate moist (W1)                  | 64000 ± 5% (489)         | 55000 ± 8% (183)        | 36000 ± 23% (39)  | 143000 ± 30% (9)  | 138000 ± 12% (42) | 135000 ± 28% (28) |\n| Tropical dry (T4)                          | 21000 ± 5% (554)         | 19000 ± 10% (135)       | 9000 ± 9% (164)   | NA<sup>1</sup>    | 50000 ± 90%       | 22000 ± 17% (32)  |\n| Tropical moist (T3)                        | 40000 ± 7% (226)         | 38000 ± 5% (326)        | 27000 ± 12% (76)  | NA<sup>1</sup>    | 70000 ± 90%       | 68000 ± 17% (55)  |\n| Tropical wet (T2)                          | 60000 ± 8% (137)         | 52000 ± 6% (271)        | 46000 ± 20% (43)  | NA<sup>1</sup>    | 77000 ± 27% (14)  | 49000 ± 19% (33)  |\n| Tropical montane (T1)                      | 51000 ± 10% (114)        | 44000 ± 11% (84)        | 52000 ± 34% (11)  | NA<sup>1</sup>    | 96000 ± 31% (10)  | 82000 ± 50% (12)  |\n\nNotes:\n\n- <sup>1</sup> NA denotes that the soil category may occur in a climate zone, but no data was available. NO denotes that the soil type does not normally occur within a climate zone.\n- <sup>2</sup> The Boreal dry and Boreal moist zones and the Polar dry and Polar moist zones were not differentiated. Results presented represent the SOC30 stocks for the undifferentiated (undiff.) Boreal (Bx) and Polar (Px) classes.\n\n#### IPCC eco-climate zones\n\nThe IPCC divides the globe into 12 broad eco-climate zones:\n\n- Polar dry (P2)\n- Polar moist (P1)\n- Boreal dry (B2)\n- Boreal moist (B1)\n- Cool temperate dry (C2)\n- Cool temperate moist (C1)\n- Warm temperate dry (W2)\n- Warm temperate moist (W1)\n- Tropical dry (T4)\n- Tropical moist (T3)\n- Tropical wet (T2)\n- Tropical montane (T1)\n\n![World divided into eco-climate zones.](/assets/ipccClimateZones.png)\n\nWorld divided into eco-climate zones.\n\nThese climate classes were defined by the [IPCC (2006), Vol. 4, Chapter 3, p. 3.39)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_03_Ch3_Representation.pdf) using elevation, mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (PET) ratio and frost occurrence.\n\nThe IPCC eco-climate zone of a [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site) is automatically gap-filled by HESTIA when data is uploaded using the [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site)'s geo-location data (`site.latitude` & `site.longitude` or `site.region`).\n\n#### IPCC soil categories\n\nThe 7 IPCC soil categories are:\n\n| `IpccSoilCategory`         | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |\n| -------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `ORGANIC_SOILS`            | Soils having organic material (Histosols).<br/><br/>The model **should not run** for any [Sites](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site) assigned this category.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |\n| `HIGH_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS` | Soils with high activity clay (HAC) minerals are lightly to moderately weathered soils dominated by 2:1 silicate clay minerals (in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) classification: Leptosols, Vertisols, Kastanozems, Chernozems, Phaeozems, Luvisols, Alisols, Albeluvisols, Solonetz, Calcisols, Gypsisols, Umbrisols, Cambisols, Regosols; in USDA classification: Mollisols, Vertisols, high-base status Alfisols, Aridisols, Inceptisols). |\n| `LOW_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS`  | Soils with low activity clay (LAC) minerals are highly weathered soils, dominated by 1:1 clay minerals and amorphous iron and aluminium oxides (in WRB classification: Acrisols, Lixisols, Nitisols, Ferralsols, Durisols; in USDA classification: Ultisols, Oxisols, acidic Alfisols).                                                                                                                                                                           |\n| `SANDY_SOILS`              | Soils (regardless of taxonomic classification) having > 70% sand and < 8% clay (in WRB classification: Arenosols; in USDA classification: Psamments).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |\n| `SPODIC_SOILS`             | Soils exhibiting strong podzolization (in WRB classification: Podzols; in USDA classification: Spodosols).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |\n| `VOLCANIC_SOILS`           | Soils derived from volcanic ash with allophanic mineralogy (in WRB classification: Andosols; in USDA classification: Andisols).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |\n| `WETLAND_SOILS`            | Soils with restricted drainage leading to periodic flooding and anaerobic conditions (in WRB classification: Gleysols; in USDA classification: Aquic suborders).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |\n\n#### Assigning an IPCC soil category\n\nTo assign an `IpccSoilCategory` to a [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site), we use the [`soilType`](https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=soilType) or [`usdaSoilType`](https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=usdaSoilType) nodes in [`site.measurements`](https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements). To satisfy the requirements of each soil category, soil types belonging to that category must cover more than 30% of the [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site).\n\nFirst, we check for [Measurements](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Measurement) with terms in the [`soilType`](https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=soilType) glossary in the following order:\n\n![Flow diagram for assigning an IPCC soil category from WRB soil type.](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure1.png)\n\nFlow diagram for assigning an IPCC soil category from WRB soil type.\n\nIf a category has not been assigned, we try again checking for [Measurements](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Measurement) with terms in the [`usdaSoilType`](https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=usdaSoilType) glossary in the following order:\n\n![Flow diagram for assigning an IPCC soil category from USDA soil type.](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure2.png)\n\nFlow diagram for assigning an IPCC soil category from USDA soil type.\n\nIf a soil category has not been assigned after following both decision trees, the [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site) should be assigned the default category of `IpccSoilCategory.LOW_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS`.\n\nn.b., An $SOC_{ref}$ cannot be assigned for all combinations of [`ecoClimateZone`](https://hestia.earth/term/ecoClimateZone) and `IpccSoilCategory`. This is because some soil categories do not normally occur within all climate zones or because no data was available to calculate a reference value. In these cases, the model **should not run**.\n\nIn addition, this models is only for mineral soils. If a soil is assigned the `ORGANIC_SOILS`, this model **should not run**; instead, the IPCC (2019) model for organic soil cultivation should be used. <!--See our guide on [Organic soil cultivation](./organicSoilCultivation) for more information.-->\n\n### Step 2. Compiling an annual inventory\n\nOnce an $SOC_{ref}$ has been assigned to a [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site), we need to compile an annual inventory of the land use and land management. For each year of the inventory, we summarise the nodes in [`site.management`](https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management) by assigning an `IpccLandUseCategory`. For some land-use categories, we then assign an additional `IpccManagementCategory` and `IpccCarbonInputCategory`.\n\n#### IPCC land use categories\n\nThe `IpccLandUseCategory` categories are:\n\n| `IpccLandUseCategory`    | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |\n| ------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `GRASSLAND`              | All native and/or permanent grassland. <br/><br/> An additional grassland management category **must** be assigned.                                                                                                                                                  |\n| `ANNUAL_CROPS`           | Represents area that has been converted from native conditions and continuously managed for predominantly annual crops over 50 years. <br/><br/> Additional tillage management and cropland carbon input categories **must** be assigned.                            |\n| `ANNUAL_CROPS_WET`       | Represents area with mineral wetland soils that has been converted from native conditions and continuously managed for predominantly annual crops over 50 years. <br/><br/> Additional tillage management and cropland carbon input categories **must** be assigned. |\n| `PADDY_RICE_CULTIVATION` | Long-term (> 20 years) annual cropping of wetlands (paddy rice). Can include double-cropping with non-flooded crops.                                                                                                                                                 |\n| `PERENNIAL_CROPS`        | Long-term perennial tree crops such as fruit and nut trees, coffee and cacao.                                                                                                                                                                                        |\n| `SET_ASIDE`              | Represents temporary (< 20 years) set aside of annual cropland (_e.g._, conservation reserves) or other idle cropland that has been revegetated with perennial grasses.                                                                                              |\n| `FOREST`                 | All native and/or permanent forest.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |\n| `NATIVE`                 | Any other native vegetation.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |\n| `OTHER`                  | Any other land use. The model should not run for any inventory years assigned this category.                                                                                                                                                                         |\n\n#### IPCC management categories\n\n##### For grasslands:\n\nThe management categories for inventory years with `IpccLandUseCategory.GRASSLAND` are:\n\n| `IpccManagementCategory` | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |\n| ------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `IMPROVED_GRASSLAND`     | Represents grassland that is sustainably managed with light to moderate grazing pressure (or cutting and removal of vegetation) and that receive at least one improvement (_e.g._, fertilisation, species improvement, irrigation). <br/><br/> An additional grassland carbon input category **must** be assigned.            |\n| `HIGH_INTENSITY_GRAZING` | Represents high intensity grazing systems (or cutting and removal of vegetation) with shifts in vegetation composition and possibly productivity but is not severely degraded.                                                                                                                                                |\n| `NOMINALLY_MANAGED`      | Represents low or medium intensity grazing regimes, in addition to periodic cutting and removal of above-ground vegetation, without significant management improvements. High intensity grazing may be moderately degraded, but it does not represent excessive grazing intensity that leads to severe grassland degradation. |\n| `SEVERELY_DEGRADED`      | Implies major long-term loss of productivity and vegetation cover, due to severe mechanical damage to the vegetation and/or severe soil erosion.                                                                                                                                                                              |\n\nFor inventory years assigned `IpccLandUseCategory.GRASSLAND`, a management category is required for the model to run. In the absence of one, an `IpccManagementCategory` of `UNKNOWN` will be assigned to the corresponding inventory years and the model **will not run** for these years.\n\n##### For annual croplands:\n\nThe management categories for inventory years with `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS` or `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET` are:\n\n| `IpccManagementCategory` | Description                                                                                                                                                                               |\n| ------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `FULL_TILLAGE`           | Substantial soil disturbance with full inversion and/or frequent (within year) tillage operations. At planting time, little (_e.g._, <30%) of the surface is covered by residues.         |\n| `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | Primary and/or secondary tillage but with reduced soil disturbance (usually shallow and without full soil inversion). Normally leaves surface with >30% coverage by residues at planting. |\n| `NO_TILLAGE`             | Direct seeding without primary tillage, with only minimal soil disturbance in the seeding zone. Herbicides are typically used for weed control.                                           |\n\nFor inventory years assigned `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS` or `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET`, a management category is reauired for the model to run. In the absence of one, an `IpccManagementCategory` of `UNKNOWN` will be assigned to the corresponding inventory years and the model **will not run** for these years.\n\n#### IPCC carbon input categories\n\n##### For grasslands:\n\nThe carbon input categories for inventory years with `IpccManagementCategory.IMPROVED_GRASSLAND` are:\n\n| `IpccCarbonInputCategory` | Description                                                                                       |\n| ------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `GRASSLAND_MEDIUM`        | Applies to improved grassland where a single management input or improvement has been made.       |\n| `GRASSLAND_HIGH`          | Applies to improved grassland where two or more management inputs or improvements have been used. |\n\nFor inventory years assigned `IpccManagementCategory.IMPROVED_GRASSLAND`, a default carbon input category of `IpccCarbonInputCategory.GRASSLAND_MEDIUM` should be assigned if the management data is insufficient to assign another category.\n\n##### For annual croplands:\n\nThe carbon input categories for inventory years with `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS` or `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET` are:\n\n| `IpccCarbonInputCategory`      | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |\n| ------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `CROPLAND_LOW`                 | Low residue return occurs when there is removal of residues (via collection or burning), frequent bare-fallowing, production of crops yielding low residues (_e.g._, vegetables, tobacco, cotton), no mineral fertilisation or no N-fixing crops.                                                                                                                 |\n| `CROPLAND_MEDIUM`              | Representative for annual cropping with cereals where all crop residues are returned to the field. If residues are removed, then supplemental organic matter (_e.g._, manure) is added. Also requires mineral fertilisation or N-fixing crop in rotation.                                                                                                         |\n| `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITHOUT_MANURE` | Represents significantly greater crop residue inputs over medium carbon input cropping systems due to additional practices, such as production of high residue yielding crops, use of green manures, cover crops, improved vegetated fallows, irrigation, frequent use of perennial grasses in annual crop rotations, but without manure applied (see row below). |\n| `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE`    | Represents significantly higher carbon input over medium carbon input cropping systems due to an additional practice of regular addition of animal manure.                                                                                                                                                                                                        |\n\nFor inventory years assigned `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS` or `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET`, a default carbon input category of `IpccCarbonInputCategory.CROPLAND_LOW` should be assigned if the management data is insufficient to assign another category.\n\n#### Assigning land use, management and carbon input categories\n\nTo assign land use, management and carbon input categories, we use the nodes in [`site.management`](https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management). To satisfy the requirements of each step in the flow diagram, appropriate managements must have been used on more than 30% of the [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site).\n\n##### For grasslands\n\n![Flow diagram for assigning IPCC categories in grasslands.](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure3.png)\n\nn.b., land cover, land management practices and improvements must cover >30% of the [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site)'s area to satisfy the condition.\n\n##### For croplands\n\n![Flow diagram for assigning IPCC categories in croplands.](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure4.png)\n\nn.b., land cover, land management practices and improvements must cover >30% of the [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site)'s area to satisfy the condition.\n\nA land-use factor $F_{LU}$, a management factor $F_{MG}$ and a carbon input factor $F_{CI}$ can then be retrieved based on the `IpccLandUseCategory`, the `IpccManagementCategory` and the `IpccCarbonInputCategory` allocated for each year of the [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site)'s inventory using the default relative stock change factors provided by the IPCC (2019) (see tables below):\n\n![Relative stock change factors for grassland management.](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure5.png)\n\n![Relative stock change factors for cropland management.](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure6.png)\n\n![Screenshot_2024-05-07_at_19.44.51](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure7.png)\n\n### Step 3. Calculating SOC equilibriums\n\nFor each year in the inventory, we estimate the soil organic carbon equilibrium ($SOC_{eq}$), which describes the stable SOC stock that the [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site) would reach if the land use and land management remained consistent for 20 years:\n\n$SOC_{eq} = SOC_{ref} * F_{LU} * F_{MG} * F_{CI}$\n\nWhere:\n\n- $SOC_{eq}$ = the SOC equilibrium for the [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site) under a specific land use and land management regime, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $SOC_{ref}$ = the SOC stock for mineral soils in the reference condition, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $F_{LU}$ = the stock change factor for a particular land use, dimensionless.\n- $F_{MG}$ = the stock change factor for a particular land management regime, dimensionless.\n- $F_{CI}$ = the stock change factor for a particular carbon input regime, dimensionless.\n\n### Step 4. Interpolating between SOC equilibriums\n\nStarting from the earliest year in the inventory, we can then interpolate linearly between $SOC_{eq}$ values following changes in land use and/or land management for each year of the [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site)'s inventory according to the following equation:\n\n$SOC_{0+T} = SOC_{0} + \\frac{min(T, 20)}{20}(SOC_{eq} - SOC_{0})$\n\nWhere:\n\n- $SOC_{0+T}$ = the soil organic carbon stock $T$ years after the most recent land use and/or land management change, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $SOC_{0}$ = the soil organic carbon stock when the land use and/or land management change occurred, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $SOC_{eq}$ = the soil organic carbon equilibrium for the [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site) under the most recent land use, management regime and carbon input regime, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $T$ = the number of years since the most recent land use and/or land management change event, yr.\n\nIf $T>20$, it is capped to twenty as annual SOC stock changes are assumed to be negligible after the $SOC_{eq}$ has been reached if land use and land management remain consistent.\n\n## Data recommendations\n\nFor inventory years to be assigned the correct `IpccManagementCategory` and `IpccCarbonInputCategory`, it is imperative that the management data is as complete as possible.\n\nFor each year of the inventory, we recommend specifying the following:\n\n### For grassland years\n\n- Grassland condition, using the terms [`highIntensityGrazingPasture`](https://hestia.earth/term/highIntensityGrazingPasture), [`improvedPasture`](https://hestia.earth/term/improvedPasture), [`nativePasture`](https://hestia.earth/term/nativePasture), [`nominallyManagedPasture`](https://hestia.earth/term/nominallyManagedPasture) and/or [`severelyDegradedPasture`](https://hestia.earth/term/severelyDegradedPasture).\n- Irrigation, using terms in the [water regime glossary](https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=waterRegime).\n- Inputs to soil, using the terms [`amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed`](https://hestia.earth/term/amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed), [`animalManureUsed`](https://hestia.earth/term/animalManureUsed), [`inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed`](https://hestia.earth/term/inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed) and/or [`organicFertiliserUsed`](https://hestia.earth/term/organicFertiliserUsed).\n- Any terms in the [land cover glossary](https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landCover) to specify the type of grass or fresh forage grown.\n\n### For cropland years\n\n- Tillage, using terms in the [tillage glossary](https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=tillage).\n- Irrigation, using terms in the [water regime glossary](https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=waterRegime).\n- Crop residue management, using terms in the [crop residue management glossary](https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=cropResidueManagement).\n- Inputs to soil, using the terms [`amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed`](https://hestia.earth/term/amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed), [`animalManureUsed`](https://hestia.earth/term/animalManureUsed), [`inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed`](https://hestia.earth/term/inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed) and/or [`organicFertiliserUsed`](https://hestia.earth/term/organicFertiliserUsed).\n- Use of cover crops, using terms in the [land cover glossary](https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landCover) plus one of the following [Properties](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Property): [`catchCrop`](https://hestia.earth/term/catchCrop), [`coverCrop`](https://hestia.earth/term/coverCrop), [`groundCover`](https://hestia.earth/term/groundCover), [`longFallowCrop`](https://hestia.earth/term/longFallowCrop) and/or [`shortFallowCrop`](https://hestia.earth/term/shortFallowCrop).\n\n## Example\n\n| Eco-climate zone   | `IpccSoilCategory`         | $SOC_{ref}$ (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) |\n| ------------------ | -------------------------- | ---------------------------------- |\n| Cool temperate dry | `HIGH_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS` | 43000                              |\n\n| Year | `IpccLandUseCategory` | `IpccManagementCategory` | `IpccCarbonInputCategory`   | `organicCarbonPerHa` (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) |\n| ---- | --------------------- | ------------------------ | --------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- |\n| 2014 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_LOW`              | 31455                                       |\n| 2015 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_LOW`              | 31455                                       |\n| 2016 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_LOW`              | 31455                                       |\n| 2017 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_MEDIUM`           | 31537                                       |\n| 2018 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_MEDIUM`           | 31620                                       |\n| 2019 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_MEDIUM`           | 31661                                       |\n| 2020 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE` | 32301                                       |\n| 2021 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE` | 32940                                       |\n| 2022 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE` | 33580                                       |\n| 2023 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE` | 34220                                       |\n\n![Graph displaying the Tier 1 SOC model outputs.](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure8.png)\n\nGraph displaying the Tier 1 SOC model outputs.\n\n## Discussion\n\nWhile the Tier 1 methodology is useful due to its relatively low data requirements (_i.e._, user uploads generally report the required data and/or the required data can be easily gap-filled using other HESTIA models), the methodology does have some important flaws:\n\n- Neither `soilType` nor `usdaSoilType` are gap-filled using geospatial models by the HESTIA platform yet. Therefore, they must be specified in the user upload.\n- There are no factors for different land management and carbon input regimes for forests, paddy-rice cultivation and perennial crops. New factors should be calculated to make the model more useful for these land uses.\n- The model could be extended to meet the requirements of new reporting standards. Country-specific factors could be calculated to bump the method up to Tier 2.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"collapsibles\">\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Returns</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement\">Measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/organicCarbonPerHa\">organicCarbonPerHa</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#method\">method</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ipcc2019\">ipcc2019</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#sd\">sd</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#min\">min</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#max\">max</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#statsDefinition\">statsDefinition</a> with <code>simulated</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#observations\">observations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a> with <code>0</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a> with <code>30</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#methodClassification\">methodClassification</a> with <code>tier 1 model</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Requirements</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site\">Site</a> with:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>forest</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>other natural vegetation</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>cropland</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>glass or high accessible cover</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>permanent pasture</code></li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management\">managements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landCover\">landCover</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> with <code>1</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>2</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>3</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>4</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>7</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>8</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>9</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>10</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>11</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>12</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ecoClimateZone\">ecoClimateZone</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>optional:<ul>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=soilType\">soilType</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=usdaSoilType\">usdaSoilType</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management\">managements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=cropResidueManagement\">cropResidueManagement</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#name\">name</a> containing &quot;burnt,removed&quot;</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landUseManagement\">landUseManagement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=tillage\">tillage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=waterRegime\">waterRegime</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#name\">name</a> containing &quot;deep water,irrigated&quot;</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed\">amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/animalManureUsed\">animalManureUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed\">inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/organicFertiliserUsed\">organicFertiliserUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/shortBareFallow\">shortBareFallow</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>none of:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>glass or high accessible cover</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Lookups used</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/crop.csv\">crop.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landCover.csv\">landCover.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY</code>; <code>LOW_RESIDUE_PRODUCING_CROP</code>; <code>N_FIXING_CROP</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landUseManagement.csv\">landUseManagement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>PRACTICE_INCREASING_C_INPUT</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/soilType.csv\">soilType.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_SOIL_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/tillage.csv\">tillage.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_TILLAGE_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/usdaSoilType.csv\">usdaSoilType.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_SOIL_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/measurement.csv\">measurement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>siteTypesAllowed</code></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  \n</div>"}
+{"tags":{"author":["Florian Payen"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Soil"],"tab":["IPCC (2019) Tier 1"],"citation":["Payen, F. (2025) Soil organic carbon stock modelling on HESTIA."],"tag":["soc modelling"],"modelId":["organicCarbonPerHa"],"modelRequires":["ecoClimateZone","amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed","animalManureUsed","inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed","organicFertiliserUsed","shortBareFallow"]},"content":"# Organic carbon (per ha)\n\nThe stock of organic carbon in the soil, defined as soil organic matter that is smaller than 2 mm in size.\n\n## Overview\n\nThis page is about the IPCC Tier 1 model for estimating SOC stock changes in the 0 - 30 cm depth interval of mineral soils for croplands, grasslands and land under natural vegetation.\n\nThe model estimates the SOC stock changes that occur on [Sites](/schema/Site) after a land use and/or land management change event by linearly interpolating between the initial SOC stock and the new SOC stock equilibrium over the course of 20 years. After 20 years, it is assumed that the new SOC equilibrium has been reached and the ongoing SOC stock change is negligible until a new land use and/or land management change event occurs. Any subsequent land-use and/or land-management change trigger the start of a 20-year transition to the new equilibrium.\n\nThe model is run as a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Model result values are the row-wise `mean` of simulation results. See our guide on [Monte Carlo simulation](/guide/applying-models-monte-carlo) for more information.\n\n## How the model works\n\n### Step 1. Assigning an $SOC_{ref}$\n\nThe $SOC_{ref}$ of a [Site](/schema/Site) represents the SOC stock (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) that the soil would have in the 0 - 30 cm depth interval when non-degraded, unimproved and under native vegetation. This reference value will later be multiplied by a series of factors to calculate SOC stock gains or losses from changes in land use and/or land management.\n\nFor most [Sites](/schema/Site), the $SOC_{ref}$ value is assigned based on the combination of its [`ecoClimateZone`](/term/ecoClimateZone) and `IpccSoilCategory`. Once these two elements have been determined for a [Site](/schema/Site), we can allocate the $SOC_{ref}$ value using the default $SOC_{ref}$ values for mineral soils (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup> in 0 - 30 cm depth interval) provided in [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 2, table 2.3](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) (Table 1). All values are presented in the format of the mean for the soil by climate combination ± the 95% confidence limit expressed as a percentage of the mean (_i.e._, ± 1.96 * standard error /mean *100). Values in parentheses are the number of soils included in the derivation of mean and standard error values for each combination of soil and climate types.\n\n**Table 1.** Default reference condition soil organic carbon stocks ($SOC_{ref}$) for mineral soils  in kg C ha<sup>-1</sup> in 0 - 30 cm depth interval. Adapted from table 2.3 in chapter 2, volume 4 of the [IPCC (2019)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) report.\n\n| IPCC climate zone                          | High activity clay soils | Low activity clay soils | Sandy soils       | Spodic soils      | Volcanic soils    | Wetlands soils    |\n| ------------------------------------------ | ------------------------ | ----------------------- | ----------------- | ----------------- | ----------------- | ----------------- |\n| Polar Moist/Dry (Px - undiff)<sup>2</sup>  | 59000 ± 41% (24)         | NA<sup>1</sup>          | 27000 ± 67% (18)  | NO<sup>1</sup>    | NA<sup>1</sup>    | NA<sup>1</sup>    |\n| Boreal Moist/Dry (Bx - undiff)<sup>2</sup> | 63000 ± 18% (35)         | NA<sup>1</sup>          | 10000 ± 90%       | 117000 ± 90%      | 20000 ± 90%       | 116000 ± 65% (6)  |\n| Cool temperate dry (C2)                    | 43000 ± 8% (177)         | 33000 ± 90%             | 13000 ± 33% (10)  | NO<sup>1</sup>    | 20000 ± 90%       | 87000 ± 90%       |\n| Cool temperate moist (C1)                  | 81000 ± 5% (334)         | 76000 ± 51% (6)         | 51000 ± 13% (126) | 128000 ± 14% (45) | 136000 ± 14% (28) | 128000 ± 13% (42) |\n| Warm temperate dry (W2)                    | 24000 ± 5% (781)         | 19000 ± 16% (41)        | 10000 ± 5% (338)  | NO<sup>1</sup>    | 84000 ± 65% (10)  | 74000 ± 17% (49)  |\n| Warm temperate moist (W1)                  | 64000 ± 5% (489)         | 55000 ± 8% (183)        | 36000 ± 23% (39)  | 143000 ± 30% (9)  | 138000 ± 12% (42) | 135000 ± 28% (28) |\n| Tropical dry (T4)                          | 21000 ± 5% (554)         | 19000 ± 10% (135)       | 9000 ± 9% (164)   | NA<sup>1</sup>    | 50000 ± 90%       | 22000 ± 17% (32)  |\n| Tropical moist (T3)                        | 40000 ± 7% (226)         | 38000 ± 5% (326)        | 27000 ± 12% (76)  | NA<sup>1</sup>    | 70000 ± 90%       | 68000 ± 17% (55)  |\n| Tropical wet (T2)                          | 60000 ± 8% (137)         | 52000 ± 6% (271)        | 46000 ± 20% (43)  | NA<sup>1</sup>    | 77000 ± 27% (14)  | 49000 ± 19% (33)  |\n| Tropical montane (T1)                      | 51000 ± 10% (114)        | 44000 ± 11% (84)        | 52000 ± 34% (11)  | NA<sup>1</sup>    | 96000 ± 31% (10)  | 82000 ± 50% (12)  |\n\nNotes:\n\n- <sup>1</sup> NA denotes that the soil category may occur in a climate zone, but no data was available. NO denotes that the soil type does not normally occur within a climate zone.\n- <sup>2</sup> The Boreal dry and Boreal moist zones and the Polar dry and Polar moist zones were not differentiated. Results presented represent the SOC30 stocks for the undifferentiated (undiff.) Boreal (Bx) and Polar (Px) classes.\n\n#### IPCC eco-climate zones\n\nThe [IPCC (2019)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) divides the globe into 12 broad eco-climate zones (Figure 1):\n\n- Polar dry (P2)\n- Polar moist (P1)\n- Boreal dry (B2)\n- Boreal moist (B1)\n- Cool temperate dry (C2)\n- Cool temperate moist (C1)\n- Warm temperate dry (W2)\n- Warm temperate moist (W1)\n- Tropical dry (T4)\n- Tropical moist (T3)\n- Tropical wet (T2)\n- Tropical montane (T1)\n\n![World divided into eco-climate zones according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.1](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html)](/assets/ipccClimateZones2019.png)\n\n**Figure 1.** World divided into eco-climate zones according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.1](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\nThese climate classes were defined by the [IPCC (2006), volume 4, chapter 3, p. 3.39)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_03_Ch3_Representation.pdf) using elevation, mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (PET) ratio and frost occurrence. An updated version of this classification was released in the [IPCC (2019)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) report (see volume 4, chapter 3, p.3.48).\n\nThe IPCC eco-climate zone of a [Site](/schema/Site) is automatically gap-filled by HESTIA when data is uploaded using the [Site](/schema/Site)'s geo-location data (`site.latitude` & `site.longitude` or `site.region`).\n\n#### IPCC soil categories\n\nThe 7 IPCC soil categories are presented in Table 2.\n\n**Table 2**. Soil categories defined according to the IPCC (2019). Adapted from [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.3 and figure 3A.5.4](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccSoilCategory`         | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |\n| -------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `ORGANIC_SOILS`            | Soils having organic material (Histosols).<br/><br/>The model **should not run** for any [Sites](/schema/Site) assigned this category.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |\n| `HIGH_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS` | Soils with high activity clay (HAC) minerals are lightly to moderately weathered soils dominated by 2:1 silicate clay minerals (in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) classification: Leptosols, Vertisols, Kastanozems, Chernozems, Phaeozems, Luvisols, Alisols, Albeluvisols, Solonetz, Calcisols, Gypsisols, Umbrisols, Cambisols, Regosols; in USDA classification: Mollisols, Vertisols, high-base status Alfisols, Aridisols, Inceptisols). |\n| `LOW_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS`  | Soils with low activity clay (LAC) minerals are highly weathered soils, dominated by 1:1 clay minerals and amorphous iron and aluminium oxides (in WRB classification: Acrisols, Lixisols, Nitisols, Ferralsols, Durisols; in USDA classification: Ultisols, Oxisols, acidic Alfisols).                                                                                                                                                                           |\n| `SANDY_SOILS`              | Soils (regardless of taxonomic classification) having > 70% sand and < 8% clay (in WRB classification: Arenosols; in USDA classification: Psamments).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |\n| `SPODIC_SOILS`             | Soils exhibiting strong podzolization (in WRB classification: Podzols; in USDA classification: Spodosols).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |\n| `VOLCANIC_SOILS`           | Soils derived from volcanic ash with allophanic mineralogy (in WRB classification: Andosols; in USDA classification: Andisols).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |\n| `WETLAND_SOILS`            | Soils with restricted drainage leading to periodic flooding and anaerobic conditions (in WRB classification: Gleysols; in USDA classification: Aquic suborders).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |\n\n#### Assigning an IPCC soil category\n\nTo assign an `IpccSoilCategory` to a [Site](/schema/Site), we use the [`soilType`](/glossary?termType=soilType) or [`usdaSoilType`](/glossary?termType=usdaSoilType) nodes in [`site.measurements`](/schema/Site#measurements). To satisfy the requirements of each soil category, soil types belonging to that category must cover more than 30% of the [Site](/schema/Site).\n\nFirst, we check for [Measurements](/schema/Measurement) with terms in the [`soilType`](/glossary?termType=soilType) glossary in the order presented in Figure 2.\n\n![Flow diagram for assigning an IPCC soil category from WRB soil types [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.4)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html)](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure1.png)\n\n**Figure 2**. Flow diagram for assigning an IPCC soil category from WRB soil types [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.4)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\nIf a category has not been assigned, we try again checking for [Measurements](/schema/Measurement) with terms in the [`usdaSoilType`](/glossary?termType=usdaSoilType) glossary in the order presented in Figure 3.\n\n![Flow diagram for assigning an IPCC soil category from USDA soil types [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.3)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html)](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure2.png)\n\n**Figure 3**. Flow diagram for assigning an IPCC soil category from USDA soil types [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 3, figure 3A.5.3)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\nIf a soil category has not been assigned after following both decision trees, the [Site](/schema/Site) should be assigned the default category of `IpccSoilCategory.LOW_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS`.\n\nn.b., An $SOC_{ref}$ cannot be assigned for all combinations of [`ecoClimateZone`](/term/ecoClimateZone) and `IpccSoilCategory`. This is because some soil categories do not normally occur within all climate zones or because no data was available to calculate a reference value. In these cases, the model **should not run**.\n\nIn addition, this models is only for mineral soils. If a soil is assigned the `ORGANIC_SOILS`, this model **should not run**; instead, the IPCC (2019) model for organic soil cultivation should be used. See our guide pages on emissions from [organic soil cultivation](./co2ToAirOrganicSoilCultivation.md) for more information.\n\n### Step 2. Compiling an annual inventory\n\nOnce an $SOC_{ref}$ has been assigned to a [Site](/schema/Site), we need to compile an annual inventory of the land use and land management. For each year of the inventory, we summarise the nodes in [`site.management`](/schema/Site#management) by assigning an `IpccLandUseCategory`. For some land-use categories, we then assign an additional `IpccManagementCategory` and `IpccCarbonInputCategory`.\n\n#### IPCC land use categories\n\nThe 9 `IpccLandUseCategory` categories are described in Table 3.\n\n**Table 3**. Land use categories defined according to the IPCC (2019). Adapted from [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 5, table 5.5](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) with definitions from [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 6, table 6.2](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) and [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 4](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccLandUseCategory`    | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |\n| ------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `GRASSLAND`              | All native and/or permanent grassland. <br/><br/> An additional grassland management category **must** be assigned.                                                                                                                                                  |\n| `ANNUAL_CROPS`           | Represents area that has been converted from native conditions and continuously managed for predominantly annual crops over 50 years. <br/><br/> Additional tillage management and cropland carbon input categories **must** be assigned.                            |\n| `ANNUAL_CROPS_WET`       | Represents area with mineral wetland soils that has been converted from native conditions and continuously managed for predominantly annual crops over 50 years. <br/><br/> Additional tillage management and cropland carbon input categories **must** be assigned. |\n| `PADDY_RICE_CULTIVATION` | Long-term (> 20 years) annual cropping of wetlands (paddy rice). Can include double-cropping with non-flooded crops.                                                                                                                                                 |\n| `PERENNIAL_CROPS`        | Long-term perennial tree crops such as fruit and nut trees, coffee and cacao.                                                                                                                                                                                        |\n| `SET_ASIDE`              | Represents temporary (< 20 years) set aside of annual cropland (_e.g._, conservation reserves) or other idle cropland that has been revegetated with perennial grasses.                                                                                              |\n| `FOREST`                 | All native and/or permanent forest.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |\n| `NATIVE`                 | Any other native vegetation.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |\n| `OTHER`                  | Any other land use. The model should not run for any inventory years assigned this category.                                                                                                                                                                         |\n\n#### IPCC management categories\n\n##### For grasslands:\n\nThe 4 management categories for inventory years with `IpccLandUseCategory.GRASSLAND` are presented in Table 4.\n\n**Table 4**. Grassland management categories defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 6, table 6.2](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccManagementCategory` | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |\n| ------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `IMPROVED_GRASSLAND`     | Represents grassland that is sustainably managed with light to moderate grazing pressure (or cutting and removal of vegetation) and that receive at least one improvement (_e.g._, fertilisation, species improvement, irrigation). <br/><br/> An additional grassland carbon input category **must** be assigned.            |\n| `HIGH_INTENSITY_GRAZING` | Represents high intensity grazing systems (or cutting and removal of vegetation) with shifts in vegetation composition and possibly productivity but is not severely degraded.                                                                                                                                                |\n| `NOMINALLY_MANAGED`      | Represents low or medium intensity grazing regimes, in addition to periodic cutting and removal of above-ground vegetation, without significant management improvements. High intensity grazing may be moderately degraded, but it does not represent excessive grazing intensity that leads to severe grassland degradation. |\n| `SEVERELY_DEGRADED`      | Implies major long-term loss of productivity and vegetation cover, due to severe mechanical damage to the vegetation and/or severe soil erosion.                                                                                                                                                                              |\n\nFor inventory years assigned `IpccLandUseCategory.GRASSLAND`, a management category is required for the model to run. In the absence of one, an `IpccManagementCategory` of `UNKNOWN` will be assigned to the corresponding inventory years and the model **will not run** for these years.\n\n##### For annual croplands:\n\nThe 3 management categories for inventory years with `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS` or `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET` are presented in Table 5.\n\n**Table 5**. Annual cropland management categories defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 5, table 5.5](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccManagementCategory` | Description                                                                                                                                                                               |\n| ------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `FULL_TILLAGE`           | Substantial soil disturbance with full inversion and/or frequent (within year) tillage operations. At planting time, little (_e.g._, <30%) of the surface is covered by residues.         |\n| `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | Primary and/or secondary tillage but with reduced soil disturbance (usually shallow and without full soil inversion). Normally leaves surface with >30% coverage by residues at planting. |\n| `NO_TILLAGE`             | Direct seeding without primary tillage, with only minimal soil disturbance in the seeding zone. Herbicides are typically used for weed control.                                           |\n\nFor inventory years assigned `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS` or `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET`, a management category is reauired for the model to run. In the absence of one, an `IpccManagementCategory` of `UNKNOWN` will be assigned to the corresponding inventory years and the model **will not run** for these years.\n\n#### IPCC carbon input categories\n\n##### For grasslands:\n\nThe 2 carbon input categories for inventory years with `IpccManagementCategory.IMPROVED_GRASSLAND` are presented in Table 6.\n\n**Table 6**. Grassland carbon input categories defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 6, table 6.2](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccCarbonInputCategory` | Description                                                                                       |\n| ------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `GRASSLAND_MEDIUM`        | Applies to improved grassland where a single management input or improvement has been made.       |\n| `GRASSLAND_HIGH`          | Applies to improved grassland where two or more management inputs or improvements have been used. |\n\nFor inventory years assigned `IpccManagementCategory.IMPROVED_GRASSLAND`, a default carbon input category of `IpccCarbonInputCategory.GRASSLAND_MEDIUM` should be assigned if the management data is insufficient to assign another category.\n\n##### For annual croplands:\n\nThe 4 carbon input categories for inventory years with `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS` or `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET` are presented in Table 7.\n\n**Table 7**. Annual cropland carbon input categories defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 5, table 5.5](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| `IpccCarbonInputCategory`      | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |\n| ------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `CROPLAND_LOW`                 | Low residue return occurs when there is removal of residues (via collection or burning), frequent bare-fallowing, production of crops yielding low residues (_e.g._, vegetables, tobacco, cotton), no mineral fertilisation or no N-fixing crops.                                                                                                                 |\n| `CROPLAND_MEDIUM`              | Representative for annual cropping with cereals where all crop residues are returned to the field. If residues are removed, then supplemental organic matter (_e.g._, manure) is added. Also requires mineral fertilisation or N-fixing crop in rotation.                                                                                                         |\n| `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITHOUT_MANURE` | Represents significantly greater crop residue inputs over medium carbon input cropping systems due to additional practices, such as production of high residue yielding crops, use of green manures, cover crops, improved vegetated fallows, irrigation, frequent use of perennial grasses in annual crop rotations, but without manure applied (see row below). |\n| `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE`    | Represents significantly higher carbon input over medium carbon input cropping systems due to an additional practice of regular addition of animal manure.                                                                                                                                                                                                        |\n\nFor inventory years assigned `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS` or `IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET`, a default carbon input category of `IpccCarbonInputCategory.CROPLAND_LOW` should be assigned if the management data is insufficient to assign another category.\n\n#### Assigning land use, management and carbon input categories\n\nTo assign land use, management and carbon input categories, we use the nodes in [`site.management`](/schema/Site#management). To satisfy the requirements of each step in the flow diagram, appropriate managements must have been used on more than 30% of the [Site](/schema/Site).\n\n##### For grasslands\n\nThe decision tree to assign land use, management and carbon input categories to grassland years is presented in Figure 4.\n\n![Flow diagram for assigning IPCC categories in grasslands [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 6, figure 6.1)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html)](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure3.png)\n\n**Figure 4**. Flow diagram for assigning IPCC categories in grasslands [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 6, figure 6.1)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\nn.b., land cover, land management practices and improvements must cover >30% of the [Site](/schema/Site)'s area to satisfy the condition.\n\n##### For croplands\n\nThe decision tree to assign land use, management and carbon input categories to cropland years is presented in Figure 5.\n\n![Flow diagram for assigning IPCC categories in croplands [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 5, figure 5.1)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html)](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure4.png)\n\n**Figure 5**. Flow diagram for assigning IPCC categories in croplands [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 5, figure 5.1)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\nn.b., land cover, land management practices and improvements must cover >30% of the [Site](/schema/Site)'s area to satisfy the condition.\n\nA land-use factor $F_{LU}$, a management factor $F_{MG}$ and a carbon input factor $F_{CI}$ can then be retrieved based on the `IpccLandUseCategory`, the `IpccManagementCategory` and the `IpccCarbonInputCategory` allocated for each year of the [Site](/schema/Site)'s inventory using the default relative stock change factors provided by the [IPCC (2019)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) (Tables 8 and 9):\n\n**Table 9**. Relative stock change factors for grassland management defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 6, table 6.2](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| Factor | Level | Climate regime | IPCC default | Error |\n| ------ | ----- | -------------- | ------------ | ----- |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | All | All | 1 | NA |\n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | Nominally managed (non degraded) | All | 1 | NA |\n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | High intensity grazing | All | 0.9 | ±8% |\n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | Severely degraded | All | 0.7 | ±40% | \n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | Improved grassland | Temperate/Boreal | 1.14 | ±11% |\n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | Improved grassland | Tropical | 1.17 | ±9% |\n| Management ($F_{MG}$) | Improved grassland | Tropical Montane | 1.16 | ±40% |\n| Input (only applied to improved grassland) ($F_{CI}$) | Medium | All | 1 | NA |\n| Input (only applied to improved grassland) ($F_{CI}$) | High | All | 1.11 | ±7% |\n\nn.b., the error range does not include potential systematic error due to small sample sizes that may not be representative of the true impact for all regions of the world. The error represents +/- two standard deviations, expressed as a percent of the mean; where sufficient studies were not available for a statistical analysis a default, based on expert judgement, of + 40% is used as a measure of the error. NA denotes ‘Not Applicable’, for factor values that constitute reference values or nominal practices for the input or management classes.\n\nn.b.,  high intensity grazing may be moderately degraded, but do not represent excessive grazing intensity that leads to severe grassland degradation.\n\nn.b., there were not enough studies to estimate stock change factors for mineral soils in the tropical montane climate region.  As an approximation, the average stock change between the temperate and tropical regions was used to approximate the stock change for the tropical montane climate. \n\n**Table 10**. Relative stock change factors (over 20 years) for management activities on croplands defined according to the [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 5, table 5.5](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| Factor | Level | Temperature regime | Moisture regime | IPCC defaults | Errors |\n| ------ | ----- | ------------------ | --------------- | ------------- | ------ |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Dry | 0.77 | ±14% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Moist | 0.70 | ±12% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Warm Temperate | Dry | 0.76 | ±12% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Warm Temperate | Moist | 0.69 | ±16% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Tropical | Dry | 0.92 | ±13% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Annual crops (long-term cultivated ) | Tropical | Moist/Wet | 0.83 | ±11% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Paddy rice | All | Dry and Moist/Wet | 1.35 | ±4% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Perenial crops (tree crops) | Temperate/Boreal | Dry and Moist | 0.72 | ±22% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Perenial crops (tree crops) | Tropical | Dry and Moist/Wet | 1.01 | ±25% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Set aside (< 20 years) | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Dry | 0.93 | ±11% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Set aside (< 20 years) | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Moist/Wet | 0.82 | ±17% |\n| Land use ($F_{LU}$) | Set aside (< 20 years) | Tropical Montane | NA | 0.88 | ±50% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Full | All | Dry and Moist/Wet | 1.00 | NA |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Dry | 0.98 | ±5% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Moist | 1.04 | ±4% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Warm Temperate | Dry | 0.99 | ±3% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Warm Temperate | Moist | 1.05 | ±4% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Tropical | Dry | 0.99 | ±7% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | Reduced | Tropical | Moist/Wet | 1.04 | ±7% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Dry | 1.03 | ±4% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Cool Temperate/Boreal | Moist | 1.09 | ±4% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Warm Temperate | Dry | 1.04 | ±3% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Warm Temperate | Moist | 1.10 | ±4% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Tropical | Dry | 1.04 | ±7% |\n| Tillage ($F_{MG}$) | No-till | Tropical | Moist/Wet | 1.10 | ±5% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Low | Temperate/Boreal | Dry | 0.95 | ±13% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Low | Temperate/Boreal | Moist | 0.92 | ±14% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Low | Tropical | Dry | 0.95 | ±13% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Low | Tropical | Moist/Wet | 0.92 | ±14% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Low | Tropical Montane | NA | 0.94 | ±50% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | Medium | All | Dry and Moist/Wet | 1.00 | NA |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High without manure | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Dry | 1.04 | ±13% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High without manure | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Moist/Wet | 1.11 | ±10% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High without manure | Tropical Montane | NA | 1.08 | ±50% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High with manure | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Dry | 1.37 | ±12% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High with manure | Temperate/Boreal and Tropical | Moist/Wet | 1.44 | ±13% |\n| Input ($F_{CI}$) | High with manure | Tropical Montane | NA | 1.41 | ±50% |\n\nn.b., the error range does not include potential systematic error due to small sample sizes that may not be representative of the true impact for all regions of the world. The error represents +/- two standard deviations, expressed as a percent of the mean; where sufficient studies were not available for a statistical analysis to derive a default, uncertainty was assumed to be + 50% based on expert opinion. NA denotes ‘Not Applicable’, where factor values constitute defined reference values, and the uncertainties are reflected in the reference C stocks and stock change factors for land use.\n\nn.b., where data were sufficient, separate values were determined for temperate and tropical temperature regimes; and dry, moist, and wet moisture regimes. Temperate and tropical zones correspond to those defined in Chapter 3; wet moisture regime corresponds to the combined moist and wet zones in the tropics and moist zone in temperate regions.   \n\n n.b., there were not enough studies to estimate some of the stock change factors for mineral soils in the tropical montane climate region. As an approximation, the average stock change between the temperate and tropical regions was used to approximate the stock change for the tropical montane climate. \n\n### Step 3. Calculating SOC equilibriums\n\nFor each year in the inventory, we estimate the soil organic carbon equilibrium ($SOC_{eq}$), which describes the stable SOC stock that the [Site](/schema/Site) would reach if the land use and land management remained consistent for 20 years:\n\n$SOC_{eq} = SOC_{ref} * F_{LU} * F_{MG} * F_{CI}$\n\nWhere:\n\n- $SOC_{eq}$ = the SOC equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site) under a specific land use and land management regime, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $SOC_{ref}$ = the SOC stock for mineral soils in the reference condition, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $F_{LU}$ = the stock change factor for a particular land use, dimensionless.\n- $F_{MG}$ = the stock change factor for a particular land management regime, dimensionless.\n- $F_{CI}$ = the stock change factor for a particular carbon input regime, dimensionless.\n\n### Step 4. Interpolating between SOC equilibriums\n\nStarting from the earliest year in the inventory, we can then interpolate linearly between $SOC_{eq}$ values following changes in land use and/or land management for each year of the [Site](/schema/Site)'s inventory according to the following equation:\n\n$SOC_{0+T} = SOC_{0} + \\frac{min(T, 20)}{20}(SOC_{eq} - SOC_{0})$\n\nWhere:\n\n- $SOC_{0+T}$ = the soil organic carbon stock $T$ years after the most recent land use and/or land management change, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $SOC_{0}$ = the soil organic carbon stock when the land use and/or land management change occurred, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $SOC_{eq}$ = the soil organic carbon equilibrium for the [Site](/schema/Site) under the most recent land use, management regime and carbon input regime, kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n- $T$ = the number of years since the most recent land use and/or land management change event, yr.\n\nIf $T>20$, it is capped to twenty as annual SOC stock changes are assumed to be negligible after the $SOC_{eq}$ has been reached if land use and land management remain consistent.\n\n## Data recommendations\n\nFor inventory years to be assigned the correct `IpccManagementCategory` and `IpccCarbonInputCategory`, it is imperative that the management data is as complete as possible.\n\nFor each year of the inventory, we recommend specifying the following:\n\n### For grassland years\n\n- Grassland condition, using the terms [`highIntensityGrazingPasture`](/term/highIntensityGrazingPasture), [`improvedPasture`](/term/improvedPasture), [`nativePasture`](/term/nativePasture), [`nominallyManagedPasture`](/term/nominallyManagedPasture) and/or [`severelyDegradedPasture`](/term/severelyDegradedPasture).\n- Irrigation, using terms in the [water regime glossary](/glossary?termType=waterRegime).\n- Inputs to soil, using the terms [`amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed`](/term/amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed), [`animalManureUsed`](/term/animalManureUsed), [`inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed`](/term/inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed) and/or [`organicFertiliserUsed`](/term/organicFertiliserUsed).\n- Any terms in the [land cover glossary](/glossary?termType=landCover) to specify the type of grass or fresh forage grown.\n\n### For cropland years\n\n- Tillage, using terms in the [tillage glossary](/glossary?termType=tillage).\n- Irrigation, using terms in the [water regime glossary](/glossary?termType=waterRegime).\n- Crop residue management, using terms in the [crop residue management glossary](/glossary?termType=cropResidueManagement).\n- Inputs to soil, using the terms [`amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed`](/term/amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed), [`animalManureUsed`](/term/animalManureUsed), [`inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed`](/term/inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed) and/or [`organicFertiliserUsed`](/term/organicFertiliserUsed).\n- Use of cover crops, using terms in the [land cover glossary](/glossary?termType=landCover) plus one of the following [Properties](/schema/Property): [`catchCrop`](/term/catchCrop), [`coverCrop`](/term/coverCrop), [`groundCover`](/term/groundCover), [`longFallowCrop`](/term/longFallowCrop) and/or [`shortFallowCrop`](/term/shortFallowCrop).\n\n## Example\n\nBelow is an example describing several changes in management and carbon input categories in an annual cropland: there is first a change in the carbon input category (from low to medium), followed by a change in the tillage category (from full to reduced tillage), followed by a second change in the carbon input category (from medium to high with manure). The outputs of the Tier 1 SOC model are displayed on Figure 6. The significant impact of the second change in the carbon input category on SOC stocks compared with the other two changes is illustrated clearly by the sharp increase in SOC stock between 2019 and 2023.\n\n| Eco-climate zone   | `IpccSoilCategory`         | $SOC_{ref}$ (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) |\n| ------------------ | -------------------------- | ---------------------------------- |\n| Cool temperate dry | `HIGH_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS` | 43000                              |\n\n| Year | `IpccLandUseCategory` | `IpccManagementCategory` | `IpccCarbonInputCategory`   | `organicCarbonPerHa` (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) |\n| ---- | --------------------- | ------------------------ | --------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- |\n| 2014 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_LOW`              | 31455                                       |\n| 2015 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_LOW`              | 31455                                       |\n| 2016 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_LOW`              | 31455                                       |\n| 2017 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_MEDIUM`           | 31537                                       |\n| 2018 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | `CROPLAND_MEDIUM`           | 31620                                       |\n| 2019 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_MEDIUM`           | 31661                                       |\n| 2020 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE` | 32301                                       |\n| 2021 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE` | 32940                                       |\n| 2022 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE` | 33580                                       |\n| 2023 | `ANNUAL_CROPS`        | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | `CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE` | 34220                                       |\n\n![Graph displaying the Tier 1 SOC model outputs associated with the example above.](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure8.png)\n\n**Figure 6**. Graph displaying the Tier 1 SOC model outputs associated with the example above.\n\n## Discussion\n\nWhile the Tier 1 methodology is useful due to its relatively low data requirements (_i.e._, user uploads generally report the required data and/or the required data can be easily gap-filled using other HESTIA models), the methodology does have some important limitations:\n- Neither `soilType` nor `usdaSoilType` are gap-filled using geospatial models by the HESTIA platform yet. Therefore, they must be specified in the user upload.\n- There are no factors for different land management and carbon input regimes for forests, paddy-rice cultivation and perennial crops. New factors should be calculated to make the model more useful for these land uses.\n- The model could be extended to meet the requirements of new reporting standards. Country-specific factors could be calculated to bump the method up to Tier 2.\n\n## References\n\nIPCC (2006). _2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories_. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. IPCC, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html\n\nIPCC (2019). _2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories_. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. IPCC, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"collapsibles\">\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Returns</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement\">Measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/organicCarbonPerHa\">organicCarbonPerHa</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#method\">method</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ipcc2019\">ipcc2019</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#sd\">sd</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#min\">min</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#max\">max</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#statsDefinition\">statsDefinition</a> with <code>simulated</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#observations\">observations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a> with <code>0</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a> with <code>30</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#methodClassification\">methodClassification</a> with <code>tier 1 model</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Requirements</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site\">Site</a> with:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>forest</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>other natural vegetation</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>cropland</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>glass or high accessible cover</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>permanent pasture</code></li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management\">managements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landCover\">landCover</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> with <code>1</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>2</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>3</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>4</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>7</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>8</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>9</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>10</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>11</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>12</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ecoClimateZone\">ecoClimateZone</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>optional:<ul>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=soilType\">soilType</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=usdaSoilType\">usdaSoilType</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management\">managements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=cropResidueManagement\">cropResidueManagement</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#name\">name</a> containing &quot;burnt,removed&quot;</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landUseManagement\">landUseManagement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=tillage\">tillage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=waterRegime\">waterRegime</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#name\">name</a> containing &quot;deep water,irrigated&quot;</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed\">amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/animalManureUsed\">animalManureUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed\">inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/organicFertiliserUsed\">organicFertiliserUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/shortBareFallow\">shortBareFallow</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>none of:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>glass or high accessible cover</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Lookups used</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/crop.csv\">crop.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landCover.csv\">landCover.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY</code>; <code>LOW_RESIDUE_PRODUCING_CROP</code>; <code>N_FIXING_CROP</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landUseManagement.csv\">landUseManagement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>PRACTICE_INCREASING_C_INPUT</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/soilType.csv\">soilType.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_SOIL_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/tillage.csv\">tillage.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_TILLAGE_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/usdaSoilType.csv\">usdaSoilType.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_SOIL_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/measurement.csv\">measurement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>siteTypesAllowed</code></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  \n</div>"}

package/dist/content/models/siteMeasurements/soil/organicCarbonPerHa/ipcc2019Tier2.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"tags":{"author":["Florian Payen"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Soil"],"tab":["IPCC (2019) Tier 2"],"citation":["Payen, F. (2025) Soil organic carbon stock modelling on HESTIA."],"tag":["soc modelling"],"modelId":["organicCarbonPerHa"],"modelRequires":["sandContent","temperatureMonthly","precipitationMonthly","potentialEvapotranspirationMonthly","aboveGroundCropResidueLeftOnField","aboveGroundCropResidueIncorporated","belowGroundCropResidue","discardedCropLeftOnField","discardedCropIncorporated","carbonContent","nitrogenContent","ligninContent"]},"content":"# Organic carbon (per ha)\n\nThe stock of organic carbon in the soil, defined as soil organic matter that is smaller than 2 mm in size.\n\n## Overview\n\nThe IPCC Tier 2 steady-state method is used to estimate soil organic carbon stock changes in the 0 - 30 cm depth interval for croplands remaining croplands.\n\nThis approach estimates carbon stock changes using annual carbon input data (through crop residues and organic amendments); annual tillage data; monthly irrigation data; and monthly climate data (temperature, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration). The HESTIA platform constructs an annual inventory of this data (sourcing data from [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site) nodes and their linked [Cycle](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Cycle) nodes). The inventory is used to model the annual carbon gains and losses of three organic carbon sub-pool: active, slow and passive. A final `organicCarbonPerHa` value is calculated by summing together these three sub-pools.\n\n![A diagram of organic carbon flows between carbon sub-pools.](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure9.png)\n\nA diagram of organic carbon flows between carbon sub-pools.\n\nThe model is run as a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Model result values are the row-wise `mean` of simulation results. See our guide on [Monte Carlo simulation](/guide/applying-models-monte-carlo) for more information\n\n## How the model works\n\n### Step 1: Building the time series using Site and Cycle data\n\nThis step consists of retrieving and organising the input data for the model. For each year in the time series, we need:\n\n1. Climate data: `temperatureMonthly` (deg C), `precipitationMonthly` (mm), and `potentialEvapotranspirationMonthly` (PET) (mm month<sup>-1</sup>).\n2. Organic carbon sources (with a `value` (kg) and the the properties `carbonContent` (%), `nitrogenContent` (%), and `ligninContent` (%)). Carbon sources include: `aboveGroundCropResidueLeftOnField`, `aboveGroundCropResidueIncorporated`, `belowGroundCropResidue`, `discardedCropLeftOnField`, `discardedCropIncorporated`, `Organic fertilisers` and specific `Soil amendments`.\n3. _(Optional)_ irrigation: whether or not irrigation is used for each month in the time series.\n4. _(Optional)_ annual IPCC tillage category for each month in the time series: `FULL_TILLAGE`, `REDUCED_TILLAGE`, `NO_TILLAGE`, or `OTHER` (unknown tillage).\n\n### Step 2: Retrieving model parameters\n\nThis is a relatively simple step as we are only using the IPCC default parameters (but the model could be extended by calculating more specific model parameters for specific use cases in the future, _e.g._, for specific crop types, etc.)\n\n1. Select model parameters.\n2. Retrieve the sand content of the soil.\n\nThe default parameters provided by the IPCC (2019) are provided in the table below:\n\n| Parameter                        | value   | minimum | maximum | sd      | description                                                                                                                                             |\n| -------------------------------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `active_decay_factor`            | 7.4     | -       | -       | n/a     | Decay rate constant under optimal conditions for decomposition of the active sub-pool.                                                                  |\n| `slow_decay_factor`              | 0.209   | 0.058   | 0.3     | 0.566   | Decay rate constant under optimal conditions for decomposition of the slow sub-pool.                                                                    |\n| `passive_decay_factor`           | 0.00689 | 0.005   | 0.01    | 0.00125 | Decay rate constant under optimal conditions for decomposition of the passive sub-pool.                                                                 |\n| `f_1`                            | 0.378   | 0.01    | 0.8     | 0.0719  | Fraction of metabolic dead organic matter decay.                                                                                                        |\n| `f_2_full_tillage`               | 0.455   | -       | -       | n/a     | Fraction of structural dead organic matter decay products transferred the active sub-pool under full tillage (source Vol 4. Ch. 5 Excel attachment).    |\n| `f_2_reduced_tillage`            | 0.477   | -       | -       | n/a     | Fraction of structural dead organic matter decay products transferred the active sub-pool under reduced tillage (source Vol 4. Ch. 5 Excel attachment). |\n| `f_2_no_tillage`                 | 0.5     | -       | -       | n/a     | Fraction of structural dead organic matter decay products transferred the active sub-pool under no tillage (source Vol 4. Ch. 5 Excel attachment).      |\n| `f_2_unknown_tillage`            | 0.368   | 0.007   | 0.5     | 0.0998  | Fraction of structural dead organic matter decay products transferred the active sub-pool under unknown tillage.                                        |\n| `f_3`                            | 0.455   | 0.1     | 0.8     | 0.201   | Fraction of structural dead organic matter decay products transferred to the slow sub-pool.                                                             |\n| `f_5`                            | 0.0855  | 0.037   | 0.1     | 0.0122  | Fraction of active sub-pool decay products transferred to the passive sub-pool.                                                                         |\n| `f_6`                            | 0.0504  | 0.02    | 0.19    | 0.0280  | Fraction of slow sub-pool decay products transferred to the passive sub-pool.                                                                           |\n| `f_7`                            | 0.42    | -       | -       | n/a     | Fraction of slow sub-pool decay products transferred to the active sub-pool.                                                                            |\n| `f_8`                            | 0.45    | -       | -       | n/a     | Fraction of passive sub-pool decay products transferred to the active sub-pool.                                                                         |\n| `tillage_factor_full_tillage`    | 3.036   | 1.4     | 4.0     | 0.579   | Full tillage disturbance modifier for decay rates.                                                                                                      |\n| `tillage_factor_reduced_tillage` | 2.075   | 1.0     | 3.0     | 0.569   | Reduced tillage disturbance modifier for decay rates.                                                                                                   |\n| `tillage_factor_no_tillage`      | 1       | -       | -       | n/a     | No tillage disturbance modifier for decay rates.                                                                                                        |\n| `maximum_temperature`            | 45      | -       | -       | n/a     | Maximum monthly average temperature for decomposition.                                                                                                  |\n| `optimum_temperature`            | 33.69   | 30.7    | 35.34   | 0.66    | Optimum temperature to estimate temperature modifier on decomposition.                                                                                  |\n| `water_factor_slope`             | 1.331   | 0.8     | 2.0     | 0.386   | Slope parameter for estimating annual water factors.                                                                                                    |\n| `default_carbon_content`         | 0.42    | -       | -       | n/a     | The default carbon content of crop residues as a decimal proportion of dry matter mass.                                                                 |\n\n### Step 3: Pre-processing climate and carbon input data\n\n1. Calculate the annual temperature factors from the monthly average temperature data (see `_run_annual_temperature_factors`).\n2. Calculate the annual water factors from the monthly sum precipitation, monthly sum PET, and monthly irrigation used (see `_run_annual_water_factors`).\n3. Calculate annual organic carbon input, the average nitrogen content of carbon sources, and the average lignin content of carbon sources (see `_run_annual_organic_carbon_inputs`).\n\n### Step 4: Running the model\n\nThis is to describe the sequence of what the model (`_run_soc_stocks`) does, in the following order:\n\n1. Calculates the _f_4_ parameter based on the sand content of the soil.\n2. Retrieves the correct _f_2_ parameter for each year in the time series based on the tillage category.\n3. Retrieves the correct tillage factor for each year in the time series based on the tillage category.\n4. Separates the time series into \"run-in\" and \"inventory\". The \"run-in\" consists of the first five years of the time series; it is used by the model to calculate an initial value of SOC stock. It is mandatory for Tier 2 to work. The five years of the \"run-in\" are averaged by the model to create the first year of the \"inventory\". Then, all subsequent years in the time series are added to the \"inventory\" without any manipulation. The last year of the inventory would correspond to the final value of SOC stock calculated by the model. (See `time_series_to_inventory` helper function.)\n5. Calculates the steady-state SOC stock (in kg C / ha) for each year in the **inventory** for the active, slow and passive sub-pools. (The steady-state corresponds to the SOC stock of each sub-pool if the soil was at equilibrium under specific management practices and climatic conditions.)\n6. Calculates the estimated SOC stock (in kg C / ha) for each year in the **inventory** for the active, slow and passive sub-pools based on the steady-state SOC stock value and the annual decay factors. The initial SOC stock is the steady-state value of the first year of the inventory (_i.e._ the average of the five years of the run-in).\n7. Calculates the total SOC stock for each year of the **inventory** by summing together the SOC stock values from each of the three sub-pools.\n8. Calculate row-wise mean (this will be the output node's `value`) and other descriptive statistics.\n\n### Tier 2 model cut-off points:\n\n- If there are fewer than 5 successive inventory years overall on a [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site), Tier 2 **cannot** run. This is due to the fact that the Tier 2 methodology requires five consecutive years of run-in data to estimate the initial SOC stock. A Tier 1 methodology should be considered instead.\n- If there are gaps in the time series, the Tier 2 model **cannot** be used as it requires the knowledge of the previous years' SOC stocks to calculate the next. It would be preferable to use a Tier 1 approach instead, as Tier 1 can interpolate between years. However, if separate time series of longer than 5 years each can be constructed for a single [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site), then the Tier 2 model can work.\n- If the amount of all the carbon inputs is not included in [Cycles](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Cycle) (_e.g._, we know that the above ground and below ground crop residues are left on the field but we cannot estimate how much crop residues there are), the model will still run, but the outputted SOC stocks will be underestimated. Data completeness when it comes to carbon inputs is paramount for the Tier 2 SOC model. In cases when only some of the overall carbon inputs are quantified and included in [Cycles](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Cycle), we recommend to use the Tier 1 SOC model instead.\n\n## Data recommendations\n\nThe Tier 2 model **cannot** run for years where the total carbon input to the soil is equal to 0 kg (as such a situation is not realistic and is beyond the bounds of the mathematics used by the model). This means that if the mass of each carbon source applied to the soil is not given in the upload and cannot be estimated using other information provided in the upload, the total carbon input will default to 0 kg, and Tier 2 will not run. If possible, a Tier 1 approach should be used instead.\n\n## Example\n\n### Site measurements\n\n| Measurement                                       | Value | Unit |\n| ------------------------------------------------- | ----- | ---- |\n| `sandContent`                                     | 25    | %    |\n| `temperatureMonthly`<sup>\\*</sup>                 | 16    | °C   |\n| `precipitationMonthly`<sup>\\*</sup>               | 45    | mm   |\n| `potentialEvapotranspirationMonthly`<sup>\\*</sup> | 88    | mm   |\n\n<sup>\\*</sup> Average value for brevity.\n\n### Carbon source properties\n\n| Carbon source                        | `carbonContent` (%) | `nitrogenContent` (%) | `ligninContent` (%) |\n| ------------------------------------ | ------------------- | --------------------- | ------------------- |\n| `aboveGroundCropResidueIncorporated` | 42                  | 0.7                   | 5.3                 |\n| `belowGroundCropResidue`             | 42                  | 0.9                   | 7.3                 |\n| `manureDryKgMass`                    | 38.4                | 2.65                  | 9.67                |\n\n### Site measurements\n\n| Year | `IpccManagementCategory` | `belowGroundCropResidue` (kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) | `aboveGroundCropResidueIncorporated` (kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) | `manureDryKgMass` (kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) | Carbon input (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) | Avg. N content<sup>\\*</sup> (%) | Avg. lignin content<sup>\\*</sup> (%) | `organicCarbonPerHa` (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) |\n| ---- | ------------------------ | --------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------- |\n| 2014 | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | 3570                                          | 0                                                         | 0                                      | 1500                                | 0.9                             | 7.3                                  | -                                           |\n| 2015 | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | 3570                                          | 0                                                         | 0                                      | 1500                                | 0.9                             | 7.3                                  | -                                           |\n| 2016 | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | 3570                                          | 0                                                         | 0                                      | 1500                                | 0.9                             | 7.3                                  | -                                           |\n| 2017 | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | 3570                                          | 3570                                                      | 0                                      | 3000                                | 0.9                             | 7.3                                  | -                                           |\n| 2018 | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | 3570                                          | 3570                                                      | 0                                      | 3000                                | 0.9                             | 7.3                                  | 31409                                       |\n| 2019 | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | 3570                                          | 3570                                                      | 0                                      | 3000                                | 0.9                             | 7.3                                  | 32215                                       |\n| 2020 | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | 3570                                          | 3570                                                      | 7810                                   | 6000                                | 1.8                             | 8.5                                  | 34238                                       |\n| 2021 | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | 3570                                          | 3570                                                      | 7810                                   | 6000                                | 1.8                             | 8.5                                  | 35501                                       |\n| 2022 | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | 3570                                          | 3570                                                      | 7810                                   | 6000                                | 1.8                             | 8.5                                  | 36472                                       |\n| 2023 | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | 3570                                          | 3570                                                      | 7810                                   | 6000                                | 1.8                             | 8.5                                  | 37234                                       |\n\n<sup>\\*</sup> Average of carbon sources, weighted by dry matter mass.\n\n![Graph displaying the Tier 2 SOC model outputs.](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure10.png)\n\nGraph displaying the Tier 2 SOC model outputs.\n\n![Graph displaying the Tier 2 SOC model outputs disintegrated into the three carbon sub-pools - active, passive & slow.](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure11.png)\n\nGraph displaying the Tier 2 SOC model outputs disintegrated into the three carbon sub-pools - active, passive & slow.\n\n## Discussion\n\nNew reporting standards require SOC models to be Tier 2 or above. Therefore, where possible (_i.e._, for croplands remaining croplands with reported annual yields), the Tier 2 methodology should be used instead of the Tier 1 methodology. While the Tier 2 methodology does have high data requirements, the HESTIA platform will attempt to gap-fill missing data (_e.g._, missing monthly climate data and crop residue yields and properties) to help the model run on as many [Sites](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site) as possible.\n\nOther than the high data requirements, the model does have some additional flaws:\n\n- If `startDate` and `endDate` are not provided on [Cycles'](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Cycle) `waterRegime` practice nodes, the model will assume that irrigation is applied for the entirety of the [Cycle](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Cycle)'s duration. This could result in SOC losses being underestimated (or SOC gains being overestimated) if irrigation was only applied during certain months.\n- Known issues with carbon inputs:\n  - Any discarded crops that remain on the field (`discardedCropIncorporated` and `discardedCropLeftOnField`) must have the properties `carbonContent`, `nitrogenContent` and `ligninContent` specified to be counted as a valid carbon source. If any of these properties is missing, the carbon input from these sources will **not** be counted. Therefore, for [Sites](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site) where discarded crops remain on the field, SOC losses could be overestimated (see [issue 759](https://gitlab.com/hestia-earth/hestia-engine-models/-/issues/759)).\n\nCarbon inputs from cover crops (`landCover` [Product](https://hestia.earth/schema/Product)s with one of [Properties](https://hestia.earth/schema/Property): `coverCrop`, `catchCrop`, `shortfallowCrop` or `coverCrop`) are estimated using the [BSI (2012, p. 12)](https://knowledge.bsigroup.com/products/assessment-of-life-cycle-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-horticultural-products-supplementary-requirements-for-the-cradle-to-gate-stages-of-ghg-assessments-of-horticultural-products-undertaken-in-accordance-with-pas-2050) above and below ground biomass stock value for annual crops of 4,000 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"collapsibles\">\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Returns</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement\">Measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/organicCarbonPerHa\">organicCarbonPerHa</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#method\">method</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ipcc2019\">ipcc2019</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#sd\">sd</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#min\">min</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#max\">max</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#statsDefinition\">statsDefinition</a> with <code>simulated</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#observations\">observations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a> with <code>0</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a> with <code>30</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#methodClassification\">methodClassification</a> with <code>tier 2 model</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Requirements</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site\">Site</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> with <code>cropland</code></li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/sandContent\">sandContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a> with <code>0</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a> with <code>30</code> and optional:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/temperatureMonthly\">temperatureMonthly</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/precipitationMonthly\">precipitationMonthly</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/potentialEvapotranspirationMonthly\">potentialEvapotranspirationMonthly</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>related to:<ul>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Cycle\">Cycles</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/null#endDate\">endDate</a> and a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/null#products\">products</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Product#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/aboveGroundCropResidueLeftOnField\">aboveGroundCropResidueLeftOnField</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/aboveGroundCropResidueIncorporated\">aboveGroundCropResidueIncorporated</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/belowGroundCropResidue\">belowGroundCropResidue</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/discardedCropLeftOnField\">discardedCropLeftOnField</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/discardedCropIncorporated\">discardedCropIncorporated</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Product#value\">value</a> and a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Product#properties\">properties</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/carbonContent\">carbonContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/nitrogenContent\">nitrogenContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ligninContent\">ligninContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#value\">value</a> and a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/null#inputs\">inputs</a> with:</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Input#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=organicFertiliser\">organicFertiliser</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=soilAmendment\">soilAmendment</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Input#value\">value</a> and a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Input#properties\">properties</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/carbonContent\">carbonContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/nitrogenContent\">nitrogenContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ligninContent\">ligninContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#value\">value</a> and a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/null#practices\">practices</a> with:</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Practice#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=tillage\">tillage</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Practice#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Practice#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=waterRegime\">waterRegime</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#name\">name</a> containing &quot;irrigated&quot; and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Practice#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Practice#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Practice#endDate\">endDate</a> and optional:</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/null#startDate\">startDate</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Lookups used</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/crop.csv\">crop.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landCover.csv\">landCover.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/tillage.csv\">tillage.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_TILLAGE_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/measurement.csv\">measurement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>siteTypesAllowed</code></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  \n</div>"}
+{"tags":{"author":["Florian Payen"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Soil"],"tab":["IPCC (2019) Tier 2"],"citation":["Payen, F. (2025) Soil organic carbon stock modelling on HESTIA."],"tag":["soc modelling"],"modelId":["organicCarbonPerHa"],"modelRequires":["sandContent","temperatureMonthly","precipitationMonthly","potentialEvapotranspirationMonthly","aboveGroundCropResidueLeftOnField","aboveGroundCropResidueIncorporated","belowGroundCropResidue","discardedCropLeftOnField","discardedCropIncorporated","carbonContent","nitrogenContent","ligninContent"]},"content":"# Organic carbon (per ha)\n\nThe stock of organic carbon in the soil, defined as soil organic matter that is smaller than 2 mm in size.\n\n## Overview\n\nThe IPCC Tier 2 steady-state method is used to estimate soil organic carbon stock changes in the 0 - 30 cm depth interval for croplands remaining croplands.\n\nThis approach estimates carbon stock changes using annual carbon input data (through crop residues and organic amendments); annual tillage data; monthly irrigation data; and monthly climate data (temperature, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration). The HESTIA platform constructs an annual inventory of this data (sourcing data from [Site](/schema/Site) nodes and their linked [Cycle](/schema/Cycle) nodes). The inventory is used to model the annual carbon gains and losses of three organic carbon sub-pool: active, slow and passive (Figure 1). A final `organicCarbonPerHa` value is calculated by summing together these three sub-pools.\n\n![A diagram of organic carbon flows between carbon sub-pools [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 5, box 5.1B)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html)](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure9.png)\n\n**Figure 1**. A diagram of organic carbon flows between carbon sub-pools [(IPCC, 2019, volume 4, chapter 5, box 5.1B)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\nThe model is run as a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Model result values are the row-wise `mean` of simulation results. See our guide on [Monte Carlo simulation](/guide/applying-models-monte-carlo) for more information.\n\n## How the model works\n\n### Step 1: Building the time series using Site and Cycle data\n\nThis step consists of retrieving and organising the input data for the model. For each year in the time series, we need:\n\n1. Climate data: `temperatureMonthly` (deg C), `precipitationMonthly` (mm), and `potentialEvapotranspirationMonthly` (PET) (mm month<sup>-1</sup>).\n2. Organic carbon sources (with a `value` (kg) and the the properties `carbonContent` (%), `nitrogenContent` (%), and `ligninContent` (%)). Carbon sources include: `aboveGroundCropResidueLeftOnField`, `aboveGroundCropResidueIncorporated`, `belowGroundCropResidue`, `discardedCropLeftOnField`, `discardedCropIncorporated`, `Organic fertilisers` and specific `Soil amendments`.\n3. _(Optional)_ irrigation: whether or not irrigation is used for each month in the time series.\n4. _(Optional)_ annual IPCC tillage category for each month in the time series: `FULL_TILLAGE`, `REDUCED_TILLAGE`, `NO_TILLAGE`, or `OTHER` (unknown tillage).\n\n### Step 2: Retrieving model parameters\n\nThis is a relatively simple step as we are only using the IPCC default parameters (but the model could be extended by calculating more specific model parameters for specific use cases in the future, _e.g._, for specific crop types, etc.)\n\n1. Select model parameters.\n2. Retrieve the sand content of the soil.\n\nThe default parameters provided by the [IPCC (2019)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) are shown in Table 1.\n\n**Table 1**. Globally calibrated model parameters to be used to estimate SOC changes for mineral soils with the Tier 2 steady-state method. Adapted from [IPCC (2019), volume 4, chapter 5, table  5.5A](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).\n\n| Parameter                        | value   | minimum | maximum | sd      | description                                                                                                                                             |\n| -------------------------------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `active_decay_factor`            | 7.4     | -       | -       | n/a     | Decay rate constant under optimal conditions for decomposition of the active sub-pool.                                                                  |\n| `slow_decay_factor`              | 0.209   | 0.058   | 0.3     | 0.566   | Decay rate constant under optimal conditions for decomposition of the slow sub-pool.                                                                    |\n| `passive_decay_factor`           | 0.00689 | 0.005   | 0.01    | 0.00125 | Decay rate constant under optimal conditions for decomposition of the passive sub-pool.                                                                 |\n| `f_1`                            | 0.378   | 0.01    | 0.8     | 0.0719  | Fraction of metabolic dead organic matter decay.                                                                                                        |\n| `f_2_full_tillage`               | 0.455   | -       | -       | n/a     | Fraction of structural dead organic matter decay products transferred the active sub-pool under full tillage (source Vol 4. Ch. 5 Excel attachment).    |\n| `f_2_reduced_tillage`            | 0.477   | -       | -       | n/a     | Fraction of structural dead organic matter decay products transferred the active sub-pool under reduced tillage (source Vol 4. Ch. 5 Excel attachment). |\n| `f_2_no_tillage`                 | 0.5     | -       | -       | n/a     | Fraction of structural dead organic matter decay products transferred the active sub-pool under no tillage (source Vol 4. Ch. 5 Excel attachment).      |\n| `f_2_unknown_tillage`            | 0.368   | 0.007   | 0.5     | 0.0998  | Fraction of structural dead organic matter decay products transferred the active sub-pool under unknown tillage.                                        |\n| `f_3`                            | 0.455   | 0.1     | 0.8     | 0.201   | Fraction of structural dead organic matter decay products transferred to the slow sub-pool.                                                             |\n| `f_5`                            | 0.0855  | 0.037   | 0.1     | 0.0122  | Fraction of active sub-pool decay products transferred to the passive sub-pool.                                                                         |\n| `f_6`                            | 0.0504  | 0.02    | 0.19    | 0.0280  | Fraction of slow sub-pool decay products transferred to the passive sub-pool.                                                                           |\n| `f_7`                            | 0.42    | -       | -       | n/a     | Fraction of slow sub-pool decay products transferred to the active sub-pool.                                                                            |\n| `f_8`                            | 0.45    | -       | -       | n/a     | Fraction of passive sub-pool decay products transferred to the active sub-pool.                                                                         |\n| `tillage_factor_full_tillage`    | 3.036   | 1.4     | 4.0     | 0.579   | Full tillage disturbance modifier for decay rates.                                                                                                      |\n| `tillage_factor_reduced_tillage` | 2.075   | 1.0     | 3.0     | 0.569   | Reduced tillage disturbance modifier for decay rates.                                                                                                   |\n| `tillage_factor_no_tillage`      | 1       | -       | -       | n/a     | No tillage disturbance modifier for decay rates.                                                                                                        |\n| `maximum_temperature`            | 45      | -       | -       | n/a     | Maximum monthly average temperature for decomposition.                                                                                                  |\n| `optimum_temperature`            | 33.69   | 30.7    | 35.34   | 0.66    | Optimum temperature to estimate temperature modifier on decomposition.                                                                                  |\n| `water_factor_slope`             | 1.331   | 0.8     | 2.0     | 0.386   | Slope parameter for estimating annual water factors.                                                                                                    |\n| `default_carbon_content`         | 0.42    | -       | -       | n/a     | The default carbon content of crop residues as a decimal proportion of dry matter mass.                                                                 |\n\n### Step 3: Pre-processing climate and carbon input data\n\n1. Calculate the annual temperature factors from the monthly average temperature data (see `_run_annual_temperature_factors`).\n2. Calculate the annual water factors from the monthly sum precipitation, monthly sum PET, and monthly irrigation used (see `_run_annual_water_factors`).\n3. Calculate annual organic carbon input, the average nitrogen content of carbon sources, and the average lignin content of carbon sources (see `_run_annual_organic_carbon_inputs`).\n\n### Step 4: Running the model\n\nThis is to describe the sequence of what the model (`_run_soc_stocks`) does, in the following order:\n\n1. Calculates the _f_4_ parameter based on the sand content of the soil.\n2. Retrieves the correct _f_2_ parameter for each year in the time series based on the tillage category.\n3. Retrieves the correct tillage factor for each year in the time series based on the tillage category.\n4. Separates the time series into \"run-in\" and \"inventory\". The \"run-in\" consists of the first five years of the time series; it is used by the model to calculate an initial value of SOC stock. It is mandatory for Tier 2 to work. The five years of the \"run-in\" are averaged by the model to create the first year of the \"inventory\". Then, all subsequent years in the time series are added to the \"inventory\" without any manipulation. The last year of the inventory would correspond to the final value of SOC stock calculated by the model. (See `time_series_to_inventory` helper function.)\n5. Calculates the steady-state SOC stock (in kg C / ha) for each year in the **inventory** for the active, slow and passive sub-pools. (The steady-state corresponds to the SOC stock of each sub-pool if the soil was at equilibrium under specific management practices and climatic conditions.)\n6. Calculates the estimated SOC stock (in kg C / ha) for each year in the **inventory** for the active, slow and passive sub-pools based on the steady-state SOC stock value and the annual decay factors. The initial SOC stock is the steady-state value of the first year of the inventory (_i.e._ the average of the five years of the run-in).\n7. Calculates the total SOC stock for each year of the **inventory** by summing together the SOC stock values from each of the three sub-pools.\n8. Calculate row-wise mean (this will be the output node's `value`) and other descriptive statistics.\n\n### Tier 2 model cut-off points:\n\n- If there are fewer than 5 successive inventory years overall on a [Site](/schema/Site), Tier 2 **cannot** run. This is due to the fact that the Tier 2 methodology requires five consecutive years of run-in data to estimate the initial SOC stock. A Tier 1 methodology should be considered instead.\n- If there are gaps in the time series, the Tier 2 model **cannot** be used as it requires the knowledge of the previous years' SOC stocks to calculate the next. It would be preferable to use a Tier 1 approach instead, as Tier 1 can interpolate between years. However, if separate time series of longer than 5 years each can be constructed for a single [Site](/schema/Site), then the Tier 2 model can work.\n- If the amount of all the carbon inputs is not included in [Cycles](/schema/Cycle) (_e.g._, we know that the above ground and below ground crop residues are left on the field but we cannot estimate how much crop residues there are), the model will still run, but the outputted SOC stocks will be underestimated. Data completeness when it comes to carbon inputs is paramount for the Tier 2 SOC model. In cases when only some of the overall carbon inputs are quantified and included in [Cycles](/schema/Cycle), we recommend to use the Tier 1 SOC model instead.\n\n## Data recommendations\n\nThe Tier 2 model **cannot** run for years where the total carbon input to the soil is equal to 0 kg (as such a situation is not realistic and is beyond the bounds of the mathematics used by the model). This means that if the mass of each carbon source applied to the soil is not given in the upload and cannot be estimated using other information provided in the upload, the total carbon input will default to 0 kg, and Tier 2 will not run. If possible, a Tier 1 approach should be used instead.\n\n## Example\n\n### Site measurements\n\n| Measurement                                       | Value | Unit |\n| ------------------------------------------------- | ----- | ---- |\n| `sandContent`                                     | 25    | %    |\n| `temperatureMonthly`<sup>\\*</sup>                 | 16    | °C   |\n| `precipitationMonthly`<sup>\\*</sup>               | 45    | mm   |\n| `potentialEvapotranspirationMonthly`<sup>\\*</sup> | 88    | mm   |\n\n<sup>\\*</sup> Average value for brevity.\n\n### Carbon source properties\n\n| Carbon source                        | `carbonContent` (%) | `nitrogenContent` (%) | `ligninContent` (%) |\n| ------------------------------------ | ------------------- | --------------------- | ------------------- |\n| `aboveGroundCropResidueIncorporated` | 42                  | 0.7                   | 5.3                 |\n| `belowGroundCropResidue`             | 42                  | 0.9                   | 7.3                 |\n| `manureDryKgMass`                    | 38.4                | 2.65                  | 9.67                |\n\n### Site measurements\n\n| Year | `IpccManagementCategory` | `belowGroundCropResidue` (kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) | `aboveGroundCropResidueIncorporated` (kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) | `manureDryKgMass` (kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) | Carbon input (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) | Avg. N content<sup>\\*</sup> (%) | Avg. lignin content<sup>\\*</sup> (%) | `organicCarbonPerHa` (kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) |\n| ---- | ------------------------ | --------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------- |\n| 2014 | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | 3570                                          | 0                                                         | 0                                      | 1500                                | 0.9                             | 7.3                                  | -                                           |\n| 2015 | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | 3570                                          | 0                                                         | 0                                      | 1500                                | 0.9                             | 7.3                                  | -                                           |\n| 2016 | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | 3570                                          | 0                                                         | 0                                      | 1500                                | 0.9                             | 7.3                                  | -                                           |\n| 2017 | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | 3570                                          | 3570                                                      | 0                                      | 3000                                | 0.9                             | 7.3                                  | -                                           |\n| 2018 | `FULL_TILLAGE`           | 3570                                          | 3570                                                      | 0                                      | 3000                                | 0.9                             | 7.3                                  | 31409                                       |\n| 2019 | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | 3570                                          | 3570                                                      | 0                                      | 3000                                | 0.9                             | 7.3                                  | 32215                                       |\n| 2020 | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | 3570                                          | 3570                                                      | 7810                                   | 6000                                | 1.8                             | 8.5                                  | 34238                                       |\n| 2021 | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | 3570                                          | 3570                                                      | 7810                                   | 6000                                | 1.8                             | 8.5                                  | 35501                                       |\n| 2022 | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | 3570                                          | 3570                                                      | 7810                                   | 6000                                | 1.8                             | 8.5                                  | 36472                                       |\n| 2023 | `REDUCED_TILLAGE`        | 3570                                          | 3570                                                      | 7810                                   | 6000                                | 1.8                             | 8.5                                  | 37234                                       |\n\n<sup>\\*</sup> Average of carbon sources, weighted by dry matter mass.\n\n### Model results\n\nFigures 2 and 3 display the Tier 2 SOC model outputs, aggregated for the entire SOC stock for the 0 - 30 cm depth interval (Figure 2) or desaggregated into the three carbon sub-pools used by the model - active, passive & slow (Figure 3). As illustrated on Figure 2, the change from full tillage to reduced tillage in 2019 followed by the addition of animal manure from 2020 onwards lead to significantly higher carbon inputs entering and remaining in the system, which translates into sharply increasing SOC stocks between 2019 and 2023.\n\n![Graph displaying the aggregated Tier 2 SOC model outputs for the 0 - 30 cm soil depth interval.](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure10.png)\n\n**Figure 2**. Graph displaying the aggregated Tier 2 SOC model outputs for the 0 - 30 cm soil depth interval.\n\n![Graph displaying the Tier 2 SOC model outputs desaggregated into the three carbon sub-pools (active, passive and slow) for the 0 - 30 cm soil depth interval.](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-figure11.png)\n\n**Figure 3**. Graph displaying the Tier 2 SOC model outputs desaggregated into the three carbon sub-pools (active, passive and slow) for the 0 - 30 cm soil depth interval.\n\n## Discussion\n\nNew reporting standards require SOC models to be Tier 2 or above. Therefore, where possible (_i.e._, for croplands remaining croplands with reported annual yields), the Tier 2 methodology should be used instead of the Tier 1 methodology. While the Tier 2 methodology does have high data requirements, the HESTIA platform will attempt to gap-fill missing data (_e.g._, missing monthly climate data and crop residue yields and properties) to help the model run on as many [Sites](/schema/Site) as possible.\n\nOther than the high data requirements, the model does have some additional limitations:\n- If `startDate` and `endDate` are not provided on [Cycles'](/schema/Cycle) `waterRegime` practice nodes, the model will assume that irrigation is applied for the entirety of the [Cycle](/schema/Cycle)'s duration. This could result in SOC losses being underestimated (or SOC gains being overestimated) if irrigation was only applied during certain months.\n- Known issues with carbon inputs:\n  - Any discarded crops that remain on the field (`discardedCropIncorporated` and `discardedCropLeftOnField`) must have the properties `carbonContent`, `nitrogenContent` and `ligninContent` specified to be counted as a valid carbon source. If any of these properties is missing, the carbon input from these sources will **not** be counted. Therefore, for [Sites](/schema/Site) where discarded crops remain on the field, SOC losses could be overestimated (see [issue 759](https://gitlab.com/hestia-earth/hestia-engine-models/-/issues/759)).\n  - Carbon inputs from cover crops (`landCover` [Product](/schema/Product)s with one of [Properties](/schema/Property): `coverCrop`, `catchCrop`, `shortfallowCrop` or `coverCrop`) are estimated using the [BSI (2012, p. 12)](https://knowledge.bsigroup.com/products/assessment-of-life-cycle-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-horticultural-products-supplementary-requirements-for-the-cradle-to-gate-stages-of-ghg-assessments-of-horticultural-products-undertaken-in-accordance-with-pas-2050) above and below ground biomass stock value for annual crops of 4,000 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>.\n\n## References\n\nIPCC (2019). _2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories_. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. IPCC, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"collapsibles\">\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Returns</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement\">Measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/organicCarbonPerHa\">organicCarbonPerHa</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#method\">method</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ipcc2019\">ipcc2019</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#sd\">sd</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#min\">min</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#max\">max</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#statsDefinition\">statsDefinition</a> with <code>simulated</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#observations\">observations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a> with <code>0</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a> with <code>30</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#methodClassification\">methodClassification</a> with <code>tier 2 model</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Requirements</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site\">Site</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> with <code>cropland</code></li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/sandContent\">sandContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a> with <code>0</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a> with <code>30</code> and optional:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/temperatureMonthly\">temperatureMonthly</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/precipitationMonthly\">precipitationMonthly</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/potentialEvapotranspirationMonthly\">potentialEvapotranspirationMonthly</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>related to:<ul>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Cycle\">Cycles</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/null#endDate\">endDate</a> and a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/null#products\">products</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Product#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/aboveGroundCropResidueLeftOnField\">aboveGroundCropResidueLeftOnField</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/aboveGroundCropResidueIncorporated\">aboveGroundCropResidueIncorporated</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/belowGroundCropResidue\">belowGroundCropResidue</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/discardedCropLeftOnField\">discardedCropLeftOnField</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/discardedCropIncorporated\">discardedCropIncorporated</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Product#value\">value</a> and a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Product#properties\">properties</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/carbonContent\">carbonContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/nitrogenContent\">nitrogenContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ligninContent\">ligninContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#value\">value</a> and a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/null#inputs\">inputs</a> with:</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Input#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=organicFertiliser\">organicFertiliser</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=soilAmendment\">soilAmendment</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Input#value\">value</a> and a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Input#properties\">properties</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/carbonContent\">carbonContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/nitrogenContent\">nitrogenContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ligninContent\">ligninContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Property#value\">value</a> and a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/null#practices\">practices</a> with:</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Practice#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=tillage\">tillage</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Practice#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Practice#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=waterRegime\">waterRegime</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#name\">name</a> containing &quot;irrigated&quot; and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Practice#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Practice#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Practice#endDate\">endDate</a> and optional:</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/null#startDate\">startDate</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Lookups used</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/crop.csv\">crop.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landCover.csv\">landCover.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/tillage.csv\">tillage.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_TILLAGE_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/measurement.csv\">measurement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>siteTypesAllowed</code></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  \n</div>"}

package/dist/content/models/siteMeasurements/soil/organicCarbonPerHa/overview.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"tags":{"author":["Florian Payen"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Soil"],"tab":["Overview"],"citation":["Payen, F. (2025) Soil organic carbon stock modelling on HESTIA."],"tag":["soc modelling"],"modelId":["organicCarbonPerHa"],"modelRequires":["ecoClimateZone","amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed","animalManureUsed","inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed","organicFertiliserUsed","shortBareFallow"]},"content":"# Organic carbon (per ha)\n\n## What is soil organic carbon (SOC)?\n\n**Soil organic matter** is a generic term used to describe all organic compounds in the soil that are not living plants or animals. **Soil organic carbon (SOC)** is the carbon component of soil organic matter [(IPCC, 2000)](https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/land_use/index.php?idp=55).\n\nOn the HESTIA platform, SOC can be recorded on a [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site) as [Measurements](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Measurement). Three glossary terms can be used to record SOC:\n\n| term name                                                                            | term id                  | unit                     | description                                      |\n| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------ | ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------ |\n| [Organic carbon (per ha)](https://www.hestia.earth/term/organicCarbonPerHa)          | `organicCarbonPerHa`     | kg C / ha                | The stock of organic carbon in the soil.         |\n| [Organic carbon (per m3 soil)](https://www.hestia.earth/term/organicCarbonPerM3Soil) | `organicCarbonPerM3Soil` | g C / m<sup>3</sup> soil | The concentration of organic carbon in the soil. |\n| [Organic carbon (per kg soil)](https://www.hestia.earth/term/organicCarbonPerKgSoil) | `organicCarbonPerKgSoil` | g C / kg soil            | The concentration of organic carbon in the soil. |\n\nSOC measurements using either of these terms require a `depthUpper` and `depthLower` because SOC is not evenly distributed between depths - normally, there is a greater amount of SOC in the upper layers of a soil than in the lower layers.\n\nThe focus of this guide page will be on the term `Organic carbon (per ha)`, which corresponds to the SOC stock.\n\n**SOC stock** refers to the total amount of solid carbon stored in the soil under organic form for a given soil depth. By measuring or modelling a soil's organic carbon stock across years, we can gain insight into whether it is losing or accumulating organic carbon.\n\nThe IPCC SOC models estimate `Organic carbon (per ha)` with a `depthUpper` = `0` and a `depthLower` = `30`. This is because the majority of the impacts of land management (land use and management practices) on a [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site)'s SOC stock occurs in the upper layer of the soil. As such, any reference to soil organic carbon or SOC in the remainder of this guide page should be understood to mean this glossary term and depth interval.\n\n## SOC stock changes and emissions\n\nWhen calculating environmental impacts of human land management, the SOC stock of a [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site) is understood as a \"carbon pool\". Other carbon pools include [above-ground biomass](https://www.hestia.earth/term/aboveGroundBiomass), [below-ground biomass](https://www.hestia.earth/term/belowGroundBiomass), dead organic matter, and harvested wood products. Carbon pools can gain or lose carbon, or be at equilibrium.\n\nChanges in a pool's carbon stock due to continuous processes (growth and decay) and discrete disturbances (land-use or land-management changes) are associated with CO<sub>2</sub> emissions or removals. HESTIA records [Emission](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Emission)s from changes in SOC stocks using the term [CO2, to air, soil carbon stock change, management change](https://www.hestia.earth/term/co2ToAirSoilCarbonStockChangeManagementChange) when the changes in SOC stocks are due to changes in land management and by using the term [CO2, to air, soil carbon stock change, land use change](https://www.hestia.earth/term/co2ToAirSoilCarbonStockChangeLandUseChange) when the changes in SOC stocks are due to changes in land use.\n\nWhen a [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site)'s SOC stock decreases over the years, CO<sub>2</sub> can be understood to have been emitted into the atmosphere. Conversely, when a [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site)'s SOC stock increases over the years, CO<sub>2</sub> can be understood to have been removed from the atmosphere. When an increase in SOC stocks leads to a net removal of CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere, meaning that concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere have decreased overall, it is referred to as **soil organic carbon sequestration** [(Chenu et al., 2019)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.04.011).\n\nWhen a land-use or land-management change occurs, the SOC stock will transition towards a new SOC equilibrium over the course of between 10 and 100 years [(Fuss et al., 2018)](https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f). After the new SOC equilibrium has been reached, the transfer of organic carbon between the atmosphere and the soil is deemed to be balanced, _i.e._, as much organic carbon enters the soil as is emitted from the soil as CO<sub>2</sub>. Any additional land-use or land-management changes that occur before a [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site)'s SOC stock has reached equilibrium will begin a new transition period. For our SOC models, in accordance with the [IPCC (2019)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) guidelines, we use a default equilibrium time of 20 years, after which the additional change in SOC stocks is deemed negligible.\n\n## Benefits of increasing SOC stocks on agricultural land\n\nCO<sub>2</sub> emissions and removals from SOC stock change due to land-use changes or land-management changes can be significant [(IPCC, 2019)](https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/). Therefore, the adoption of land management practices that increase a [Site](https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site)'s SOC stock can be an opportunity to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations in the atmosphere and to inset or offset the carbon footprint of agricultural production [(Sykes et al., 2020)](https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14844). Different approaches & management practices exist to increase SOC sequestration on agricultural land. They can be based on increasing carbon inputs to the soil (_e.g._, applying organic fertilisers onto the soil) or reducing carbon losses from the soil (_e.g._, by reducing the intensity of tillage). The diagram below, from [Sykes et al. (2020)](https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14844), details the practices with the highest potential for SOC sequestration and how they can lead to increased SOC stocks:\n\n![SOC sequestration practices](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-pathwaysToSocSequestration.png)\n\nThe use of these practices, in conjunction with land-use changes, form the basis of the SOC models that we have integrated onto HESTIA.\n\nIn addition to helping mitigate climate change, SOC sequestration provides other benefits in terms of soil quality. Increasing SOC stocks can improve soil fertility, enhance soil water-retention capacities, reduce risks of soil erosion and counteract soil acidification [(Honegger et al., 2021)](https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1843388). These co-benefits are expected to improve global agricultural productivity and food production [(Lal, 2004)](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097396), and they can contribute to reducing the vulnerability of managed soils to climate change [(Smith and Olesen, 2010)](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859610000341).\n\n## SOC modelling on HESTIA\n\nA number of models on the HESTIA platform can be used to estimate SOC stocks, stock changes and their linked CO<sub>2</sub> emissions/removals. In running order, they are:\n\n### SOC stock modelling\n\n1. `hestia.organicCarbonPerHa`: This model (a) estimates SOC stocks based on a soil-volume equivalent approach (_i.e._, using soil bulk density, soil carbon concentration and soil depth) and (b) rescales any `organicCarbonPerHa` measurements (both estimated and measured) to the preferred 0-30cm depth interval.\n\n2. `ipcc2019.organicCarbonPerHa_tier_2` (Tier 2): This model estimates yearly SOC stocks based on soil sand content and an annual inventory of climate, carbon input and tillage data.\n\n3. `ipcc2019.organicCarbonPerHa_tier_1` (Tier 1): This model estimates yearly SOC stocks based on soil type, eco-climate zone and an annual inventory of land cover, land management and carbon input category data.\n\n### CO<sub>2</sub> emissions\n\n4. [`ipcc2019.co2ToAirSoilOrganicCarbonStockChange`](./co2ToAirSoilOrganicCarbonStockChange): This model calculates annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from SOC stock changes caused by changes in agricultural management and assigns them to the related Cycles.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"collapsibles\">\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Returns</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement\">Measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/organicCarbonPerHa\">organicCarbonPerHa</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#method\">method</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ipcc2019\">ipcc2019</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#sd\">sd</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#min\">min</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#max\">max</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#statsDefinition\">statsDefinition</a> with <code>simulated</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#observations\">observations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a> with <code>0</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a> with <code>30</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#methodClassification\">methodClassification</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Requirements</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site\">Site</a> with:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>forest</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>other natural vegetation</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>cropland</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>glass or high accessible cover</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>permanent pasture</code></li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management\">managements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landCover\">landCover</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> with <code>1</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>2</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>3</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>4</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>7</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>8</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>9</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>10</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>11</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>12</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ecoClimateZone\">ecoClimateZone</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>optional:<ul>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=soilType\">soilType</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=usdaSoilType\">usdaSoilType</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management\">managements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=cropResidueManagement\">cropResidueManagement</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#name\">name</a> containing &quot;burnt,removed&quot;</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landUseManagement\">landUseManagement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=tillage\">tillage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=waterRegime\">waterRegime</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#name\">name</a> containing &quot;deep water,irrigated&quot;</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed\">amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/animalManureUsed\">animalManureUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed\">inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/organicFertiliserUsed\">organicFertiliserUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/shortBareFallow\">shortBareFallow</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>none of:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>glass or high accessible cover</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Lookups used</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/crop.csv\">crop.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landCover.csv\">landCover.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY</code>; <code>LOW_RESIDUE_PRODUCING_CROP</code>; <code>N_FIXING_CROP</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landUseManagement.csv\">landUseManagement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>PRACTICE_INCREASING_C_INPUT</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/soilType.csv\">soilType.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_SOIL_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/tillage.csv\">tillage.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_TILLAGE_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/usdaSoilType.csv\">usdaSoilType.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_SOIL_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/measurement.csv\">measurement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>siteTypesAllowed</code></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  \n</div>"}
+{"tags":{"author":["Florian Payen"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Soil"],"tab":["Overview"],"citation":["Payen, F. (2025) Soil organic carbon stock modelling on HESTIA."],"tag":["soc modelling"],"modelId":["organicCarbonPerHa"],"modelRequires":["ecoClimateZone","amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed","animalManureUsed","inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed","organicFertiliserUsed","shortBareFallow"]},"content":"# Organic carbon (per ha)\n\n## What is soil organic carbon (SOC)?\n\n**Soil organic matter** is a generic term used to describe all organic compounds in the soil that are not living plants or animals. **Soil organic carbon (SOC)** is the carbon component of soil organic matter [(IPCC, 2000)](https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/land_use/index.php?idp=55).\n\nOn the HESTIA platform, SOC can be recorded on a [Site](/schema/Site) as [Measurements](/schema/Measurement). Three glossary terms can be used to record SOC:\n\n| term name                                                                            | term id                  | unit                     | description                                      |\n| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------ | ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------ |\n| [Organic carbon (per ha)](/term/organicCarbonPerHa)          | `organicCarbonPerHa`     | kg C / ha                | The stock of organic carbon in the soil.         |\n| [Organic carbon (per m3 soil)](/term/organicCarbonPerM3Soil) | `organicCarbonPerM3Soil` | g C / m<sup>3</sup> soil | The concentration of organic carbon in the soil. |\n| [Organic carbon (per kg soil)](/term/organicCarbonPerKgSoil) | `organicCarbonPerKgSoil` | g C / kg soil            | The concentration of organic carbon in the soil. |\n\nSOC measurements using either of these terms require a `depthUpper` and `depthLower` because SOC is not evenly distributed between depths - normally, there is a greater amount of SOC in the upper layers of a soil than in the lower layers.\n\nThe focus of this guide page will be on the term `Organic carbon (per ha)`, which corresponds to the SOC stock.\n\n**SOC stock** refers to the total amount of solid carbon stored in the soil under organic form for a given soil depth. By measuring or modelling a soil's organic carbon stock across years, we can gain insight into whether it is losing or accumulating organic carbon.\n\nThe IPCC SOC models estimate `Organic carbon (per ha)` with a `depthUpper` = `0` and a `depthLower` = `30`. This is because the majority of the impacts of land management (land-use and management practices) on a [Site](/schema/Site)'s SOC stock occurs in the upper layer of the soil. As such, any reference to soil organic carbon or SOC in the remainder of this guide page should be understood to mean this glossary term and depth interval.\n\n## SOC stock changes and emissions\n\nWhen calculating environmental impacts of human land management, the SOC stock of a [Site](/schema/Site) is understood as a \"carbon pool\". Other carbon pools include [above-ground biomass](/term/aboveGroundBiomass), [below-ground biomass](/term/belowGroundBiomass), dead organic matter, and harvested wood products. Carbon pools can gain or lose carbon, or be at equilibrium.\n\nChanges in a pool's carbon stock due to continuous processes (growth and decay) and discrete disturbances (land-use or land-management changes) are associated with CO<sub>2</sub> emissions or removals. HESTIA records [Emission](/schema/Emission)s from changes in SOC stocks using the term [CO2, to air, soil carbon stock change, management change](/term/co2ToAirSoilCarbonStockChangeManagementChange) when the changes in SOC stocks are due to changes in land management and by using the term [CO2, to air, soil carbon stock change, land use change](/term/co2ToAirSoilCarbonStockChangeLandUseChange) when the changes in SOC stocks are due to changes in land use.\n\nWhen a [Site](/schema/Site)'s SOC stock decreases over the years, CO<sub>2</sub> can be understood to have been emitted into the atmosphere. Conversely, when a [Site](/schema/Site)'s SOC stock increases over the years, CO<sub>2</sub> can be understood to have been removed from the atmosphere. When an increase in SOC stocks leads to a net removal of CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere, meaning that concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere have decreased overall, it is referred to as **soil organic carbon sequestration** [(Chenu et al., 2019)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.04.011).\n\nWhen a land-use or land-management change occurs, the SOC stock will transition towards a new SOC equilibrium over the course of between 10 and 100 years [(Fuss et al., 2018)](https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f). After the new SOC equilibrium has been reached, the transfer of organic carbon between the atmosphere and the soil is deemed to be balanced, _i.e._, as much organic carbon enters the soil as is emitted from the soil as CO<sub>2</sub>. Any additional land-use or land-management changes that occur before a [Site](/schema/Site)'s SOC stock has reached equilibrium will begin a new transition period. For our SOC models, in accordance with the [IPCC (2019)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) guidelines, we use a default equilibrium time of 20 years, after which the additional change in SOC stocks is deemed negligible.\n\n## Benefits of increasing SOC stocks on agricultural land\n\nCO<sub>2</sub> emissions and removals from SOC stock change due to land-use changes or land-management changes can be significant [(IPCC, 2019)](https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/). Therefore, the adoption of land management practices that increase a [Site](/schema/Site)'s SOC stock can be an opportunity to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations in the atmosphere and to inset or offset the carbon footprint of agricultural production [(Sykes et al., 2020)](https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14844). Different approaches & management practices exist to increase SOC sequestration on agricultural land (Figure 1). They can be based on increasing carbon inputs to the soil (_e.g._, applying organic fertilisers onto the soil), or reducing carbon losses from the soil (_e.g._, by reducing the intensity of tillage), or a mix of both.\n\n![Shortlist of land management measures with the highest potential for SOC sequestration and pathways to SOC sequestration. Adapted from Figure 2 in [Sykes et al. (2020)](https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14844)](/assets/organicCarbonPerHa-pathwaysToSocSequestration.png)\n\n**Figure 1.** Shortlist of land management measures with the highest potential for SOC sequestration and pathways to SOC sequestration. Adapted from Figure 2 in [Sykes et al. (2020)](https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14844).\n\nThe use of these practices, in conjunction with land-use changes, form the basis of the SOC models that we have integrated onto HESTIA.\n\nIn addition to helping mitigate climate change, SOC sequestration provides other benefits in terms of soil quality. Increasing SOC stocks can improve soil fertility, enhance soil water-retention capacities, reduce risks of soil erosion and counteract soil acidification [(Honegger et al., 2021)](https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1843388). These co-benefits are expected to improve global agricultural productivity and food production [(Lal, 2004)](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097396), and they can contribute to reducing the vulnerability of managed soils to climate change [(Smith and Olesen, 2010)](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859610000341).\n\n## SOC modelling on HESTIA\n\nA number of models on the HESTIA platform can be used to estimate SOC stocks, stock changes and their linked CO<sub>2</sub> emissions/removals. In running order, they are:\n\n### SOC stock modelling\n\n1. [`hestia.organicCarbonPerHa`](/guide/organicCarbonPerHa#HESTIA): This model (a) estimates SOC stocks based on a soil-volume equivalent approach (_i.e._, using soil bulk density, soil carbon concentration and soil depth) and (b) rescales any `organicCarbonPerHa` measurements (both estimated and measured) to the preferred 0-30cm depth interval.\n\n2. [`ipcc2019.organicCarbonPerHa_tier_2`](/guide/organicCarbonPerHa#IPCC%20(2019)%20Tier%202) (Tier 2): This model estimates yearly SOC stocks in mineral soils based on soil sand content and an annual inventory of climate, carbon input and tillage data.\n\n3. [`ipcc2019.organicCarbonPerHa_tier_1`](/guide/organicCarbonPerHa#IPCC%20(2019)%20Tier%201) (Tier 1): This model estimates yearly SOC stocks in mineral soils based on soil type, eco-climate zone and an annual inventory of land cover, land management and carbon input category data.\n\n### CO<sub>2</sub> emissions\n\n4. [`ipcc2019.co2ToAirSoilOrganicCarbonStockChange`](/guide/co2ToAirSoilOrganicCarbonStockChange#IPCC%20(2019)): This model calculates annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from SOC stock changes caused by changes in agricultural management and assigns them to the related Cycles.\n\n## References\n\nChenu, C., Angers, D. A., Barré, P., Derrien, D., Arrouays, D., & Balesdent, J. (2019). Increasing organic stocks in agricultural soils: Knowledge gaps and potential innovations. _Soil and Tillage Research_, _188_, 41-52.\n\nFuss, S., Lamb, W. F., Callaghan, M. W., Hilaire, J., Creutzig, F., Amann, T., ... & Minx, J. C. (2018). Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects. _Environmental Research Letters_, _13_(6), 063002.\n\nHonegger, M., Michaelowa, A., & Roy, J. (2021). Potential implications of carbon dioxide removal for the sustainable development goals. _Climate Policy_, _21_(5), 678-698.\n\nIPCC (2000). Implications of Different Definitions and Generic Issues. In _Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry_ [Robert T. Watson, Ian R. Noble, Bert Bolin, N. H. Ravindranath, David J. Verardo and David J. Dokken (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/land_use/\n\nIPCC (2019). _2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories_. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. IPCC, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html\n\nIPCC (2019). Summary for Policymakers. In _Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems_ [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.- O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. van Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M. Belkacemi, J. Malley, (eds.)]. IPCC, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/\n\nLal, R. (2004). Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. _science_, _304_(5677), 1623-1627.\n\nSmith, P., & Olesen, J. E. (2010). Synergies between the mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change in agriculture. _The Journal of Agricultural Science_, _148_(5), 543-552.\n\nSykes, A. J., Macleod, M., Eory, V., Rees, R. M., Payen, F., Myrgiotis, V., ... & Smith, P. (2020). Characterising the biophysical, economic and social impacts of soil carbon sequestration as a greenhouse gas removal technology. _Global Change Biology_, _26_(3), 1085-1108.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"collapsibles\">\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Returns</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement\">Measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/organicCarbonPerHa\">organicCarbonPerHa</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#method\">method</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ipcc2019\">ipcc2019</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#sd\">sd</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#min\">min</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#max\">max</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#statsDefinition\">statsDefinition</a> with <code>simulated</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#observations\">observations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#dates\">dates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a> with <code>0</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a> with <code>30</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#methodClassification\">methodClassification</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Requirements</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site\">Site</a> with:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>forest</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>other natural vegetation</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>cropland</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>glass or high accessible cover</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>permanent pasture</code></li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management\">managements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landCover\">landCover</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> with <code>1</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>2</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>3</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>4</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>7</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>8</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>9</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>10</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>11</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>12</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/ecoClimateZone\">ecoClimateZone</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>optional:<ul>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=soilType\">soilType</a> <strong>or</strong> <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=usdaSoilType\">usdaSoilType</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#management\">managements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=cropResidueManagement\">cropResidueManagement</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#name\">name</a> containing &quot;burnt,removed&quot;</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=landUseManagement\">landUseManagement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=tillage\">tillage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=waterRegime\">waterRegime</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#name\">name</a> containing &quot;deep water,irrigated&quot;</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed\">amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/animalManureUsed\">animalManureUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed\">inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/organicFertiliserUsed\">organicFertiliserUsed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#value\">value</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#startDate\">startDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#endDate\">endDate</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Management#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/shortBareFallow\">shortBareFallow</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>none of:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>glass or high accessible cover</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Lookups used</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/crop.csv\">crop.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landCover.csv\">landCover.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY</code>; <code>LOW_RESIDUE_PRODUCING_CROP</code>; <code>N_FIXING_CROP</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/landUseManagement.csv\">landUseManagement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>PRACTICE_INCREASING_C_INPUT</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/soilType.csv\">soilType.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_SOIL_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/tillage.csv\">tillage.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_TILLAGE_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/usdaSoilType.csv\">usdaSoilType.csv</a> -&gt; <code>IPCC_SOIL_CATEGORY</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/measurement.csv\">measurement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>siteTypesAllowed</code></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  \n</div>"}

package/dist/content/models/siteMeasurements/soil/siltContent/geospatialDatabase.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"tags":{"author":["Guillaume Royer"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Soil"],"tab":["Geospatial Database"],"modelId":["siltContent"],"citation":["[FAO & IIASA (2023) Harmonized World Soil Database Version 2.0.](https://dx.doi.org/10.4060/cc3823en)"],"modelRequires":["clayContent","sandContent"]},"content":"# Silt content\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"collapsibles\">\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Returns</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement\">Measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/siltContent\">siltContent</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#methodClassification\">methodClassification</a> with <code>geospatial dataset</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#source\">source</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/source/z__sv8swbjhp\">FAO &amp; IIASA (2023)</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Requirements</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site\">Site</a> with:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>forest</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>other natural vegetation</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>cropland</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>glass or high accessible cover</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>permanent pasture</code></li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/clayContent\">clayContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> <code>&gt;= 0</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a> <code>&gt;= 0</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a> <code>&gt;= 0</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/sandContent\">sandContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> <code>&gt;= 0</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a> <code>&gt;= 0</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a> <code>&gt;= 0</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>either:<ul>\n<li>the following fields:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#latitude\">latitude</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#longitude\">longitude</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>the following fields:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#boundary\">boundary</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>the following fields:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#region\">region</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Term#termType\">termType</a> = <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary?termType=region\">region</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Lookups used</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/measurement.csv\">measurement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>siteTypesAllowed</code></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  \n</div>"}
+{"tags":{"author":["Guillaume Royer"],"group":["Site: Measurements"],"subgroup":["Soil"],"tab":["Geospatial Database"],"modelId":["siltContent"],"citation":["[FAO & IIASA (2023) Harmonized World Soil Database Version 2.0.](https://dx.doi.org/10.4060/cc3823en)"],"modelRequires":["clayContent","sandContent"]},"content":"# Silt content\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"collapsibles\">\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Returns</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement\">Measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/siltContent\">siltContent</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#methodClassification\">methodClassification</a> with <code>geospatial dataset</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#source\">source</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/source/z__sv8swbjhp\">FAO &amp; IIASA (2023)</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Requirements</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site\">Site</a> with:<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType\">siteType</a> = <code>forest</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>other natural vegetation</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>cropland</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>glass or high accessible cover</code> <strong>or</strong> <code>permanent pasture</code></li>\n<li>a list of <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Site#measurements\">measurements</a> with:<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/clayContent\">clayContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> <code>&gt;= 0</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a> <code>&gt;= 0</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a> <code>&gt;= 0</code></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#term\">term</a> with <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/term/sandContent\">sandContent</a> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#value\">value</a> <code>&gt;= 0</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthUpper\">depthUpper</a> <code>&gt;= 0</code> and <a href=\"https://hestia.earth/schema/Measurement#depthLower\">depthLower</a> <code>&gt;= 0</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  <div class=\"collapsible-group\">\n    <div class=\"collapsible-header\">\n      <span>Lookups used</span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"collapsible-content\"><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://hestia.earth/glossary/lookups/measurement.csv\">measurement.csv</a> -&gt; <code>siteTypesAllowed</code></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n  </div>\n  \n</div>"}