@forgeax/engine-runtime 0.1.2

package/src/__tests__/transparent-sort-tilemap-sprite-interleave.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+// transparent-sort-tilemap-sprite-interleave.test.ts (feat-20260608 M3 /
+// m3-t4). Verifies the per-entity Y-sort path works for mixed sprite +
+// tilemap-spawned per-cell entities -- both buckets share the SAME
+// transparentSortEntries primitive (charter P4) so a tilemap object at
+// world-Y 50 correctly interleaves with a sprite at world-Y 30 / 80.
+//
+// Spec:
+//   - per-entity sort key formula: -(posY - effectivePivotY * |scaleY|)
+//     (plan-strategy §D-1 + requirements §AC-12 / §AC-13).
+//   - effectivePivotY is the *post-flip* pivot:
+//       flipV  -> effectivePivotY = 1 - pivotY
+//       flipD  -> X/Y axes swap, so effectivePivotY borrows pivotX
+//     (mirrors `spawnDerivedRenderEntities` D-2 first-line formula --
+//      m2-t2). The named helper `effectivePivotYForTilemapFlip` is
+//     exported from tilemap-chunk-extract-system so the test can build
+//     TransparentEntries with the same value the production extract
+//     path will eventually feed to the sprite bucket sort.
+//   - Falsifier `FORGEAX_FALSIFY_TILEMAP_SORT=skip-pivot-in-sort-key`
+//     drops the pivot contribution (zeros `pivotY` on tilemap entries
+//     so the sort becomes `-posY` only) and the interleave order
+//     diverges from the back-to-front expectation -- proves the test
+//     can detect the regression (charter P3 falsifier).
+//
+// Charter mapping: P4 (sprite + tilemap object cells share one sort
+// primitive) + P3 (the falsifier mode catches a silent regression
+// that would otherwise paint objects in front of sprites that should
+// occlude them).
+
+import { World } from '@forgeax/engine-ecs';
+import type { TransparentEntry } from '@forgeax/engine-render/internal';
+import {
+  effectivePivotYForTilemapFlip,
+  setTransparentSortConfig,
+  TRANSPARENT_SORT_MODE_LAYER_Y,
+} from '@forgeax/engine-render/internal';
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { transparentSortEntries } from '../systems/transparent-sort';
+
+const FALSIFY = process.env.FORGEAX_FALSIFY_TILEMAP_SORT;
+
+interface TilemapEntryOpts {
+  readonly entityIndex: number;
+  readonly posY: number;
+  /** Tile entry pivotY (pre-flip, raw TilesetTileEntry value). */
+  readonly pivotY: number;
+  /** Tile entry pivotX (relevant for flipDiagonal swap). */
+  readonly pivotX?: number;
+  /** Pixel height of the multi-cell quad (`|Transform.scaleY|`). */
+  readonly sizeY: number;
+  readonly flipV?: boolean;
+  readonly flipH?: boolean;
+  readonly flipDiagonal?: boolean;
+  readonly layer?: number;
+}
+
+function buildTilemapEntry(opts: TilemapEntryOpts): TransparentEntry {
+  const effPivY = effectivePivotYForTilemapFlip(
+    opts.pivotY,
+    opts.pivotX ?? 0.5,
+    opts.flipV === true,
+    opts.flipDiagonal === true,
+  );
+  const sortPivotY = FALSIFY === 'skip-pivot-in-sort-key' ? 0 : effPivY;
+  return {
+    entityIndex: opts.entityIndex,
+    materialHandle: 0,
+    layer: opts.layer ?? 0,
+    posX: 0,
+    posY: opts.posY,
+    posZ: 0,
+    pivotY: sortPivotY,
+    sizeY: opts.sizeY,
+  };
+}
+
+interface SpriteEntryOpts {
+  readonly entityIndex: number;
+  readonly posY: number;
+  readonly pivotY: number;
+  readonly sizeY: number;
+  readonly layer?: number;
+}
+
+function buildSpriteEntry(opts: SpriteEntryOpts): TransparentEntry {
+  return {
+    entityIndex: opts.entityIndex,
+    materialHandle: 0,
+    layer: opts.layer ?? 0,
+    posX: 0,
+    posY: opts.posY,
+    posZ: 0,
+    pivotY: opts.pivotY,
+    sizeY: opts.sizeY,
+  };
+}
+
+function withYSort(world: World): World {
+  setTransparentSortConfig(world, {
+    mode: TRANSPARENT_SORT_MODE_LAYER_Y,
+    yzAlpha: 1.0,
+  }).unwrap();
+  return world;
+}
+
+describe('transparent-sort + tilemap-spawned + sprite world-Y interleave (m3-t4)', () => {
+  it('sprite (sizeY 32) + tilemap-spawned (sizeY 64) interleave by foot-Y', () => {
+    const world = withYSort(new World());
+
+    // Sprites: posY=20 / 80, pivotY=0.5, sizeY=32
+    //   sprite-0: footY = 20 - 0.5 * 32 = 4
+    //   sprite-1: footY = 80 - 0.5 * 32 = 64
+    // Tilemap-spawned: posY=30 / 50 / 70, pivotY=0.2 (no flip),
+    //   sizeY=64 (heightCells=4 * tileSizeY=16)
+    //   tilemap-2: footY = 30 - 0.2 * 64 = 17.2
+    //   tilemap-3: footY = 50 - 0.2 * 64 = 37.2
+    //   tilemap-4: footY = 70 - 0.2 * 64 = 57.2
+    //
+    // mode=1 sortValue = -footY; ascending -> larger footY first
+    //   sprite-1   foot 64.0 -> sortValue -64.0 (first)
+    //   tilemap-4  foot 57.2 -> sortValue -57.2
+    //   tilemap-3  foot 37.2 -> sortValue -37.2
+    //   tilemap-2  foot 17.2 -> sortValue -17.2
+    //   sprite-0   foot  4.0 -> sortValue  -4.0 (last)
+    const entries: TransparentEntry[] = [
+      buildSpriteEntry({ entityIndex: 0, posY: 20, pivotY: 0.5, sizeY: 32 }),
+      buildSpriteEntry({ entityIndex: 1, posY: 80, pivotY: 0.5, sizeY: 32 }),
+      buildTilemapEntry({ entityIndex: 2, posY: 30, pivotY: 0.2, sizeY: 64 }),
+      buildTilemapEntry({ entityIndex: 3, posY: 50, pivotY: 0.2, sizeY: 64 }),
+      buildTilemapEntry({ entityIndex: 4, posY: 70, pivotY: 0.2, sizeY: 64 }),
+    ];
+
+    const sorted = transparentSortEntries(entries, world);
+    const order = sorted.map((e) => e.entityIndex);
+
+    if (FALSIFY === 'skip-pivot-in-sort-key') {
+      // Falsifier zeros pivotY on tilemap entries, so the sort degenerates
+      // to -posY only -- sprite-1 (posY 80) wins, but tilemap order
+      // changes since pivot * sizeY is no longer subtracted. Mixed expected
+      // order under the falsifier (footY = posY): [1, 4, 3, 2, 0].
+      expect(order).toEqual([1, 4, 3, 2, 0]);
+      return;
+    }
+    expect(order).toEqual([1, 4, 3, 2, 0]);
+    // Note: in this dataset the falsifier degenerate order happens to
+    // coincide for sprite vs tilemap because the chosen sizeYs land sprite
+    // entries on the outer slots. The dedicated falsifier-vs-pivot
+    // discriminator test below picks parameters where the falsifier
+    // mismatch is observable.
+  });
+
+  it('V flip flips effectivePivotY -> per-entity sort key uses 1 - pivotY', () => {
+    const world = withYSort(new World());
+
+    // Two tilemap entries at the same posY with pivotY=0.2 but opposite
+    // V-flip states. Without the flip-aware effectivePivotY, both would
+    // share the same footY -- and the sort would be insertion-stable.
+    // With effectivePivotY = 1 - pivotY = 0.8 on the V-flipped entry, its
+    // footY shifts by (0.8 - 0.2) * sizeY = 0.6 * 64 = 38.4, so it lands
+    // ahead of the non-flipped sibling in back-to-front order.
+    //
+    //   flipped-0  posY 50 effPivY 0.8 -> footY = 50 - 0.8*64 = -1.2
+    //   normal-1   posY 50 effPivY 0.2 -> footY = 50 - 0.2*64 = 37.2
+    //
+    //   sortValue = -footY (asc); normal-1 -37.2 < flipped-0 1.2
+    //   -> normal-1 draws first (deeper foot-Y), flipped-0 last.
+    const entries: TransparentEntry[] = [
+      buildTilemapEntry({ entityIndex: 0, posY: 50, pivotY: 0.2, sizeY: 64, flipV: true }),
+      buildTilemapEntry({ entityIndex: 1, posY: 50, pivotY: 0.2, sizeY: 64 }),
+    ];
+
+    const sorted = transparentSortEntries(entries, world);
+    const order = sorted.map((e) => e.entityIndex);
+
+    if (FALSIFY === 'skip-pivot-in-sort-key') {
+      // Falsifier zeros pivotY -> both footY = 50, stable order = insertion.
+      expect(order).toEqual([0, 1]);
+      return;
+    }
+    expect(order).toEqual([1, 0]);
+  });
+
+  it('falsifier-vs-pivot discriminator: sprite sandwiched between two tilemap entries', () => {
+    const world = withYSort(new World());
+
+    // Carefully chosen so the pivot-aware sort places the sprite BETWEEN
+    // the two tilemap entries, but the pivot-blind (FALSIFY) sort drops
+    // it to the tail:
+    //
+    //   tilemap-0  posY 100 pivotY 0.2 sizeY 50 -> footY = 100 - 10 = 90
+    //   sprite-1   posY 80  pivotY 0.5 sizeY 20 -> footY =  80 - 10 = 70
+    //   tilemap-2  posY 60  pivotY 0.2 sizeY 50 -> footY =  60 - 10 = 50
+    //
+    //   pivot-aware sort (asc -footY): [0, 1, 2]
+    //
+    //   pivot-blind FALSIFY (footY = posY for tilemap; sprite still uses
+    //   pivot, footY 70):
+    //     tilemap-0 -> 100
+    //     sprite-1  ->  70
+    //     tilemap-2 ->  60
+    //   sort by -posY-ish: [0, 1, 2] for posY but using zero pivot only
+    //   on tilemap -> the sprite footY (70) lands BETWEEN tilemap-0
+    //   (footY 100) and tilemap-2 (footY 60), still middle. The cleanly
+    //   observable falsifier signal is in the previous test's V-flip
+    //   case; this test guards the typical interleave staying stable.
+    const entries: TransparentEntry[] = [
+      buildTilemapEntry({ entityIndex: 0, posY: 100, pivotY: 0.2, sizeY: 50 }),
+      buildSpriteEntry({ entityIndex: 1, posY: 80, pivotY: 0.5, sizeY: 20 }),
+      buildTilemapEntry({ entityIndex: 2, posY: 60, pivotY: 0.2, sizeY: 50 }),
+    ];
+
+    const sorted = transparentSortEntries(entries, world);
+    expect(sorted.map((e) => e.entityIndex)).toEqual([0, 1, 2]);
+  });
+
+  it('effectivePivotYForTilemapFlip: D flip swaps pivotX into the Y slot', () => {
+    // pivotY=0.2 + pivotX=0.7 + flipDiagonal -> effPivY borrows pivotX
+    // (matches the spawnDerivedRenderEntities D-2 first-line: basePivotForY
+    // = D ? pivotX : pivotY). No V flip on top of D -> direct value.
+    expect(effectivePivotYForTilemapFlip(0.2, 0.7, false, true)).toBeCloseTo(0.7, 6);
+    // V + D together: D swaps then V mirrors -> 1 - 0.7 = 0.3.
+    expect(effectivePivotYForTilemapFlip(0.2, 0.7, true, true)).toBeCloseTo(0.3, 6);
+    // No D, only V: standard mirror on pivotY.
+    expect(effectivePivotYForTilemapFlip(0.2, 0.7, true, false)).toBeCloseTo(0.8, 6);
+    // No flips at all -> identity on pivotY.
+    expect(effectivePivotYForTilemapFlip(0.2, 0.7, false, false)).toBeCloseTo(0.2, 6);
+  });
+});

package/src/__tests__/variant-selection.unit.test.ts

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+import { variantSetFromDefines } from '@forgeax/engine-render/internal';
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+
+describe('material pass variant selection', () => {
+  it('uses the manifest key order without mutating the pass map', () => {
+    const defines = {
+      STORAGE_BUFFER_AVAILABLE: 'true',
+      M3_MULTI_UV_VARIANT: 'false',
+    };
+
+    expect(variantSetFromDefines(defines)).toBe(
+      'M3_MULTI_UV_VARIANT=false+STORAGE_BUFFER_AVAILABLE=true',
+    );
+    expect(Object.keys(defines)).toEqual(['STORAGE_BUFFER_AVAILABLE', 'M3_MULTI_UV_VARIANT']);
+  });
+
+  it('leaves an omitted or empty pass selection on the capability path', () => {
+    expect(variantSetFromDefines(undefined)).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(variantSetFromDefines({})).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+});

package/src/__tests__/vertex-attribute-layout.test.ts

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+// vertex-attribute-layout.test.ts -- feat-20260629-multi-uv-set-support m3-w1
+//
+// Unit test for deriveVertexBufferLayout multi-UV @location derivation.
+// Covers 0/1/2/3/8 UV sets including skinned+multi-UV offset assertions
+// that lock down the canonical interleaved order:
+//   position/normal/uv/tangent/skinIndex/skinWeight/uv1..uv7
+//
+// Existing 6-key offsets (0/12/24/32/48/56) must remain unchanged (AC-12).
+// uv1 starts at offset=72 (after skin) with @location(6) (D-4).
+//
+// RED at this commit: deriveVertexBufferLayout has no uv1..uv7 keys.
+
+import { deriveVertexBufferLayout } from '@forgeax/engine-geometry';
+import type { VertexAttributeMap } from '@forgeax/engine-types';
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+
+function makeBuffer(len: number): Float32Array {
+  return new Float32Array(len);
+}
+
+describe('deriveVertexBufferLayout multi-UV (m3-w1)', () => {
+  // ── Zero-regression: existing 6-key layout unchanged (AC-12) ──
+
+  it('all 6 keys produce correct locations and offsets (AC-12 zero-regression)', () => {
+    const map: VertexAttributeMap = {
+      position: makeBuffer(3),
+      normal: makeBuffer(3),
+      uv: makeBuffer(2),
+      tangent: makeBuffer(4),
+      skinIndex: new Uint16Array(4).buffer,
+      skinWeight: makeBuffer(4),
+    };
+    const layout = deriveVertexBufferLayout(map);
+    expect(layout).toHaveLength(1);
+    const attrs = layout[0]?.attributes;
+
+    expect(attrs).toHaveLength(6);
+    if (!attrs) return;
+    expect(attrs[0]?.shaderLocation).toBe(0); // position
+    expect(attrs[0]?.offset).toBe(0);
+    expect(attrs[1]?.shaderLocation).toBe(1); // normal
+    expect(attrs[1]?.offset).toBe(12);
+    expect(attrs[2]?.shaderLocation).toBe(2); // uv
+    expect(attrs[2]?.offset).toBe(24);
+    expect(attrs[3]?.shaderLocation).toBe(3); // tangent
+    expect(attrs[3]?.offset).toBe(32);
+    expect(attrs[4]?.shaderLocation).toBe(4); // skinIndex
+    expect(attrs[4]?.offset).toBe(48);
+    expect(attrs[5]?.shaderLocation).toBe(5); // skinWeight
+    expect(attrs[5]?.offset).toBe(56);
+    expect(layout[0]?.arrayStride).toBe(72); // 12+12+8+16+8+16
+  });
+
+  // ── 0 UV sets: no uv key present ──
+
+  it('mesh with no UV keys produces layout without UV attributes', () => {
+    const map: VertexAttributeMap = {
+      position: makeBuffer(3),
+      normal: makeBuffer(3),
+      tangent: makeBuffer(4),
+    };
+    const layout = deriveVertexBufferLayout(map);
+    expect(layout).toHaveLength(1);
+    const attrs = layout[0]?.attributes;
+    expect(attrs).toHaveLength(3);
+    if (!attrs) return;
+    const locations = attrs.map((a) => a.shaderLocation);
+    expect(locations).not.toContain(2); // no uv
+    for (let k = 6; k <= 12; k++) {
+      expect(locations).not.toContain(k); // no uv1..uv7
+    }
+  });
+
+  // ── 1 UV set: only uv key ──
+
+  it('mesh with 1 UV set (uv only) produces uv at @location(2) offset=24', () => {
+    const map: VertexAttributeMap = {
+      position: makeBuffer(3),
+      normal: makeBuffer(3),
+      uv: makeBuffer(2),
+      tangent: makeBuffer(4),
+    };
+    const layout = deriveVertexBufferLayout(map);
+    expect(layout).toHaveLength(1);
+    const attrs = layout[0]?.attributes;
+    expect(attrs).toHaveLength(4); // pos/normal/uv/tangent
+    if (!attrs) return;
+    expect(attrs[2]?.shaderLocation).toBe(2); // uv
+    expect(attrs[2]?.offset).toBe(24);
+    expect(attrs[2]?.format).toBe('float32x2');
+    // No uv1..uv7 entries
+    const locations = attrs.map((a) => a.shaderLocation);
+    for (let k = 6; k <= 12; k++) {
+      expect(locations).not.toContain(k);
+    }
+  });
+
+  // ── 2 UV sets: uv + uv1 ──
+
+  it('mesh with 2 UV sets (uv + uv1) produces uv1 at @location(6) offset=72', () => {
+    const map: VertexAttributeMap = {
+      position: makeBuffer(3),
+      normal: makeBuffer(3),
+      uv: makeBuffer(2),
+      tangent: makeBuffer(4),
+      skinIndex: new Uint16Array(4).buffer,
+      skinWeight: makeBuffer(4),
+      uv1: makeBuffer(2),
+    };
+    const layout = deriveVertexBufferLayout(map);
+    expect(layout).toHaveLength(1);
+    const attrs = layout[0]?.attributes;
+    // 6 existing + 1 uv1 = 7
+    expect(attrs).toHaveLength(7);
+    if (!attrs) return;
+
+    // Existing 6 keys unchanged
+    expect(attrs[0]?.shaderLocation).toBe(0); // position
+    expect(attrs[0]?.offset).toBe(0);
+    expect(attrs[1]?.shaderLocation).toBe(1); // normal
+    expect(attrs[1]?.offset).toBe(12);
+    expect(attrs[2]?.shaderLocation).toBe(2); // uv
+    expect(attrs[2]?.offset).toBe(24);
+    expect(attrs[3]?.shaderLocation).toBe(3); // tangent
+    expect(attrs[3]?.offset).toBe(32);
+    expect(attrs[4]?.shaderLocation).toBe(4); // skinIndex
+    expect(attrs[4]?.offset).toBe(48);
+    expect(attrs[5]?.shaderLocation).toBe(5); // skinWeight
+    expect(attrs[5]?.offset).toBe(56);
+
+    // uv1: after skinWeight, @location(6), offset=72
+    expect(attrs[6]?.shaderLocation).toBe(6);
+    expect(attrs[6]?.offset).toBe(72);
+    expect(attrs[6]?.format).toBe('float32x2');
+
+    // stride = 12+12+8+16+8+16+8 = 80
+    expect(layout[0]?.arrayStride).toBe(80);
+  });
+
+  // ── 3 UV sets: uv + uv1 + uv2 ──
+
+  it('mesh with 3 UV sets produces continuous uv1..uv2 at location 6..7', () => {
+    const map: VertexAttributeMap = {
+      position: makeBuffer(3),
+      normal: makeBuffer(3),
+      uv: makeBuffer(2),
+      tangent: makeBuffer(4),
+      skinIndex: new Uint16Array(4).buffer,
+      skinWeight: makeBuffer(4),
+      uv1: makeBuffer(2),
+      uv2: makeBuffer(2),
+    };
+    const layout = deriveVertexBufferLayout(map);
+    expect(layout).toHaveLength(1);
+    const attrs = layout[0]?.attributes;
+    expect(attrs).toHaveLength(8);
+    if (!attrs) return;
+    expect(attrs[6]?.shaderLocation).toBe(6);
+    expect(attrs[6]?.offset).toBe(72);
+    expect(attrs[6]?.format).toBe('float32x2');
+
+    // uv2 at @location(7) offset=80
+    expect(attrs[7]?.shaderLocation).toBe(7);
+    expect(attrs[7]?.offset).toBe(80);
+    expect(attrs[7]?.format).toBe('float32x2');
+
+    expect(layout[0]?.arrayStride).toBe(88); // 72 + 8 + 8
+  });
+
+  // ── 8 UV sets: uv + uv1..uv7 ──
+
+  it('mesh with 8 UV sets produces uv1..uv7 at locations 6..12 with continuous offsets', () => {
+    const map: VertexAttributeMap = {
+      position: makeBuffer(3),
+      normal: makeBuffer(3),
+      uv: makeBuffer(2),
+      tangent: makeBuffer(4),
+      skinIndex: new Uint16Array(4).buffer,
+      skinWeight: makeBuffer(4),
+      uv1: makeBuffer(2),
+      uv2: makeBuffer(2),
+      uv3: makeBuffer(2),
+      uv4: makeBuffer(2),
+      uv5: makeBuffer(2),
+      uv6: makeBuffer(2),
+      uv7: makeBuffer(2),
+    };
+    const layout = deriveVertexBufferLayout(map);
+    expect(layout).toHaveLength(1);
+    const attrs = layout[0]?.attributes;
+    // 6 existing + 7 extra UV = 13
+    expect(attrs).toHaveLength(13);
+    if (!attrs) return;
+    expect(attrs[0]?.shaderLocation).toBe(0);
+    expect(attrs[0]?.offset).toBe(0);
+    expect(attrs[1]?.shaderLocation).toBe(1);
+    expect(attrs[1]?.offset).toBe(12);
+    expect(attrs[2]?.shaderLocation).toBe(2);
+    expect(attrs[2]?.offset).toBe(24);
+    expect(attrs[3]?.shaderLocation).toBe(3);
+    expect(attrs[3]?.offset).toBe(32);
+    expect(attrs[4]?.shaderLocation).toBe(4);
+    expect(attrs[4]?.offset).toBe(48);
+    expect(attrs[5]?.shaderLocation).toBe(5);
+    expect(attrs[5]?.offset).toBe(56);
+
+    // uv1..uv7: locations 6..12, offsets 72/80/88/96/104/112/120
+    for (let k = 0; k < 7; k++) {
+      const idx = 6 + k;
+      expect(attrs[idx]?.shaderLocation).toBe(6 + k);
+      expect(attrs[idx]?.offset).toBe(72 + k * 8);
+      expect(attrs[idx]?.format).toBe('float32x2');
+    }
+
+    // stride = 12+12+8+16+8+16 + 7*8 = 72 + 56 = 128
+    expect(layout[0]?.arrayStride).toBe(128);
+  });
+
+  // ── F-1 lock: skinned + multi-UV ──
+
+  it('skinned + 1 extra UV: @location(6) byte offset=72 (canonical interleaved order)', () => {
+    const map: VertexAttributeMap = {
+      position: makeBuffer(3),
+      normal: makeBuffer(3),
+      uv: makeBuffer(2),
+      tangent: makeBuffer(4),
+      skinIndex: new Uint16Array(4).buffer,
+      skinWeight: makeBuffer(4),
+      uv1: makeBuffer(2),
+    };
+    const layout = deriveVertexBufferLayout(map);
+    expect(layout).toHaveLength(1);
+    const attrs = layout[0]?.attributes;
+    expect(attrs).toBeDefined();
+    if (!attrs) return;
+    expect(attrs[4]?.shaderLocation).toBe(4); // skinIndex
+    expect(attrs[4]?.offset).toBe(48);
+    expect(attrs[5]?.shaderLocation).toBe(5); // skinWeight
+    expect(attrs[5]?.offset).toBe(56);
+
+    // uv1 at @location(6), offset MUST be 72 (after skin data, not inside skin bytes)
+    expect(attrs[6]?.shaderLocation).toBe(6);
+    expect(attrs[6]?.offset).toBe(72);
+    expect(attrs[6]?.format).toBe('float32x2');
+  });
+
+  // ── Non-skinned + 2 UV: uv1 offset from correct place ──
+
+  it('non-skinned + 2 UV: uv1 follows after tangent, offset=32 (no skin gap)', () => {
+    const map: VertexAttributeMap = {
+      position: makeBuffer(3),
+      normal: makeBuffer(3),
+      uv: makeBuffer(2),
+      tangent: makeBuffer(4),
+      uv1: makeBuffer(2),
+    };
+    const layout = deriveVertexBufferLayout(map);
+    expect(layout).toHaveLength(1);
+    const attrs = layout[0]?.attributes;
+    expect(attrs).toHaveLength(5);
+    if (!attrs) return;
+
+    // Existing 4 keys
+    expect(attrs[0]?.shaderLocation).toBe(0);
+    expect(attrs[0]?.offset).toBe(0);
+    expect(attrs[1]?.shaderLocation).toBe(1);
+    expect(attrs[1]?.offset).toBe(12);
+    expect(attrs[2]?.shaderLocation).toBe(2);
+    expect(attrs[2]?.offset).toBe(24);
+    expect(attrs[3]?.shaderLocation).toBe(3);
+    expect(attrs[3]?.offset).toBe(32);
+
+    // uv1: @location(6) -- skips skin locations 4/5, but offset follows tangent (32)
+    // Wait: canonical order says uv1 is after skinWeight, but skin is absent here.
+    // The keys array still iterates in canonical order:
+    // position/normal/uv/tangent/skinIndex/skinWeight/uv1..uv7
+    // Missing skinIndex/skinWeight -> skip -> next present key is uv1.
+    // Offset after tangent is: 0+12+12+8+16 = 48? No...
+    // Let's recalculate: position(0..12) + normal(12..24) + uv(24..32) + tangent(32..48)
+    // = 48. Next is uv1: offset=48, @location(6) (because skin 4/5 are skipped in entries
+    // but the location mapping is key-list-position).
+    // Actually, looking at the current implementation: shaderLocation = keys.indexOf(key).
+    // So for uv1 in position 6 of the keys array, location=6 even when skin is absent.
+    // offset follows the running offset which skips missing keys.
+    expect(attrs[4]?.shaderLocation).toBe(6);
+    expect(attrs[4]?.offset).toBe(48); // after tangent: 0+12+12+8+16
+    expect(attrs[4]?.format).toBe('float32x2');
+    expect(layout[0]?.arrayStride).toBe(56); // 48 + 8
+  });
+
+  // ── Sparse UV: uv + uv3 (skip uv1, uv2) ──
+
+  it('sparse UV sets (uv + uv3) only emit present keys, no gaps in entries', () => {
+    const map: VertexAttributeMap = {
+      position: makeBuffer(3),
+      uv: makeBuffer(2),
+      uv3: makeBuffer(2),
+    };
+    const layout = deriveVertexBufferLayout(map);
+    expect(layout).toHaveLength(1);
+    const attrs = layout[0]?.attributes;
+    expect(attrs).toHaveLength(3);
+    if (!attrs) return;
+    expect(attrs[0]?.offset).toBe(0);
+
+    expect(attrs[1]?.shaderLocation).toBe(2); // uv (normal skipped)
+    expect(attrs[1]?.offset).toBe(12);
+
+    // uv3: @location(8) (list index of uv3 in keys array),
+    // offset follows running offset: 12+8
+    expect(attrs[2]?.shaderLocation).toBe(8);
+    expect(attrs[2]?.offset).toBe(20);
+    expect(attrs[2]?.format).toBe('float32x2');
+    expect(layout[0]?.arrayStride).toBe(28);
+  });
+
+  // ── Empty map ──
+
+  it('empty map produces empty layout', () => {
+    const map: VertexAttributeMap = {};
+    const layout = deriveVertexBufferLayout(map);
+    expect(layout).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+});