@forgeax/engine-render 0.1.4 → 0.1.7

package/src/scene/render-scene.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1087 @@
+import type { EntityHandle, World } from '@forgeax/engine-ecs';
+import { componentId } from '@forgeax/engine-ecs/internal';
+import type { RenderReadLease } from '@forgeax/engine-ecs/projection';
+import { box3, frustum, mat4 } from '@forgeax/engine-math';
+import type { RhiDevice, RhiError } from '@forgeax/engine-rhi';
+import { ChildOf, Transform } from '@forgeax/engine-scene';
+import { Skin } from '@forgeax/engine-skinning';
+import {
+  Camera,
+  DirectionalLight,
+  Instances,
+  Layer,
+  MeshFilter,
+  MeshRenderer,
+  PointLight,
+  PointLightShadow,
+  PostProcessParams,
+  SkyboxBackground,
+  Skylight,
+  SpotLight,
+  SpriteInstances,
+  SpriteRegionOverride,
+  Visibility,
+} from '../components';
+import {
+  BatchTopology,
+  type BatchTopologyInspection,
+  type SubmissionPlan,
+} from '../gpu-driven/batch-topology';
+import { GpuScene } from '../gpu-scene';
+import type { PersistentRenderSceneInspection } from '../inspection-types';
+import type { PointsLinesInspection } from '../points-lines/inspection';
+import type { PointsLinesRetainedSnapshot } from '../points-lines/snapshot';
+import type { CameraSnapshot } from '../render-contract';
+import type {
+  DispatchEntry,
+  ExtractedFrame,
+  MaterialSnapshotCachesByWorld,
+  RenderableSnapshot,
+} from '../render-system-extract';
+import type {
+  RenderSceneApplyResult,
+  RenderSceneBounds,
+  RenderSceneDelta,
+  RenderSceneInspection,
+  RenderSceneOperation,
+  RenderSceneRecord,
+  RenderSceneResyncReason,
+  RenderSceneSlot,
+} from './render-scene-types';
+
+export type {
+  RenderSceneApplyResult,
+  RenderSceneBounds,
+  RenderSceneDelta,
+  RenderSceneIdentity,
+  RenderSceneInspection,
+  RenderSceneOperation,
+  RenderSceneRecord,
+  RenderSceneResyncReason,
+  RenderSceneSlot,
+} from './render-scene-types';
+
+interface PendingIdentity {
+  readonly worldId: number;
+  readonly entityKey: number;
+  readonly initial: RenderSceneSlot | undefined;
+  current: RenderableSnapshot | undefined;
+  removed: boolean;
+}
+
+function identityKey(worldId: number, entityKey: number): string {
+  return `${worldId}:${entityKey}`;
+}
+
+function ownSnapshot(snapshot: RenderableSnapshot): RenderableSnapshot {
+  return {
+    ...snapshot,
+    transform: { ...snapshot.transform, world: new Float32Array(snapshot.transform.world) },
+    ...(snapshot.localAabb === undefined
+      ? {}
+      : { localAabb: new Float32Array(snapshot.localAabb) }),
+    ...(snapshot.instances === undefined
+      ? {}
+      : {
+          instances: {
+            ...snapshot.instances,
+            transforms: new Float32Array(snapshot.instances.transforms),
+          },
+        }),
+    ...(snapshot.spriteInstances === undefined
+      ? {}
+      : {
+          spriteInstances: {
+            ...snapshot.spriteInstances,
+            transforms: new Float32Array(snapshot.spriteInstances.transforms),
+            regions: new Float32Array(snapshot.spriteInstances.regions),
+          },
+        }),
+    ...(snapshot.pointsLines === undefined
+      ? {}
+      : { pointsLines: ownPointsLinesSnapshot(snapshot.pointsLines) }),
+  };
+}
+
+function ownPointsLinesSnapshot(
+  snapshot: PointsLinesRetainedSnapshot,
+): PointsLinesRetainedSnapshot {
+  return {
+    ...snapshot,
+    style: snapshot.style === undefined ? undefined : { ...snapshot.style },
+    sourceBounds: new Float32Array(snapshot.sourceBounds),
+    viewport: { ...snapshot.viewport },
+    projection: new Float32Array(snapshot.projection),
+  };
+}
+
+function withWorld(snapshot: RenderableSnapshot, world: Float32Array): RenderableSnapshot {
+  return {
+    ...snapshot,
+    transform: { ...snapshot.transform, world: new Float32Array(world) },
+  };
+}
+
+function intersects(left: RenderSceneBounds, right: RenderSceneBounds): boolean {
+  return (
+    left.min[0] <= right.max[0] &&
+    left.max[0] >= right.min[0] &&
+    left.min[1] <= right.max[1] &&
+    left.max[1] >= right.min[1] &&
+    left.min[2] <= right.max[2] &&
+    left.max[2] >= right.min[2]
+  );
+}
+
+function worldBounds(snapshot: RenderableSnapshot): RenderSceneBounds | undefined {
+  const local = snapshot.localAabb;
+  if (local === undefined || local.length < 6) return undefined;
+  const world = snapshot.transform.world;
+  const min: [number, number, number] = [Infinity, Infinity, Infinity];
+  const max: [number, number, number] = [-Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity];
+  for (const x of [local[0] ?? 0, local[3] ?? 0]) {
+    for (const y of [local[1] ?? 0, local[4] ?? 0]) {
+      for (const z of [local[2] ?? 0, local[5] ?? 0]) {
+        const tx =
+          (world[0] ?? 0) * x + (world[4] ?? 0) * y + (world[8] ?? 0) * z + (world[12] ?? 0);
+        const ty =
+          (world[1] ?? 0) * x + (world[5] ?? 0) * y + (world[9] ?? 0) * z + (world[13] ?? 0);
+        const tz =
+          (world[2] ?? 0) * x + (world[6] ?? 0) * y + (world[10] ?? 0) * z + (world[14] ?? 0);
+        min[0] = Math.min(min[0], tx);
+        min[1] = Math.min(min[1], ty);
+        min[2] = Math.min(min[2], tz);
+        max[0] = Math.max(max[0], tx);
+        max[1] = Math.max(max[1], ty);
+        max[2] = Math.max(max[2], tz);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return { min, max };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The renderer's single rebuildable CPU scene authority.
+ *
+ * World/entity identity maps, stable slot generations, material reverse
+ * lookup, and spatial facts live together here. Frame-local consumers read
+ * snapshots from this owner and never create a second projection ledger.
+ */
+export class RenderScene {
+  private readonly slots: Array<RenderSceneSlot | undefined> = [];
+  private readonly generations: number[] = [];
+  private readonly freeSlots: number[] = [];
+  private readonly slotsByWorld = new Map<number, Map<number, number>>();
+  private readonly slotsByMaterial = new Map<number, Set<number>>();
+  // World bounds are a pure projection of each immutable snapshot. Cache the
+  // derived value by snapshot identity so repeated view queries do not redo
+  // the eight-corner transform for every view in the same frame.
+  private readonly worldBoundsCache = new WeakMap<RenderableSnapshot, RenderSceneBounds | null>();
+  private orderedSlots: number[] = [];
+  private materialized: readonly RenderableSnapshot[] | undefined;
+  private slotSnapshot: readonly RenderSceneSlot[] | undefined;
+  private revision = 0;
+  private noChangeFrames = 0;
+  private deltaFrames = 0;
+  private renderableScans = 0;
+  private fullRebuilds = 0;
+  private resyncs = 0;
+  private lastResyncReason: RenderSceneResyncReason | undefined;
+
+  apply(operations: readonly RenderSceneOperation[]): RenderSceneApplyResult {
+    if (operations.length === 0) {
+      this.noChangeFrames += 1;
+      this.renderableScans = 0;
+      return this.emptyResult();
+    }
+
+    this.deltaFrames += 1;
+    this.renderableScans = operations.length;
+    const pendingByWorld = new Map<number, Map<number, PendingIdentity>>();
+    const pendingOrder: PendingIdentity[] = [];
+    let ignoredLateUpdates = 0;
+
+    const pendingFor = (worldId: number, entityKey: number): PendingIdentity => {
+      let entities = pendingByWorld.get(worldId);
+      if (entities === undefined) {
+        entities = new Map<number, PendingIdentity>();
+        pendingByWorld.set(worldId, entities);
+      }
+      let pending = entities.get(entityKey);
+      if (pending !== undefined) return pending;
+      const initial = this.lookup(worldId, entityKey);
+      pending = {
+        worldId,
+        entityKey,
+        initial,
+        current: initial?.snapshot,
+        removed: false,
+      };
+      entities.set(entityKey, pending);
+      pendingOrder.push(pending);
+      return pending;
+    };
+
+    for (const operation of operations) {
+      if (operation.kind === 'create') {
+        const { worldId, entityKey } = operation.snapshot;
+        const pending = pendingFor(worldId, entityKey);
+        pending.current = ownSnapshot(operation.snapshot);
+        continue;
+      }
+      const pending = pendingFor(operation.worldId, operation.entityKey);
+      if (operation.kind === 'remove') {
+        pending.current = undefined;
+        pending.removed = true;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (pending.current === undefined) {
+        ignoredLateUpdates += 1;
+        continue;
+      }
+      pending.current = withWorld(pending.current, operation.world);
+    }
+
+    let created = 0;
+    let updated = 0;
+    let removed = 0;
+    let recreated = 0;
+    const createdSlots: RenderSceneSlot[] = [];
+    const updatedSlots: RenderSceneSlot[] = [];
+    const removedSlots: RenderSceneRecord[] = [];
+    const recreatedSlots: RenderSceneSlot[] = [];
+    for (const pending of pendingOrder) {
+      if (pending.initial === undefined) {
+        if (pending.current === undefined) continue;
+        createdSlots.push(this.allocate(pending.current));
+        created += 1;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (pending.current === undefined) {
+        this.release(pending.initial);
+        removedSlots.push(pending.initial);
+        removed += 1;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (pending.removed) {
+        this.release(pending.initial);
+        recreatedSlots.push(this.allocate(pending.current));
+        recreated += 1;
+        continue;
+      }
+      const updatedSlot: RenderSceneSlot = {
+        ...pending.initial,
+        snapshot: pending.current,
+      };
+      this.unindexMaterials(pending.initial);
+      this.slots[pending.initial.slot] = updatedSlot;
+      this.indexMaterials(updatedSlot);
+      updatedSlots.push(updatedSlot);
+      updated += 1;
+    }
+
+    const changed = created + updated + removed + recreated > 0;
+    if (changed) {
+      this.revision += 1;
+      this.invalidateSnapshots();
+    }
+    return {
+      created,
+      updated,
+      removed,
+      recreated,
+      ignoredLateUpdates,
+      createdSlots,
+      updatedSlots,
+      removedSlots,
+      recreatedSlots,
+      resynced: 0,
+    };
+  }
+
+  applyDelta(delta: RenderSceneDelta): RenderSceneApplyResult {
+    if (delta.overflowed || delta.resync !== undefined) {
+      const snapshots = delta.resync ?? [];
+      this.reset(snapshots);
+      this.resyncs += 1;
+      this.lastResyncReason = delta.reason ?? 'journal-overflow';
+      return {
+        ...this.emptyResult(),
+        created: snapshots.length,
+        resynced: 1,
+      };
+    }
+    return this.apply(delta.operations);
+  }
+
+  /** Reconcile the current identity set while retaining slots for survivors. */
+  reset(snapshots: readonly RenderableSnapshot[], countAsRebuild = true): void {
+    const desired = new Map<string, RenderableSnapshot>();
+    for (const snapshot of snapshots) {
+      desired.set(identityKey(snapshot.worldId, snapshot.entityKey), snapshot);
+    }
+
+    for (const slot of this.slots) {
+      if (slot === undefined) continue;
+      if (!desired.has(identityKey(slot.worldId, slot.entityKey))) this.release(slot);
+    }
+
+    this.orderedSlots = [];
+    for (const snapshot of desired.values()) {
+      const existing = this.lookup(snapshot.worldId, snapshot.entityKey);
+      if (existing === undefined) {
+        this.allocate(snapshot);
+        continue;
+      }
+      const updated: RenderSceneSlot = {
+        ...existing,
+        snapshot: ownSnapshot(snapshot),
+      };
+      this.unindexMaterials(existing);
+      this.slots[existing.slot] = updated;
+      this.indexMaterials(updated);
+      this.orderedSlots.push(existing.slot);
+    }
+
+    this.revision += 1;
+    if (countAsRebuild) this.fullRebuilds += 1;
+    this.invalidateSnapshots();
+  }
+
+  rebuild(snapshots: readonly RenderableSnapshot[]): void {
+    this.reset(snapshots);
+  }
+
+  materialize(): readonly RenderableSnapshot[] {
+    if (this.materialized !== undefined) return this.materialized;
+    const snapshots: RenderableSnapshot[] = [];
+    for (const slot of this.orderedSlots) {
+      const record = this.slots[slot];
+      if (record !== undefined) snapshots.push(record.snapshot);
+    }
+    this.materialized = Object.freeze(snapshots);
+    return this.materialized;
+  }
+
+  slotsSnapshot(): readonly RenderSceneSlot[] {
+    if (this.slotSnapshot !== undefined) return this.slotSnapshot;
+    const records: RenderSceneSlot[] = [];
+    for (const slot of this.orderedSlots) {
+      const record = this.slots[slot];
+      if (record !== undefined) records.push(record);
+    }
+    this.slotSnapshot = Object.freeze(records);
+    return this.slotSnapshot;
+  }
+
+  slot(worldId: number, entityKey: number): RenderSceneSlot | undefined {
+    return this.lookup(worldId, entityKey);
+  }
+
+  has(worldId: number, entityKey: number): boolean {
+    return this.lookup(worldId, entityKey) !== undefined;
+  }
+
+  snapshot(worldId: number, entityKey: number): RenderableSnapshot | undefined {
+    return this.lookup(worldId, entityKey)?.snapshot;
+  }
+
+  pointsLinesSnapshots(): readonly PointsLinesRetainedSnapshot[] {
+    const snapshots: PointsLinesRetainedSnapshot[] = [];
+    for (const slot of this.orderedSlots) {
+      const record = this.slots[slot];
+      const snapshot = record?.snapshot.pointsLines;
+      if (record !== undefined && snapshot !== undefined) {
+        snapshots.push(ownPointsLinesSnapshot({ ...snapshot, worldId: record.worldId }));
+      }
+    }
+    return Object.freeze(snapshots);
+  }
+
+  slotsForMaterial(materialHandle: number): readonly RenderSceneSlot[] {
+    const slots = this.slotsByMaterial.get(materialHandle);
+    if (slots === undefined) return [];
+    const records: RenderSceneSlot[] = [];
+    for (const slot of slots) {
+      const record = this.slots[slot];
+      if (record !== undefined) records.push(record);
+    }
+    return records;
+  }
+
+  querySpatial(bounds: RenderSceneBounds): readonly RenderSceneSlot[] {
+    const records: RenderSceneSlot[] = [];
+    for (const slot of this.orderedSlots) {
+      const record = this.slots[slot];
+      if (record === undefined) continue;
+      const snapshot = record.snapshot;
+      let candidate = this.worldBoundsCache.get(snapshot);
+      if (candidate === undefined && !this.worldBoundsCache.has(snapshot)) {
+        candidate = worldBounds(snapshot) ?? null;
+        this.worldBoundsCache.set(snapshot, candidate);
+      }
+      if (candidate === null || candidate === undefined) continue;
+      if (intersects(candidate, bounds)) records.push(record);
+    }
+    return records;
+  }
+
+  inspect(): RenderSceneInspection {
+    return {
+      records: this.slotsSnapshot().map(({ slot, generation, worldId, entityKey }) => ({
+        slot,
+        generation,
+        worldId,
+        entityKey,
+      })),
+      slotCapacity: this.slots.length,
+      freeSlots: this.freeSlots.length,
+      revision: this.revision,
+      noChangeFrames: this.noChangeFrames,
+      deltaFrames: this.deltaFrames,
+      renderableScans: this.renderableScans,
+      fullRebuilds: this.fullRebuilds,
+      resyncs: this.resyncs,
+      lastResyncReason: this.lastResyncReason,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private emptyResult(): RenderSceneApplyResult {
+    return {
+      created: 0,
+      updated: 0,
+      removed: 0,
+      recreated: 0,
+      ignoredLateUpdates: 0,
+      createdSlots: [],
+      updatedSlots: [],
+      removedSlots: [],
+      recreatedSlots: [],
+      resynced: 0,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private lookup(worldId: number, entityKey: number): RenderSceneSlot | undefined {
+    const slot = this.slotsByWorld.get(worldId)?.get(entityKey);
+    return slot === undefined ? undefined : this.slots[slot];
+  }
+
+  private allocate(snapshot: RenderableSnapshot): RenderSceneSlot {
+    const reused = this.freeSlots.pop();
+    const slot = reused ?? this.slots.length;
+    const generation = reused === undefined ? 0 : (this.generations[slot] ?? -1) + 1;
+    const record: RenderSceneSlot = {
+      slot,
+      generation,
+      worldId: snapshot.worldId,
+      entityKey: snapshot.entityKey,
+      snapshot: ownSnapshot(snapshot),
+    };
+    this.generations[slot] = generation;
+    this.slots[slot] = record;
+    let entities = this.slotsByWorld.get(snapshot.worldId);
+    if (entities === undefined) {
+      entities = new Map<number, number>();
+      this.slotsByWorld.set(snapshot.worldId, entities);
+    }
+    entities.set(snapshot.entityKey, slot);
+    this.indexMaterials(record);
+    this.orderedSlots.push(slot);
+    return record;
+  }
+
+  private release(record: RenderSceneSlot): void {
+    this.slots[record.slot] = undefined;
+    this.unindexMaterials(record);
+    const entities = this.slotsByWorld.get(record.worldId);
+    entities?.delete(record.entityKey);
+    if (entities?.size === 0) this.slotsByWorld.delete(record.worldId);
+    const orderIndex = this.orderedSlots.indexOf(record.slot);
+    if (orderIndex >= 0) this.orderedSlots.splice(orderIndex, 1);
+    this.freeSlots.push(record.slot);
+  }
+
+  private indexMaterials(record: RenderSceneSlot): void {
+    for (const material of record.snapshot.materials) {
+      const handle = material.materialHandle ?? 0;
+      let slots = this.slotsByMaterial.get(handle);
+      if (slots === undefined) {
+        slots = new Set<number>();
+        this.slotsByMaterial.set(handle, slots);
+      }
+      slots.add(record.slot);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private unindexMaterials(record: RenderSceneSlot): void {
+    for (const material of record.snapshot.materials) {
+      const handle = material.materialHandle ?? 0;
+      const slots = this.slotsByMaterial.get(handle);
+      slots?.delete(record.slot);
+      if (slots?.size === 0) this.slotsByMaterial.delete(handle);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private invalidateSnapshots(): void {
+    this.materialized = undefined;
+    this.slotSnapshot = undefined;
+  }
+}
+
+function readTransformWorld(world: World, entity: EntityHandle): Float32Array | undefined {
+  const transform = world.get(entity, Transform);
+  return transform.ok ? new Float32Array(transform.value.world) : undefined;
+}
+
+export interface PersistentRenderSceneOptions {
+  readonly getDevice?: (() => RhiDevice) | undefined;
+  readonly onGpuError?: ((error: RhiError) => void) | undefined;
+  readonly onSharedRefMutation?: ((worldId: number, handle: number) => void) | undefined;
+}
+
+export interface PersistentGpuDrivenState {
+  readonly scene: GpuScene;
+  readonly plan: SubmissionPlan;
+  readonly slots: readonly RenderSceneSlot[];
+}
+
+type PersistentGpuSceneInspection = PersistentRenderSceneInspection['gpu'];
+
+interface PersistentCompositionEntry {
+  readonly token: object;
+  readonly worlds: readonly World[];
+  readonly cameraOwner: number;
+  readonly resourceOwner: number;
+  readonly projection: RenderScene;
+  readonly topology: BatchTopology;
+  readonly readCursors: number[];
+  readonly leaseIdentities: readonly string[];
+  catalogEpoch: number;
+  readonly rigidOnly: boolean;
+  gpuDrivenCoverageKey: string | undefined;
+  gpuDrivenOwnsAll: boolean;
+}
+
+const RENDER_RELEVANT_COMPONENT_IDS = new Set([
+  componentId(Transform),
+  componentId(ChildOf),
+  componentId(MeshFilter),
+  componentId(MeshRenderer),
+  componentId(Instances),
+  componentId(SpriteInstances),
+  componentId(SpriteRegionOverride),
+  componentId(Skin),
+  componentId(Layer),
+  componentId(Visibility),
+  componentId(Camera),
+  componentId(DirectionalLight),
+  componentId(PointLight),
+  componentId(PointLightShadow),
+  componentId(SpotLight),
+  componentId(Skylight),
+  componentId(SkyboxBackground),
+  componentId(PostProcessParams),
+]);
+
+const NON_RENDERABLE_TRANSFORM_CONSUMERS = [
+  Camera,
+  DirectionalLight,
+  PointLight,
+  SpotLight,
+] as const;
+
+function cameraFrusta(cameras: readonly CameraSnapshot[]): readonly Float32Array[] {
+  const planes: Float32Array[] = [];
+  for (const camera of cameras) {
+    if (
+      (camera.projection === 'perspective' && (camera.fov <= 0 || camera.aspect <= 0)) ||
+      camera.near >= camera.far
+    ) {
+      planes.push(new Float32Array(0));
+      continue;
+    }
+    const projection = mat4.create();
+    if (camera.projection === 'orthographic') {
+      mat4.orthographic(
+        projection,
+        camera.orthoLeft,
+        camera.orthoRight,
+        camera.orthoBottom,
+        camera.orthoTop,
+        camera.near,
+        camera.far,
+      );
+    } else {
+      mat4.perspective(projection, camera.fov, camera.aspect, camera.near, camera.far);
+    }
+    const view = mat4.create();
+    mat4.invert(view, camera.world);
+    const viewProjection = mat4.create();
+    mat4.multiply(viewProjection, projection, view);
+    const cameraPlanes = frustum.create();
+    frustum.fromViewProjection(cameraPlanes, viewProjection);
+    planes.push(cameraPlanes);
+  }
+  return planes;
+}
+
+function cullPersistentFrame(
+  frame: ExtractedFrame,
+  candidates: readonly RenderableSnapshot[],
+): ExtractedFrame {
+  const planes = cameraFrusta(frame.cameras);
+  const visible: RenderableSnapshot[] = [];
+  const projectedIndex = new Int32Array(candidates.length);
+  projectedIndex.fill(-1);
+  let total = 0;
+  let culled = 0;
+
+  for (let index = 0; index < candidates.length; index += 1) {
+    const candidate = candidates[index];
+    if (candidate === undefined) continue;
+    let isVisible = true;
+    if (candidate.localAabb !== undefined) {
+      total += 1;
+      const worldAabb = box3.create();
+      box3.transformBox3(worldAabb, candidate.localAabb, candidate.transform.world);
+      isVisible = planes.length === 0;
+      for (const cameraPlanes of planes) {
+        if (
+          cameraPlanes.length === 0 ||
+          frustum.intersectsBox(cameraPlanes as frustum.Frustum, worldAabb as box3.Box3Like)
+        ) {
+          isVisible = true;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (!isVisible) {
+      culled += 1;
+      continue;
+    }
+    projectedIndex[index] = visible.length;
+    visible.push(candidate);
+  }
+
+  const dispatch: DispatchEntry[] = [];
+  for (const entry of frame.dispatch) {
+    const candidateIndex = entry.renderableIndex;
+    const renderableIndex = projectedIndex[candidateIndex];
+    if (renderableIndex === undefined || renderableIndex < 0) continue;
+    dispatch.push({ ...entry, renderableIndex });
+  }
+  return {
+    ...frame,
+    renderables: visible,
+    dispatch,
+    frustumStats: { culled, total },
+  };
+}
+
+/** Persistent scene projection used by the renderer's multi-World composition path. */
+export class PersistentRenderScene {
+  private readonly materialSnapshotCaches: MaterialSnapshotCachesByWorld = new WeakMap();
+  private fullRebuilds = 0;
+  private worldEntitiesScanned = 0;
+  private noChangeFrames = 0;
+  private deltaFrames = 0;
+  private transformUpdates = 0;
+  private lastResyncReason: RenderSceneResyncReason | undefined;
+  private composition: PersistentCompositionEntry | undefined;
+  private gpuScene: GpuScene | undefined;
+  private gpuOwner: object | undefined;
+  private gpuDevice: RhiDevice | undefined;
+  private gpuStatus: 'inactive' | 'unsupported' | 'resident' | 'rebuild-pending' | 'error' =
+    'inactive';
+  private pointsLinesInspections: readonly PointsLinesInspection[] = [];
+
+  constructor(private readonly options: PersistentRenderSceneOptions = {}) {}
+
+  /** RenderScene owns the per-World material fact cache used during extraction. */
+  materialSnapshotCacheStore(): MaterialSnapshotCachesByWorld {
+    return this.materialSnapshotCaches;
+  }
+
+  extractComposition(
+    worlds: readonly World[],
+    owner: { readonly cameraOwner: number; readonly resourceOwner: number },
+    catalogEpoch: number,
+    buildCandidateFrame: () => ExtractedFrame,
+    leases?: readonly RenderReadLease[],
+  ): ExtractedFrame {
+    this.worldEntitiesScanned = 0;
+    const entry = this.composition;
+    if (
+      entry === undefined ||
+      entry.catalogEpoch !== catalogEpoch ||
+      entry.cameraOwner !== owner.cameraOwner ||
+      entry.resourceOwner !== owner.resourceOwner ||
+      entry.worlds.length !== worlds.length ||
+      entry.worlds.some((world, index) => world !== worlds[index]) ||
+      leases === undefined ||
+      leases.length !== worlds.length
+    ) {
+      return this.rebuildComposition(worlds, owner, catalogEpoch, buildCandidateFrame, leases);
+    }
+    if (!entry.rigidOnly) {
+      return this.rebuildComposition(worlds, owner, catalogEpoch, buildCandidateFrame, leases);
+    }
+
+    const operations: RenderSceneOperation[] = [];
+    let requiresRebuild = false;
+    for (let worldId = 0; worldId < worlds.length; worldId += 1) {
+      const world = worlds[worldId];
+      if (world === undefined) continue;
+      const lease = leases?.[worldId];
+      if (lease === undefined || entry.leaseIdentities[worldId] !== lease.worldIdentity) {
+        requiresRebuild = true;
+        break;
+      }
+      let read: ReturnType<RenderReadLease['readChanges']>;
+      try {
+        read = lease.readChanges(entry.readCursors[worldId] ?? 0);
+      } catch {
+        requiresRebuild = true;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (read.status === 'overflow') {
+        requiresRebuild = true;
+        break;
+      }
+      const changes = read.world;
+      const shared = read.sharedRefs;
+      if (shared.records.length > 0) {
+        for (const record of shared.records) {
+          this.options.onSharedRefMutation?.(worldId, record.handle);
+        }
+        requiresRebuild = true;
+        break;
+      }
+      const derivedTransforms = new Set<EntityHandle>();
+      for (const record of changes.records) {
+        if (
+          record.kind === 'derived-component-changed' &&
+          record.componentId === componentId(Transform)
+        ) {
+          derivedTransforms.add(record.entity as EntityHandle);
+        }
+      }
+      for (const record of changes.records) {
+        if (
+          record.kind !== 'entity-removed' &&
+          record.componentId !== undefined &&
+          !RENDER_RELEVANT_COMPONENT_IDS.has(record.componentId)
+        ) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        const authoredTransform =
+          record.kind === 'component-changed' && record.componentId === componentId(Transform);
+        const derivedTransform =
+          record.kind === 'derived-component-changed' &&
+          record.componentId === componentId(Transform);
+        if (derivedTransform) continue;
+        if (authoredTransform && derivedTransforms.has(record.entity as EntityHandle)) continue;
+        if (
+          (authoredTransform || record.componentId === componentId(Transform)) &&
+          entry.projection.has(worldId, record.entity)
+        ) {
+          const worldView = readTransformWorld(world, record.entity as EntityHandle);
+          if (worldView === undefined) {
+            requiresRebuild = true;
+            break;
+          }
+          operations.push({
+            kind: 'update-transform',
+            worldId,
+            entityKey: record.entity,
+            world: new Float32Array(worldView),
+          });
+          continue;
+        }
+        requiresRebuild = true;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (!requiresRebuild) {
+        for (const entity of derivedTransforms) {
+          if (entry.projection.has(worldId, entity)) {
+            const worldView = readTransformWorld(world, entity);
+            if (worldView === undefined) {
+              requiresRebuild = true;
+              break;
+            }
+            operations.push({
+              kind: 'update-transform',
+              worldId,
+              entityKey: entity,
+              world: new Float32Array(worldView),
+            });
+            continue;
+          }
+          if (
+            NON_RENDERABLE_TRANSFORM_CONSUMERS.some((component) =>
+              world.hasComponent(entity, component),
+            )
+          ) {
+            requiresRebuild = true;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if (requiresRebuild) break;
+      entry.readCursors[worldId] = read.cursor;
+    }
+    if (requiresRebuild) {
+      return this.rebuildComposition(worlds, owner, catalogEpoch, buildCandidateFrame, leases);
+    }
+    if (operations.length === 0) {
+      this.noChangeFrames += 1;
+      this.syncGpuOwner(entry.token, entry.projection);
+      return this.deriveFramePlan(entry, buildCandidateFrame);
+    }
+    const delta = entry.projection.apply(operations);
+    entry.topology.apply(delta);
+    this.syncGpuOwner(entry.token, entry.projection, delta);
+    this.deltaFrames += 1;
+    this.transformUpdates += operations.length;
+    return this.deriveFramePlan(entry, buildCandidateFrame);
+  }
+
+  invalidate(): void {
+    this.composition = undefined;
+    this.lastResyncReason = 'explicit-invalidate';
+  }
+
+  setCompositionGpuDrivenCoverage(key: string, ownsAll: boolean): void {
+    const entry = this.composition;
+    if (entry === undefined) return;
+    entry.gpuDrivenCoverageKey = key;
+    entry.gpuDrivenOwnsAll = ownsAll;
+  }
+
+  detach(world: World): void {
+    this.materialSnapshotCaches.delete(world);
+    const detachedComposition = this.composition?.worlds.includes(world)
+      ? this.composition
+      : undefined;
+    if (detachedComposition !== undefined) this.composition = undefined;
+    if (this.gpuOwner !== world && this.gpuOwner !== detachedComposition?.token) return;
+    this.gpuScene?.dispose();
+    this.gpuScene = undefined;
+    this.gpuOwner = undefined;
+    this.gpuDevice = undefined;
+    this.gpuStatus = 'inactive';
+  }
+
+  /** Drop only device-owned tables; the CPU projection remains the recovery authority. */
+  resetGpuForRecover(): void {
+    if (this.composition !== undefined) this.composition.gpuDrivenOwnsAll = false;
+    this.gpuScene = undefined;
+    this.gpuOwner = undefined;
+    this.gpuDevice = undefined;
+    this.gpuStatus = this.options.getDevice === undefined ? 'inactive' : 'rebuild-pending';
+  }
+
+  setPointsLinesInspections(inspections: readonly PointsLinesInspection[]): void {
+    this.pointsLinesInspections = inspections.map((inspection) => ({
+      ...inspection,
+      cache: { ...inspection.cache },
+      ...(inspection.refusal === undefined ? {} : { refusal: { ...inspection.refusal } }),
+    }));
+  }
+
+  dispose(): void {
+    this.gpuScene?.dispose();
+    this.gpuScene = undefined;
+    this.gpuOwner = undefined;
+    this.gpuDevice = undefined;
+    this.gpuStatus = 'inactive';
+    this.composition = undefined;
+    this.pointsLinesInspections = [];
+  }
+
+  inspect(): PersistentRenderSceneInspection {
+    const entry = this.composition;
+    const pointsLines = this.pointsLinesInspections;
+    return {
+      worldEntitiesScanned: this.worldEntitiesScanned,
+      fullRebuilds: this.fullRebuilds,
+      noChangeFrames: this.noChangeFrames,
+      deltaFrames: this.deltaFrames,
+      transformUpdates: this.transformUpdates,
+      lastResyncReason: this.lastResyncReason,
+      projectionRecords: entry?.projection.inspect().records.length ?? 0,
+      topology:
+        entry?.topology.inspect() ??
+        ({
+          revision: 0,
+          batchCount: 0,
+          candidateCount: 0,
+          rebuilds: 0,
+          patches: 0,
+          ineligible: 0,
+        } satisfies BatchTopologyInspection),
+      gpu: this.inspectGpu(),
+      pointsLines,
+    };
+  }
+
+  compositionGpuDrivenState(): PersistentGpuDrivenState | undefined {
+    const entry = this.composition;
+    if (entry === undefined || this.gpuOwner !== entry.token || this.gpuScene === undefined) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    return {
+      scene: this.gpuScene,
+      plan: entry.topology.plan(),
+      slots: entry.projection.slotsSnapshot(),
+    };
+  }
+
+  pointsLinesSnapshots(): readonly PointsLinesRetainedSnapshot[] {
+    return this.composition?.projection.pointsLinesSnapshots() ?? [];
+  }
+
+  private inspectGpu(): PersistentGpuSceneInspection {
+    if (this.gpuStatus === 'resident' && this.gpuScene !== undefined) {
+      return { status: 'resident', ...this.gpuScene.inspect() };
+    }
+    if (this.gpuStatus === 'unsupported') {
+      return { status: 'unsupported', reason: 'storage-buffer-unavailable' };
+    }
+    if (this.gpuStatus === 'rebuild-pending') return { status: 'rebuild-pending' };
+    if (this.gpuStatus === 'error') return { status: 'error' };
+    return { status: 'inactive' };
+  }
+
+  private rebuildComposition(
+    worlds: readonly World[],
+    owner: { readonly cameraOwner: number; readonly resourceOwner: number },
+    catalogEpoch: number,
+    buildCandidateFrame: () => ExtractedFrame,
+    leases?: readonly RenderReadLease[],
+  ): ExtractedFrame {
+    const candidateFrame = buildCandidateFrame();
+    this.worldEntitiesScanned = candidateFrame.renderables.length;
+    const projection = new RenderScene();
+    projection.reset(candidateFrame.renderables);
+    const topology = new BatchTopology();
+    topology.rebuild(projection.slotsSnapshot());
+    const token = {};
+    const entry: PersistentCompositionEntry = {
+      token,
+      worlds: [...worlds],
+      cameraOwner: owner.cameraOwner,
+      resourceOwner: owner.resourceOwner,
+      projection,
+      topology,
+      readCursors:
+        leases === undefined || leases.length !== worlds.length
+          ? []
+          : leases.map((lease) => lease.inspectCursor()),
+      leaseIdentities:
+        leases === undefined || leases.length !== worlds.length
+          ? []
+          : leases.map((lease) => lease.worldIdentity),
+      catalogEpoch,
+      rigidOnly: candidateFrame.renderables.every((renderable) => renderable.skin === undefined),
+      gpuDrivenCoverageKey: undefined,
+      gpuDrivenOwnsAll: false,
+    };
+    this.composition = entry;
+    this.syncGpuOwner(token, projection, undefined, true);
+    this.fullRebuilds += 1;
+    this.lastResyncReason = 'attach';
+    return cullPersistentFrame(candidateFrame, projection.materialize());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Derive an ephemeral frame plan from persistent scene facts. The scene
+   * retains identity/topology/cursors; no prior frame object is an authority.
+   */
+  private deriveFramePlan(
+    entry: PersistentCompositionEntry,
+    buildCandidateFrame: () => ExtractedFrame,
+  ): ExtractedFrame {
+    const candidateFrame = buildCandidateFrame();
+    const candidates = entry.projection.materialize();
+    return cullPersistentFrame({ ...candidateFrame, renderables: [...candidates] }, candidates);
+  }
+
+  private syncGpuOwner(
+    owner: object,
+    projection: RenderScene,
+    delta?: RenderSceneApplyResult,
+    full = false,
+  ): void {
+    const acquired = this.acquireGpuScene(owner, projection);
+    if (acquired === undefined || acquired.rebuilt) return;
+    const result = full
+      ? acquired.scene.rebuild(projection.slotsSnapshot())
+      : delta === undefined
+        ? acquired.scene.sync({
+            created: 0,
+            updated: 0,
+            removed: 0,
+            recreated: 0,
+            ignoredLateUpdates: 0,
+            createdSlots: [],
+            updatedSlots: [],
+            removedSlots: [],
+            recreatedSlots: [],
+            resynced: 0,
+          })
+        : acquired.scene.sync(delta);
+    if (!result.ok) this.failGpu(result.error);
+  }
+
+  private acquireGpuScene(
+    owner: object,
+    projection: RenderScene,
+  ): { readonly scene: GpuScene; readonly rebuilt: boolean } | undefined {
+    const getDevice = this.options.getDevice;
+    if (getDevice === undefined) return undefined;
+    const device = getDevice();
+    if (this.gpuDevice !== undefined && this.gpuDevice !== device) {
+      this.gpuScene = undefined;
+      this.gpuOwner = undefined;
+      this.gpuStatus = 'rebuild-pending';
+    }
+    if (this.gpuStatus === 'error' && this.gpuDevice === device) return undefined;
+    if (this.gpuStatus === 'unsupported' && this.gpuDevice === device) return undefined;
+    if (this.gpuScene !== undefined && this.gpuOwner === owner) {
+      return { scene: this.gpuScene, rebuilt: false };
+    }
+    if (this.gpuScene !== undefined) this.gpuScene.dispose();
+    this.gpuScene = undefined;
+    this.gpuOwner = undefined;
+    this.gpuDevice = device;
+    const created = GpuScene.create(device, Math.max(256, projection.inspect().slotCapacity));
+    if (!created.ok) {
+      this.failGpu(created.error);
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    if (created.value.status === 'unavailable') {
+      this.gpuStatus = 'unsupported';
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    const scene = created.value.scene;
+    const rebuilt = scene.rebuild(projection.slotsSnapshot());
+    if (!rebuilt.ok) {
+      scene.dispose();
+      this.failGpu(rebuilt.error);
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    this.gpuScene = scene;
+    this.gpuOwner = owner;
+    this.gpuStatus = 'resident';
+    return { scene, rebuilt: true };
+  }
+
+  private failGpu(error: RhiError): void {
+    this.gpuScene?.dispose();
+    this.gpuScene = undefined;
+    this.gpuOwner = undefined;
+    this.gpuStatus = 'error';
+    this.options.onGpuError?.(error);
+  }
+}