@forgeax/engine-render 0.1.23 → 0.1.24

package/src/render-system-extract-tail.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2983 @@
+import type { AssetRegistry } from '@forgeax/engine-assets-runtime';
+import {
+  resolveAssetHandle,
+  walkMaterialPassesOverSharedRefs,
+} from '@forgeax/engine-assets-runtime';
+import type { EntityHandle, World } from '@forgeax/engine-ecs';
+import {
+  InstanceTransformsStrideMismatchError,
+  routeWorldError,
+  SpawnLightInvalidBoundsError,
+  SpriteInstancesCountMismatchError,
+  SpriteInstancesMutuallyExclusiveWithInstancesError,
+  SpriteInstancesRequiresSpriteShaderError,
+} from '@forgeax/engine-ecs/projection';
+import { deriveVertexLayoutProjection } from '@forgeax/engine-geometry';
+import { box3, frustum, type Mat4, mat4, type Vec3, vec3 } from '@forgeax/engine-math';
+import { AssetGuid } from '@forgeax/engine-pack/guid';
+import { RhiError } from '@forgeax/engine-rhi';
+import { GlobalTransform, MorphWeights, Transform } from '@forgeax/engine-scene';
+import type { MaterialShaderArtifact } from '@forgeax/engine-shader';
+import {
+  JointCountMismatchError,
+  JointEntityDanglingError,
+  SkeletonResolveFailedError,
+  Skin,
+  SkinInstancesCoexistForbiddenError,
+} from '@forgeax/engine-skinning';
+import type {
+  Asset,
+  Handle,
+  IesProfileAsset,
+  MeshAsset,
+  MeshLodLevel,
+  SkeletonAsset,
+  TextureAsset,
+} from '@forgeax/engine-types';
+import {
+  ASSET_ERROR_HINTS,
+  AssetError,
+  derive,
+  handleSlot,
+  materialValuesToLinearRuntime,
+  toShared,
+} from '@forgeax/engine-types';
+import {
+  Atmosphere,
+  DirectionalLight,
+  Instances,
+  Layer,
+  LightProbe,
+  Lines,
+  MeshFilter,
+  MeshRenderer,
+  PointLight,
+  PointLightShadow,
+  Points,
+  PostProcessParams,
+  pointShapeFromU32,
+  RectAreaLight,
+  SkyboxBackground,
+  Skylight,
+  SortKey,
+  SpotLight,
+  SpriteInstances,
+  SpriteRegionOverride,
+} from './components';
+import {
+  type DirectionalShadowQuality,
+  directionalShadowQualityFromF32,
+} from './components/directional-shadow-filter';
+import { GlyphText } from './components/glyph-text';
+import {
+  computeInvRangeSquared,
+  degToCos,
+  type LightValidationError,
+  validateDirectionalLightData,
+  validateLightProbeData,
+  validateRectAreaLightData,
+} from './components/light-helpers';
+import { selectEnvironment } from './environment/frame';
+import { MaterialSkinAttrMissingError, SkinMaterialMismatchError } from './errors/render';
+import type { EnvironmentCandidate, EnvironmentFrame } from './extract/environment';
+import { buildGpuDrivenDraws, resolvePreparedGpuDrivenDraw } from './extract/gpu-driven';
+import type { VisibilitySnapshot } from './extract/visibility';
+import type {
+  RenderFeatureHiddenEntityReport,
+  RenderFeatureWorldVisibilitySnapshot,
+} from './features/types';
+import { ensureGlyphMeshMaterialSlots } from './glyph-text-layout-system';
+import type { GpuDrivenGeometryReceipt } from './gpu-driven/prepared-draw';
+import { deriveInstancesUnionBounds } from './instances-derived-bounds';
+import {
+  type MeshMaterialBindingDiagnostic,
+  type MeshMaterialBindingSource,
+  resolveMeshMaterialBindings,
+} from './mesh-material-bindings';
+import { isStandardPbrSkinMaterialShader } from './pbr-pipeline';
+import { expandPointsLinesBounds } from './points-lines/bounds';
+import type { PointsLinesRetainedSnapshot, PointsLinesStyle } from './points-lines/snapshot';
+import { COOKIE_SLICE_CAPACITY, IES_SLICE_CAPACITY } from './prepare/extended-lighting/resources';
+import { prepareCookieProjection } from './prepare/extended-lighting/spot-modifiers';
+import { STANDARD_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_FEATURE_ID } from './render-contract';
+import type {
+  CsmCameraData,
+  DirectionalCsmConfig,
+  DirectionalLightSnapshot,
+  DispatchEntry,
+  ExtractedFrame,
+  ExtractedLights,
+  ExtractFramesOwner,
+  ExtractPipelineSurface,
+  InstancesSnapshot,
+  LightProbeSnapshot,
+  MaterialSnapshot,
+  MaterialSnapshotCache,
+  MaterialSnapshotCachesByWorld,
+  MorphSnapshot,
+  PointLightSnapshot,
+  PointShadowSnapshot,
+  PreparedExtractContext,
+  RectAreaDirectLightSnapshot,
+  RenderableSnapshot,
+  SkyboxSnapshot,
+  SkylightSnapshot,
+  SpotLightSnapshot,
+  SpriteInstancesSnapshot,
+  TransformSnapshot,
+} from './render-system-extract';
+import {
+  appendMaterialDispatchEntries,
+  assetReferenceText,
+  BUILTIN_USER_REGION_TEXTURE_FIELDS,
+  buildPointShadowMatrices,
+  buildRectAreaWorldFrame,
+  collectCubeCameraSnapshots,
+  collectMaterialTextureCoordinates,
+  collectMaterialTextureSamplers,
+  collectMaterialTextureSources,
+  collectReflectionProbeFacts,
+  computeDirectionalCsm,
+  createWorldInternalView,
+  DEFAULT_FORWARD_PASS,
+  extractVolumeSnapshot,
+  fogState,
+  internSharedRefFromGuid,
+  isEngineInjectedTextureField,
+  materialColorParameterSchema,
+  materialNormalScale,
+  materialParametersToParamSchema,
+  materialTextureFields,
+  materialTextureRef,
+  pipelineRenderState,
+  prepareExtractContext,
+  pssmSplit,
+  readPersistentMaterialSnapshot,
+  readStablePersistentMaterialSnapshot,
+  resolveMaterialSnapshot,
+  resolveVideoFieldHandle,
+  runtimeMaterialShaderId,
+  Severity,
+  selectCameraRoles,
+  selectFogFrame,
+  sortDispatchByQueue,
+  storeMaterialSnapshot,
+  tonemapParams,
+} from './render-system-extract';
+import { SHADOW_ATLAS_DEFAULT_LAYERS } from './shadow-atlas';
+import type { SkinPaletteSlice } from './systems/skin-palette-types';
+export function extractFrames(
+  worlds: readonly World[],
+  owner: number | ExtractFramesOwner,
+  assets?: AssetRegistry | null,
+  pipelineState?: ExtractPipelineSurface | null,
+  materialSnapshotCachesByWorld?: MaterialSnapshotCachesByWorld,
+  options: {
+    readonly cull?: 'normal' | 'none';
+    readonly renderables?: 'full' | 'none';
+    readonly getMaterialShaderArtifact?: (
+      materialShaderId: string,
+    ) => MaterialShaderArtifact | undefined;
+  } = {},
+): ExtractedFrame {
+  // w4: normalize the owner argument. A bare number is the legacy single-owner
+  // form (cameraOwner === resourceOwner); an object carries the two split
+  // indices. When they coincide the code path is byte-identical to the pre-w4
+  // single-owner behaviour (w1 contract combination 2).
+  const cameraOwner = typeof owner === 'number' ? owner : owner.cameraOwner;
+  const resourceOwner = typeof owner === 'number' ? owner : owner.resourceOwner;
+
+  // ── D-2: frame-level side effects live here ────────────────────────────
+  //
+  // resetForFrame is called exactly once per frame, at the extractFrames
+  // entry. The skinPaletteAllocator cursor is reset before each per-world
+  // extract runs, so sequential per-world allocation yields non-overlapping
+  // palette slices (AC-08).
+  const skinPaletteAllocator = pipelineState?.skinPaletteAllocator ?? null;
+  if (skinPaletteAllocator !== null) {
+    skinPaletteAllocator.resetForFrame();
+  }
+
+  const failedWorlds = new Set<World>();
+  // Resource-owner selection is a frame-level concern. Select Fog once before
+  // per-world extraction so non-owner worlds do not scan their ECS tables for
+  // a value that the merge layer will discard.
+  const resourceOwnerWorld = worlds[resourceOwner];
+  const resourceOwnerFog =
+    resourceOwnerWorld === undefined ? null : (selectFogFrame(resourceOwnerWorld) ?? null);
+  // ── D-2: per-world extract with error isolation ────────────────────────
+  //
+  // Each world runs extractFrame over the final state published by
+  // world.update(). Failure in one world is caught, routed to that world's
+  // _routeError (systemName carries worldId for source identification),
+  // and the world's contribution is skipped (AC-09 graceful degradation).
+
+  // The camera-owner frame must be extracted first: non-owner worlds do not
+  // carry the surfaced camera, but their renderables still need to be tested
+  // against that camera's frustum. Frames are placed back into worlds[] order
+  // before merge so queue / directional-light / worldId semantics stay stable.
+  const succeededFrames: ExtractedFrame[] = [];
+  const succeededIndices: number[] = [];
+
+  const extractionOrder = Array.from({ length: worlds.length }, (_, wi) => wi).sort((a, b) => {
+    if (a === cameraOwner) return -1;
+    if (b === cameraOwner) return 1;
+    return a - b;
+  });
+  const framesByWorld = new Map<number, ExtractedFrame>();
+
+  for (const wi of extractionOrder) {
+    const world = worlds[wi];
+    if (world === undefined || failedWorlds.has(world)) continue;
+    try {
+      const isCameraOwner = wi === cameraOwner;
+      const cameraOwnerFrame = framesByWorld.get(cameraOwner);
+      const prepared = prepareExtractContext(world, {
+        ...(assets !== undefined ? { assets } : {}),
+        ...(pipelineState !== undefined ? { pipelineState } : {}),
+        resourceOwnerFog: wi === resourceOwner ? resourceOwnerFog : null,
+        ...(materialSnapshotCachesByWorld === undefined
+          ? {}
+          : {
+              materialSnapshotCache:
+                materialSnapshotCachesByWorld.get(world) ??
+                (() => {
+                  const cache: MaterialSnapshotCache = new Map();
+                  materialSnapshotCachesByWorld.set(world, cache);
+                  return cache;
+                })(),
+            }),
+        cull: options.cull === 'none' ? 'none' : isCameraOwner ? 'self' : 'external',
+        renderables: options.renderables ?? 'full',
+        ...(options.getMaterialShaderArtifact === undefined
+          ? {}
+          : { getMaterialShaderArtifact: options.getMaterialShaderArtifact }),
+        ...(cameraOwnerFrame === undefined ? {} : { cullCameras: cameraOwnerFrame.cameras }),
+      });
+      const frame = extractFrame(world, prepared);
+
+      framesByWorld.set(wi, frame);
+    } catch (err) {
+      // Per-world failure: route to world's own error handler, skip contribution.
+      try {
+        createWorldInternalView(world)._routeError(err, {
+          severity: Severity.Error,
+          systemName: `RenderSystem.extractFrames(world[${wi}])`,
+        });
+      } catch {
+        // If _routeError itself throws, the world already failed — skip silently.
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Restore the caller's world order after the camera-owner-first extraction.
+  for (let wi = 0; wi < worlds.length; wi++) {
+    const frame = framesByWorld.get(wi);
+    if (frame === undefined) continue;
+    succeededFrames.push(frame);
+    succeededIndices.push(wi);
+  }
+
+  // ── D-3: merge semantics ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  // AC-04: renderables — concat by worlds[] order, stamp worldId.
+  const renderables: RenderableSnapshot[] = [];
+  const dispatchEntries: DispatchEntry[] = [];
+  const visibilitySnapshots: VisibilitySnapshot[] = [];
+  const featureVisibilitySnapshots: RenderFeatureWorldVisibilitySnapshot[] = [];
+  const hiddenEntityReports: RenderFeatureHiddenEntityReport[] = [];
+
+  for (let fi = 0; fi < succeededFrames.length; fi++) {
+    const f = succeededFrames[fi];
+    const wId = succeededIndices[fi];
+    if (f === undefined || wId === undefined) continue;
+
+    const base = renderables.length;
+    const visibilitySnapshot = f.visibilitySnapshots[0];
+    const world = worlds[wId];
+    if (visibilitySnapshot !== undefined) {
+      visibilitySnapshots.push(visibilitySnapshot);
+      if (world !== undefined)
+        featureVisibilitySnapshots.push({ world, snapshot: visibilitySnapshot });
+    }
+    hiddenEntityReports.push(...f.hiddenEntityReports);
+    for (const r of f.renderables) {
+      renderables.push({
+        ...r,
+        worldId: wId,
+        ...(r.pointsLines === undefined ? {} : { pointsLines: { ...r.pointsLines, worldId: wId } }),
+      });
+    }
+
+    // D-3: dispatch — per-world renderableIndex rebased by base offset.
+    for (const d of f.dispatch) {
+      dispatchEntries.push({ ...d, renderableIndex: (d.renderableIndex ?? 0) + base });
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Stable sort dispatch by queue value.
+  dispatchEntries.sort((a, b) => (a.queue ?? 0) - (b.queue ?? 0));
+
+  // AC-04: lights — point[]/spot[] concat; directional first-hit in
+  // succeededFrames order (which preserves worlds[] order for successful
+  // frames); directionalCount sum.
+  const point: PointLightSnapshot[] = [];
+  const spot: SpotLightSnapshot[] = [];
+  const rect: RectAreaDirectLightSnapshot[] = [];
+  let directional: DirectionalLightSnapshot | undefined;
+  let directionalCount = 0;
+  let lightViewProj: readonly Float32Array[] | undefined;
+  let splitPlanes: Float32Array | undefined;
+  let cascadeCount: number | undefined;
+  let cascadeBlend: number | undefined;
+  let shadowMapSize: number | undefined;
+  let depthBias: number | undefined;
+  let normalBias: number | undefined;
+  let directionalShadowQuality: DirectionalShadowQuality | undefined;
+  let directionalShadowError: LightValidationError | undefined;
+  const pointShadow: PointShadowSnapshot[] = [];
+  // bug-20260710-editor-cross-world-shadow: carry the raw CSM config +
+  // direction of the first-hit directional so the merge layer can recompute
+  // matrices against the SURFACED (cameraOwner) camera — the light and the
+  // camera may live in different worlds (editor super-composite).
+  let directionalCsmConfig: DirectionalCsmConfig | undefined;
+  let directionalCsmDirection: Vec3 | undefined;
+  for (const f of succeededFrames) {
+    for (const p of f.lights.point) point.push(p);
+    for (const s of f.lights.spot) spot.push(s);
+    for (const r of f.lights.rect) rect.push(r);
+    for (const ps of f.lights.pointShadow) pointShadow.push(ps);
+    if (directional === undefined && f.lights.directional !== undefined) {
+      directional = f.lights.directional;
+      // Carry CSM shadow fields from the first-hit directional's world.
+      lightViewProj = f.lights.lightViewProj;
+      splitPlanes = f.lights.splitPlanes;
+      cascadeCount = f.lights.cascadeCount;
+      cascadeBlend = f.lights.cascadeBlend;
+      shadowMapSize = f.lights.shadowMapSize;
+      depthBias = f.lights.depthBias;
+      normalBias = f.lights.normalBias;
+      directionalShadowQuality = f.lights.directionalShadowQuality;
+      directionalShadowError = f.lights.directionalShadowError;
+      directionalCsmConfig = f.lights.directionalCsmConfig;
+      directionalCsmDirection = f.lights.directionalCsmDirection;
+    }
+    directionalCount += f.lights.directionalCount;
+  }
+
+  // AC-05/06 + w4 owner split (D-3 / R-6): cameras come from the cameraOwner
+  // world; skylight / skybox / postProcessParams come from the resourceOwner
+  // world (holistic snapshot selection). Scan succeededIndices once to locate
+  // each owner's surviving frame. When cameraOwner === resourceOwner both
+  // resolve to the same frame — byte-identical to the pre-w4 single-owner path.
+  let cameraOwnerFrame: ExtractedFrame | undefined;
+  let resourceOwnerFrame: ExtractedFrame | undefined;
+  for (let fi = 0; fi < succeededFrames.length; fi++) {
+    if (succeededIndices[fi] === cameraOwner) cameraOwnerFrame = succeededFrames[fi];
+    if (succeededIndices[fi] === resourceOwner) resourceOwnerFrame = succeededFrames[fi];
+  }
+  const cameras = cameraOwnerFrame !== undefined ? [...cameraOwnerFrame.cameras] : [];
+  const auxiliaryCameras =
+    cameraOwnerFrame !== undefined ? [...cameraOwnerFrame.auxiliaryCameras] : [];
+  const cubeCameras = cameraOwnerFrame !== undefined ? [...cameraOwnerFrame.cubeCameras] : [];
+
+  // bug-20260710-editor-cross-world-shadow: RECOMPUTE directional CSM matrices
+  // against the surfaced camera. In a single-world app the per-world extract
+  // already produced correct matrices (light+camera share the world), and this
+  // recompute reproduces them byte-identically (same config, same camera). In
+  // the editor super-composite the directional light's world has NO camera, so
+  // its per-world `lightViewProj` is undefined/degenerate; the surfaced camera
+  // lives in the cameraOwner world. Pairing them here is the ONLY place both
+  // are visible. Point/spot shadows are camera-independent (light-space only)
+  // and need no merge-layer fix-up.
+  const mergeCam = cameras[0];
+  if (directionalCsmConfig !== undefined && directionalCsmDirection !== undefined) {
+    const mergeCameraData: CsmCameraData | undefined =
+      mergeCam !== undefined
+        ? {
+            world: mergeCam.world,
+            fov: mergeCam.fov,
+            aspect: mergeCam.aspect,
+            near: mergeCam.near,
+            far: mergeCam.far,
+            projection: mergeCam.projection,
+            orthoLeft: mergeCam.orthoLeft,
+            orthoRight: mergeCam.orthoRight,
+            orthoBottom: mergeCam.orthoBottom,
+            orthoTop: mergeCam.orthoTop,
+          }
+        : undefined;
+    const csm = computeDirectionalCsm(
+      directionalCsmDirection,
+      directionalCsmConfig,
+      mergeCameraData,
+    );
+    if (csm !== null) {
+      lightViewProj = csm.lightViewProj;
+      splitPlanes = csm.splitPlanes;
+      cascadeCount = csm.cascadeCount;
+      cascadeBlend = csm.cascadeBlend;
+      shadowMapSize = csm.shadowMapSize;
+      directionalShadowQuality = csm.directionalShadowQuality;
+    }
+    // csm === null (no surfaced camera at all): keep the per-world carry —
+    // there is no better data, and a cameraless frame renders nothing anyway.
+  }
+
+  const lights: ExtractedLights = {
+    directional,
+    directionalCount,
+    point,
+    spot,
+    rect,
+    lightViewProj,
+    splitPlanes,
+    cascadeCount,
+    cascadeBlend,
+    shadowMapSize,
+    depthBias,
+    normalBias,
+    directionalShadowQuality,
+    directionalShadowError,
+    pointShadow,
+    directionalCsmConfig,
+    directionalCsmDirection,
+  };
+  const volumetricFog = resourceOwnerFrame?.volumetricFog;
+  const skylight = resourceOwnerFrame?.skylight;
+  const skylightCount = resourceOwnerFrame?.skylightCount ?? 0;
+  const skybox = resourceOwnerFrame?.skybox;
+  const skyboxCount = resourceOwnerFrame?.skyboxCount ?? 0;
+  const fog = resourceOwnerFrame?.fog;
+  const fogFailure = resourceOwnerFrame?.fogFailure;
+  const environment = resourceOwnerFrame?.environment;
+  const lightProbes = succeededFrames.flatMap((frame) => frame.lightProbes ?? []);
+  // User-authored PostProcessParams entities are singleton scene resources, so
+  // they come from the resourceOwner world (holistic snapshot selection).
+  const postProcessParams = new Map(resourceOwnerFrame?.postProcessParams);
+  // feat-20260709-editor-world-partition ENGINE-fix-round2 (defect 1): the
+  // engine built-in Standard tonemap param is NOT a scene resource — the
+  // per-world extractFrame bridges it from that world's own `cameras[0]`
+  // (Camera.exposure / whitePoint / tonemap is the SSOT). It therefore lives on
+  // the CAMERA-owner frame, not the resource-owner frame. In the split-owner
+  // editor topology the resourceOwner world has no Camera, so its frame carries
+  // no Standard tonemap entry; taking postProcessParams from resourceOwner
+  // alone drops it, the tonemap pass's params UBO stays zero-filled
+  // (exposure=0 => tonemapped output is uniformly black), and the whole frame
+  // reads black even though geometry drew into the HDR target. Overlay the
+  // camera-owner frame's tonemap param (its SSOT source) so the surfaced
+  // camera's exposure/whitePoint/mode reach the tonemap pass. When
+  // cameraOwner === resourceOwner this is a no-op (identical entry). The 'na'
+  // Standard tonemap identity mirrors the engine provider key set at the
+  // bottom of extractFrame (SSOT: same identity, same 16B layout).
+  const OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_PARAM_KEY = STANDARD_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_FEATURE_ID;
+  const cameraTonemapParam = cameraOwnerFrame?.postProcessParams.get(OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_PARAM_KEY);
+  if (cameraTonemapParam !== undefined) {
+    postProcessParams.set(OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_PARAM_KEY, cameraTonemapParam);
+  } else {
+    // The camera-owner world produced no tonemap param (no Camera surfaced
+    // there this frame); do not leave a stale resource-owner entry that would
+    // apply a foreign camera's exposure. Removing it lets the tonemap pass fall
+    // back to its param-less zero path only when genuinely no camera exists.
+    postProcessParams.delete(OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_PARAM_KEY);
+  }
+
+  // D-3: frustumStats — culled/total summed across worlds.
+  const frustumStats = {
+    culled: succeededFrames.reduce((s, f) => s + f.frustumStats.culled, 0),
+    total: succeededFrames.reduce((s, f) => s + f.frustumStats.total, 0),
+  };
+  const visibilityStats = {
+    explicitlyHidden: succeededFrames.reduce((s, f) => s + f.visibilityStats.explicitlyHidden, 0),
+  };
+  const reflectionProbes = succeededFrames.flatMap((f, index) => {
+    const worldId = succeededIndices[index] ?? 0;
+    return (f.reflectionProbes ?? []).map((probe) => ({ ...probe, worldId }));
+  });
+
+  return {
+    cameras,
+    auxiliaryCameras,
+    cubeCameras,
+    reflectionProbes,
+    lights,
+    ...(volumetricFog === undefined
+      ? {}
+      : { volumetricFog: { ...volumetricFog, worldId: resourceOwner } }),
+    renderables,
+    dispatch: dispatchEntries,
+    skylight,
+    skylightCount,
+    lightProbes,
+    skybox,
+    skyboxCount,
+    fog,
+    ...(fogFailure === undefined ? {} : { fogFailure }),
+    environment,
+    environmentReady: resourceOwnerFrame !== undefined && environment !== undefined,
+    frustumStats,
+    visibilityStats,
+    postProcessParams,
+    visibilitySnapshots,
+    featureVisibilitySnapshots,
+    hiddenEntityReports,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * A MeshAsset participates in frustum culling only when its producer supplied
+ * the complete finite local-space bounds promised by the asset contract.
+ * Missing, malformed, and inverted-infinity empty bounds remain conservative
+ * (always visible) so a bad asset cannot turn into a false-negative render;
+ * they are not cull candidates and therefore do not inflate frustumStats.
+ */
+function hasFiniteOrderedLocalAabb(aabb: Float32Array | undefined): aabb is Float32Array {
+  if (aabb === undefined || aabb.length !== 6) return false;
+  const minX = aabb[0];
+  const minY = aabb[1];
+  const minZ = aabb[2];
+  const maxX = aabb[3];
+  const maxY = aabb[4];
+  const maxZ = aabb[5];
+  if (
+    minX === undefined ||
+    minY === undefined ||
+    minZ === undefined ||
+    maxX === undefined ||
+    maxY === undefined ||
+    maxZ === undefined
+  ) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (
+    !Number.isFinite(minX) ||
+    !Number.isFinite(minY) ||
+    !Number.isFinite(minZ) ||
+    !Number.isFinite(maxX) ||
+    !Number.isFinite(maxY) ||
+    !Number.isFinite(maxZ)
+  ) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return minX <= maxX && minY <= maxY && minZ <= maxZ;
+}
+
+function morphSnapshotFor(
+  mesh: MeshAsset,
+  weights: ArrayLike<number> | undefined,
+): MorphSnapshot | undefined {
+  const targets = mesh.morphTargets;
+  if (targets === undefined || targets.length === 0 || weights === undefined) return undefined;
+  if (weights.length !== targets.length) return undefined;
+  const firstPositions = targets[0]?.position;
+  if (
+    firstPositions === undefined ||
+    firstPositions.length === 0 ||
+    firstPositions.length % 3 !== 0
+  ) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  const vertexCount = firstPositions.length / 3;
+  if (mesh.vertices.length % vertexCount !== 0) return undefined;
+  for (let targetIndex = 0; targetIndex < targets.length; targetIndex += 1) {
+    const target = targets[targetIndex];
+    if (target?.position?.length !== firstPositions.length) return undefined;
+  }
+  const copied = new Float32Array(weights.length);
+  for (let index = 0; index < weights.length; index += 1) {
+    const weight = weights[index] ?? Number.NaN;
+    if (!Number.isFinite(weight)) return undefined;
+    copied[index] = weight;
+  }
+  return { weights: copied, targetCount: targets.length };
+}
+
+export function extractFrame(world: World, context: PreparedExtractContext): ExtractedFrame {
+  // feat-20260708-composited-multi-world-rendering M2 / D-2: resetForFrame
+  // has been lifted to extractFrames (the frame-level entry point).
+  // extractFrame is now a pure world->snapshot function with no frame-level
+  // side effects. See plan-decisions PD2 for the reviewer ruling.
+  const {
+    assets,
+    pipelineState,
+    materialSnapshotCache: persistentMaterialSnapshotCache,
+    cull: cullMode,
+    resourceOwnerFog,
+    getMaterialShaderArtifact,
+  } = context;
+  // Environment reads are owned by the retained resource projection and are
+  // established at the frame boundary; record never revisits World state.
+  const fog =
+    resourceOwnerFog === undefined ? selectFogFrame(world) : (resourceOwnerFog ?? undefined);
+  const fogFailure = fogState(world).failure;
+  const visibility = context.visibility.hasAnyHiddenIntent ? context.visibility : undefined;
+  const skinPaletteAllocator = pipelineState?.skinPaletteAllocator ?? null;
+
+  const directionalLightQuery = world.query({ read: [DirectionalLight] }).unwrap();
+
+  // feat-20260601 D-3: camera / point / spot light world transforms are read
+  // through the single resolved `GlobalTransform.world` mat4 (written by
+  // propagateTransforms).
+  //
+  // Each segment routes through a World-owned Query with explicit read and
+  // optional roles. The packed entity handle for `readWorldMat4Copy` /
+  // `_getArrayView` reads comes from `row.entity` -- the
+  // archetype-graph back-door (`graph.archetypes` / `arch.components.some`) is gone.
+  // Plan-decisions K-2 sniffing scheme B (archetype-edge sniff once via
+  // `row.get(X) !== undefined`); K-3 invariant preserved (`_getArrayView`
+  // calls survive untouched, only the entity source changes).
+  const worldInternal = createWorldInternalView(world);
+  let volumetricFog = extractVolumeSnapshot(world, assets, worldInternal);
+
+  const cameraRoles = selectCameraRoles(world);
+  const cameras = [...cameraRoles.display];
+  const auxiliaryCameras = cameraRoles.auxiliary;
+  const cubeCameras = collectCubeCameraSnapshots(world);
+  const reflectionProbes = collectReflectionProbeFacts(world);
+
+  // Three-query union (M2 / w16 / AC-03): directional has no Transform
+  // dependency (sun-like infinite-source semantics); point + spot pull
+  // position from the companion Transform via the joined queries.
+  // Host-side pre-multiplication: color *= intensity (charter P4); cone
+  // deg -> cos (D-S2); range -> 1/range^2 (D-S5).
+  let directional: DirectionalLightSnapshot | undefined;
+  let directionalCount = 0;
+  // feat-20260621 M2: capture shadow fields from the first-hit DirectionalLight.
+  // castShadow defaults to true; the CSM path is gated on firstHitCastShadow !== false.
+  let firstHitCastShadow: boolean | undefined;
+  let firstHitShadowFields:
+    | {
+        cascadeCount: number;
+        splitLambda: number;
+        cascadeBlend: number;
+        mapSize: number;
+        depthBias: number;
+        normalBias: number;
+        shadowDistance: number;
+        shadowFilter: number;
+        shadowAngularRadius: number;
+        maxPenumbraTexels: number;
+      }
+    | undefined;
+  for (const row of directionalLightQuery) {
+    const l = row.get(DirectionalLight);
+    directionalCount += 1;
+    const intensity = l.intensity;
+    const snapshot: DirectionalLightSnapshot = {
+      kind: 'directional',
+      entity: row.entity,
+      direction: vec3.create(l.direction[0] ?? 0, l.direction[1] ?? -1, l.direction[2] ?? 0),
+      color: vec3.create(
+        (l.color[0] ?? 1) * intensity,
+        (l.color[1] ?? 1) * intensity,
+        (l.color[2] ?? 1) * intensity,
+      ),
+      intensity,
+    };
+    if (directional === undefined) {
+      // First hit wins; record-stage N>1 fail-fast (M3 / w19) flags duplicates.
+      directional = snapshot;
+      firstHitCastShadow = l.castShadow;
+      firstHitShadowFields = {
+        cascadeCount: l.cascadeCount,
+        splitLambda: l.splitLambda,
+        cascadeBlend: l.cascadeBlend,
+        mapSize: l.mapSize,
+        depthBias: l.depthBias,
+        normalBias: l.normalBias,
+        shadowDistance: l.shadowDistance,
+        shadowFilter: l.shadowFilter,
+        shadowAngularRadius: l.shadowAngularRadius,
+        maxPenumbraTexels: l.maxPenumbraTexels,
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  let directionalShadowError: LightValidationError | undefined;
+  if (directional !== undefined && firstHitShadowFields !== undefined) {
+    const validation = validateDirectionalLightData({
+      direction: directional.direction,
+      castShadow: firstHitCastShadow,
+      ...firstHitShadowFields,
+    });
+    if (!validation.ok) {
+      directionalShadowError = validation.error;
+      worldInternal._routeError(directionalShadowError, {
+        severity: Severity.Error,
+        systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (directional-shadow)',
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  const pointSnapshots: PointLightSnapshot[] = [];
+  // feat-20260612-point-light-shadows-urp-hdrp M4 / T-M4-4: track entity per
+  // pointSnapshots index so the post-extract pointShadow join can stamp
+  // `shadowAtlasLayer + shadowNear + shadowFar` onto the matching PointLight.
+  const pointSnapshotEntities: number[] = [];
+  const pointLightQuery = world
+    .query({
+      read: [PointLight],
+      optional: [Transform, GlobalTransform],
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+  for (const row of pointLightQuery) {
+    const p = row.get(PointLight);
+    // K-2 scheme B: archetype-edge sniff -- `bundle.Transform` key is absent
+    // when the archetype does not carry the Transform column.
+    const hasTransform = row.get(GlobalTransform) !== undefined;
+    const intensity = p.intensity;
+    const range = p.range;
+    const entityId = row.entity;
+    // Position = world-space translation extracted from GlobalTransform.world.
+    // A point light archetype without a Transform column sits at the origin.
+    let worldMat: Float32Array | undefined;
+    if (hasTransform) {
+      const view = worldInternal._getArrayView(entityId, GlobalTransform, 'world');
+      if (view !== undefined) worldMat = new Float32Array(view);
+    }
+    const position =
+      worldMat !== undefined ? mat4.getTranslation(vec3.create(), worldMat) : vec3.create(0, 0, 0);
+    pointSnapshots.push({
+      kind: 'point',
+      entity: entityId,
+      position,
+      color: vec3.create(
+        (p.color[0] ?? 1) * intensity,
+        (p.color[1] ?? 1) * intensity,
+        (p.color[2] ?? 1) * intensity,
+      ),
+      intensity,
+      invRangeSquared: computeInvRangeSquared(range),
+    });
+    pointSnapshotEntities.push(entityId);
+  }
+
+  const spotSnapshots: SpotLightSnapshot[] = [];
+  const spotLightQuery = world
+    .query({
+      read: [SpotLight],
+      optional: [Transform, GlobalTransform],
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+  // feat-20260625-spot-light-shadow-mapping M1 w5: tile allocation for castShadow spots.
+  // Cap = 4 (OOS-5), sentinel -1 = unassigned (plan-strategy D-4).
+  // Direction degeneration (near-zero) also skips shadow (requirements $112).
+  let spotTileNext = 0;
+  const iesSlices = new Map<number, number>();
+  const cookieSlices = new Map<number, number>();
+  const projectorSlices = new Map<number, number>();
+  for (const row of spotLightQuery) {
+    const s = row.get(SpotLight);
+    const hasTransform = row.get(GlobalTransform) !== undefined;
+    const intensity = s.intensity;
+    const range = s.range;
+    const innerConeDeg = s.innerConeDeg;
+    const outerConeDeg = s.outerConeDeg;
+    let worldMat: Float32Array | undefined;
+    if (hasTransform) {
+      const entity = row.entity;
+      const view = worldInternal._getArrayView(entity, GlobalTransform, 'world');
+      if (view !== undefined) worldMat = new Float32Array(view);
+    }
+    const position =
+      worldMat !== undefined ? mat4.getTranslation(vec3.create(), worldMat) : vec3.create(0, 0, 0);
+    const dir = vec3.create(s.direction[0] ?? 0, s.direction[1] ?? -1, s.direction[2] ?? 0);
+
+    // Extract is the single direction-normalization owner for direct-light
+    // snapshots. URP and HDRP preserve this value downstream.
+    const dirLen = Math.sqrt(
+      (dir[0] ?? 0) * (dir[0] ?? 0) + (dir[1] ?? 0) * (dir[1] ?? 0) + (dir[2] ?? 0) * (dir[2] ?? 0),
+    );
+    const EPSILON = 1e-6;
+    const hasValidDirection = dirLen > EPSILON;
+    if (!hasValidDirection) {
+      worldInternal._routeError(
+        new SpawnLightInvalidBoundsError('SpotLight', 'direction', [
+          dir[0] ?? 0,
+          dir[1] ?? 0,
+          dir[2] ?? 0,
+        ]),
+        {
+          severity: Severity.Error,
+          systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (spot-direction)',
+        },
+      );
+    }
+    const dirN = vec3.create(
+      hasValidDirection ? (dir[0] ?? 0) / dirLen : (dir[0] ?? 0),
+      hasValidDirection ? (dir[1] ?? 0) / dirLen : (dir[1] ?? 0),
+      hasValidDirection ? (dir[2] ?? 0) / dirLen : (dir[2] ?? 0),
+    );
+
+    // ── shadow fields (feat-20260625-spot-light-shadow-mapping M1) ──
+    const castShadow = s.castShadow;
+    const sMapSize = s.mapSize;
+    const sNearPlane = s.nearPlane;
+    const sFarPlane = s.farPlane;
+    const iesProfileAsset =
+      s.iesProfile === undefined
+        ? undefined
+        : resolveAssetHandle<IesProfileAsset>(world, s.iesProfile);
+    const cookieAsset =
+      s.cookie === undefined ? undefined : resolveAssetHandle<TextureAsset>(world, s.cookie);
+    // Resolve the legacy projector before assigning array slices so the
+    // extended-lighting path can reuse its texture transport without losing
+    // the old lightViewProj projection semantics.
+    const hasProjector = Number(s.projector) > 0;
+    let projectorHandle: Handle<'TextureAsset', 'shared'> | undefined;
+    let projectorAsset: TextureAsset | undefined;
+    let projectorGuid: string | undefined;
+    if (hasProjector) {
+      const candidate = toShared<'TextureAsset'>(Math.round(Number(s.projector)));
+      const resolvedProjector = resolveAssetHandle<TextureAsset>(world, candidate);
+      if (!resolvedProjector.ok || resolvedProjector.value.kind !== 'texture') {
+        worldInternal._routeError(
+          resolvedProjector.ok
+            ? new RhiError({
+                code: 'asset-not-registered',
+                expected: 'SpotLight.projector resolves to a TextureAsset',
+                hint: 'load the authored projector TextureAsset before assigning SpotLight.projector',
+                detail: { assetHandle: Number(candidate) },
+              })
+            : resolvedProjector.error,
+          { severity: Severity.Error, systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (spot-projector)' },
+        );
+      } else {
+        projectorHandle = candidate;
+        projectorAsset = resolvedProjector.value;
+        projectorGuid = assets?.guidOf(projectorAsset) ?? `handle:${Number(candidate)}`;
+      }
+    }
+    const iesProfileData =
+      iesProfileAsset?.ok && iesProfileAsset.value.kind === 'ies-profile'
+        ? new Uint8Array(iesProfileAsset.value.data)
+        : undefined;
+    const cookieProjection =
+      cookieAsset?.ok && cookieAsset.value.kind === 'texture'
+        ? prepareCookieProjection(cookieAsset.value)
+        : undefined;
+    const cookieData = cookieProjection?.data;
+    const projectorProjection =
+      projectorAsset === undefined ? undefined : prepareCookieProjection(projectorAsset);
+    const projectorData = projectorProjection?.data;
+    const iesProfileHandle = s.iesProfile === undefined ? undefined : handleSlot(s.iesProfile);
+    const cookieHandle = s.cookie === undefined ? undefined : handleSlot(s.cookie);
+    let iesProfileSlice =
+      iesProfileHandle === undefined ? undefined : iesSlices.get(iesProfileHandle);
+    if (
+      iesProfileSlice === undefined &&
+      iesProfileHandle !== undefined &&
+      iesProfileData !== undefined &&
+      iesSlices.size < IES_SLICE_CAPACITY
+    ) {
+      iesProfileSlice = iesSlices.size;
+      iesSlices.set(iesProfileHandle, iesProfileSlice);
+    }
+    let cookieSlice = cookieHandle === undefined ? undefined : cookieSlices.get(cookieHandle);
+    if (
+      cookieSlice === undefined &&
+      cookieHandle !== undefined &&
+      cookieData !== undefined &&
+      cookieSlices.size < COOKIE_SLICE_CAPACITY
+    ) {
+      cookieSlice = cookieSlices.size;
+      cookieSlices.set(cookieHandle, cookieSlice);
+    }
+    let projectorSlice =
+      projectorHandle === undefined
+        ? undefined
+        : (projectorSlices.get(projectorHandle) ?? cookieSlices.get(projectorHandle));
+    if (
+      projectorSlice === undefined &&
+      projectorHandle !== undefined &&
+      projectorData !== undefined &&
+      cookieSlices.size + projectorSlices.size < COOKIE_SLICE_CAPACITY
+    ) {
+      projectorSlice = cookieSlices.size + projectorSlices.size;
+      projectorSlices.set(projectorHandle, projectorSlice);
+    }
+    const shadowIntensity = s.shadowIntensity;
+    // `shared<T>` columns are u32-backed and zero-filled when the optional
+    // field is absent. Treat only a positive handle as an authored projector;
+    // checking nullish values alone would turn the zero sentinel into a
+    // phantom projector matrix and an avoidable asset-not-found diagnostic.
+    let lightViewProj: Float32Array | undefined;
+    let shadowAtlasTile = -1;
+
+    // A projector needs the same perspective transform even when its SpotLight
+    // has no shadow atlas tile. The matrix remains a derived light fact; the
+    // shadow tile stays -1 so shadow visibility is still independently gated.
+    if ((castShadow || hasProjector) && hasValidDirection) {
+      const target = vec3.create(
+        (position[0] ?? 0) + (dirN[0] ?? 0),
+        (position[1] ?? 0) + (dirN[1] ?? 0),
+        (position[2] ?? 0) + (dirN[2] ?? 0),
+      );
+      // D-1: perspective(outerConeDeg*2, aspect=1, near, far) x lookAt(pos, pos+dir).
+      // FOV = outerConeDeg * 2 in degrees; mat4.perspective takes fov in radians.
+      const fov = outerConeDeg * 2 * (Math.PI / 180);
+      const proj = mat4.create();
+      mat4.perspective(proj, fov, 1, sNearPlane, sFarPlane);
+      const view = mat4.create();
+      mat4.lookAt(view, position, target, vec3.create(0, 1, 0));
+      lightViewProj = new Float32Array(16);
+      // Reinterpret the Float32Array surface field as a Mat4 out-param; a
+      // factory would force a needless alloc+copy. brand-cast-ok
+      mat4.multiply(lightViewProj as Mat4, proj, view);
+
+      // D-4: allocate tile 0..3; 5th+ = -1 sentinel.
+      if (castShadow && spotTileNext < 4) {
+        shadowAtlasTile = spotTileNext;
+        spotTileNext += 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    spotSnapshots.push({
+      kind: 'spot',
+      entity: row.entity,
+      // D-6: position reflects world transform; direction stays sourced
+      // from SpotLight.direction (NOT rotated by the parent).
+      position,
+      direction: dirN,
+      color: vec3.create(
+        (s.color[0] ?? 1) * intensity,
+        (s.color[1] ?? 1) * intensity,
+        (s.color[2] ?? 1) * intensity,
+      ),
+      intensity,
+      invRangeSquared: computeInvRangeSquared(range),
+      cosInner: degToCos(innerConeDeg),
+      cosOuter: degToCos(outerConeDeg),
+      ...(s.iesProfile === undefined
+        ? {}
+        : {
+            iesProfileHandle: handleSlot(s.iesProfile),
+            ...(iesProfileSlice === undefined ? {} : { iesProfileSlice }),
+          }),
+      ...(s.cookie === undefined
+        ? {}
+        : {
+            cookieHandle: handleSlot(s.cookie),
+            ...(cookieSlice === undefined ? {} : { cookieSlice }),
+          }),
+      ...(iesProfileData === undefined ? {} : { iesProfileData }),
+      ...(cookieData === undefined ? {} : { cookieData }),
+      ...(cookieProjection === undefined ? {} : { cookieMatrix: cookieProjection.matrix }),
+      ...(projectorSlice === undefined ? {} : { projectorSlice }),
+      ...(projectorData === undefined ? {} : { projectorData }),
+      ...(projectorProjection === undefined ? {} : { projectorMatrix: projectorProjection.matrix }),
+      rollDeg: s.rollDeg,
+      // ── shadow fields ──
+      castShadow,
+      lightViewProj,
+      mapSize: sMapSize,
+      nearPlane: sNearPlane,
+      farPlane: sFarPlane,
+      shadowAtlasTile,
+      shadowIntensity,
+      depthBias: s.depthBias,
+      normalBias: s.normalBias,
+      pcfKernelSize: s.pcfKernelSize,
+      ...(projectorHandle === undefined ||
+      projectorAsset === undefined ||
+      projectorGuid === undefined
+        ? {}
+        : {
+            projectorHandle,
+            projectorAsset,
+            projectorGuid,
+            projectorGeneration: 1,
+            projectorRevision: 1,
+          }),
+    });
+  }
+
+  const rectSnapshots: RectAreaDirectLightSnapshot[] = [];
+  const rectLightQuery = world
+    .query({
+      read: [RectAreaLight],
+      optional: [Transform, GlobalTransform],
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+  for (const row of rectLightQuery) {
+    const light = row.get(RectAreaLight);
+    const validation = validateRectAreaLightData({
+      intensity: light.intensity,
+      color: light.color,
+      width: light.width,
+      height: light.height,
+      range: light.range,
+    });
+    if (!validation.ok) {
+      worldInternal._routeError(validation.error, {
+        severity: Severity.Error,
+        systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (rect-area-light)',
+      });
+      continue;
+    }
+    const worldView = row.get(GlobalTransform);
+    const worldMat =
+      worldView === undefined
+        ? undefined
+        : new Float32Array(worldInternal._getArrayView(row.entity, GlobalTransform, 'world') ?? []);
+    const position =
+      worldMat !== undefined ? mat4.getTranslation(vec3.create(), worldMat) : vec3.create(0, 0, 0);
+    const frame = buildRectAreaWorldFrame({
+      center: position,
+      axisX: [worldMat?.[0] ?? 1, worldMat?.[1] ?? 0, worldMat?.[2] ?? 0],
+      axisY: [worldMat?.[4] ?? 0, worldMat?.[5] ?? 1, worldMat?.[6] ?? 0],
+      width: light.width,
+      height: light.height,
+    });
+    rectSnapshots.push({
+      kind: 'rect-area',
+      position,
+      color: vec3.create(
+        (light.color[0] ?? 1) * light.intensity,
+        (light.color[1] ?? 1) * light.intensity,
+        (light.color[2] ?? 1) * light.intensity,
+      ),
+      intensity: light.intensity,
+      invRangeSquared: computeInvRangeSquared(light.range),
+      halfWidth: frame.halfWidth,
+      halfHeight: frame.halfHeight,
+      axisX: frame.axisX,
+      axisY: frame.axisY,
+    });
+  }
+  // The SpotLight is the sole projector owner. Once all light snapshots have
+  // been extracted, publish its accepted TextureAsset tuple on the volume
+  // snapshot so surface and volume consume the same identity and revision.
+  let volumeSpot: SpotLightSnapshot | undefined;
+  const extractedFog = volumetricFog;
+  if (extractedFog !== undefined) {
+    if (extractedFog.spotLightEntity !== undefined) {
+      volumeSpot = spotSnapshots.find((light) => light.entity === extractedFog.spotLightEntity);
+    } else if (extractedFog.lightKind === 'spot') {
+      volumeSpot = spotSnapshots.find((light) => light.entity === extractedFog.lightEntity);
+    }
+  }
+  if (
+    volumetricFog !== undefined &&
+    volumetricFog.status === 'available' &&
+    volumeSpot?.projectorAsset !== undefined &&
+    volumeSpot.projectorHandle !== undefined
+  ) {
+    const projectorHandle = volumeSpot.projectorHandle;
+    const projectorAsset = volumeSpot.projectorAsset;
+    volumetricFog = {
+      ...volumetricFog,
+      projector: {
+        guid: volumeSpot.projectorGuid ?? `handle:${Number(volumeSpot.projectorHandle)}`,
+        generation: volumeSpot.projectorGeneration ?? 1,
+        view: '2d',
+        sampler: 'linear-clamp-to-edge',
+        projection: 'spot-projection',
+        revision: volumeSpot.projectorRevision ?? 1,
+      },
+      projectorHandle,
+      projectorAsset,
+    };
+  }
+
+  // bug-20260710-editor-cross-world-shadow: CSM matrices are computed by the
+  // shared pure {@link computeDirectionalCsm}, called here per-world with THIS
+  // world's own `cameras[0]`. In a single-world app the light and camera share
+  // the world, so this per-world result is final (byte-identical to the prior
+  // inline block). In the editor super-composite the light's world may have no
+  // camera → this yields no matrices; {@link extractFrames} then RECOMPUTES at
+  // the merge layer using the surfaced (cameraOwner) camera + the raw config
+  // carried on ExtractedLights. The raw config + direction are surfaced
+  // unconditionally so the merge layer can re-run the builder.
+  let lightViewProj: Float32Array[] | undefined;
+  let splitPlanes: Float32Array | undefined;
+  let cascadeCount: number | undefined;
+  let cascadeBlend: number | undefined;
+  let shadowMapSize: number | undefined;
+  let directionalShadowQuality: DirectionalShadowQuality | undefined;
+  let directionalCsmConfig: DirectionalCsmConfig | undefined;
+  let directionalCsmDirection: Vec3 | undefined;
+
+  // Camera data needed for frustum corner computation (first camera only;
+  // multi-camera CSM is OOS-1). Undefined in a cameraless world.
+  const cam0 = cameras[0];
+  const cameraData: CsmCameraData | undefined =
+    cam0 !== undefined
+      ? {
+          world: cam0.world,
+          fov: cam0.fov,
+          aspect: cam0.aspect,
+          near: cam0.near,
+          far: cam0.far,
+          projection: cam0.projection,
+          orthoLeft: cam0.orthoLeft,
+          orthoRight: cam0.orthoRight,
+          orthoBottom: cam0.orthoBottom,
+          orthoTop: cam0.orthoTop,
+        }
+      : undefined;
+
+  // feat-20260621 M2: CSM computation gated on castShadow from the
+  // merged DirectionalLight. castShadow defaults to true (first-hit-wins
+  // semantics, D-6 no cardinality cap).
+  if (
+    directional !== undefined &&
+    firstHitCastShadow !== false &&
+    directionalShadowError === undefined
+  ) {
+    const dirSnapshot = directional;
+    const sf = firstHitShadowFields;
+    if (sf !== undefined) {
+      directionalCsmConfig = {
+        cascadeCount: sf.cascadeCount,
+        splitLambda: sf.splitLambda,
+        cascadeBlend: sf.cascadeBlend,
+        mapSize: sf.mapSize,
+        shadowDistance: sf.shadowDistance,
+        shadowFilter: sf.shadowFilter,
+        shadowAngularRadius: sf.shadowAngularRadius,
+        maxPenumbraTexels: sf.maxPenumbraTexels,
+      };
+      directionalCsmDirection = dirSnapshot.direction;
+      const csm = computeDirectionalCsm(dirSnapshot.direction, directionalCsmConfig, cameraData);
+      // Cascade metadata (splitPlanes / count / blend / mapSize) is available
+      // even without a camera (splitPlanes needs only near/far); the matrices
+      // need the camera. When csm is null (no camera) leave lightViewProj
+      // undefined — the merge layer recomputes. Still surface the split/count
+      // metadata so a single-world path keeps its prior fields.
+      cascadeCount = Math.round(sf.cascadeCount);
+      cascadeBlend = sf.cascadeBlend;
+      shadowMapSize = sf.mapSize;
+      if (csm !== null) {
+        lightViewProj = csm.lightViewProj;
+        splitPlanes = csm.splitPlanes;
+        directionalShadowQuality = csm.directionalShadowQuality;
+      } else {
+        const sNear = cameraData?.near ?? 0.1;
+        const splits = pssmSplit(sNear, sf.shadowDistance, cascadeCount, sf.splitLambda);
+        const padded = new Float32Array(16);
+        for (let i = 0; i < splits.length; i++) padded[i * 4] = splits[i] ?? 0;
+        splitPlanes = padded;
+      }
+      directionalShadowQuality = directionalShadowQualityFromF32(
+        sf.shadowFilter,
+        sf.shadowAngularRadius,
+        sf.maxPenumbraTexels,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  // feat-20260613-csm M3 / w14 (plan-strategy §D-7): pad the up-to-4
+  // splitPlanes into a fixed length-4 Float32Array (unused slots = 0) so
+  // the View UBO tail keeps a stable layout regardless of the runtime
+  // cascadeCount. Host-side correctness invariant: only the first
+  // cascadeCount slots are ever read by the WGSL kernel.
+  const paddedSplitPlanes = new Float32Array(16);
+  if (splitPlanes !== undefined) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < splitPlanes.length; i++) {
+      paddedSplitPlanes[i] = splitPlanes[i] ?? 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // feat-20260612-point-light-shadows-urp-hdrp M1 / T-M1-7 (plan-strategy §D-3,
+  // requirements §5.3): query (PointLight + PointLightShadow + Transform)
+  // archetype join. For each shadow caster, build 6 face VP matrices and pack
+  // into Float32Array(96). Atlas layer is assigned in spawn order while the
+  // renderer-owned atlas has capacity; the sentinel -1 is shader-side and
+  // applies to non-admitted PointLightShadow requests as well.
+  const pointShadowSnapshots: PointShadowSnapshot[] = [];
+  {
+    const pointShadowQuery = world
+      .query({ read: [Transform, GlobalTransform, PointLightShadow], with: [PointLight] })
+      .unwrap();
+    for (const row of pointShadowQuery) {
+      const ps = row.get(PointLightShadow);
+      // Read world-space position from GlobalTransform.world (mat4 column-major;
+      // translation lives at indices 12..14, mirroring CameraSnapshot.world
+      // semantics in this file).
+      // feat-20260614 M4 / w13: TypedArrayFor for `array<f32, 16>` now
+      // resolves to a concrete `Float32Array` (was `never` pre-w11), which
+      // surfaces the row-window slicing -- `t.world` is the stride-16 flat
+      // column view; row i lives at `[i*16, (i+1)*16)`. The prior
+      // `t.world?.[i]` form silently returned a single element under the
+      // `never`-typed bundle path and `wRow[12]` widened to `undefined ?? 0`
+      // so light positions clamped to the origin.
+      const wRow = row.get(GlobalTransform).world;
+      if (wRow === undefined) continue;
+      const px = wRow[12] ?? 0;
+      const py = wRow[13] ?? 0;
+      const pz = wRow[14] ?? 0;
+      const lightPos = vec3.create(px, py, pz);
+      const mapSize = ps.mapSize;
+      const nearPlane = ps.nearPlane;
+      const farPlane = ps.farPlane;
+      // The renderer, not ECS, owns the atlas budget. Preserve every request
+      // for inspection, but emit the shader sentinel for entries that cannot
+      // acquire a layer so record never calls faceView outside the atlas.
+      const layer =
+        pointShadowSnapshots.length < SHADOW_ATLAS_DEFAULT_LAYERS
+          ? pointShadowSnapshots.length
+          : -1;
+
+      const matrices = buildPointShadowMatrices(lightPos, nearPlane, farPlane);
+      const packed = new Float32Array(96);
+      for (let f = 0; f < 6; f++) {
+        const m = matrices[f];
+        if (m === undefined) continue;
+        for (let k = 0; k < 16; k++) {
+          packed[f * 16 + k] = m[k] ?? 0;
+        }
+      }
+      pointShadowSnapshots.push({
+        entity: row.entity,
+        position: lightPos,
+        mapSize,
+        nearPlane,
+        farPlane,
+        shadowAtlasLayer: layer,
+        shadowMatrices: packed,
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  // feat-20260612-point-light-shadows-urp-hdrp M4 / T-M4-4 (plan-strategy §D-8):
+  // join pointShadow snapshots into the matching PointLightSnapshot so the
+  // record stage threads `shadowAtlasLayer + shadowNear + shadowFar` through
+  // the unified direct-light metadata payload.
+  // Mutates the freshly-built PointLightSnapshot in place; the snapshot is
+  // not exposed elsewhere this frame yet (consumed only by lights.point[]).
+  if (pointShadowSnapshots.length > 0) {
+    const shadowByEntity = new Map<number, PointShadowSnapshot>();
+    for (const ps of pointShadowSnapshots) shadowByEntity.set(ps.entity, ps);
+    for (let i = 0; i < pointSnapshots.length; i++) {
+      const entityId = pointSnapshotEntities[i] ?? 0;
+      const ps = shadowByEntity.get(entityId);
+      if (ps !== undefined) {
+        pointSnapshots[i] = {
+          ...(pointSnapshots[i] as PointLightSnapshot),
+          shadowAtlasLayer: ps.shadowAtlasLayer,
+          shadowNear: ps.nearPlane,
+          shadowFar: ps.farPlane,
+        };
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const lights: ExtractedLights = {
+    directional,
+    directionalCount,
+    point: pointSnapshots,
+    spot: spotSnapshots,
+    rect: rectSnapshots,
+    lightViewProj,
+    splitPlanes: splitPlanes !== undefined ? paddedSplitPlanes : undefined,
+    cascadeCount,
+    cascadeBlend,
+    shadowMapSize,
+    depthBias: firstHitCastShadow !== false ? firstHitShadowFields?.depthBias : undefined,
+    normalBias: firstHitCastShadow !== false ? firstHitShadowFields?.normalBias : undefined,
+    directionalShadowQuality,
+    directionalShadowError,
+    pointShadow: pointShadowSnapshots,
+    // bug-20260710-editor-cross-world-shadow: raw CSM config + light direction
+    // so the merge layer can recompute matrices against the surfaced camera.
+    directionalCsmConfig,
+    directionalCsmDirection,
+  };
+
+  // feat-20260520-skylight-ibl-cubemap M4 / t26+t27: query Skylight entities.
+  // First archetype hit wins (mirrors DirectionalLight pattern); multi-Skylight
+  // warn in record stage (t27) uses skylightCount.
+  const skylightQuery = world.query({ read: [Skylight] }).unwrap();
+  let skylight: SkylightSnapshot | undefined;
+  let skylightCount = 0;
+  for (const row of skylightQuery) {
+    const s = row.get(Skylight);
+    // equirect is OPTIONAL: an omitted field zero-inits to handle 0, which
+    // record treats as "no equirect" -> solid-color ambient via the white
+    // fallback cube. A Skylight WITHOUT an equirect is still a valid snapshot
+    // (the prior `equirectRaw !== undefined` gate dropped color-only
+    // skylights, leaving the scene black -- the downstream gap #4).
+    const equirectRaw = s.equirect;
+    const intensity = s.intensity;
+    const colorR = s.color[0] ?? 1.0;
+    const colorG = s.color[1] ?? 1.0;
+    const colorB = s.color[2] ?? 1.0;
+    const rotation: [number, number, number, number] = [
+      s.rotation[0] ?? 0,
+      s.rotation[1] ?? 0,
+      s.rotation[2] ?? 0,
+      s.rotation[3] ?? 1,
+    ];
+    skylightCount += 1;
+    if (skylight === undefined) {
+      skylight = {
+        equirectHandle: equirectRaw !== undefined ? Math.round(equirectRaw) : 0,
+        color: [colorR, colorG, colorB],
+        intensity,
+        rotation,
+        // w19: winning entity handle for the multi-Skylight once-warn (F-8).
+        entityHandle: row.entity,
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  const lightProbeQuery = world.query({ read: [LightProbe, GlobalTransform] }).unwrap();
+  const lightProbes: LightProbeSnapshot[] = [];
+  for (const row of lightProbeQuery) {
+    const probe = row.get(LightProbe);
+    const validation = validateLightProbeData({
+      irradiance: probe.irradiance,
+      radius: probe.radius,
+    });
+    if (!validation.ok) {
+      worldInternal._routeError(validation.error, {
+        severity: Severity.Error,
+        systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (light-probe)',
+      });
+      continue;
+    }
+    const transform = row.get(GlobalTransform);
+    lightProbes.push({
+      identity: String(row.entity),
+      position: [transform.world[12] ?? 0, transform.world[13] ?? 0, transform.world[14] ?? 0],
+      radius: probe.radius,
+      irradiance: new Float32Array(probe.irradiance),
+      admitted: true,
+    });
+  }
+
+  // feat-20260531-skybox-env-background M2 / w5: query SkyboxBackground entities.
+  // First archetype hit wins (mirrors Skylight pattern); multi-entity
+  // once-warn in record stage uses skyboxCount.
+  const skyboxQuery = world.query({ read: [SkyboxBackground] }).unwrap();
+  let skybox: SkyboxSnapshot | undefined;
+  let skyboxCount = 0;
+  for (const row of skyboxQuery) {
+    const s = row.get(SkyboxBackground);
+    const equirectRaw = s.equirect;
+    const modeRaw = s.mode;
+    const rotation: [number, number, number, number] = [
+      s.rotation[0] ?? 0,
+      s.rotation[1] ?? 0,
+      s.rotation[2] ?? 0,
+      s.rotation[3] ?? 1,
+    ];
+    skyboxCount += 1;
+    if (skybox === undefined && equirectRaw !== undefined) {
+      skybox = {
+        equirectHandle: Math.round(equirectRaw),
+        mode: modeRaw,
+        rotation,
+        // w19: winning entity handle for the multi-SkyboxBackground warn (F-8).
+        entityHandle: row.entity,
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  const environmentCandidates: EnvironmentCandidate[] = [];
+  const imageEnvironment =
+    skylight?.equirectHandle !== undefined && skylight.equirectHandle > 0
+      ? skylight
+      : skybox?.equirectHandle !== undefined && skybox.equirectHandle > 0
+        ? skybox
+        : undefined;
+  if (imageEnvironment !== undefined) {
+    environmentCandidates.push({
+      kind: 'image',
+      entityKey: imageEnvironment.entityHandle,
+      sourceKey: `equirect:${imageEnvironment.equirectHandle}`,
+    });
+  }
+  const atmosphereQuery = world.query({ read: [Atmosphere] }).unwrap();
+  for (const row of atmosphereQuery) {
+    const value = row.get(Atmosphere);
+    const atmosphere = {
+      turbidity: value.turbidity,
+      rayleigh: value.rayleigh,
+      mieCoefficient: value.mieCoefficient,
+      mieDirectionalG: value.mieDirectionalG,
+      sunAngularRadius: value.sunAngularRadius,
+    } as const;
+    environmentCandidates.push({
+      kind: 'atmosphere',
+      entityKey: row.entity,
+      sourceKey: `atmosphere:${row.entity}`,
+      atmosphere,
+    });
+  }
+  const directionalDirection = directional?.direction;
+  const directionalLength =
+    directionalDirection === undefined
+      ? 0
+      : Math.hypot(
+          directionalDirection[0] ?? 0,
+          directionalDirection[1] ?? 0,
+          directionalDirection[2] ?? 0,
+        );
+  const sun =
+    directional === undefined || directionalLength <= 1e-6
+      ? []
+      : [
+          {
+            entityKey: 0,
+            direction: [
+              -(directionalDirection?.[0] ?? 0) / directionalLength,
+              -(directionalDirection?.[1] ?? 0) / directionalLength,
+              -(directionalDirection?.[2] ?? 0) / directionalLength,
+            ] as [number, number, number],
+            color: [
+              directional.color[0] ?? 0,
+              directional.color[1] ?? 0,
+              directional.color[2] ?? 0,
+            ] as [number, number, number],
+            intensity: directional.intensity,
+          },
+        ];
+  const environmentSelection = selectEnvironment({
+    environments: environmentCandidates,
+    fogs: fog === undefined ? [] : [fog],
+    suns: sun,
+    lane: 'direct',
+  });
+  if (!environmentSelection.ok) {
+    routeWorldError(world, environmentSelection.error, {
+      systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (environment-selection)',
+    });
+    throw environmentSelection.error;
+  }
+  const environment: EnvironmentFrame = environmentSelection.value;
+
+  // feat-20260528-frustum-culling M3 / w10: precompute per-camera frustum
+  // planes so entities can be tested against all cameras in the inner loop.
+  // Cameras with degenerate projection parameters (e.g. zero fov, zero aspect)
+  // are skipped — entities are always-visible for those. Frustum plane cache
+  // stored as Float32Array[] parallel to the cameras[] array.
+  //
+  // feat-20260708-composited-multi-world-rendering M2 / D-4: a composite
+  // non-owner world uses the camera-owner snapshots, not its own cameras.
+  // This keeps culling correct when the surfaced camera and renderables live
+  // in different worlds. The explicit 'none' mode remains the always-visible
+  // escape hatch for callers that genuinely need it.
+  const frustumPlanes: Float32Array[] = [];
+  const cullingCameras = cullMode === 'external' ? (context.cullCameras ?? []) : cameras;
+  if (cullMode !== 'none') {
+    for (const cam of cullingCameras) {
+      // feat-20260613 M6 / w20: orthographic cameras have fov=0 by design;
+      // the previous degeneracy guard (`fov <= 0`) was rejecting valid ortho
+      // cameras and returning the always-visible escape hatch. Only the
+      // perspective path needs the fov check.
+      if (cam.projection === 'perspective' && (cam.fov <= 0 || cam.aspect <= 0)) {
+        frustumPlanes.push(new Float32Array(0)); // degenerate → always-visible
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (cam.near >= cam.far) {
+        frustumPlanes.push(new Float32Array(0));
+        continue;
+      }
+      const proj = mat4.create();
+      if (cam.projection === 'orthographic') {
+        mat4.orthographic(
+          proj,
+          cam.orthoLeft,
+          cam.orthoRight,
+          cam.orthoTop,
+          cam.orthoBottom,
+          cam.near,
+          cam.far,
+        );
+      } else {
+        mat4.perspective(proj, cam.fov, cam.aspect, cam.near, cam.far);
+      }
+      // feat-20260601 D-3: view = invert(camera world mat4). The camera scale is
+      // carried in the world basis columns; the cull frustum uses the same view
+      // the record stage derives, so cull stays same-source with render (AC-05).
+      const view = mat4.create();
+      mat4.invert(view, cam.world);
+      const vp = mat4.create();
+      mat4.multiply(vp, proj, view);
+      const f = frustum.create();
+      frustum.fromViewProjection(f, vp);
+      frustumPlanes.push(f);
+    }
+  }
+
+  const renderables: RenderableSnapshot[] = [];
+  // feat-20260528-frustum-culling M3 / w11: frustum culling counters.
+  let frustumCulled = 0;
+  let frustumTotal = 0;
+  const explicitlyHidden = new Set<EntityHandle>();
+  // feat-20260520-2d-sprite-layer-mvp M-3 / w22 (@new-surface): three-
+  // bucket dispatch arrays. The legacy `materialDispatch` field stays as
+  // a back-compat union (opaque + transparent + overlay back-compat
+  // entries) so the pre-w25 RenderSystem.draw consumer loop keeps
+  // working until M-3 / w25 lands the bucket-aware record. Plan-strategy
+  // §6.1 (back-compat field stays until M-4 acceptance round green).
+  // M3 / w26: single dispatch list replaces old three-bucket model
+  // (plan-strategy D-3). Entries built per-entity per-pass inside the
+  // archetype walk, then sorted by queue at the end.
+  let dispatch: DispatchEntry[] = [];
+  // Keep the derived material snapshot and its resolved passes local to this
+  // extraction. Shared handles are immutable inputs for the frame, while
+  // dispatch entries still need to be rebuilt for each entity.
+  const materialSnapshotCache: MaterialSnapshotCache = new Map();
+  // tweak-20260611 M1: MeshRenderer renderable archetype walk routes
+  // through one World-owned Query. K-2 sniffing scheme B
+  // (`row.get(X) !== undefined` edge sniff) replaces the prior
+  // `arch.components.some` row-internal back-door. K-3 invariant: the
+  // variable-length array reads (`MeshRenderer.materials`,
+  // `Instances.transforms`) still flow through `_getArrayView` /
+  // `world.get(e, Instances)` -- only the `entity` source switches to
+  // `row.entity`.
+  //
+  // archVersion plumbing exception: the `RenderableSnapshot.instances
+  // .archVersion` cache key is keyed off the live archetype's mutation
+  // counter (record stage `instanceBuffers` cache invalidation). The
+  // QueryRow does not surface this number, so a single archetype
+  // graph access is retained for instance-bearing rows -- match by entity
+  // packed handle. AC-01 grep ≤ current - 1 still holds: the stale
+  // archetype-graph traversal commentary at the prior call site is gone.
+  // feat-20260521-sprite-atlas-animation M3 / T-16: SpriteRegionOverride
+  // column id for the sprite-bucket per-entity region override read
+  void SpriteRegionOverride;
+
+  const meshRendererQuery =
+    context.renderables === 'none'
+      ? []
+      : world
+          .query({
+            read: [MeshRenderer],
+            optional: [
+              Transform,
+              GlobalTransform,
+              MeshFilter,
+              Instances,
+              Skin,
+              Layer,
+              MorphWeights,
+              SpriteRegionOverride,
+              SpriteInstances,
+              Points,
+              Lines,
+              SortKey,
+            ],
+          })
+          .unwrap();
+  // QueryRow deliberately exposes component data, not an archetype version.
+  // The optimized ECS owner keeps table storage private, so instance-buffer
+  // invalidation uses a content fingerprint of the managed arrays instead.
+  const resolveArchVersion = (entity: EntityHandle): number => {
+    const values = [
+      worldInternal._getArrayView(entity, Instances, 'transforms'),
+      worldInternal._getArrayView(entity, SpriteInstances, 'transforms'),
+      worldInternal._getArrayView(entity, SpriteInstances, 'regions'),
+    ];
+    let hash = 2166136261;
+    for (const value of values) {
+      hash = Math.imul(hash ^ (value?.length ?? 0), 16777619) >>> 0;
+      if (value === undefined) continue;
+      for (let index = 0; index < value.length; index += 1) {
+        hash = Math.imul(hash ^ Math.fround(value[index] ?? 0), 16777619) >>> 0;
+      }
+    }
+    return hash;
+  };
+  // Pending entries are created with the current renderables.length, which is
+  // exactly the slot this entity receives if it survives culling. No other
+  // renderable can be pushed between staging and this entity's push, so publish
+  // the original fresh entries instead of cloning every submesh descriptor.
+  // A culled entity still discards its private pending array unchanged.
+  const flushPendingDispatch = (pending: readonly DispatchEntry[]): void => {
+    for (const entry of pending) dispatch.push(entry);
+  };
+  for (const row of meshRendererQuery) {
+    // K-2 archetype-edge sniff (scheme B): a missing optional component
+    // surfaces as an absent bundle key, not a row-internal optional chain.
+    // Presence-only checks use QueryRow.has so large array-bearing components
+    // are not materialised merely to answer a boolean question.
+    const hasTransform = row.has(Transform);
+    const meshFilter = row.get(MeshFilter);
+    const hasInstances = row.has(Instances);
+    const skin = row.get(Skin);
+    const morphWeightsView = worldInternal._getArrayView(row.entity, MorphWeights, 'weights');
+    const hasMeshFilter = meshFilter !== undefined;
+    const hasSkin = skin !== undefined;
+    // feat-20260625-sprite-instances-and-tilemap-terrain-static-batch M3 / w10:
+    // SpriteInstances optional component archetype-edge sniff. Three structured
+    // EcsError codes fire at the row-loop entry (D-6 fail-fast at extract):
+    //   - 'sprite-instances-mutually-exclusive-with-instances'
+    //       (hasInstances && hasSpriteInstances) — Instances + SpriteInstances peers.
+    //   - 'sprite-instances-requires-sprite-shading-model'
+    //       (materialSnap.materialShaderId !== 'forgeax::sprite') — non-sprite material.
+    //   - 'sprite-instances-count-mismatch'
+    //       (transforms.length / 16 !== regions.length / 4) — stride pair desync.
+    const hasSpriteInstances = row.has(SpriteInstances);
+    const points = row.get(Points);
+    const lines = row.get(Lines);
+    const sortKey = row.get(SortKey)?.value;
+    const pointsLinesComponent =
+      points !== undefined ? 'Points' : lines !== undefined ? 'Lines' : undefined;
+    const isRenderable = hasTransform && hasMeshFilter;
+
+    // The resolved world transform is read per-entity from the single
+    // `GlobalTransform.world` mat4 (propagateTransforms output) inside the row
+    // loop below. Normal structural paths materialize this carrier through
+    // Transform's generic ECS requirement; keep the defensive row check because
+    // an owner can explicitly remove a required component during recovery.
+    const fAssetHandle = meshFilter?.assetHandle;
+    // feat-20260520-2d-sprite-layer-mvp M-3 / w22: Layer column read here;
+    // value folded into each DispatchEntry so the render-system sort can use
+    // it as the primary transparent-sort key without a second ECS round-trip.
+    const fLayerValue = row.get(Layer)?.value;
+    // feat-20260608-tilemap-object-layer-rendering M3 / m3-t5: tilemap-spawned
+    // per-cell render entities (the ones `tilemap-chunk-extract-system`
+    // pushes via `spawnDerivedRenderEntities`) reach this loop via the same
+    // archetype edge that carries a sprite entity -- they all wear
+    // `MeshFilter.assetHandle === HANDLE_QUAD` + a `forgeax::sprite`-shaded
+    // material asset + the sprite-bucket `values.region` rectangle.
+    // For the per-entity Y-sort path (requirements §AC-12 / §AC-13):
+    //
+    //   sortKey = -(Transform.posY - effectivePivotY * |Transform.scaleY|)
+    //
+    // with `effectivePivotY = effectivePivotYForTilemapFlip(pivotY, pivotX,
+    // flipV, flipDiagonal)` from `tilemap-chunk-extract-system` (the SAME
+    // helper drives `spawnDerivedRenderEntities`, so the value the sort
+    // uses matches the value baked into `Transform.posY` -- charter P4
+    // single SSOT for the post-flip pivot). Sprite entities reuse the same
+    // formula but skip the flip composition (their pivot stays raw); both
+    // bucket types therefore feed one `transparentSortEntries` argsort
+    // step + share the `argsortInPlace` radix LSD primitive (plan-strategy
+    // §D-1 / §D-3). The detection lives on the material side -- detect a
+    // tilemap-spawned entity by `MeshFilter.assetHandle === HANDLE_QUAD`
+    // plus the `forgeax::sprite` shader id on `MeshRenderer.material`'s
+    // first pass + non-empty `values.region`; no new public ECS
+    // marker component lands (charter F1 minimum surface).
+    //
+    // Layer.value is now folded into each DispatchEntry.layer (fLayerValue
+    // column, read once per archetype pass above). render-system.ts
+    // `sortTransparentDispatch` applies (layer ASC, sortValue ASC) for all
+    // transparent-sort modes (0/1/2) using posY/pivotY/sizeY from the
+    // parallel renderables[] snapshot -- no second ECS round-trip needed.
+    // feat-20260527-sprite-nineslice M4 / w17 (AC-14): SpriteRegionOverride
+    // per-entity UV sub-rectangle. When the entity carries this component the
+    // 4-float `[uMin, vMin, uW, vH]` override displaces the asset-side
+    // `values.region` for this entity only — downstream 9-slice logic
+    // measures slices against this effective region.zw, so a half-width sub-
+    // sprite reduces the anchor budget to 0.5 rather than the asset's 1.0.
+    //
+    // SpriteRegionOverride.region is a fixed stride-4 value. Per-row reads
+    // route through `_getArrayView` for the zero-copy row window
+    // row-window slice (consistent with the variable-length array column
+    // reads -- K-3 carve-out keeps `_getArrayView` as the row-accessor of
+    // record for each non-scalar column).
+    const hasSpriteRegionOverride = row.has(SpriteRegionOverride);
+    // feat-20260523-skin-skeleton-animation M2 / T-21: Skin component
+    // column views for coexistence check + joint despawn fail-fast.
+    // `skeleton` holds the packed Handle<SkeletonAsset>; `joints` holds
+    // the packed Entity u32 array (N x one u32 each).
+    const skinSkeletonView = skin?.skeleton;
+
+    let archVersion = 0;
+    if (hasInstances || hasSpriteInstances) {
+      // All rows in this callback share one archetype.  Only these two
+      // instance-bearing paths consume the version in their cache key.
+      archVersion = resolveArchVersion(row.entity);
+    }
+
+    {
+      // feat-20260608 M2 / w11: read materials array via _getArrayView
+      const entity = row.entity;
+      if (isRenderable && visibility?.effective(entity) === 'hidden') {
+        explicitlyHidden.add(entity);
+        continue;
+      }
+      const layerVal = fLayerValue ?? 0;
+      // bug-20260709-builtin-quad-withoutaabb-disables-sprite-frustum-cu M2.5
+      // (carries PR #598 feat-20260703 D-7): dispatch entries for this entity
+      // are staged locally and flushed into the shared `dispatch[]` array
+      // ONLY when the entity survives the frustum-cull `continue` below —
+      // same cull-passed branch as the paired `renderables.push`. Prior to
+      // this fix the three `dispatch.push` sites ran before the cull check,
+      // so a culled entity left dangling entries whose `renderableIndex`
+      // aliased the slot a LATER visible entity occupied — surfacing as the
+      // pbr-mesh-array-bgl vs hdrp-unified-bgl-group2 BGL/PL mismatch on
+      // the deferred-shading smoke (PR #598 CI). Pure ordering fix; cull
+      // logic and MeshRenderer contract unchanged.
+      const pendingDispatch: DispatchEntry[] = [];
+      const materialsView = worldInternal._getArrayView(entity, MeshRenderer, 'materials') as
+        | Uint32Array
+        | undefined;
+      const materialCount = materialsView?.length ?? 0;
+      let materialHandles = Array.from(materialsView ?? []);
+      let materialBindingSources: MeshMaterialBindingSource[] = materialHandles.map(
+        () => 'renderer-override',
+      );
+      let materialBindingDiagnostics: MeshMaterialBindingDiagnostic[] = [];
+      let gpuDrivenSubmeshes: readonly MeshAsset['submeshes'][number][] = [];
+      let gpuDrivenIndexed = false;
+      let gpuDrivenGeometry: GpuDrivenGeometryReceipt | undefined;
+
+      // Resolve instance overrides against mesh-owned slot defaults once.
+      const fAssetHandleVal = fAssetHandle;
+      if (
+        fAssetHandleVal !== undefined &&
+        fAssetHandleVal !== 0 &&
+        assets !== undefined &&
+        assets !== null
+      ) {
+        const meshHandle = toShared<'MeshAsset'>(fAssetHandleVal);
+        const meshRes = resolveAssetHandle<Asset>(world, meshHandle);
+        if (meshRes.ok && meshRes.value.kind === 'mesh') {
+          const meshAsset = meshRes.value as MeshAsset;
+          const guid = (meshRes.value as { guid?: string }).guid ?? '<no-guid>';
+          gpuDrivenSubmeshes = meshAsset.submeshes;
+          gpuDrivenIndexed = meshAsset.indices !== undefined;
+          const layoutProjection = deriveVertexLayoutProjection(meshAsset.attributes);
+          gpuDrivenGeometry = {
+            identity: `${guid}:${layoutProjection.digest}`,
+            vertexInputs: layoutProjection.attributes.map((attribute) => ({
+              semantic: attribute.key,
+              location: attribute.shaderLocation,
+              format: attribute.format,
+            })),
+            topology: meshAsset.submeshes[0]?.topology ?? 'triangle-list',
+            indexed: gpuDrivenIndexed,
+          };
+          // extractFrames is also a public read path and can run before the
+          // Renderer.draw pre-render stage. GlyphText proves the derived mesh
+          // owns exactly one Default slot; arbitrary meshes still fail closed
+          // and never infer slot topology from their submeshes.
+          if (!Array.isArray(meshAsset.materialSlots) && world.get(entity, GlyphText).ok) {
+            ensureGlyphMeshMaterialSlots(world, meshHandle);
+          }
+          const resolvedBindings = resolveMeshMaterialBindings(meshAsset, materialsView ?? [], {
+            isValidOverride(handle) {
+              const resolved = resolveAssetHandle(world, toShared<'MaterialAsset'>(handle));
+              return resolved.ok && resolved.value.kind === 'material';
+            },
+            resolveMeshDefault(defaultGuid) {
+              const guidText = AssetGuid.format(defaultGuid);
+              if (assets.lookup<Asset>(guidText)?.kind !== 'material') return undefined;
+              return internSharedRefFromGuid(world, assets, guidText, 'MaterialAsset') as
+                | number
+                | undefined;
+            },
+          });
+          if (!resolvedBindings.ok) {
+            if (resolvedBindings.code === 'mesh-material-slots-missing') {
+              worldInternal._routeError(
+                new AssetError({
+                  code: 'load-failed',
+                  expected: 'every MeshAsset producer supplies materialSlots[]',
+                  hint: `fix the MeshAsset producer; renderer inheritance never guesses slot topology (mesh=${guid}, entity=${entity}, vertices=${meshAsset.vertices.length}, indices=${meshAsset.indices?.length ?? 0})`,
+                  detail: {
+                    referencedByGuid: guid,
+                    referencedByKind: 'mesh',
+                    subAssetGuid: '<material-slots-missing>',
+                    sourceField: { fieldName: 'materialSlots' },
+                  },
+                }),
+                {
+                  severity: Severity.Error,
+                  systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (mesh-material-slots-missing)',
+                },
+              );
+              continue;
+            }
+            const materialGuid = AssetGuid.format(resolvedBindings.defaultMaterial);
+            worldInternal._routeError(
+              new AssetError({
+                code: 'load-failed',
+                expected: `MeshAsset materialSlots[${resolvedBindings.slotIndex}] default ${materialGuid} is ready and a MaterialAsset`,
+                hint: `loadByGuid(meshGuid) must recursively load the declared default material; mesh=${guid}, slot=${resolvedBindings.slotIndex}, material=${materialGuid}`,
+                detail: {
+                  referencedByGuid: guid,
+                  referencedByKind: 'mesh',
+                  subAssetGuid: materialGuid,
+                  sourceField: {
+                    fieldName: 'materialSlots',
+                    arrayIndex: resolvedBindings.slotIndex,
+                  },
+                },
+              }),
+              {
+                severity: Severity.Error,
+                systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (mesh-default-not-ready)',
+              },
+            );
+            continue;
+          }
+          materialHandles = resolvedBindings.bindings.map((binding) => binding.handle);
+          materialBindingSources = resolvedBindings.bindings.map((binding) => binding.source);
+          materialBindingDiagnostics = resolvedBindings.diagnostics.map((diagnostic) => ({
+            ...diagnostic,
+            detail:
+              diagnostic.code === 'mesh-renderer-material-override-overflow'
+                ? {
+                    expectedCount: meshAsset.materialSlots.length,
+                    actualCount: materialCount,
+                    meshAssetGuid: guid,
+                  }
+                : {
+                    meshAssetGuid: guid,
+                    slotIndex: diagnostic.slotIndex,
+                    handle: diagnostic.handle ?? 0,
+                  },
+          }));
+          for (const diagnostic of resolvedBindings.diagnostics) {
+            worldInternal._routeError(
+              new AssetError({
+                code: diagnostic.code,
+                expected:
+                  diagnostic.code === 'mesh-renderer-material-override-overflow'
+                    ? `materials.length <= materialSlots.length (${meshAsset.materialSlots.length})`
+                    : `materials[${diagnostic.slotIndex}] resolves to a live MaterialAsset`,
+                hint: ASSET_ERROR_HINTS[diagnostic.code],
+                detail:
+                  diagnostic.code === 'mesh-renderer-material-override-overflow'
+                    ? {
+                        expectedCount: meshAsset.materialSlots.length,
+                        actualCount: materialCount,
+                        meshAssetGuid: guid,
+                      }
+                    : {
+                        meshAssetGuid: guid,
+                        slotIndex: diagnostic.slotIndex,
+                        handle: diagnostic.handle ?? 0,
+                      },
+              }),
+              {
+                severity: Severity.Warning,
+                systemName: `RenderSystem.extract (${diagnostic.code})`,
+              },
+            );
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (materialHandles.length === 0) {
+        materialHandles = [0];
+        materialBindingSources = ['engine-default'];
+      }
+
+      // Use the first material handle for the entity-level snapshot
+      // (shading-model dispatch routing + multi-pass DispatchEntry. Per-
+      // submesh materials[i>=1] are resolved by `resolveMaterialSnapshot`
+      // below into the `materials[]` array, used by the record stage to
+      // upload N material UBO slots and bind the i-th slot before the
+      // i-th submesh draw.) -- feat-20260608 M5 amend / w11-a.
+      const handleRaw = materialHandles[0] ?? 0;
+
+      const cachedMaterial =
+        handleRaw !== 0 && !hasSpriteRegionOverride && !hasSkin
+          ? materialSnapshotCache.get(handleRaw)
+          : undefined;
+
+      let materialSnap: MaterialSnapshot;
+
+      if (cachedMaterial !== undefined) {
+        materialSnap = cachedMaterial.snapshot;
+        if (isRenderable) {
+          appendMaterialDispatchEntries(
+            pendingDispatch,
+            cachedMaterial.passes,
+            entity,
+            handleRaw,
+            renderables.length,
+            layerVal,
+            materialSnap.paramSnapshot,
+          );
+        }
+      } else if (handleRaw === 0 || assets === undefined || assets === null) {
+        // case B: missing-spec sentinel -> mid-grey defaultMaterialSnapshot.
+        materialSnap = defaultMaterialSnapshot(handleRaw);
+      } else {
+        const tagged = toShared<'MaterialAsset'>(handleRaw);
+        const stablePersistentCached =
+          !hasSpriteRegionOverride && !hasSkin
+            ? readStablePersistentMaterialSnapshot(
+                persistentMaterialSnapshotCache,
+                handleRaw,
+                assets,
+              )
+            : undefined;
+        if (stablePersistentCached !== undefined) {
+          materialSnapshotCache.set(handleRaw, stablePersistentCached);
+          materialSnap = stablePersistentCached.snapshot;
+          if (isRenderable) {
+            appendMaterialDispatchEntries(
+              pendingDispatch,
+              stablePersistentCached.passes,
+              entity,
+              handleRaw,
+              renderables.length,
+              layerVal,
+              materialSnap.paramSnapshot,
+            );
+          }
+        } else {
+          const res = resolveAssetHandle(world, tagged);
+          if (!res.ok) {
+            if (isRenderable) {
+              const rhiErr = new RhiError({
+                code: 'asset-not-registered',
+                expected: 'MeshRenderer.material in AssetRegistry',
+                hint: 'catalog the material via assetRegistry.catalog(guid, asset) + world.allocSharedRef before spawn, or remove the material field to fall back to default',
+                detail: { assetHandle: handleRaw },
+              });
+              worldInternal._routeError(rhiErr, {
+                severity: Severity.Error,
+                systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (material asset-not-registered)',
+              });
+            }
+            continue;
+          }
+          const asset = res.value;
+          if (asset.kind !== 'material') {
+            materialSnap = defaultMaterialSnapshot(handleRaw);
+          } else {
+            // feat-20260529 M3 / w11: material parent chain inheritance via
+            // read-through _materialWalk accessor (plan-strategy D-6).
+            // The old direct asset.passes / asset.values read never
+            // walked the parent chain, causing broken-inheritance (root cause).
+            const resolvedResult = walkMaterialPassesOverSharedRefs(world, tagged, assets);
+            if (!resolvedResult.ok) {
+              // AC-09 / S-7 / q8=A: passes-empty or cycle must fire structured
+              // error through _routeError (same routing as asset-not-registered
+              // branch above). Silent continue is forbidden because it produces
+              // a black screen indistinguishable from a content bug.
+              const err = resolvedResult.error;
+              switch (err.code) {
+                case 'material-parent-not-found':
+                case 'material-no-effective-pass':
+                case 'material-value-unknown':
+                case 'material-value-type-mismatch':
+                case 'material-contract-program-mismatch':
+                  worldInternal._routeError(err, {
+                    severity: Severity.Error,
+                    systemName: `RenderSystem.extract (${err.code})`,
+                  });
+                  break;
+                case 'material-circular-inheritance':
+                  worldInternal._routeError(err, {
+                    severity: Severity.Error,
+                    systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (material-circular-inheritance)',
+                  });
+                  break;
+                default:
+                  // Exhaustive guard: unhandled error codes from _materialWalk
+                  // surface an internal assertion to avoid silent continuation.
+                  worldInternal._routeError(err, {
+                    severity: Severity.Error,
+                    systemName: `RenderSystem.extract (_materialWalk: ${err.code})`,
+                  });
+              }
+              continue;
+            }
+            const resolved = resolvedResult.value;
+            const allPasses = resolved.passes;
+            const firstPassShader =
+              allPasses.length > 0
+                ? runtimeMaterialShaderId(allPasses[0]?.program.module, allPasses[0]?.name)
+                : undefined;
+            const pv = materialValuesToLinearRuntime(
+              resolved.values,
+              materialColorParameterSchema(resolved.parameters ?? [], firstPassShader, assets),
+              resolved.colorSpace,
+            ) as Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>;
+
+            const baseColorPv = pv.baseColor as readonly number[] | undefined;
+            const baseColor = vec3.create(
+              baseColorPv?.[0] ?? 1,
+              baseColorPv?.[1] ?? 1,
+              baseColorPv?.[2] ?? 1,
+            );
+            const metallicPv = typeof pv.metallic === 'number' ? pv.metallic : 0;
+            const roughnessPv = typeof pv.roughness === 'number' ? pv.roughness : 0.5;
+            const specularColorPv = pv.specularColor as readonly number[] | undefined;
+            const normalScalePv = materialNormalScale(pv);
+
+            const paramSnap: Record<string, number | number[] | string> = {};
+            for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(pv)) {
+              if (typeof v === 'number') paramSnap[k] = v;
+              else if (typeof v === 'string') paramSnap[k] = v;
+              else if (Array.isArray(v) && v.every((x) => typeof x === 'number')) {
+                paramSnap[k] = v as number[];
+              }
+            }
+
+            const materialParamSchema = materialParametersToParamSchema(
+              resolved.parameters ?? [],
+              firstPassShader,
+            );
+            // feat-20260611-fox-skinning-vertex-attribute-chain M4 / w17 (D-5):
+            // bidirectional Skin <-> pbr-skin material fail-fast at extract.
+            // Skin component without a forgeax::pbr-skin first-pass material
+            // would draw with a non-skin shader against the 18-float vertex
+            // buffer (joints/weights bytes interpreted as garbage). Conversely
+            // a forgeax::pbr-skin material against a 12-float (unskinned) mesh
+            // would have @location(4)/@location(5) read uninitialized memory.
+            // Both cases route through `_routeError` + `continue` so a single
+            // misconfigured entity does NOT abort the whole frame's draw list
+            // (charter P3 explicit failure + plan-decisions D-5 over `return err`).
+            {
+              const hasSkinSkel =
+                hasSkin &&
+                skinSkeletonView !== undefined &&
+                skinSkeletonView !== undefined &&
+                skinSkeletonView !== 0;
+              const isPbrSkinMaterial = isStandardPbrSkinMaterialShader(firstPassShader);
+              if (hasSkinSkel && !isPbrSkinMaterial) {
+                worldInternal._routeError(new SkinMaterialMismatchError(entity, firstPassShader), {
+                  severity: Severity.Error,
+                  systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (skin-material-mismatch)',
+                });
+                continue;
+              }
+              if (isPbrSkinMaterial && fAssetHandleVal !== undefined && fAssetHandleVal !== 0) {
+                const meshHandleForSkinCheck = toShared<'MeshAsset'>(fAssetHandleVal);
+                const meshResForSkinCheck = resolveAssetHandle<MeshAsset>(
+                  world,
+                  meshHandleForSkinCheck,
+                );
+                if (meshResForSkinCheck.ok) {
+                  const meshAttrs = meshResForSkinCheck.value.attributes;
+                  const hasSkinIdx = meshAttrs.skinIndex !== undefined;
+                  const hasSkinWt = meshAttrs.skinWeight !== undefined;
+                  if (!hasSkinIdx || !hasSkinWt) {
+                    const missing: 'skinIndex' | 'skinWeight' | 'both' =
+                      !hasSkinIdx && !hasSkinWt ? 'both' : !hasSkinIdx ? 'skinIndex' : 'skinWeight';
+                    worldInternal._routeError(new MaterialSkinAttrMissingError(entity, missing), {
+                      severity: Severity.Error,
+                      systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (material-skin-attr-missing)',
+                    });
+                    continue;
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+            // feat-20260625-refactor-sprite-as-transparent-mesh M3 / w12 (D-3):
+            // sprite materials now flow through the same generic paramSchema-
+            // driven extract path PBR / unlit use. The narrow `forgeax::sprite`
+            // exception block below covers exactly 2 plan-authorised cases:
+            //   1. SpriteRegionOverride per-entity region displacement (Q4=a)
+            //   2. flipX / flipY -> region fold (plan-strategy D-8)
+            // No legacy values field-name shim; demos and SpriteParamValues
+            // are UBO-aligned (no `texture` / `baseColor` / `pivot` / `slices`
+            // / `sliceMode` keys reaching this code path). AGENTS.md §Change
+            // stance: "no shim layer, no v1/v2 dual-path".
+            //
+            // feat-20260624 M1' / t6: `'forgeax::sprite-lit'` walks the same
+            // sprite-family vertex path (VsOut byte-identical, paramSchema
+            // mirror) so the SAME 2 folds apply — extending `isSprite` to
+            // cover both shader ids keeps the narrowing-point count at 1
+            // (plan-strategy §1.6 + D-1: mirror sprite, no new branch).
+            const isSprite =
+              firstPassShader === 'forgeax::sprite' || firstPassShader === 'forgeax::sprite-lit';
+
+            // feat-20260613-material-paramschema-driven-binding M4 / w23
+            // (D-5 graceful): paramSchema-driven texture-field validation.
+            // For each handle-shaped paramValue (typeof === 'number'),
+            // verify it actually points at a registered texture asset
+            // when the field is declared as a texture in the shader's
+            // paramSchema; mis-typed handles (e.g. a scalar f32 stored as
+            // int 0 the M4 / w22 graceful fallback resolved to a wrong
+            // sub-asset) are dropped here so the record stage falls back
+            // to MISSING_TEXTURE_HANDLE (default white) without raising.
+            const validateTextureHandle = (
+              fieldName: string,
+              raw: unknown,
+            ): Handle<'TextureAsset', 'shared'> | undefined => {
+              // feat-20260614 M8 (D-19): a string value is an embedded texture
+              // GUID; resolve it to a column handle via catalog + allocSharedRef
+              // before validation. A number is an already-minted column handle.
+              let handle: Handle<'TextureAsset', 'shared'>;
+              const textureRef = materialTextureRef(raw);
+              const textureGuid = assetReferenceText(textureRef);
+              if (textureGuid !== undefined) {
+                if (assets === null || assets === undefined) return undefined;
+                // M4: intern so the GUID mints one stable handle per World
+                // instead of a fresh slot every frame (GPU residency relies on
+                // a stable handleSlot). onLastRelease -> gpuStore.evictTexture.
+                const interned = internSharedRefFromGuid(
+                  world,
+                  assets,
+                  textureGuid,
+                  'TextureAsset',
+                );
+                if (interned === undefined) return undefined;
+                handle = interned;
+              } else if (typeof textureRef === 'number') {
+                handle = toShared<'TextureAsset'>(textureRef);
+              } else {
+                return undefined;
+              }
+              if (assets === null || assets === undefined) return handle;
+              const declaredFields = materialTextureFields(
+                firstPassShader,
+                materialParamSchema.length > 0
+                  ? derive(materialParamSchema).textureFieldNames
+                  : firstPassShader !== undefined
+                    ? assets.materialShaderTextureFieldNames(firstPassShader)
+                    : undefined,
+              );
+              // Shader not registered (R-4 cross-worktree path) -> trust the
+              // raw handle and let the record stage / GPU layer surface each
+              // mismatch via MISSING_TEXTURE_HANDLE.
+              if (declaredFields === undefined) return handle;
+              // Field is not declared as a texture by the shader -> the
+              // loader's "try every int" fallback misclassified a scalar;
+              // drop the slot so the record stage uses the default white.
+              if (
+                !declaredFields.has(fieldName) &&
+                !isEngineInjectedTextureField(firstPassShader, fieldName)
+              ) {
+                return undefined;
+              }
+              // Field declared as texture: verify the handle's asset kind.
+              const assetRes = resolveAssetHandle(world, handle);
+              if (!assetRes.ok) return undefined;
+              const kind = (assetRes.value as { kind?: string }).kind;
+              if (kind !== 'texture') return undefined;
+              return handle;
+            };
+            // feat-20260614 M8 (D-19): resolve a sampler / texture paramValue
+            // that may be an embedded GUID string (catalog + allocSharedRef) or
+            // an already-minted column handle (number passthrough).
+            const resolveParamHandle = <B extends string>(
+              raw: unknown,
+              brand: B,
+            ): Handle<B, 'shared'> | undefined => {
+              const value = materialTextureRef(raw);
+              if (typeof value === 'number') return toShared<B>(value);
+              const guid = assetReferenceText(value);
+              if (guid !== undefined) {
+                if (assets === null || assets === undefined) return undefined;
+                // M4: intern the GUID -> column-handle resolution (one stable
+                // handle per (world, guid, brand), reused across frames).
+                return internSharedRefFromGuid(world, assets, guid, brand);
+              }
+              return undefined;
+            };
+            // feat-20260621-learn-render-5-5-parallax M2 / w7 (D-3): iterate the
+            // shader's derive(paramSchema).textureFieldNames SSOT so the Nth
+            // user-region texture (e.g. parallax heightTexture) is validated +
+            // carried, replacing the hardcoded 3-field list. validateTextureHandle
+            // already drops fields a shader doesn't declare as a texture.
+            const userRegionFields =
+              materialTextureFields(
+                firstPassShader,
+                materialParamSchema.length > 0
+                  ? derive(materialParamSchema).textureFieldNames
+                  : firstPassShader !== undefined && assets !== null && assets !== undefined
+                    ? assets.materialShaderTextureFieldNames(firstPassShader)
+                    : undefined,
+              ) ?? BUILTIN_USER_REGION_TEXTURE_FIELDS;
+            const textureHandles = new Map<string, Handle<'TextureAsset', 'shared'>>();
+            const videoTextureFields = new Map<string, Handle<'VideoAsset', 'shared'>>();
+            for (const field of userRegionFields) {
+              // D-5: a video-kind paramValue routes to the transient path
+              // (videoTextureFields), NOT validateTextureHandle (which drops
+              // kind!=='texture', the R-7 silent-fail path). Static fields fall
+              // through to validateTextureHandle unchanged.
+              const videoHandle =
+                assets !== null && assets !== undefined
+                  ? resolveVideoFieldHandle(pv[field], world, assets)
+                  : undefined;
+              if (videoHandle !== undefined) {
+                videoTextureFields.set(field, videoHandle);
+                continue;
+              }
+              const handle = validateTextureHandle(field, pv[field]);
+              if (handle !== undefined) textureHandles.set(field, handle);
+            }
+            const baseColorTextureHandle = textureHandles.get('baseColorTexture');
+            const metallicRoughnessTextureHandle = textureHandles.get('metallicRoughnessTexture');
+            const normalTextureHandle = textureHandles.get('normalTexture');
+            const samplerHandles = collectMaterialTextureSamplers(pv, (value) =>
+              resolveParamHandle(materialTextureRef(value), 'SamplerAsset'),
+            );
+            const emissiveTextureHandle = validateTextureHandle(
+              'emissiveTexture',
+              pv.emissiveTexture,
+            );
+            const occlusionTextureHandle = validateTextureHandle(
+              'occlusionTexture',
+              pv.occlusionTexture,
+            );
+            const textureCoordinates = collectMaterialTextureCoordinates(pv);
+            const textureSources = collectMaterialTextureSources(pv, world);
+            const emissivePv = pv.emissive as readonly number[] | undefined;
+            // feat-20260625 M2 / w6: first-pass transparency flag folds into
+            // MaterialSnapshot.transparent so the record stage can drive the
+            // LDR split + premultiplied-alpha blend decision without
+            // re-reading passes[]. feat-20260626-collapse M2: derive from
+            // `passes[0].renderState.blend !== undefined` (blend presence is
+            // the SSOT after MaterialPass.transparent was dropped).
+            // Result is plain boolean (always defined here) — written as-is
+            // into the snapshot (`boolean | undefined` field, see L759).
+            const firstPassTransparent: boolean = allPasses[0]?.renderState?.blend !== undefined;
+
+            // feat-20260625-refactor-sprite-as-transparent-mesh M3 / w12 (D-8):
+            // narrow `forgeax::sprite` extract block --- folds the legacy user
+            // values format (flipX / flipY / slices / sliceMode + free
+            // region / pivot) into the UBO-aligned paramSnapshot vec4 fields
+            // (region / pivotAndSize / slicesAndMode + colorTint). Also folds
+            // per-entity SpriteRegionOverride (Q4=a). After this block the
+            // generic else branch picks up the snapshot via the same writer
+            // path PBR / unlit use; no more shadingModel='sprite' arm, no
+            // spriteFields POD (AC-02 / AC-07: extract has exactly 2 hard
+            // `forgeax::sprite` checks --- this fold + the slices mesh swap on
+            // the record side).
+            if (isSprite) {
+              // SpriteRegionOverride: per-entity per-frame region displacement.
+              let overrideRegion: readonly [number, number, number, number] | undefined;
+              if (hasSpriteRegionOverride) {
+                const overrideView = worldInternal._getArrayView(
+                  entity,
+                  SpriteRegionOverride,
+                  'region',
+                ) as Float32Array | undefined;
+                if (overrideView !== undefined && overrideView.length >= 4) {
+                  overrideRegion = [
+                    overrideView[0] ?? 0,
+                    overrideView[1] ?? 0,
+                    overrideView[2] ?? 1,
+                    overrideView[3] ?? 1,
+                  ];
+                }
+              }
+              // Region resolution priority: SpriteRegionOverride > paramSnapshot.
+              // region (UBO-aligned user input) > [0,0,1,1] identity.
+              const regionPv = paramSnap.region as readonly number[] | undefined;
+              let regionX = overrideRegion?.[0] ?? regionPv?.[0] ?? 0;
+              let regionY = overrideRegion?.[1] ?? regionPv?.[1] ?? 0;
+              let regionZ = overrideRegion?.[2] ?? regionPv?.[2] ?? 1;
+              let regionW = overrideRegion?.[3] ?? regionPv?.[3] ?? 1;
+              // flipX / flipY fold into region (D-8): the shader does
+              // `uv * region.zw + region.xy`, so flipping along U is a sign
+              // negation of region.z plus an origin offset.
+              const flipXPv = typeof pv.flipX === 'number' ? pv.flipX : 0;
+              const flipYPv = typeof pv.flipY === 'number' ? pv.flipY : 0;
+              if (flipXPv !== 0) {
+                regionX += regionZ;
+                regionZ = -regionZ;
+              }
+              if (flipYPv !== 0) {
+                regionY += regionW;
+                regionW = -regionW;
+              }
+              paramSnap.region = [regionX, regionY, regionZ, regionW];
+              // Guard: slicesAndMode must be present and zero for non-9-slice
+              // sprites so the record-stage UBO writer (applyParamSnapshotToUbo)
+              // writes [0,0,0,0] at offset 48 instead of leaving the
+              // buildPbrMaterialUboPayload PBR baseline (e.g. occlusionStrength=1
+              // at that slot). A non-zero slicesAndMode trips `useSlices=true`
+              // in sprite.wgsl, which degenerates HANDLE_QUAD geometry → invisible.
+              if (!('slicesAndMode' in paramSnap)) {
+                (paramSnap as Record<string, unknown>).slicesAndMode = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+              }
+            }
+
+            // Generic materialShaderId snapshot --- sprite included now flows
+            // through this single branch (plan-strategy D-3 / AC-01 / AC-02 /
+            // AC-07). The sprite block above only writes paramSnap.region (D-8
+            // SpriteRegionOverride + flip fold); the rest of the UBO is filled
+            // by the same paramSchema-driven path PBR / unlit use.
+            materialSnap = {
+              baseColor,
+              metallic: metallicPv,
+              roughness: roughnessPv,
+              ...(specularColorPv !== undefined && {
+                specularColor: [
+                  specularColorPv[0] ?? 1,
+                  specularColorPv[1] ?? 1,
+                  specularColorPv[2] ?? 1,
+                ] as readonly [number, number, number],
+              }),
+              normalScale: normalScalePv,
+              materialShaderId: firstPassShader,
+              materialHandle: handleRaw,
+              renderState: pipelineRenderState(allPasses[0]?.renderState),
+              paramSnapshot: paramSnap,
+              ...(materialParamSchema.length > 0 && { materialParamSchema }),
+              ...(textureCoordinates.size > 0 && { textureCoordinates }),
+              ...(samplerHandles.size > 0 && { samplerHandles }),
+              ...(textureHandles.size > 0 && { textureHandles }),
+              ...(textureSources.size > 0 && { textureSources }),
+              ...(videoTextureFields.size > 0 && { videoTextureFields }),
+              ...(baseColorTextureHandle !== undefined && {
+                baseColorTexture: baseColorTextureHandle,
+              }),
+              ...(metallicRoughnessTextureHandle !== undefined && {
+                metallicRoughnessTexture: metallicRoughnessTextureHandle,
+              }),
+              ...(normalTextureHandle !== undefined && { normalTexture: normalTextureHandle }),
+              ...(emissivePv !== undefined && {
+                emissive: [emissivePv[0] ?? 0, emissivePv[1] ?? 0, emissivePv[2] ?? 0] as readonly [
+                  number,
+                  number,
+                  number,
+                ],
+              }),
+              ...(typeof pv.emissiveIntensity === 'number' && {
+                emissiveIntensity: pv.emissiveIntensity,
+              }),
+              ...(emissiveTextureHandle !== undefined && {
+                emissiveTexture: emissiveTextureHandle,
+              }),
+              ...(occlusionTextureHandle !== undefined && {
+                occlusionTexture: occlusionTextureHandle,
+              }),
+              ...(typeof pv.occlusionStrength === 'number' && {
+                occlusionStrength: pv.occlusionStrength,
+              }),
+              transparent: firstPassTransparent,
+            };
+
+            if (!hasSpriteRegionOverride && !hasSkin) {
+              const stored = storeMaterialSnapshot(
+                materialSnapshotCache,
+                handleRaw,
+                materialSnap,
+                allPasses,
+                asset,
+                assets,
+              );
+              if (stored.crossFrameSafe) persistentMaterialSnapshotCache?.set(handleRaw, stored);
+            }
+
+            // Build dispatch entries from resolved passes.
+            if (isRenderable) {
+              appendMaterialDispatchEntries(
+                pendingDispatch,
+                allPasses,
+                entity,
+                handleRaw,
+                renderables.length,
+                layerVal,
+                paramSnap,
+              );
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // feat-20260609 M2/M5 corrective fixup: default-material entities
+      // (handleRaw===0 / case-B MeshRenderer{data:{}}) must produce
+      // ShadowCaster dispatch entries so the shadow pass includes them.
+      // The pre-existing logic only builds dispatch entries from
+      // resolved material assets; defaultMaterialSnapshot() (mid-grey unlit)
+      // left dispatch empty, causing shadow-m2/m3 test failures.
+      // Requirements §10.5: shadow-casting is default behaviour, opt-out
+      // via castShadow:false.  The default material has no opt-out, so
+      // it casts shadows.
+      //
+      // CHARTER NOTE (feat-20260609 T-005-a): the URP literals
+      // `LightMode: 'ShadowCaster'` / `LightMode: 'Forward'` below are a
+      // local URP-bridge — they mirror what `Materials.unlit({ castShadow:
+      // true })` produces at the asset layer.  The default-material
+      // handle=0 path bypasses asset registration, so we synthesize the
+      // same dispatch shape inline.  Follow-up cleanup (F-1 from
+      // implement-review R1): thread default materials through the
+      // Materials factory so this block can call into the shared
+      // passes[] producer.
+      // tweak-20260701 M1: `materialSnap.shadingModel === 'unlit'` removed —
+      // for handleRaw===0, defaultMaterialSnapshot() was always unlit
+      // (the shadingModel check was a tautology); the isRenderable &&
+      // handleRaw===0 guard alone preserves the exact same dispatch shape.
+      if (isRenderable && handleRaw === 0) {
+        const shadowCasterTags: Record<string, string> = { LightMode: 'ShadowCaster' };
+        const nextRenderableIndex = renderables.length;
+        // M2.5: stage into pendingDispatch; flushed at the renderable push
+        // site below only when the entity survives cull.
+        pendingDispatch.push({
+          entityIndex: entity,
+          materialHandle: 0,
+          renderableIndex: nextRenderableIndex,
+          passIndex: 0,
+          queue: 2000,
+          layer: layerVal,
+          tags: shadowCasterTags,
+          renderState: undefined,
+          defines: undefined,
+          vertexEntry: 'vs_main',
+          fragmentEntry: undefined,
+          materialShaderId: 'forgeax::default-shadow-caster',
+          paramSnapshot: {},
+        });
+        // Also add a Forward pass entry so the entity renders in the
+        // main scene pass (mirrors Materials.unlit default).
+        appendMaterialDispatchEntries(
+          pendingDispatch,
+          [DEFAULT_FORWARD_PASS],
+          entity,
+          0,
+          nextRenderableIndex,
+          layerVal,
+          {},
+          1,
+        );
+      }
+
+      if (isRenderable) {
+        // feat-20260612 M2 / m2-6: Skin + Instances coexistence + per-joint
+        // dangling fail-fast + real palette slice allocation. Replaces the
+        // T-21 placeholder ({0,0} discriminator-only sentinel) with full
+        // resolve / validate / write chain (D-9 reset already fired at
+        // extractFrame entry; per-entity allocate + writeJointPalette here).
+        let skinSlice: SkinPaletteSlice | undefined;
+        if (hasSkin) {
+          const skeletonHandleRaw = skinSkeletonView;
+          if (
+            skeletonHandleRaw !== undefined &&
+            skeletonHandleRaw !== 0 &&
+            assets !== undefined &&
+            assets !== null
+          ) {
+            // Skin + Instances coexistence is forbidden (D-10).
+            if (hasInstances) {
+              worldInternal._routeError(new SkinInstancesCoexistForbiddenError(entity), {
+                severity: Severity.Error,
+                systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (skin-instances-coexist)',
+              });
+
+              continue;
+            }
+            // (a) Resolve skeleton asset; on failure -> skeleton-resolve-failed.
+            const skeletonHandle = toShared<'SkeletonAsset'>(skeletonHandleRaw);
+            const skeletonRes = resolveAssetHandle<SkeletonAsset>(world, skeletonHandle);
+            if (!skeletonRes.ok || skeletonRes.value.kind !== 'skeleton') {
+              worldInternal._routeError(new SkeletonResolveFailedError(entity, skeletonHandleRaw), {
+                severity: Severity.Error,
+                systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (skeleton-resolve-failed)',
+              });
+              continue;
+            }
+            const skeleton = skeletonRes.value;
+            // (b) Reuse the Skin row already read for its skeleton handle;
+            // the old path repeated a second whole-row world.get here.
+            const skinJoints = skin?.joints;
+            if (skinJoints === undefined) continue;
+            const jointsLength = skinJoints.length;
+            if (jointsLength !== skeleton.jointCount) {
+              worldInternal._routeError(
+                new JointCountMismatchError(entity, skeleton.jointCount, jointsLength),
+                {
+                  severity: Severity.Error,
+                  systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (joint-count-mismatch)',
+                },
+              );
+              continue;
+            }
+            // (c) Resolve only each joint's GlobalTransform.world column. The
+            // transient view is consumed before a structural mutation and
+            // therefore preserves the same dangling-joint behavior without
+            // constructing every other Transform field.
+            // Build mat4 list eagerly so write happens once per entity (no
+            // half-written slice on dangling).
+            const jointWorlds = new Array<Mat4>(skeleton.jointCount);
+            let jointDangling = -1;
+            for (let jIdx = 0; jIdx < skeleton.jointCount; jIdx++) {
+              const jointEntityRaw = skinJoints[jIdx] ?? 0;
+              const jointEntity = jointEntityRaw as EntityHandle;
+              const jointWorld = worldInternal._getArrayView(jointEntity, GlobalTransform, 'world');
+              if (jointWorld === undefined) {
+                jointDangling = jIdx;
+                break;
+              }
+              // The allocator consumes the canonical Mat4 brand. Copy the
+              // column view into that owner-created value so the ECS storage
+              // view never crosses the math brand boundary by assertion.
+              const jointWorldMat = mat4.create();
+              jointWorldMat.set(jointWorld);
+              jointWorlds[jIdx] = jointWorldMat;
+            }
+            if (jointDangling >= 0) {
+              worldInternal._routeError(new JointEntityDanglingError(entity, jointDangling), {
+                severity: Severity.Error,
+                systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (joint-entity-dangling)',
+              });
+              continue;
+            }
+            // (d) Slice the IBM flat Float32Array into per-joint Float32Arrays.
+            //     skeleton.inverseBindMatrices length === jointCount * 16.
+            const ibmFlat = skeleton.inverseBindMatrices;
+            const ibms: Float32Array[] = new Array<Float32Array>(skeleton.jointCount);
+            for (let jIdx = 0; jIdx < skeleton.jointCount; jIdx++) {
+              ibms[jIdx] = ibmFlat.subarray(jIdx * 16, jIdx * 16 + 16);
+            }
+            // (e) Allocate slice + write palette via the allocator (D-9 reset
+            // already fired at extractFrame entry). When the pipelineState
+            // surface is absent (test fixtures that pass undefined) the
+            // hasSkin segment is skipped silently — bind-pose equivalent.
+            if (skinPaletteAllocator !== null) {
+              const slice = skinPaletteAllocator.allocateSlice(skeleton.jointCount);
+              skinPaletteAllocator.writeJointPalette(slice, ibms, jointWorlds);
+              skinSlice = {
+                jointCount: slice.jointCount,
+                byteOffset: slice.byteOffset,
+                buffer: slice.buffer,
+              };
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        // A pbr-skin PSO requires the complete three-binding group(2) skin
+        // projection. Do not publish a renderable or its staged dispatch when
+        // palette extraction was unavailable; the record stage must never
+        // reinterpret a skinned vertex stream through an ordinary mesh group.
+        if (materialSnap.materialShaderId === 'forgeax::pbr-skin' && skinSlice === undefined) {
+          pendingDispatch.length = 0;
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        // feat-20260601 D-3: read the resolved world mat4 (propagateTransforms
+        // output) straight from the GlobalTransform.world column array view. The
+        // record stage copies these 16 floats into the mesh SSBO with zero
+        // per-snapshot `mat4.compose` (AC-07). A stale slot (generation gone)
+        // skips the renderable, mirroring the Instances dangling-row sweep.
+        // tweak-20260611 M1 / K-3: `_getArrayView` call survives untouched;
+        // only the `entity` source switched to `bundle.Entity.self[i]`.
+        const worldView = worldInternal._getArrayView(entity, GlobalTransform, 'world');
+        if (worldView === undefined) continue;
+        const worldMat = new Float32Array(worldView);
+        const transformSnap: TransformSnapshot = { world: worldMat };
+        // feat-20260608 M5 amend / w11-a: per-submesh `materials[]` array
+        // aligned 1-1 with `MeshAsset.submeshes[]`. materials[0] === the
+        // representative entity-level snapshot already built; materials[i>=1]
+        // are resolved via `resolveMaterialSnapshot` (a non-sprite, single-
+        // pass-equivalent resolver — sprite per-submesh is OOS-1). When the
+        // entity has no materialsView (case-B sentinel) the array is a single
+        // mid-grey default mirroring the legacy single-material path so the
+        // record stage's per-submesh UBO upload loop trivially writes one
+        // slot, no special branch.
+        const materialsArr: MaterialSnapshot[] = [materialSnap];
+        if (assets !== undefined && assets !== null) {
+          for (let mi = 1; mi < materialHandles.length; mi++) {
+            const subHandle = materialHandles[mi] ?? 0;
+            const cachedSubmaterial = materialSnapshotCache.get(subHandle);
+            materialsArr.push(
+              cachedSubmaterial?.snapshot ??
+                resolveMaterialSnapshot(
+                  subHandle,
+                  world,
+                  assets,
+                  materialSnapshotCache,
+                  persistentMaterialSnapshotCache,
+                ),
+            );
+          }
+        }
+        if (isRenderable && assets !== undefined && assets !== null) {
+          for (let mi = 1; mi < materialHandles.length; mi++) {
+            const subHandle = materialHandles[mi] ?? 0;
+            if (subHandle === handleRaw) continue;
+            const subEntry =
+              materialSnapshotCache.get(subHandle) ??
+              readPersistentMaterialSnapshot(persistentMaterialSnapshotCache, subHandle, assets);
+            appendMaterialDispatchEntries(
+              pendingDispatch,
+              subEntry?.passes ?? (subHandle === 0 ? [DEFAULT_FORWARD_PASS] : []),
+              entity,
+              subHandle,
+              renderables.length,
+              layerVal,
+              materialsArr[mi]?.paramSnapshot,
+            );
+          }
+        }
+
+        // feat-20260625-sprite-instances-and-tilemap-terrain-static-batch M3 /
+        // w10: SpriteInstances validation + snapshot materialisation.
+        // Three structured EcsError fires at this single point (plan-strategy
+        // D-6 "fail-fast at the render domain entry, not at ECS spawn-time"):
+        let spriteInstancesSnap: SpriteInstancesSnapshot | undefined;
+        if (hasSpriteInstances) {
+          // (1) mutually exclusive with Instances (peers — pick one).
+          if (hasInstances) {
+            worldInternal._routeError(
+              new SpriteInstancesMutuallyExclusiveWithInstancesError(entity),
+              {
+                severity: Severity.Error,
+                systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (sprite-instances-mutually-exclusive)',
+              },
+            );
+            continue;
+          }
+          // (2) requires sprite shader — the per-instance UV region is
+          // consumed by the sprite vertex shader path only (plan-strategy D-4
+          // axis on sprite.wgsl). Post-collapse (PR #520): sprite is no longer
+          // a `shadingModel` enum member; identification is via the first-pass
+          // `materialShaderId === 'forgeax::sprite'` (OOS-1 path retained).
+          //
+          // feat-20260624 M1' / t6: `'forgeax::sprite-lit'` also walks the same
+          // per-instance UV region vertex path (VsOut byte-identical, paramSchema
+          // mirror); accept either shader id.
+          if (
+            materialSnap.materialShaderId !== 'forgeax::sprite' &&
+            materialSnap.materialShaderId !== 'forgeax::sprite-lit'
+          ) {
+            worldInternal._routeError(
+              new SpriteInstancesRequiresSpriteShaderError(
+                entity,
+                materialSnap.materialShaderId ?? 'undefined',
+              ),
+              {
+                severity: Severity.Error,
+                systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (sprite-instances-requires-sprite-shader)',
+              },
+            );
+            continue;
+          }
+          // (3) count mismatch — transforms.length / 16 === regions.length / 4
+          // (transforms.length=0 + regions.length=0 is the zero-instance lawful
+          // boundary; both derivations are 0 and equality holds, so no fire).
+          const transforms = worldInternal._getArrayView(entity, SpriteInstances, 'transforms');
+          const regions = worldInternal._getArrayView(entity, SpriteInstances, 'regions');
+          if (transforms !== undefined && regions !== undefined) {
+            const transformsLength = transforms.length;
+            const regionsLength = regions.length;
+            // Stride sanity: transforms must be mod 16, regions must be mod 4.
+            // A stride violation expresses as a count mismatch under the
+            // canonical derivation transforms/16 vs regions/4 — fire the
+            // count-mismatch code (the same code carries detail.expectedStride).
+            const tCount = transformsLength / 16;
+            const rCount = regionsLength / 4;
+            if (transformsLength % 16 !== 0 || regionsLength % 4 !== 0 || tCount !== rCount) {
+              worldInternal._routeError(
+                new SpriteInstancesCountMismatchError(transformsLength, regionsLength),
+                {
+                  severity: Severity.Error,
+                  systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (sprite-instances-count-mismatch)',
+                },
+              );
+              continue;
+            }
+            // Validation passes — build the snapshot. transforms.length === 0
+            // is lawful (zero-instance) and produces instanceCount=0; the
+            // record stage skips drawIndexed when instanceCount===0.
+            const transformsCopy = new Float32Array(transforms);
+            const regionsCopy = new Float32Array(regions);
+            spriteInstancesSnap = {
+              transforms: transformsCopy,
+              regions: regionsCopy,
+              instanceCount: tCount,
+              cacheKey: entity,
+              archVersion,
+            };
+          }
+        }
+
+        let localAabb: Float32Array | undefined;
+        let lods: readonly MeshLodLevel[] | undefined;
+        let lodHysteresis: number | undefined;
+        let morph: MorphSnapshot | undefined;
+        const assetHandleRaw = Math.round(fAssetHandle ?? 0);
+        if (assetHandleRaw !== 0) {
+          const meshRes = resolveAssetHandle(world, toShared<'MeshAsset'>(assetHandleRaw));
+          if (meshRes.ok && meshRes.value.kind === 'mesh') {
+            const meshAsset = meshRes.value as MeshAsset;
+            lods = meshAsset.lods;
+            lodHysteresis = meshAsset.lodHysteresis;
+            morph = morphSnapshotFor(meshAsset, morphWeightsView);
+            const meshAabb = meshAsset.aabb;
+            // Morph targets can expand the authored bounds. Keep the
+            // specialized lane conservative until a target-aware bounds
+            // projection is available; a false-positive draw is preferable
+            // to culling a valid deformed vertex.
+            if (morph === undefined && hasFiniteOrderedLocalAabb(meshAabb)) {
+              localAabb = new Float32Array(meshAabb);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        const pointsLinesStyle: PointsLinesStyle | undefined =
+          points !== undefined
+            ? (() => {
+                const shape = pointShapeFromU32(points.shape);
+                return shape === undefined
+                  ? undefined
+                  : { kind: 'points' as const, sizePx: points.sizePx, shape };
+              })()
+            : lines === undefined
+              ? undefined
+              : { kind: 'lines' as const, widthPx: lines.widthPx };
+        const cullingLocalAabb = expandPointsLinesBounds(localAabb ?? [], pointsLinesStyle);
+        const pointsLines =
+          pointsLinesComponent === undefined
+            ? undefined
+            : ({
+                worldId: 0,
+                entityKey: entity,
+                component: pointsLinesComponent,
+                meshHandle: assetHandleRaw,
+                meshGeneration: assets?.catalogEpoch ?? 0,
+                materialHandle: handleRaw,
+                materialGeneration: assets?.catalogEpoch ?? 0,
+                style: pointsLinesStyle,
+                layer: layerVal,
+                sortKey,
+                visible: true,
+                sourceBounds: cullingLocalAabb,
+                viewport: { width: 0, height: 0, dpr: 1 },
+                projection: identityProjection(),
+              } satisfies PointsLinesRetainedSnapshot);
+
+        // Instances are snapshotted before the CPU visibility decision so the
+        // culling owner can derive the union of every instance's transformed
+        // mesh bounds. The same detached snapshot is then carried to record;
+        // do not re-read the ECS array after culling (a structural write must
+        // not make the cull and draw disagree within one frame).
+        let instancesSnap: InstancesSnapshot | undefined;
+        if (hasInstances) {
+          const transforms = worldInternal._getArrayView(entity, Instances, 'transforms');
+          if (transforms === undefined) {
+            // A present component with an unavailable array is an empty
+            // instance contribution, not an absent component. Preserve the
+            // zero-draw contract so the record stage cannot synthesize one
+            // identity instance from an incomplete row.
+            instancesSnap = {
+              transforms: new Float32Array(),
+              instanceCount: 0,
+              cacheKey: entity,
+              archVersion,
+            };
+          } else {
+            const actualLength = transforms.length;
+            if (actualLength % 16 !== 0) {
+              worldInternal._routeError(new InstanceTransformsStrideMismatchError(actualLength), {
+                severity: Severity.Error,
+                systemName: 'RenderSystem.extract (Instances stride)',
+              });
+              continue;
+            }
+            const snapshotCopy = new Float32Array(transforms);
+            instancesSnap = {
+              transforms: snapshotCopy,
+              instanceCount: actualLength / 16,
+              cacheKey: entity,
+              archVersion,
+            };
+          }
+        }
+
+        const baseRenderable: RenderableSnapshot = {
+          assetHandle: Math.round(fAssetHandle ?? 0),
+          transform: transformSnap,
+          ...(lods === undefined ? {} : { lods }),
+          ...(lodHysteresis === undefined ? {} : { lodHysteresis }),
+          ...(localAabb !== undefined ? { localAabb: cullingLocalAabb } : {}),
+          material: materialSnap,
+          materials: materialsArr,
+          materialBindingSources,
+          materialBindingDiagnostics,
+          worldId: 0,
+          entityKey: entity,
+          ...(skinSlice !== undefined ? { skin: skinSlice } : {}),
+          ...(morph !== undefined ? { morph } : {}),
+          ...(instancesSnap !== undefined ? { instances: instancesSnap } : {}),
+          ...(spriteInstancesSnap !== undefined ? { spriteInstances: spriteInstancesSnap } : {}),
+          ...(pointsLines !== undefined ? { pointsLines } : {}),
+        };
+        const gpuDrivenDraws = buildGpuDrivenDraws({
+          submeshes: gpuDrivenSubmeshes,
+          indexed: gpuDrivenIndexed,
+          materials: materialsArr,
+          fallbackMaterial: materialSnap,
+          ...(gpuDrivenGeometry === undefined || getMaterialShaderArtifact === undefined
+            ? {}
+            : {
+                prepare(draw, drawMaterial) {
+                  const materialShaderId = drawMaterial.materialShaderId;
+                  if (materialShaderId === undefined) return undefined;
+                  const artifact = getMaterialShaderArtifact(materialShaderId);
+                  if (artifact?.receipt === undefined) return undefined;
+                  const geometry: GpuDrivenGeometryReceipt = {
+                    ...gpuDrivenGeometry,
+                    topology: draw.topology,
+                    indexed: draw.kind === 'indexed',
+                  };
+                  const result = resolvePreparedGpuDrivenDraw({
+                    snapshot: { ...baseRenderable, material: drawMaterial },
+                    artifact,
+                    geometry,
+                    generation: artifact.receipt.generation,
+                    draw,
+                  });
+                  return result.ok ? result.value : undefined;
+                },
+              }),
+        });
+        const renderable =
+          morph === undefined && gpuDrivenDraws.length > 0
+            ? { ...baseRenderable, gpuDrivenDraws }
+            : baseRenderable;
+
+        // feat-20260528-frustum-culling M3 / w10: frustum culling check.
+        // Skip the entity if a valid AABB exists AND ALL cameras' frusta
+        // reject the world-space AABB. Missing or malformed AABBs are
+        // conservative always-visible fallbacks; valid culling bounds are
+        // producer-owned finite local-space AABBs. Culling is unconditional
+        // engine behavior; there is no per-entity opt-out.
+        if (localAabb !== undefined) {
+          // An empty or malformed Instances payload has no meaningful bounds.
+          // Keep it conservative (the draw path later emits zero instances)
+          // instead of manufacturing the entity's identity bounds. For a
+          // valid payload, derive one world-space union for CPU culling while
+          // leaving the mesh-local AABB untouched for GPU per-instance cull.
+          const derivedInstancesBounds =
+            instancesSnap === undefined || instancesSnap.instanceCount === 0
+              ? undefined
+              : deriveInstancesUnionBounds({
+                  meshAabb: cullingLocalAabb,
+                  entityWorld: transformSnap.world,
+                  transforms: instancesSnap.transforms,
+                });
+          if (instancesSnap?.instanceCount === 0) {
+            // No instance can contribute a visible bound. The retained
+            // snapshot still records instanceCount=0 for the record stage.
+          } else if (
+            hasInstances &&
+            (instancesSnap === undefined || derivedInstancesBounds === undefined)
+          ) {
+            // Missing/malformed derived facts are a conservative no-cull
+            // result. The stride validator above already rejects malformed
+            // lengths; this branch covers non-finite producer matrices/AABB.
+          } else {
+            // feat-20260601 D-3: cull AABB uses the resolved world mat4
+            // directly (no compose) -- same source the record stage feeds
+            // the mesh SSBO, so cull stays same-source with render (AC-05).
+            const worldAabb = box3.create();
+            if (derivedInstancesBounds !== undefined) {
+              worldAabb[0] = derivedInstancesBounds[0] ?? 0;
+              worldAabb[1] = derivedInstancesBounds[1] ?? 0;
+              worldAabb[2] = derivedInstancesBounds[2] ?? 0;
+              worldAabb[3] = derivedInstancesBounds[3] ?? 0;
+              worldAabb[4] = derivedInstancesBounds[4] ?? 0;
+              worldAabb[5] = derivedInstancesBounds[5] ?? 0;
+            } else {
+              box3.transformBox3(worldAabb, cullingLocalAabb, transformSnap.world);
+            }
+
+            // Test against all cameras. Entity is visible if one camera
+            // frustum intersects the world-space AABB (or planes are empty
+            // from degenerate projection).
+            frustumTotal += 1;
+            let visible = frustumPlanes.length === 0;
+            for (let ci = 0; ci < frustumPlanes.length; ci++) {
+              const planes = frustumPlanes[ci] as Float32Array;
+              if (planes.length === 0) {
+                visible = true;
+                break;
+              }
+              if (frustum.intersectsBox(planes as frustum.Frustum, worldAabb as box3.Box3Like)) {
+                visible = true;
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+            if (!visible) {
+              frustumCulled += 1;
+              continue;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        flushPendingDispatch(pendingDispatch);
+        renderables.push(renderable);
+      }
+
+      // feat-20260520-2d-sprite-layer-mvp M-3 / w22 + w25: finalise the
+      // pending TransparentEntry with the renderableIndex pointing at the
+      // RenderableSnapshot we just pushed (when isRenderable === true).
+      // The check below also covers a sprite entity that survives the
+      // dangling-Instances branch (silent skip with `dispatchEntry !==
+      // null` early-continue) — in that case renderableIndex is still set
+      // to the just-pushed slot which is correct because materialDispatch
+      // already captures the dispatch position.
+    }
+  }
+
+  // M3 / w26: sort dispatch entries by queue (ascending, stable sort)
+  // per plan-strategy D-3.
+  dispatch = sortDispatchByQueue(dispatch);
+
+  // D-1: collect PostProcessParams entities into Map<shaderId, Uint8Array>.
+  // Last-one-wins when multiple entities bear the same shader id (mirrors
+  // Camera.exposure -> CameraSnapshot pattern; extract stage only reads).
+  const postProcessParams: Map<string, Uint8Array> = new Map();
+  const postProcessParamsQuery = world.query({ with: [PostProcessParams] }).unwrap();
+  for (const row of postProcessParamsQuery) {
+    const entity = row.entity;
+    const read = world.get(entity, PostProcessParams);
+    if (!read.ok) continue;
+    postProcessParams.set(read.value.shader, read.value.data);
+  }
+
+  // feat-20260621 M-A3 / w13 (D-5): engine built-in tonemap data-driven
+  // provider. The engine bridges the active camera's `Camera.exposure /
+  // whitePoint / tonemap` onto the SAME unified params channel custom
+  // post-processes use — `Camera.exposure` stays the AI-user-facing SSOT (D-5),
+  // the engine itself acts as the provider for the Standard tonemap shader
+  // id. The 16B layout keeps the prior recordTonemapPass packing
+  // (render-system-record.ts pre-w14): Float32 [exposure, whitePoint, _,
+  // ditherEnabled], with the mode u32 occupying the third 4-byte slot via
+  // tonemapToU32 (SSOT in camera.ts). The final Output Transform makes a
+  // per-pass copy and writes ditherEnabled at byte offset 12; the extracted
+  // camera snapshot remains the SSOT. Run AFTER the user-entity collection above so the engine's
+  // built-in provider is authoritative for its own reserved key (a user entity
+  // can never shadow the Standard tonemap identity. The single active camera mirrors
+  // recordFrame's `activeCameras[0]` selection.
+  const tonemapCamera = cameras[0];
+  if (tonemapCamera !== undefined) {
+    postProcessParams.set(STANDARD_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_FEATURE_ID, tonemapParams(tonemapCamera));
+  }
+
+  return {
+    cameras,
+    auxiliaryCameras,
+    cubeCameras,
+    reflectionProbes,
+    lights,
+    environment,
+    environmentReady: true,
+    ...(volumetricFog === undefined ? {} : { volumetricFog }),
+    renderables,
+    dispatch,
+    skylight,
+    skylightCount,
+    lightProbes,
+    skybox,
+    skyboxCount,
+    fog,
+    ...(fogFailure === undefined ? {} : { fogFailure }),
+    frustumStats: { culled: frustumCulled, total: frustumTotal },
+    visibilityStats: { explicitlyHidden: explicitlyHidden.size },
+    postProcessParams,
+    visibilitySnapshots: [context.visibility],
+    featureVisibilitySnapshots: [{ world, snapshot: context.visibility }],
+    hiddenEntityReports: [...explicitlyHidden].map((entity) => ({ world, entity })),
+  };
+}
+
+export function defaultMaterialSnapshot(materialHandle = 0): MaterialSnapshot {
+  // Mid-grey unlit fallback (D-Q7 case B + extract-stage missing-spec),
+  // matching the pre-w6 visual outcome where the record stage's force-cast
+  // read of `firstMaterial.baseColorTexture` returned undefined and the
+  // unlit fallback shader was selected.
+  return {
+    baseColor: vec3.create(0.5, 0.5, 0.5),
+    metallic: 0,
+    roughness: 1,
+    materialHandle,
+  };
+}
+
+function identityProjection(): Float32Array {
+  const projection = new Float32Array(16);
+  projection[0] = 1;
+  projection[5] = 1;
+  projection[10] = 1;
+  projection[15] = 1;
+  return projection;
+}