@fntio/infra-client 0.0.0-stage → 0.5.0

package/assets/api/vendor_modules/body-parser/node_modules/qs/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,804 @@
+<p align="center">
+    <img alt="qs" src="./logos/banner_default.png" width="800" />
+</p>
+
+# qs <sup>[![Version Badge][npm-version-svg]][package-url]</sup>
+
+[![github actions][actions-image]][actions-url]
+[![coverage][codecov-image]][codecov-url]
+[![License][license-image]][license-url]
+[![Downloads][downloads-image]][downloads-url]
+[![CII Best Practices](https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/projects/9058/badge)](https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/projects/9058)
+
+[![npm badge][npm-badge-png]][package-url]
+
+A querystring parsing and stringifying library with some added security.
+
+Lead Maintainer: [Jordan Harband](https://github.com/ljharb)
+
+The **qs** module was originally created and maintained by [TJ Holowaychuk](https://github.com/visionmedia/node-querystring).
+
+## Usage
+
+```javascript
+var qs = require('qs');
+var assert = require('assert');
+
+var obj = qs.parse('a=c');
+assert.deepEqual(obj, { a: 'c' });
+
+var str = qs.stringify(obj);
+assert.equal(str, 'a=c');
+```
+
+### Parsing Objects
+
+[](#preventEval)
+```javascript
+qs.parse(string, [options]);
+```
+
+**qs** allows you to create nested objects within your query strings, by surrounding the name of sub-keys with square brackets `[]`.
+For example, the string `'foo[bar]=baz'` converts to:
+
+```javascript
+assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo[bar]=baz'), {
+    foo: {
+        bar: 'baz'
+    }
+});
+```
+
+When using the `plainObjects` option the parsed value is returned as a null object, created via `{ __proto__: null }` and as such you should be aware that prototype methods will not exist on it and a user may set those names to whatever value they like:
+
+```javascript
+var nullObject = qs.parse('a[hasOwnProperty]=b', { plainObjects: true });
+assert.deepEqual(nullObject, { a: { hasOwnProperty: 'b' } });
+```
+
+By default parameters that would overwrite properties on the object prototype are ignored, if you wish to keep the data from those fields either use `plainObjects` as mentioned above, or set `allowPrototypes` to `true` which will allow user input to overwrite those properties.
+*WARNING* It is generally a bad idea to enable this option as it can cause problems when attempting to use the properties that have been overwritten.
+Always be careful with this option.
+
+```javascript
+var protoObject = qs.parse('a[hasOwnProperty]=b', { allowPrototypes: true });
+assert.deepEqual(protoObject, { a: { hasOwnProperty: 'b' } });
+```
+
+URI encoded strings work too:
+
+```javascript
+assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a%5Bb%5D=c'), {
+    a: { b: 'c' }
+});
+```
+
+You can also nest your objects, like `'foo[bar][baz]=foobarbaz'`:
+
+```javascript
+assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo[bar][baz]=foobarbaz'), {
+    foo: {
+        bar: {
+            baz: 'foobarbaz'
+        }
+    }
+});
+```
+
+Since v6.14.1 and v6.15.2, `parse` interprets nested bracket groups more consistently. Query strings with unbalanced `[`/`]` can produce different results than in 6.15.1; see [#558](https://github.com/ljharb/qs/issues/558).
+
+Because of that bracket grammar,
+**qs** does not agree with `URLSearchParams`,
+`node:querystring`, or any other flat parser about what the "name" of a parameter is,
+and it never has.
+`URLSearchParams` reads `'foo[bar]=baz'` as one flat name `foo[bar]`;
+**qs** reads it as the path `foo.bar`.
+Text that **qs**'s grammar cannot place,
+such as the `extra` in `'foo[bar]extra=baz'`,
+is currently dropped, so several distinct flat names can resolve to the same **qs** path
+(see [#619](https://github.com/ljharb/qs/issues/619)).
+
+So validating, authorizing, filtering,
+or signing a query string with one parser and then consuming it with another is unsafe: a deny list or signature computed over `URLSearchParams` names does not constrain what **qs** will produce from the same string.
+Parse the input once, with **qs**, and apply your checks to the resulting object.
+
+By default, when nesting objects **qs** will only parse up to 5 children deep.
+This means if you attempt to parse a string like `'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j'` your resulting object will be:
+
+```javascript
+var expected = {
+    a: {
+        b: {
+            c: {
+                d: {
+                    e: {
+                        f: {
+                            '[g][h][i]': 'j'
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+};
+var string = 'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j';
+assert.deepEqual(qs.parse(string), expected);
+```
+
+This depth can be overridden by passing a `depth` option to `qs.parse(string, [options])`:
+
+```javascript
+var deep = qs.parse('a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j', { depth: 1 });
+assert.deepEqual(deep, { a: { b: { '[c][d][e][f][g][h][i]': 'j' } } });
+```
+
+You can configure **qs** to throw an error when parsing nested input beyond this depth using the `strictDepth` option (defaulted to false):
+
+```javascript
+try {
+    qs.parse('a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j', { depth: 1, strictDepth: true });
+} catch (err) {
+    assert(err instanceof RangeError);
+    assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'Input depth exceeded depth option of 1 and strictDepth is true');
+}
+```
+
+The depth limit helps mitigate abuse when **qs** is used to parse user input, and it is recommended to keep it a reasonably small number. The strictDepth option adds a layer of protection by throwing an error when the limit is exceeded, allowing you to catch and handle such cases.
+
+For similar reasons, by default **qs** will only parse up to 1000 parameters. This can be overridden by passing a `parameterLimit` option:
+
+```javascript
+var limited = qs.parse('a=b&c=d', { parameterLimit: 1 });
+assert.deepEqual(limited, { a: 'b' });
+```
+
+If you want an error to be thrown whenever a limit is exceeded (eg, `parameterLimit`, `arrayLimit`), set the `throwOnLimitExceeded` option to `true`. This option will generate a descriptive error if the query string exceeds a configured limit.
+```javascript
+try {
+    qs.parse('a=1&b=2&c=3&d=4', { parameterLimit: 3, throwOnLimitExceeded: true });
+} catch (err) {
+    assert(err instanceof Error);
+    assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'Parameter limit exceeded. Only 3 parameters allowed.');
+}
+```
+
+When `throwOnLimitExceeded` is set to `false` (default), **qs** will parse up to the specified `parameterLimit` and ignore the rest without throwing an error.
+
+Note that `parameterLimit` only bounds the number of `&`-delimited parameters; it does not limit how many values a single parameter expands into. In particular, when `comma: true` is enabled, a single parameter's value is split on commas into arbitrarily many elements, which `parameterLimit` does not constrain. Setting `throwOnLimitExceeded: true` (see `arrayLimit` below) makes **qs** reject a query string with more than `parameterLimit` parameters, one that uses an array index of `arrayLimit` or greater, or one that would produce any array longer than `arrayLimit`, including an array produced by comma splitting. `arrayLimit` applies to each array separately, including each parameter's comma-split value, so the total number of values across all parameters can still reach `parameterLimit` times `arrayLimit`, which is 20,000 at the default limits; always bound the input size at the transport layer as well (e.g. an HTTP body-size limit).
+
+To bypass the leading question mark, use `ignoreQueryPrefix`:
+
+```javascript
+var prefixed = qs.parse('?a=b&c=d', { ignoreQueryPrefix: true });
+assert.deepEqual(prefixed, { a: 'b', c: 'd' });
+```
+
+An optional delimiter can also be passed:
+
+```javascript
+var delimited = qs.parse('a=b;c=d', { delimiter: ';' });
+assert.deepEqual(delimited, { a: 'b', c: 'd' });
+```
+
+Delimiters can be a regular expression too:
+
+```javascript
+var regexed = qs.parse('a=b;c=d,e=f', { delimiter: /[;,]/ });
+assert.deepEqual(regexed, { a: 'b', c: 'd', e: 'f' });
+```
+
+Option `allowDots` can be used to enable dot notation:
+
+```javascript
+var withDots = qs.parse('a.b=c', { allowDots: true });
+assert.deepEqual(withDots, { a: { b: 'c' } });
+```
+
+Option `decodeDotInKeys` can be used to decode dots in keys
+Note: it implies `allowDots`, so `parse` will error if you set `decodeDotInKeys` to `true`, and `allowDots` to `false`.
+
+```javascript
+var withDots = qs.parse('name%252Eobj.first=John&name%252Eobj.last=Doe', { decodeDotInKeys: true });
+assert.deepEqual(withDots, { 'name.obj': { first: 'John', last: 'Doe' }});
+```
+
+Option `allowEmptyArrays` can be used to allow empty array values in an object
+```javascript
+var withEmptyArrays = qs.parse('foo[]&bar=baz', { allowEmptyArrays: true });
+assert.deepEqual(withEmptyArrays, { foo: [], bar: 'baz' });
+```
+
+Option `duplicates` can be used to change the behavior when duplicate keys are encountered
+```javascript
+assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo=bar&foo=baz'), { foo: ['bar', 'baz'] });
+assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo=bar&foo=baz', { duplicates: 'combine' }), { foo: ['bar', 'baz'] });
+assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo=bar&foo=baz', { duplicates: 'first' }), { foo: 'bar' });
+assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo=bar&foo=baz', { duplicates: 'last' }), { foo: 'baz' });
+```
+
+Note that keys with bracket notation (`[]`) always combine into arrays, regardless of the `duplicates` setting:
+```javascript
+assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a=1&a=2&b[]=1&b[]=2', { duplicates: 'last' }), { a: '2', b: ['1', '2'] });
+```
+
+If you have to deal with legacy browsers or services, there's also support for decoding percent-encoded octets as iso-8859-1:
+
+```javascript
+var oldCharset = qs.parse('a=%A7', { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
+assert.deepEqual(oldCharset, { a: '§' });
+```
+
+Some services add an initial `utf8=✓` value to forms so that old Internet Explorer versions are more likely to submit the form as utf-8.
+Additionally, the server can check the value against wrong encodings of the checkmark character and detect that a query string or `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` body was *not* sent as utf-8, eg. if the form had an `accept-charset` parameter or the containing page had a different character set.
+
+**qs** supports this mechanism via the `charsetSentinel` option.
+If specified, the `utf8` parameter will be omitted from the returned object.
+It will be used to switch to `iso-8859-1`/`utf-8` mode depending on how the checkmark is encoded.
+
+**Important**: When you specify both the `charset` option and the `charsetSentinel` option, the `charset` will be overridden when the request contains a `utf8` parameter from which the actual charset can be deduced.
+In that sense the `charset` will behave as the default charset rather than the authoritative charset.
+
+```javascript
+var detectedAsUtf8 = qs.parse('utf8=%E2%9C%93&a=%C3%B8', {
+    charset: 'iso-8859-1',
+    charsetSentinel: true
+});
+assert.deepEqual(detectedAsUtf8, { a: 'ø' });
+
+// Browsers encode the checkmark as &#10003; when submitting as iso-8859-1:
+var detectedAsIso8859_1 = qs.parse('utf8=%26%2310003%3B&a=%F8', {
+    charset: 'utf-8',
+    charsetSentinel: true
+});
+assert.deepEqual(detectedAsIso8859_1, { a: 'ø' });
+```
+
+If you want to decode the `&#...;` syntax to the actual character, you can specify the `interpretNumericEntities` option as well:
+
+```javascript
+var detectedAsIso8859_1 = qs.parse('a=%26%239786%3B', {
+    charset: 'iso-8859-1',
+    interpretNumericEntities: true
+});
+assert.deepEqual(detectedAsIso8859_1, { a: '☺' });
+```
+
+It also works when the charset has been detected in `charsetSentinel` mode.
+
+### Parsing Arrays
+
+**qs** can also parse arrays using a similar `[]` notation:
+
+```javascript
+var withArray = qs.parse('a[]=b&a[]=c');
+assert.deepEqual(withArray, { a: ['b', 'c'] });
+```
+
+You may specify an index as well:
+
+```javascript
+var withIndexes = qs.parse('a[1]=c&a[0]=b');
+assert.deepEqual(withIndexes, { a: ['b', 'c'] });
+```
+
+Note that the only difference between an index in an array and a key in an object is that the value between the brackets must be a number to create an array.
+When creating arrays with specific indices, **qs** will compact a sparse array to only the existing values preserving their order:
+
+```javascript
+var noSparse = qs.parse('a[1]=b&a[15]=c');
+assert.deepEqual(noSparse, { a: ['b', 'c'] });
+```
+
+You may also use `allowSparse` option to parse sparse arrays:
+
+```javascript
+var sparseArray = qs.parse('a[1]=2&a[3]=5', { allowSparse: true });
+assert.deepEqual(sparseArray, { a: [, '2', , '5'] });
+```
+
+Note that an empty string is also a value, and will be preserved:
+
+```javascript
+var withEmptyString = qs.parse('a[]=&a[]=b');
+assert.deepEqual(withEmptyString, { a: ['', 'b'] });
+
+var withIndexedEmptyString = qs.parse('a[0]=b&a[1]=&a[2]=c');
+assert.deepEqual(withIndexedEmptyString, { a: ['b', '', 'c'] });
+```
+
+**qs** will also limit arrays to a maximum of `20` elements.
+Any array members with an index of `20` or greater will instead be converted to an object with the index as the key.
+This is needed to handle cases when someone sent, for example, `a[999999999]` and it will take significant time to iterate over this huge array.
+
+Since v6.14.1 and v6.15.2, the arrayLimit now applies to arrays specified using both the `[]` and `[0]` syntaxes.
+
+```javascript
+var withMaxIndex = qs.parse('a[100]=b');
+assert.deepEqual(withMaxIndex, { a: { '100': 'b' } });
+```
+
+This limit can be overridden by passing an `arrayLimit` option:
+
+```javascript
+var withArrayLimit = qs.parse('a[1]=b', { arrayLimit: 0 });
+assert.deepEqual(withArrayLimit, { a: { '1': 'b' } });
+```
+
+If you want to throw an error whenever the array limit is exceeded, set the `throwOnLimitExceeded` option to `true`. This option will generate a descriptive error if the query string exceeds a configured limit.
+```javascript
+try {
+    qs.parse('a[1]=b', { arrayLimit: 0, throwOnLimitExceeded: true });
+} catch (err) {
+    assert(err instanceof Error);
+    assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'Array limit exceeded. Only 0 elements allowed in an array.');
+}
+```
+
+When `throwOnLimitExceeded` is set to `false` (default), **qs** will parse up to the specified `arrayLimit` and if the limit is exceeded, the array will instead be converted to an object with the index as the key.
+
+Note that `arrayLimit` is a *representation* threshold that controls when a numerically-indexed collection switches from an array to an object; it is **not** a hard cap on the total number of elements parsed. With the default `throwOnLimitExceeded: false`, exceeding `arrayLimit` never rejects or truncates input; it only changes the container type, and the resulting object still holds every element (so its size stays proportional to the input). This conversion is itself a safeguard: it avoids allocating a huge sparse array for input like `a[999999999]`. If you need a hard limit that rejects oversized arrays in untrusted query strings, set `throwOnLimitExceeded: true`. `throwOnLimitExceeded` still limits each array separately, not the total: with `comma: true`, each comma-separated group under `a[]=` counts as one element of the outer array, and can itself hold up to `arrayLimit` elements.
+
+To prevent array syntax (`a[]`, `a[0]`) from being parsed as arrays, set `parseArrays` to `false`.
+Note that duplicate keys (e.g. `a=b&a=c`) may still produce arrays when `duplicates` is `'combine'` (the default).
+
+```javascript
+var noParsingArrays = qs.parse('a[]=b', { parseArrays: false });
+assert.deepEqual(noParsingArrays, { a: { '0': 'b' } });
+```
+
+If you mix notations, **qs** will merge the two items into an object:
+
+```javascript
+var mixedNotation = qs.parse('a[0]=b&a[b]=c');
+assert.deepEqual(mixedNotation, { a: { '0': 'b', b: 'c' } });
+```
+
+When a key appears as both a plain value and an object, **qs** will by default wrap the conflicting values in an array (`strictMerge` defaults to `true`):
+
+```javascript
+assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a[b]=c&a=d'), { a: [{ b: 'c' }, 'd'] });
+assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a=d&a[b]=c'), { a: ['d', { b: 'c' }] });
+```
+
+To restore the legacy behavior (where the primitive is used as a key with value `true`), set `strictMerge` to `false`:
+
+```javascript
+assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a[b]=c&a=d', { strictMerge: false }), { a: { b: 'c', d: true } });
+```
+
+You can also create arrays of objects:
+
+```javascript
+var arraysOfObjects = qs.parse('a[][b]=c');
+assert.deepEqual(arraysOfObjects, { a: [{ b: 'c' }] });
+```
+
+Some people use comma to join array, **qs** can parse it:
+```javascript
+var arraysOfObjects = qs.parse('a=b,c', { comma: true })
+assert.deepEqual(arraysOfObjects, { a: ['b', 'c'] })
+```
+(_this cannot convert nested objects, such as `a={b:1},{c:d}`_)
+
+With `[]` or index notation, the values from each comma-separated group stay together as one element of the array, while repeated plain keys flatten into one array:
+```javascript
+var nestedGroups = qs.parse('a[]=b,c&a[]=d', { comma: true });
+assert.deepEqual(nestedGroups, { a: [['b', 'c'], 'd'] });
+
+var flatGroups = qs.parse('a=b,c&a=d', { comma: true });
+assert.deepEqual(flatGroups, { a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] });
+```
+
+### Parsing primitive/scalar values (numbers, booleans, null, etc)
+
+By default, all values are parsed as strings.
+This behavior will not change and is explained in [issue #91](https://github.com/ljharb/qs/issues/91).
+
+```javascript
+var primitiveValues = qs.parse('a=15&b=true&c=null');
+assert.deepEqual(primitiveValues, { a: '15', b: 'true', c: 'null' });
+```
+
+If you wish to auto-convert values which look like numbers, booleans, and other values into their primitive counterparts, you can use the [query-types Express JS middleware](https://github.com/xpepermint/query-types) which will auto-convert all request query parameters.
+
+### Stringifying
+
+[](#preventEval)
+```javascript
+qs.stringify(object, [options]);
+```
+
+When stringifying, **qs** by default URI encodes output. Objects are stringified as you would expect:
+
+```javascript
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b' }), 'a=b');
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }), 'a%5Bb%5D=c');
+```
+
+This encoding can be disabled by setting the `encode` option to `false`:
+
+```javascript
+var unencoded = qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }, { encode: false });
+assert.equal(unencoded, 'a[b]=c');
+```
+
+Encoding can be disabled for keys by setting the `encodeValuesOnly` option to `true`:
+```javascript
+var encodedValues = qs.stringify(
+    { a: 'b', c: ['d', 'e=f'], f: [['g'], ['h']] },
+    { encodeValuesOnly: true }
+);
+assert.equal(encodedValues,'a=b&c[0]=d&c[1]=e%3Df&f[0][0]=g&f[1][0]=h');
+```
+
+This encoding can also be replaced by a custom encoding method set as `encoder` option:
+
+```javascript
+var encoded = qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }, { encoder: function (str) {
+    // Passed in values `a`, `b`, `c`
+    return // Return encoded string
+}})
+```
+
+_(Note: the `encoder` option does not apply if `encode` is `false`)_
+
+By default, `qs.stringify` serializes an object of any nesting depth.
+For backwards compatibility, and because its input is the caller's own object rather than a query string parsed by **qs**, this is unbounded.
+If you serialize objects whose nesting can be influenced by untrusted input, bound it with the numeric `depth` option (default `Infinity`);
+exceeding it throws a catchable `RangeError` instead of eventually overflowing the call stack:
+
+```javascript
+try {
+    qs.stringify({ a: { b: { c: { d: 'e' } } } }, { depth: 2 });
+} catch (err) {
+    assert(err instanceof RangeError);
+    assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'Input depth exceeded depth option of 2');
+}
+```
+
+Analogue to the `encoder` there is a `decoder` option for `parse` to override decoding of properties and values:
+
+```javascript
+var decoded = qs.parse('x=z', { decoder: function (str) {
+    // Passed in values `x`, `z`
+    return // Return decoded string
+}})
+```
+
+You can encode keys and values using different logic by using the type argument provided to the encoder:
+
+```javascript
+var encoded = qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }, { encoder: function (str, defaultEncoder, charset, type) {
+    if (type === 'key') {
+        return // Encoded key
+    } else if (type === 'value') {
+        return // Encoded value
+    }
+}})
+```
+
+The type argument is also provided to the decoder:
+
+```javascript
+var decoded = qs.parse('x=z', { decoder: function (str, defaultDecoder, charset, type) {
+    if (type === 'key') {
+        return // Decoded key
+    } else if (type === 'value') {
+        return // Decoded value
+    }
+}})
+```
+
+Examples beyond this point will be shown as though the output is not URI encoded for clarity.
+Please note that the return values in these cases *will* be URI encoded during real usage.
+
+When arrays are stringified, they follow the `arrayFormat` option, which defaults to `indices`:
+
+```javascript
+qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] });
+// 'a[0]=b&a[1]=c&a[2]=d'
+```
+
+You may override this by setting the `indices` option to `false`, or to be more explicit, the `arrayFormat` option to `repeat`:
+
+```javascript
+qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] }, { indices: false });
+// 'a=b&a=c&a=d'
+```
+
+You may use the `arrayFormat` option to specify the format of the output array:
+
+```javascript
+qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'indices' })
+// 'a[0]=b&a[1]=c'
+qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'brackets' })
+// 'a[]=b&a[]=c'
+qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'repeat' })
+// 'a=b&a=c'
+qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'comma' })
+// 'a=b,c'
+```
+
+Note: when using `arrayFormat` set to `'comma'`, you can also pass the `commaRoundTrip` option set to `true` or `false`, to append `[]` on single-item arrays, so that they can round trip through a parse.
+
+When objects are stringified, by default they use bracket notation:
+
+```javascript
+qs.stringify({ a: { b: { c: 'd', e: 'f' } } });
+// 'a[b][c]=d&a[b][e]=f'
+```
+
+You may override this to use dot notation by setting the `allowDots` option to `true`:
+
+```javascript
+qs.stringify({ a: { b: { c: 'd', e: 'f' } } }, { allowDots: true });
+// 'a.b.c=d&a.b.e=f'
+```
+
+You may encode the dot notation in the keys of object with option `encodeDotInKeys` by setting it to `true`:
+Note: it implies `allowDots`, so `stringify` will error if you set `decodeDotInKeys` to `true`, and `allowDots` to `false`.
+Caveat: when `encodeValuesOnly` is `true` as well as `encodeDotInKeys`, only dots in keys and nothing else will be encoded.
+```javascript
+qs.stringify({ "name.obj": { "first": "John", "last": "Doe" } }, { allowDots: true, encodeDotInKeys: true })
+// 'name%252Eobj.first=John&name%252Eobj.last=Doe'
+```
+
+You may allow empty array values by setting the `allowEmptyArrays` option to `true`:
+```javascript
+qs.stringify({ foo: [], bar: 'baz' }, { allowEmptyArrays: true });
+// 'foo[]&bar=baz'
+```
+
+Empty strings and null values will omit the value, but the equals sign (=) remains in place:
+
+```javascript
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: '' }), 'a=');
+```
+
+Key with no values (such as an empty object or array) will return nothing:
+
+```javascript
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: [] }), '');
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: {} }), '');
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: [{}] }), '');
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: []} }), '');
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: {}} }), '');
+```
+
+Properties that are set to `undefined` will be omitted entirely:
+
+```javascript
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: null, b: undefined }), 'a=');
+```
+
+The query string may optionally be prepended with a question mark:
+
+```javascript
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd' }, { addQueryPrefix: true }), '?a=b&c=d');
+```
+
+Note that when the output is an empty string, the prefix will not be added:
+
+```javascript
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({}, { addQueryPrefix: true }), '');
+```
+
+The delimiter may be overridden with stringify as well:
+
+```javascript
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd' }, { delimiter: ';' }), 'a=b;c=d');
+```
+
+If you only want to override the serialization of `Date` objects, you can provide a `serializeDate` option:
+
+```javascript
+var date = new Date(7);
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: date }), 'a=1970-01-01T00:00:00.007Z'.replace(/:/g, '%3A'));
+assert.equal(
+    qs.stringify({ a: date }, { serializeDate: function (d) { return d.getTime(); } }),
+    'a=7'
+);
+```
+
+You may use the `sort` option to affect the order of parameter keys:
+
+```javascript
+function alphabeticalSort(a, b) {
+    return a.localeCompare(b);
+}
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'c', z: 'y', b : 'f' }, { sort: alphabeticalSort }), 'a=c&b=f&z=y');
+```
+
+Finally, you can use the `filter` option to restrict which keys will be included in the stringified output.
+If you pass a function, it will be called for each key to obtain the replacement value.
+Otherwise, if you pass an array, it will be used to select properties and array indices for stringification:
+
+```javascript
+function filterFunc(prefix, value) {
+    if (prefix == 'b') {
+        // Return an `undefined` value to omit a property.
+        return;
+    }
+    if (prefix == 'e[f]') {
+        return value.getTime();
+    }
+    if (prefix == 'e[g][0]') {
+        return value * 2;
+    }
+    return value;
+}
+qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd', e: { f: new Date(123), g: [2] } }, { filter: filterFunc });
+// 'a=b&c=d&e[f]=123&e[g][0]=4'
+qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd', e: 'f' }, { filter: ['a', 'e'] });
+// 'a=b&e=f'
+qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'], e: 'f' }, { filter: ['a', 0, 2] });
+// 'a[0]=b&a[2]=d'
+```
+
+You could also use `filter` to inject custom serialization for user defined types.
+Consider you're working with some api that expects query strings of the format for ranges:
+
+```
+https://domain.com/endpoint?range=30...70
+```
+
+For which you model as:
+
+```javascript
+class Range {
+    constructor(from, to) {
+        this.from = from;
+        this.to = to;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+You could _inject_ a custom serializer to handle values of this type:
+
+```javascript
+qs.stringify(
+    {
+        range: new Range(30, 70),
+    },
+    {
+        filter: (prefix, value) => {
+            if (value instanceof Range) {
+                return `${value.from}...${value.to}`;
+            }
+            // serialize the usual way
+            return value;
+        },
+    }
+);
+// range=30...70
+```
+
+### Handling of `null` values
+
+By default, `null` values are treated like empty strings:
+
+```javascript
+var withNull = qs.stringify({ a: null, b: '' });
+assert.equal(withNull, 'a=&b=');
+```
+
+Parsing does not distinguish between parameters with and without equal signs.
+Both are converted to empty strings.
+
+```javascript
+var equalsInsensitive = qs.parse('a&b=');
+assert.deepEqual(equalsInsensitive, { a: '', b: '' });
+```
+
+To distinguish between `null` values and empty strings use the `strictNullHandling` flag. In the result string the `null`
+values have no `=` sign:
+
+```javascript
+var strictNull = qs.stringify({ a: null, b: '' }, { strictNullHandling: true });
+assert.equal(strictNull, 'a&b=');
+```
+
+To parse values without `=` back to `null` use the `strictNullHandling` flag:
+
+```javascript
+var parsedStrictNull = qs.parse('a&b=', { strictNullHandling: true });
+assert.deepEqual(parsedStrictNull, { a: null, b: '' });
+```
+
+To completely skip rendering keys with `null` values, use the `skipNulls` flag:
+
+```javascript
+var nullsSkipped = qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: null}, { skipNulls: true });
+assert.equal(nullsSkipped, 'a=b');
+```
+
+If you're communicating with legacy systems, you can switch to `iso-8859-1` using the `charset` option:
+
+```javascript
+var iso = qs.stringify({ æ: 'æ' }, { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
+assert.equal(iso, '%E6=%E6');
+```
+
+Characters that don't exist in `iso-8859-1` will be converted to numeric entities, similar to what browsers do:
+
+```javascript
+var numeric = qs.stringify({ a: '☺' }, { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
+assert.equal(numeric, 'a=%26%239786%3B');
+```
+
+You can use the `charsetSentinel` option to announce the character by including an `utf8=✓` parameter with the proper encoding if the checkmark, similar to what Ruby on Rails and others do when submitting forms.
+
+```javascript
+var sentinel = qs.stringify({ a: '☺' }, { charsetSentinel: true });
+assert.equal(sentinel, 'utf8=%E2%9C%93&a=%E2%98%BA');
+
+var isoSentinel = qs.stringify({ a: 'æ' }, { charsetSentinel: true, charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
+assert.equal(isoSentinel, 'utf8=%26%2310003%3B&a=%E6');
+```
+
+### Dealing with special character sets
+
+By default the encoding and decoding of characters is done in `utf-8`, and `iso-8859-1` support is also built in via the `charset` parameter.
+
+If you wish to encode querystrings to a different character set (i.e.
+[Shift JIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS)) you can use the
+[`qs-iconv`](https://github.com/martinheidegger/qs-iconv) library:
+
+```javascript
+var encoder = require('qs-iconv/encoder')('shift_jis');
+var shiftJISEncoded = qs.stringify({ a: 'こんにちは！' }, { encoder: encoder });
+assert.equal(shiftJISEncoded, 'a=%82%B1%82%F1%82%C9%82%BF%82%CD%81I');
+```
+
+This also works for decoding of query strings:
+
+```javascript
+var decoder = require('qs-iconv/decoder')('shift_jis');
+var obj = qs.parse('a=%82%B1%82%F1%82%C9%82%BF%82%CD%81I', { decoder: decoder });
+assert.deepEqual(obj, { a: 'こんにちは！' });
+```
+
+### RFC 3986 and RFC 1738 space encoding
+
+RFC3986 used as default option and encodes ' ' to *%20* which is backward compatible.
+In the same time, output can be stringified as per RFC1738 with ' ' equal to '+'.
+
+```
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }), 'a=b%20c');
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }, { format : 'RFC3986' }), 'a=b%20c');
+assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }, { format : 'RFC1738' }), 'a=b+c');
+```
+
+## Security
+
+Please email [@ljharb](https://github.com/ljharb) or see https://tidelift.com/security if you have a potential security vulnerability to report.
+
+## qs for enterprise
+
+Available as part of the Tidelift Subscription
+
+The maintainers of qs and thousands of other packages are working with Tidelift to deliver commercial support and maintenance for the open source dependencies you use to build your applications.
+Save time, reduce risk, and improve code health, while paying the maintainers of the exact dependencies you use.
+[Learn more.](https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/npm-qs?utm_source=npm-qs&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=enterprise&utm_term=repo)
+
+[package-url]: https://npmjs.org/package/qs
+[npm-version-svg]: https://versionbadg.es/ljharb/qs.svg
+[deps-svg]: https://david-dm.org/ljharb/qs.svg
+[deps-url]: https://david-dm.org/ljharb/qs
+[dev-deps-svg]: https://david-dm.org/ljharb/qs/dev-status.svg
+[dev-deps-url]: https://david-dm.org/ljharb/qs#info=devDependencies
+[npm-badge-png]: https://nodei.co/npm/qs.png?downloads=true&stars=true
+[license-image]: https://img.shields.io/npm/l/qs.svg
+[license-url]: LICENSE
+[downloads-image]: https://img.shields.io/npm/dm/qs.svg
+[downloads-url]: https://npm-stat.com/charts.html?package=qs
+[codecov-image]: https://codecov.io/gh/ljharb/qs/branch/main/graphs/badge.svg
+[codecov-url]: https://app.codecov.io/gh/ljharb/qs/
+[actions-image]: https://img.shields.io/github/check-runs/ljharb/qs/main
+[actions-url]: https://github.com/ljharb/qs/actions
+
+## Acknowledgements
+
+qs logo by [NUMI](https://github.com/numi-hq/open-design):
+
+[<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/numi-hq/open-design/main/assets/numi-lockup.png" alt="NUMI Logo" style="width: 200px;"/>](https://numi.tech/?ref=qs)