@cubis/foundry 0.3.31 → 0.3.33

package/workflows/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/cursor/skills/golang-pro/references/generics.md

@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+# Generics and Type Parameters
+
+## Basic Type Parameters
+
+```go
+package main
+
+// Generic function with type parameter
+func Max[T constraints.Ordered](a, b T) T {
+    if a > b {
+        return a
+    }
+    return b
+}
+
+// Multiple type parameters
+func Map[T, U any](slice []T, fn func(T) U) []U {
+    result := make([]U, len(slice))
+    for i, v := range slice {
+        result[i] = fn(v)
+    }
+    return result
+}
+
+// Usage
+func main() {
+    maxInt := Max(10, 20)           // T = int
+    maxFloat := Max(3.14, 2.71)     // T = float64
+    maxString := Max("abc", "xyz")  // T = string
+
+    nums := []int{1, 2, 3}
+    doubled := Map(nums, func(n int) int { return n * 2 })
+    strings := Map(nums, func(n int) string { return fmt.Sprintf("%d", n) })
+}
+```
+
+## Type Constraints
+
+```go
+import "constraints"
+
+// Built-in constraints
+type Number interface {
+    constraints.Integer | constraints.Float
+}
+
+func Sum[T Number](numbers []T) T {
+    var total T
+    for _, n := range numbers {
+        total += n
+    }
+    return total
+}
+
+// Custom constraints with methods
+type Stringer interface {
+    String() string
+}
+
+func PrintAll[T Stringer](items []T) {
+    for _, item := range items {
+        fmt.Println(item.String())
+    }
+}
+
+// Approximate constraint using ~
+type Integer interface {
+    ~int | ~int8 | ~int16 | ~int32 | ~int64
+}
+
+type MyInt int
+
+func Double[T Integer](n T) T {
+    return n * 2
+}
+
+// Works with both int and MyInt
+func main() {
+    fmt.Println(Double(5))          // int
+    fmt.Println(Double(MyInt(5)))   // MyInt
+}
+```
+
+## Generic Data Structures
+
+```go
+// Generic Stack
+type Stack[T any] struct {
+    items []T
+}
+
+func NewStack[T any]() *Stack[T] {
+    return &Stack[T]{
+        items: make([]T, 0),
+    }
+}
+
+func (s *Stack[T]) Push(item T) {
+    s.items = append(s.items, item)
+}
+
+func (s *Stack[T]) Pop() (T, bool) {
+    if len(s.items) == 0 {
+        var zero T
+        return zero, false
+    }
+    item := s.items[len(s.items)-1]
+    s.items = s.items[:len(s.items)-1]
+    return item, true
+}
+
+func (s *Stack[T]) IsEmpty() bool {
+    return len(s.items) == 0
+}
+
+// Usage
+intStack := NewStack[int]()
+intStack.Push(1)
+intStack.Push(2)
+
+stringStack := NewStack[string]()
+stringStack.Push("hello")
+stringStack.Push("world")
+```
+
+## Generic Map Operations
+
+```go
+// Filter with generics
+func Filter[T any](slice []T, predicate func(T) bool) []T {
+    result := make([]T, 0, len(slice))
+    for _, v := range slice {
+        if predicate(v) {
+            result = append(result, v)
+        }
+    }
+    return result
+}
+
+// Reduce/Fold
+func Reduce[T, U any](slice []T, initial U, fn func(U, T) U) U {
+    acc := initial
+    for _, v := range slice {
+        acc = fn(acc, v)
+    }
+    return acc
+}
+
+// Keys from map
+func Keys[K comparable, V any](m map[K]V) []K {
+    keys := make([]K, 0, len(m))
+    for k := range m {
+        keys = append(keys, k)
+    }
+    return keys
+}
+
+// Values from map
+func Values[K comparable, V any](m map[K]V) []V {
+    values := make([]V, 0, len(m))
+    for _, v := range m {
+        values = append(values, v)
+    }
+    return values
+}
+
+// Usage
+numbers := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
+evens := Filter(numbers, func(n int) bool { return n%2 == 0 })
+
+sum := Reduce(numbers, 0, func(acc, n int) int { return acc + n })
+
+m := map[string]int{"a": 1, "b": 2}
+keys := Keys(m)     // []string{"a", "b"}
+values := Values(m) // []int{1, 2}
+```
+
+## Generic Pairs and Tuples
+
+```go
+// Generic Pair
+type Pair[T, U any] struct {
+    First  T
+    Second U
+}
+
+func NewPair[T, U any](first T, second U) Pair[T, U] {
+    return Pair[T, U]{First: first, Second: second}
+}
+
+func (p Pair[T, U]) Swap() Pair[U, T] {
+    return Pair[U, T]{First: p.Second, Second: p.First}
+}
+
+// Usage
+pair := NewPair("name", 42)
+swapped := pair.Swap() // Pair[int, string]
+
+// Generic Result type (like Rust's Result<T, E>)
+type Result[T any] struct {
+    value T
+    err   error
+}
+
+func Ok[T any](value T) Result[T] {
+    return Result[T]{value: value}
+}
+
+func Err[T any](err error) Result[T] {
+    return Result[T]{err: err}
+}
+
+func (r Result[T]) IsOk() bool {
+    return r.err == nil
+}
+
+func (r Result[T]) Unwrap() (T, error) {
+    return r.value, r.err
+}
+
+func (r Result[T]) UnwrapOr(defaultValue T) T {
+    if r.err != nil {
+        return defaultValue
+    }
+    return r.value
+}
+```
+
+## Comparable Constraint
+
+```go
+// Find using comparable
+func Find[T comparable](slice []T, target T) (int, bool) {
+    for i, v := range slice {
+        if v == target {
+            return i, true
+        }
+    }
+    return -1, false
+}
+
+// Contains
+func Contains[T comparable](slice []T, target T) bool {
+    _, found := Find(slice, target)
+    return found
+}
+
+// Unique elements
+func Unique[T comparable](slice []T) []T {
+    seen := make(map[T]struct{})
+    result := make([]T, 0, len(slice))
+
+    for _, v := range slice {
+        if _, exists := seen[v]; !exists {
+            seen[v] = struct{}{}
+            result = append(result, v)
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result
+}
+
+// Usage
+nums := []int{1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4}
+unique := Unique(nums) // []int{1, 2, 3, 4}
+
+idx, found := Find([]string{"a", "b", "c"}, "b") // 1, true
+```
+
+## Generic Interfaces
+
+```go
+// Generic interface
+type Container[T any] interface {
+    Add(item T)
+    Remove() (T, bool)
+    Size() int
+}
+
+// Implementation
+type Queue[T any] struct {
+    items []T
+}
+
+func (q *Queue[T]) Add(item T) {
+    q.items = append(q.items, item)
+}
+
+func (q *Queue[T]) Remove() (T, bool) {
+    if len(q.items) == 0 {
+        var zero T
+        return zero, false
+    }
+    item := q.items[0]
+    q.items = q.items[1:]
+    return item, true
+}
+
+func (q *Queue[T]) Size() int {
+    return len(q.items)
+}
+
+// Function accepting generic interface
+func ProcessContainer[T any](c Container[T], item T) {
+    c.Add(item)
+    fmt.Printf("Container size: %d\n", c.Size())
+}
+```
+
+## Type Inference
+
+```go
+// Type inference works in most cases
+func Identity[T any](x T) T {
+    return x
+}
+
+// No need to specify type
+result := Identity(42)          // T inferred as int
+str := Identity("hello")        // T inferred as string
+
+// Type inference with constraints
+func Min[T constraints.Ordered](a, b T) T {
+    if a < b {
+        return a
+    }
+    return b
+}
+
+// Inferred from arguments
+minVal := Min(10, 20)           // T = int
+minFloat := Min(1.5, 2.5)       // T = float64
+
+// Explicit type when needed
+result := Map[int, string]([]int{1, 2}, func(n int) string {
+    return fmt.Sprintf("%d", n)
+})
+```
+
+## Generic Channels
+
+```go
+// Generic channel operations
+func Merge[T any](channels ...<-chan T) <-chan T {
+    out := make(chan T)
+    var wg sync.WaitGroup
+
+    for _, ch := range channels {
+        wg.Add(1)
+        go func(c <-chan T) {
+            defer wg.Done()
+            for v := range c {
+                out <- v
+            }
+        }(ch)
+    }
+
+    go func() {
+        wg.Wait()
+        close(out)
+    }()
+
+    return out
+}
+
+// Generic pipeline stage
+func Stage[T, U any](in <-chan T, fn func(T) U) <-chan U {
+    out := make(chan U)
+    go func() {
+        defer close(out)
+        for v := range in {
+            out <- fn(v)
+        }
+    }()
+    return out
+}
+
+// Usage
+ch1 := make(chan int)
+ch2 := make(chan int)
+
+merged := Merge(ch1, ch2)
+
+numbers := make(chan int)
+doubled := Stage(numbers, func(n int) int { return n * 2 })
+strings := Stage(doubled, func(n int) string { return fmt.Sprintf("%d", n) })
+```
+
+## Union Constraints
+
+```go
+// Union of types
+type StringOrInt interface {
+    string | int
+}
+
+func Process[T StringOrInt](val T) string {
+    return fmt.Sprintf("%v", val)
+}
+
+// More complex unions
+type Numeric interface {
+    int | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64 |
+    uint | uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | uint64 |
+    float32 | float64
+}
+
+func Abs[T Numeric](n T) T {
+    if n < 0 {
+        return -n
+    }
+    return n
+}
+
+// Union with methods
+type Serializable interface {
+    string | []byte
+}
+
+func Serialize[T Serializable](data T) []byte {
+    switch v := any(data).(type) {
+    case string:
+        return []byte(v)
+    case []byte:
+        return v
+    default:
+        panic("unreachable")
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Quick Reference
+
+| Feature | Syntax | Use Case |
+|---------|--------|----------|
+| Basic generic | `func F[T any]()` | Any type |
+| Constraint | `func F[T Constraint]()` | Restricted types |
+| Multiple params | `func F[T, U any]()` | Multiple type variables |
+| Comparable | `func F[T comparable]()` | Types supporting == and != |
+| Ordered | `func F[T constraints.Ordered]()` | Types supporting <, >, <=, >= |
+| Union | `T interface{int \| string}` | Either type |
+| Approximate | `~int` | Include type aliases |