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-Network Working Group                                         P. Deutsch
-Request for Comments: 1950                           Aladdin Enterprises
-Category: Informational                                      J-L. Gailly
-                                                                Info-ZIP
-                                                                May 1996
-         ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification version 3.3
-Status of This Memo
-   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  This memo
-   does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of
-   this memo is unlimited.
-IESG Note:
-   The IESG takes no position on the validity of any Intellectual
-   Property Rights statements contained in this document.
-Notices
-   Copyright (c) 1996 L. Peter Deutsch and Jean-Loup Gailly
-   Permission is granted to copy and distribute this document for any
-   purpose and without charge, including translations into other
-   languages and incorporation into compilations, provided that the
-   copyright notice and this notice are preserved, and that any
-   substantive changes or deletions from the original are clearly
-   marked.
-   A pointer to the latest version of this and related documentation in
-   HTML format can be found at the URL
-   <ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/png/documents/zlib/zdoc-index.html>.
-Abstract
-   This specification defines a lossless compressed data format.  The
-   data can be produced or consumed, even for an arbitrarily long
-   sequentially presented input data stream, using only an a priori
-   bounded amount of intermediate storage.  The format presently uses
-   the DEFLATE compression method but can be easily extended to use
-   other compression methods.  It can be implemented readily in a manner
-   not covered by patents.  This specification also defines the ADLER-32
-   checksum (an extension and improvement of the Fletcher checksum),
-   used for detection of data corruption, and provides an algorithm for
-   computing it.
-Deutsch & Gailly             Informational                      [Page 1]
-RFC 1950       ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification        May 1996
-Table of Contents
-   1. Introduction ................................................... 2
-      1.1. Purpose ................................................... 2
-      1.2. Intended audience ......................................... 3
-      1.3. Scope ..................................................... 3
-      1.4. Compliance ................................................ 3
-      1.5.  Definitions of terms and conventions used ................ 3
-      1.6. Changes from previous versions ............................ 3
-   2. Detailed specification ......................................... 3
-      2.1. Overall conventions ....................................... 3
-      2.2. Data format ............................................... 4
-      2.3. Compliance ................................................ 7
-   3. References ..................................................... 7
-   4. Source code .................................................... 8
-   5. Security Considerations ........................................ 8
-   6. Acknowledgements ............................................... 8
-   7. Authors' Addresses ............................................. 8
-   8. Appendix: Rationale ............................................ 9
-   9. Appendix: Sample code ..........................................10
-1. Introduction
-   1.1. Purpose
-      The purpose of this specification is to define a lossless
-      compressed data format that:
-          * Is independent of CPU type, operating system, file system,
-            and character set, and hence can be used for interchange;
-          * Can be produced or consumed, even for an arbitrarily long
-            sequentially presented input data stream, using only an a
-            priori bounded amount of intermediate storage, and hence can
-            be used in data communications or similar structures such as
-            Unix filters;
-          * Can use a number of different compression methods;
-          * Can be implemented readily in a manner not covered by
-            patents, and hence can be practiced freely.
-      The data format defined by this specification does not attempt to
-      allow random access to compressed data.
-Deutsch & Gailly             Informational                      [Page 2]
-RFC 1950       ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification        May 1996
-   1.2. Intended audience
-      This specification is intended for use by implementors of software
-      to compress data into zlib format and/or decompress data from zlib
-      format.
-      The text of the specification assumes a basic background in
-      programming at the level of bits and other primitive data
-      representations.
-   1.3. Scope
-      The specification specifies a compressed data format that can be
-      used for in-memory compression of a sequence of arbitrary bytes.
-   1.4. Compliance
-      Unless otherwise indicated below, a compliant decompressor must be
-      able to accept and decompress any data set that conforms to all
-      the specifications presented here; a compliant compressor must
-      produce data sets that conform to all the specifications presented
-      here.
-   1.5.  Definitions of terms and conventions used
-      byte: 8 bits stored or transmitted as a unit (same as an octet).
-      (For this specification, a byte is exactly 8 bits, even on
-      machines which store a character on a number of bits different
-      from 8.) See below, for the numbering of bits within a byte.
-   1.6. Changes from previous versions
-      Version 3.1 was the first public release of this specification.
-      In version 3.2, some terminology was changed and the Adler-32
-      sample code was rewritten for clarity.  In version 3.3, the
-      support for a preset dictionary was introduced, and the
-      specification was converted to RFC style.
-2. Detailed specification
-   2.1. Overall conventions
-      In the diagrams below, a box like this:
-         +---+
-         |   | <-- the vertical bars might be missing
-         +---+
-Deutsch & Gailly             Informational                      [Page 3]
-RFC 1950       ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification        May 1996
-      represents one byte; a box like this:
-         +==============+
-         |              |
-         +==============+
-      represents a variable number of bytes.
-      Bytes stored within a computer do not have a "bit order", since
-      they are always treated as a unit.  However, a byte considered as
-      an integer between 0 and 255 does have a most- and least-
-      significant bit, and since we write numbers with the most-
-      significant digit on the left, we also write bytes with the most-
-      significant bit on the left.  In the diagrams below, we number the
-      bits of a byte so that bit 0 is the least-significant bit, i.e.,
-      the bits are numbered:
-         +--------+
-         |76543210|
-         +--------+
-      Within a computer, a number may occupy multiple bytes.  All
-      multi-byte numbers in the format described here are stored with
-      the MOST-significant byte first (at the lower memory address).
-      For example, the decimal number 520 is stored as:
-             0     1
-         +--------+--------+
-         |00000010|00001000|
-         +--------+--------+
-          ^        ^
-          |        |
-          |        + less significant byte = 8
-          + more significant byte = 2 x 256
-   2.2. Data format
-      A zlib stream has the following structure:
-           0   1
-         +---+---+
-         |CMF|FLG|   (more-->)
-         +---+---+
-Deutsch & Gailly             Informational                      [Page 4]
-RFC 1950       ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification        May 1996
-      (if FLG.FDICT set)
-           0   1   2   3
-         +---+---+---+---+
-         |     DICTID    |   (more-->)
-         +---+---+---+---+
-         +=====================+---+---+---+---+
-         |...compressed data...|    ADLER32    |
-         +=====================+---+---+---+---+
-      Any data which may appear after ADLER32 are not part of the zlib
-      stream.
-      CMF (Compression Method and flags)
-         This byte is divided into a 4-bit compression method and a 4-
-         bit information field depending on the compression method.
-            bits 0 to 3  CM     Compression method
-            bits 4 to 7  CINFO  Compression info
-      CM (Compression method)
-         This identifies the compression method used in the file. CM = 8
-         denotes the "deflate" compression method with a window size up
-         to 32K.  This is the method used by gzip and PNG (see
-         references [1] and [2] in Chapter 3, below, for the reference
-         documents).  CM = 15 is reserved.  It might be used in a future
-         version of this specification to indicate the presence of an
-         extra field before the compressed data.
-      CINFO (Compression info)
-         For CM = 8, CINFO is the base-2 logarithm of the LZ77 window
-         size, minus eight (CINFO=7 indicates a 32K window size). Values
-         of CINFO above 7 are not allowed in this version of the
-         specification.  CINFO is not defined in this specification for
-         CM not equal to 8.
-      FLG (FLaGs)
-         This flag byte is divided as follows:
-            bits 0 to 4  FCHECK  (check bits for CMF and FLG)
-            bit  5       FDICT   (preset dictionary)
-            bits 6 to 7  FLEVEL  (compression level)
-         The FCHECK value must be such that CMF and FLG, when viewed as
-         a 16-bit unsigned integer stored in MSB order (CMF*256 + FLG),
-         is a multiple of 31.
-Deutsch & Gailly             Informational                      [Page 5]
-RFC 1950       ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification        May 1996
-      FDICT (Preset dictionary)
-         If FDICT is set, a DICT dictionary identifier is present
-         immediately after the FLG byte. The dictionary is a sequence of
-         bytes which are initially fed to the compressor without
-         producing any compressed output. DICT is the Adler-32 checksum
-         of this sequence of bytes (see the definition of ADLER32
-         below).  The decompressor can use this identifier to determine
-         which dictionary has been used by the compressor.
-      FLEVEL (Compression level)
-         These flags are available for use by specific compression
-         methods.  The "deflate" method (CM = 8) sets these flags as
-         follows:
-            0 - compressor used fastest algorithm
-            1 - compressor used fast algorithm
-            2 - compressor used default algorithm
-            3 - compressor used maximum compression, slowest algorithm
-         The information in FLEVEL is not needed for decompression; it
-         is there to indicate if recompression might be worthwhile.
-      compressed data
-         For compression method 8, the compressed data is stored in the
-         deflate compressed data format as described in the document
-         "DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification" by L. Peter
-         Deutsch. (See reference [3] in Chapter 3, below)
-         Other compressed data formats are not specified in this version
-         of the zlib specification.
-      ADLER32 (Adler-32 checksum)
-         This contains a checksum value of the uncompressed data
-         (excluding any dictionary data) computed according to Adler-32
-         algorithm. This algorithm is a 32-bit extension and improvement
-         of the Fletcher algorithm, used in the ITU-T X.224 / ISO 8073
-         standard. See references [4] and [5] in Chapter 3, below)
-         Adler-32 is composed of two sums accumulated per byte: s1 is
-         the sum of all bytes, s2 is the sum of all s1 values. Both sums
-         are done modulo 65521. s1 is initialized to 1, s2 to zero.  The
-         Adler-32 checksum is stored as s2*65536 + s1 in most-
-         significant-byte first (network) order.
-Deutsch & Gailly             Informational                      [Page 6]
-RFC 1950       ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification        May 1996
-   2.3. Compliance
-      A compliant compressor must produce streams with correct CMF, FLG
-      and ADLER32, but need not support preset dictionaries.  When the
-      zlib data format is used as part of another standard data format,
-      the compressor may use only preset dictionaries that are specified
-      by this other data format.  If this other format does not use the
-      preset dictionary feature, the compressor must not set the FDICT
-      flag.
-      A compliant decompressor must check CMF, FLG, and ADLER32, and
-      provide an error indication if any of these have incorrect values.
-      A compliant decompressor must give an error indication if CM is
-      not one of the values defined in this specification (only the
-      value 8 is permitted in this version), since another value could
-      indicate the presence of new features that would cause subsequent
-      data to be interpreted incorrectly.  A compliant decompressor must
-      give an error indication if FDICT is set and DICTID is not the
-      identifier of a known preset dictionary.  A decompressor may
-      ignore FLEVEL and still be compliant.  When the zlib data format
-      is being used as a part of another standard format, a compliant
-      decompressor must support all the preset dictionaries specified by
-      the other format. When the other format does not use the preset
-      dictionary feature, a compliant decompressor must reject any
-      stream in which the FDICT flag is set.
-3. References
-   [1] Deutsch, L.P.,"GZIP Compressed Data Format Specification",
-       available in ftp://ftp.uu.net/pub/archiving/zip/doc/
-   [2] Thomas Boutell, "PNG (Portable Network Graphics) specification",
-       available in ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/png/documents/
-   [3] Deutsch, L.P.,"DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification",
-       available in ftp://ftp.uu.net/pub/archiving/zip/doc/
-   [4] Fletcher, J. G., "An Arithmetic Checksum for Serial
-       Transmissions," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. COM-30,
-       No. 1, January 1982, pp. 247-252.
-   [5] ITU-T Recommendation X.224, Annex D, "Checksum Algorithms,"
-       November, 1993, pp. 144, 145. (Available from
-       gopher://info.itu.ch). ITU-T X.244 is also the same as ISO 8073.
-Deutsch & Gailly             Informational                      [Page 7]
-RFC 1950       ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification        May 1996
-4. Source code
-   Source code for a C language implementation of a "zlib" compliant
-   library is available at ftp://ftp.uu.net/pub/archiving/zip/zlib/.
-5. Security Considerations
-   A decoder that fails to check the ADLER32 checksum value may be
-   subject to undetected data corruption.
-6. Acknowledgements
-   Trademarks cited in this document are the property of their
-   respective owners.
-   Jean-Loup Gailly and Mark Adler designed the zlib format and wrote
-   the related software described in this specification.  Glenn
-   Randers-Pehrson converted this document to RFC and HTML format.
-7. Authors' Addresses
-   L. Peter Deutsch
-   Aladdin Enterprises
-   203 Santa Margarita Ave.
-   Menlo Park, CA 94025
-   Phone: (415) 322-0103 (AM only)
-   FAX:   (415) 322-1734
-   EMail: <ghost@aladdin.com>
-   Jean-Loup Gailly
-   EMail: <gzip@prep.ai.mit.edu>
-   Questions about the technical content of this specification can be
-   sent by email to
-   Jean-Loup Gailly <gzip@prep.ai.mit.edu> and
-   Mark Adler <madler@alumni.caltech.edu>
-   Editorial comments on this specification can be sent by email to
-   L. Peter Deutsch <ghost@aladdin.com> and
-   Glenn Randers-Pehrson <randeg@alumni.rpi.edu>
-Deutsch & Gailly             Informational                      [Page 8]
-RFC 1950       ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification        May 1996
-8. Appendix: Rationale
-   8.1. Preset dictionaries
-      A preset dictionary is specially useful to compress short input
-      sequences. The compressor can take advantage of the dictionary
-      context to encode the input in a more compact manner. The
-      decompressor can be initialized with the appropriate context by
-      virtually decompressing a compressed version of the dictionary
-      without producing any output. However for certain compression
-      algorithms such as the deflate algorithm this operation can be
-      achieved without actually performing any decompression.
-      The compressor and the decompressor must use exactly the same
-      dictionary. The dictionary may be fixed or may be chosen among a
-      certain number of predefined dictionaries, according to the kind
-      of input data. The decompressor can determine which dictionary has
-      been chosen by the compressor by checking the dictionary
-      identifier. This document does not specify the contents of
-      predefined dictionaries, since the optimal dictionaries are
-      application specific. Standard data formats using this feature of
-      the zlib specification must precisely define the allowed
-      dictionaries.
-   8.2. The Adler-32 algorithm
-      The Adler-32 algorithm is much faster than the CRC32 algorithm yet
-      still provides an extremely low probability of undetected errors.
-      The modulo on unsigned long accumulators can be delayed for 5552
-      bytes, so the modulo operation time is negligible.  If the bytes
-      are a, b, c, the second sum is 3a + 2b + c + 3, and so is position
-      and order sensitive, unlike the first sum, which is just a
-      checksum.  That 65521 is prime is important to avoid a possible
-      large class of two-byte errors that leave the check unchanged.
-      (The Fletcher checksum uses 255, which is not prime and which also
-      makes the Fletcher check insensitive to single byte changes 0 <->
-      255.)
-      The sum s1 is initialized to 1 instead of zero to make the length
-      of the sequence part of s2, so that the length does not have to be
-      checked separately. (Any sequence of zeroes has a Fletcher
-      checksum of zero.)
-Deutsch & Gailly             Informational                      [Page 9]
-RFC 1950       ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification        May 1996
-9. Appendix: Sample code
-   The following C code computes the Adler-32 checksum of a data buffer.
-   It is written for clarity, not for speed.  The sample code is in the
-   ANSI C programming language. Non C users may find it easier to read
-   with these hints:
-      &      Bitwise AND operator.
-      >>     Bitwise right shift operator. When applied to an
-             unsigned quantity, as here, right shift inserts zero bit(s)
-             at the left.
-      <<     Bitwise left shift operator. Left shift inserts zero
-             bit(s) at the right.
-      ++     "n++" increments the variable n.
-      %      modulo operator: a % b is the remainder of a divided by b.
-      #define BASE 65521 /* largest prime smaller than 65536 */
-      /*
-         Update a running Adler-32 checksum with the bytes buf[0..len-1]
-       and return the updated checksum. The Adler-32 checksum should be
-       initialized to 1.
-       Usage example:
-         unsigned long adler = 1L;
-         while (read_buffer(buffer, length) != EOF) {
-           adler = update_adler32(adler, buffer, length);
-         }
-         if (adler != original_adler) error();
-      */
-      unsigned long update_adler32(unsigned long adler,
-         unsigned char *buf, int len)
-      {
-        unsigned long s1 = adler & 0xffff;
-        unsigned long s2 = (adler >> 16) & 0xffff;
-        int n;
-        for (n = 0; n < len; n++) {
-          s1 = (s1 + buf[n]) % BASE;
-          s2 = (s2 + s1)     % BASE;
-        }
-        return (s2 << 16) + s1;
-      }
-      /* Return the adler32 of the bytes buf[0..len-1] */
-Deutsch & Gailly             Informational                     [Page 10]
-RFC 1950       ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification        May 1996
-      unsigned long adler32(unsigned char *buf, int len)
-      {
-        return update_adler32(1L, buf, len);
-      }
-Deutsch & Gailly             Informational                     [Page 11]