@carbonenginejs/runtime-resource 0.12.1 → 0.13.0

package/dist/formats/webgpu/core/wgsl/lowerVertexProgram.js

@@ -1,1328 +1,1328 @@
-import { fixedSourceLanes } from '../ir/sourceLanes.js';
-import { validateIndexableTempRead, validateIndexableTempOperand, validateIndexableTempWrite } from '../ir/indexableTemps.js';
-import { hoistEscapingValues } from './hoistEscapingValues.js';
-import { lowerBindingLayout } from './lowerBindingLayout.js';
-import { requireRefactoringAllowed, validatePreciseInstruction } from './precisionControls.js';
-import { buildSelectionPlans, terminatesAllPaths, cloneWritten } from './selectionPlans.js';
-import { validateFixedHandleOperand, validateFixedHandleBinding } from './validateHandleOperand.js';
-
-function containsOutputAssignment(statements) {
-  return statements.some(statement => statement.kind === "assignment" || statement.kind === "if" && (containsOutputAssignment(statement.statements) || (statement.elseStatements ? containsOutputAssignment(statement.elseStatements) : false)) || statement.kind === "switch" && statement.clauses.some(clause => containsOutputAssignment(clause.statements)) || statement.kind === "loop" && containsOutputAssignment(statement.statements));
-}
-const COMPONENTS = ["x", "y", "z", "w"];
-const SYSTEM_BUILTINS = Object.freeze({
-  SV_POSITION: "position"
-});
-const INPUT_BUILTINS = Object.freeze({
-  SV_VERTEXID: {
-    name: "vertex_index",
-    scalarType: "uint32"
-  },
-  SV_INSTANCEID: {
-    name: "instance_index",
-    scalarType: "uint32"
-  }
-});
-const SUPPORTED_OPCODES = new Set(["add", "and", "div", "dp2", "dp3", "dp4", "eq", "exp", "f16tof32", "f32tof16", "frc", "ftoi", "ftou", "ge", "iadd", "ieq", "ige", "ilt", "imad", "imax", "imin", "imul", "ine", "ishl", "ishr", "itof", "ld", "ld_structured", "log", "lt", "mad", "max", "min", "mov", "movc", "mul", "ne", "or", "rcp", "round_ni", "round_pi", "round_z", "rsq", "sample_d", "sample_l", "sincos", "sqrt", "udiv", "uge", "ult", "umax", "umin", "ushr", "utof", "xor", "ret"]);
-const METADATA_OPCODE_EXTENSIONS = new Set(["resource_dimension", "resource_return_type"]);
-const SAMPLE_OFFSET_OPCODES = new Set(["sample_d", "sample_l"]);
-const NUMERIC_CONVERSIONS = Object.freeze({
-  itof: ["int32", "float32"],
-  utof: ["uint32", "float32"],
-  ftoi: ["float32", "int32"],
-  ftou: ["float32", "uint32"]
-});
-function sampleOffsetArgument(instruction, viewDimension) {
-  const controls = instruction.extensions?.filter(extension => extension.typeName === "sample_controls") || [];
-  if (!controls.length) return "";
-  if (controls.length !== 1) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has duplicate sample_controls extensions`);
-  }
-  if (viewDimension !== "2d") {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} immediate sample offsets support only 2d textures`);
-  }
-  const offsets = controls[0].sampleOffsets;
-  if (![offsets?.u, offsets?.v, offsets?.w].every(value => Number.isInteger(value) && value >= -8 && value <= 7)) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has invalid immediate sample offsets`);
-  }
-  // D3D ignores the w offset for Texture2D. WGSL takes the same signed,
-  // texel-space u/v constants as the final sampling argument.
-  return `, vec2<i32>(${offsets.u}, ${offsets.v})`;
-}
-function componentsFromMask(mask) {
-  return COMPONENTS.filter((_, index) => (mask & 1 << index) !== 0);
-}
-function scalarTypeName(type) {
-  return {
-    float32: "f32",
-    int32: "i32",
-    uint32: "u32",
-    bool: "bool",
-    bitpattern32: "u32"
-  }[type] || null;
-}
-function fieldType(scalarType, count) {
-  const scalar = scalarTypeName(scalarType);
-  if (!scalar) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex interface cannot use unresolved scalar type ${scalarType}`);
-  return count === 1 ? scalar : `vec${count}<${scalar}>`;
-}
-function interfaceFields(program, direction) {
-  const groups = new Map();
-  for (const signature of program.signatures?.[direction] || []) {
-    if (!groups.has(signature.registerIndex)) groups.set(signature.registerIndex, []);
-    groups.get(signature.registerIndex).push(signature);
-  }
-  return Array.from(groups.values()).map(rows => {
-    const registerIndex = rows[0].registerIndex;
-    const mask = rows.reduce((accumulator, signature) => accumulator | signature.mask, 0);
-    const components = componentsFromMask(mask);
-    if (!components.length || !components.every((component, componentIndex) => component === COMPONENTS[componentIndex])) {
-      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex ${direction} signature register ${registerIndex} has a non-prefix mask`);
-    }
-    const semantic = String(rows[0].semanticName || "").toUpperCase();
-    const outputBuiltin = direction === "output" ? SYSTEM_BUILTINS[semantic] || null : null;
-    const inputBuiltin = direction === "input" ? INPUT_BUILTINS[semantic] || null : null;
-    const builtinName = outputBuiltin || inputBuiltin?.name || null;
-    if (rows.some(signature => String(signature.semanticName || "").toUpperCase().startsWith("SV_")) && !builtinName) {
-      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex ${direction} system semantic ${semantic} is not supported`);
-    }
-    const componentTypeName = rows[0].componentTypeName;
-    if (rows.some(signature => signature.componentTypeName !== componentTypeName)) {
-      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex ${direction} register ${registerIndex} packs mixed component types`);
-    }
-    const scalarType = inputBuiltin?.scalarType || componentTypeName;
-    return {
-      kind: "interface-field",
-      id: `${direction}:r${registerIndex}`,
-      direction,
-      registerIndex,
-      semanticName: rows[0].semanticName,
-      semanticIndex: rows[0].semanticIndex,
-      components,
-      scalarType,
-      type: inputBuiltin?.scalarType ? scalarTypeName(scalarType) : fieldType(componentTypeName, components.length),
-      name: builtinName || `${direction}${registerIndex}`,
-      attribute: builtinName ? {
-        kind: "builtin",
-        name: builtinName
-      } : {
-        kind: "location",
-        index: registerIndex
-      }
-    };
-  });
-}
-function packedComponent(mask, component) {
-  const index = Array.from(mask).indexOf(component);
-  if (index < 0) throw new Error(`WGSL value mask ${mask} does not contain component ${component}`);
-  return COMPONENTS[index];
-}
-function valueType(program, write) {
-  const value = program.values.find(entry => entry.id === write.valueId);
-  const types = Array.from(write.mask).map(component => value?.componentTypes?.[component]);
-  if (!types.length || types.some(type => !scalarTypeName(type)) || new Set(types).size !== 1) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex value ${write.valueId} has an unresolved or mixed result type that is not supported`);
-  }
-  const scalarType = types[0];
-  return {
-    scalarType,
-    wgslType: fieldType(scalarType, types.length)
-  };
-}
-function isDeadUntypedWrite(program, write, readValueIds, localSsaDestination) {
-  if (!localSsaDestination || readValueIds.has(write.valueId)) return false;
-  const value = program.values.find(entry => entry.id === write.valueId);
-  return Array.from(write.mask).some(component => !scalarTypeName(value?.componentTypes?.[component]));
-}
-function mixedImmediateTypes(program, write) {
-  const value = program.values.find(entry => entry.id === write.valueId);
-  if (!value || write.mask.length < 2) return null;
-  const types = Array.from(write.mask).map(component => value.componentTypes?.[component]);
-  if (types.some(type => !scalarTypeName(type)) || new Set(types).size === 1) return null;
-  return types;
-}
-function liveInputRegisters(program) {
-  const values = new Map(program.values.map(value => [value.id, value]));
-  const reachableBlocks = new Set(program.controlFlow.reachableBlockIds);
-  const reachableInstructions = new Set(program.blocks.filter(block => reachableBlocks.has(block.id)).flatMap(block => block.instructionIndices));
-  const registers = new Set();
-  for (const instruction of program.instructions) {
-    if (!reachableInstructions.has(instruction.index)) continue;
-    for (const ref of instruction.dataflow.reads.flatMap(read => read.refs)) {
-      const value = values.get(ref.valueId);
-      if (value?.origin === "undefined-register") {
-        throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} reads undefined ${value.register}.${ref.component}`);
-      }
-      const match = value?.origin === "program-input" && /^input\[(\d+)\]$/.exec(value.register);
-      if (match) registers.add(Number(match[1]));
-    }
-  }
-  return registers;
-}
-function sourceRead(instruction, operandIndex) {
-  return instruction.dataflow.reads.find(entry => entry.kind !== "index-read" && entry.operandIndex === operandIndex) || null;
-}
-function vectorCode(parts, scalarType) {
-  if (parts.length === 1) return parts[0];
-  return `vec${parts.length}<${scalarTypeName(scalarType)}>(${parts.join(", ")})`;
-}
-function reinterpretCode(code, fromType, toType, count, context) {
-  const from = scalarTypeName(fromType);
-  const to = scalarTypeName(toType);
-  if (!from || !to) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex cannot resolve ${context} type ${fromType} to ${toType}`);
-  if (from === to) return code;
-  if (!["f32", "i32", "u32"].includes(from) || !["f32", "i32", "u32"].includes(to)) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex cannot reinterpret ${context} from ${fromType} to ${toType}`);
-  }
-  return `bitcast<${fieldType(toType, count)}>(${code})`;
-}
-function valueReference(program, ref, inputs) {
-  const value = program.values.find(entry => entry.id === ref.valueId);
-  if (!value) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex references missing value ${ref.valueId}`);
-  if (value.origin === "undefined-register") throw new Error(`WGSL vertex reads undefined ${value.register}.${ref.component}`);
-  if (value.origin === "program-input") {
-    const registerIndex = Number(/^input\[(\d+)\]$/.exec(value.register)?.[1]);
-    const field = inputs.find(entry => entry.registerIndex === registerIndex);
-    if (!field) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex has no live input field for ${value.register}`);
-    const packed = packedComponent(field.components.join(""), ref.component);
-    const code = field.components.length === 1 ? `input.${field.name}` : `input.${field.name}.${packed}`;
-    return reinterpretCode(code, field.scalarType, value.componentTypes?.[ref.component], 1, `${value.register}.${ref.component}`);
-  }
-  if (value.origin === "instruction-write" && value.writeMask.length > 1) {
-    const componentTypes = Array.from(value.writeMask).map(component => value.componentTypes?.[component]);
-    if (new Set(componentTypes).size > 1) return `${value.id}_${ref.component}`;
-  }
-  const packed = packedComponent(value.writeMask, ref.component);
-  return value.writeMask.length === 1 ? value.id : `${value.id}.${packed}`;
-}
-function sourceComponents(operand, destinationMask, count, activeComponents = null) {
-  const selected = operand.selected || "";
-  if (selected) return Array.from({
-    length: count
-  }, () => selected);
-  const swizzle = operand.swizzle || "xyzw";
-  const positions = activeComponents || (count > destinationMask.length ? COMPONENTS.slice(0, count) : Array.from(destinationMask).slice(0, count));
-  return positions.map(component => swizzle[COMPONENTS.indexOf(component)] || swizzle[0]);
-}
-function immediateRawBits(operand, destinationMask, count, activeComponents = null) {
-  const values = operand.immediateValues || [];
-  const components = sourceComponents(operand, destinationMask, count, activeComponents);
-  return components.map((component, index) => {
-    const sourceIndex = values.length === 1 ? 0 : COMPONENTS.indexOf(component);
-    const bits = values[sourceIndex]?.uint32 ?? values[index]?.uint32;
-    if (!Number.isInteger(bits)) throw new Error("WGSL vertex immediate has no raw uint32 bits");
-    return bits >>> 0;
-  });
-}
-function immediateParts(operand, destinationMask, count, expectedType, activeComponents = null) {
-  return immediateRawBits(operand, destinationMask, count, activeComponents).map(bits => {
-    const hex = `0x${(bits >>> 0).toString(16).padStart(8, "0")}u`;
-    if (expectedType === "float32") return `bitcast<f32>(${hex})`;
-    if (expectedType === "int32") return `bitcast<i32>(${hex})`;
-    return hex;
-  });
-}
-function validateRcpImmediate(program, instruction, write) {
-  const operand = instruction.operands[1];
-  if (operand?.typeName !== "immediate32") return;
-  const activeComponents = fixedSourceLanes(instruction, 1, program);
-  const bits = immediateRawBits(operand, write.mask, write.mask.length, activeComponents);
-  if (bits.some(value => {
-    const exponent = value >>> 23 & 0xff;
-    return exponent === 0 || exponent === 0xff;
-  })) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex rcp instruction ${instruction.index} requires finite normal immediate source lanes`);
-  }
-}
-function bindingForOperand(bindings, resourceKind, operand) {
-  const rangeId = operand.resourceReference?.rangeId;
-  if (Number.isInteger(rangeId)) {
-    const matches = bindings.filter(entry => entry.resourceKind === resourceKind && entry.rangeId === rangeId);
-    if (matches.length > 1) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex ${resourceKind} range ${rangeId} is ambiguous`);
-    const binding = matches[0] || null;
-    return resourceKind === "uniform-buffer" ? binding : validateFixedHandleBinding(operand, binding, "vertex");
-  }
-  const binding = bindings.find(entry => entry.resourceKind === resourceKind && entry.registerIndex === operand.registerIndex) || null;
-  return resourceKind === "uniform-buffer" ? binding : validateFixedHandleBinding(operand, binding, "vertex");
-}
-function cbufferVectorIndex(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, inputs) {
-  const indices = operand.indices || [];
-  for (let dimension = 0; dimension < indices.length - 1; dimension += 1) {
-    if (indices[dimension].relative) throw new Error("WGSL vertex does not support dynamic cbuffer register selection");
-  }
-  const last = indices.at(-1);
-  const base = last?.values?.length ? last.values[0] : last?.relative ? 0 : undefined;
-  if (!Number.isInteger(base) || base < 0) throw new Error("WGSL vertex cbuffer operand has no immediate vector index");
-  if (!last.relative) return `${base}`;
-  const read = instruction.dataflow.reads.find(entry => entry.kind === "index-read" && entry.operandIndex === operandIndex && entry.dimension === indices.length - 1);
-  if (!read || read.refs.length !== 1) throw new Error("WGSL vertex dynamic cbuffer index has no resolved register");
-  if (last.relative?.typeName === "indexable_temp") {
-    validateIndexableTempRead(program, last.relative, read, sourceComponents(last.relative, "x", 1));
-  }
-  const ref = read.refs[0];
-  const storage = valueStorageType(program, ref);
-  let indexCode = valueReference(program, ref, inputs);
-  if (storage === "uint32" || storage === "bitpattern32") indexCode = `i32(${indexCode})`;else if (storage !== "int32") throw new Error(`WGSL vertex dynamic cbuffer index has unsupported type ${storage}`);
-  return base === 0 ? indexCode : `${base} + ${indexCode}`;
-}
-function cbufferParts(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, destinationMask, count, bindings, expectedScalarType, inputs, activeComponents = null) {
-  const binding = bindingForOperand(bindings, "uniform-buffer", operand);
-  if (!binding) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex cannot resolve cb${operand.registerIndex}`);
-  const vectorIndex = cbufferVectorIndex(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, inputs);
-  const parts = sourceComponents(operand, destinationMask, count, activeComponents).map(component => `${binding.generatedSymbol}[${vectorIndex}].${component}`);
-  if (expectedScalarType === "float32") return parts;
-  if (!["int32", "uint32", "bitpattern32"].includes(expectedScalarType)) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex cannot reinterpret cbuffer lanes as ${expectedScalarType}`);
-  }
-  const target = scalarTypeName(expectedScalarType);
-  return parts.map(part => `bitcast<${target}>(${part})`);
-}
-function icbParts(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, destinationMask, count, expectedScalarType, inputs, activeComponents = null) {
-  if (!program.immediateConstantBuffer?.length) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has no immediate constant buffer`);
-  }
-  const vectorIndex = cbufferVectorIndex(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, inputs);
-  const parts = sourceComponents(operand, destinationMask, count, activeComponents).map(component => `icb[${vectorIndex}].${component}`);
-  if (expectedScalarType === "float32") return parts;
-  if (!["int32", "uint32", "bitpattern32"].includes(expectedScalarType)) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex cannot reinterpret icb lanes as ${expectedScalarType}`);
-  }
-  const target = scalarTypeName(expectedScalarType);
-  return parts.map(part => `bitcast<${target}>(${part})`);
-}
-function constTableParts(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, destinationMask, count, expectedScalarType, inputs, activeComponents = null) {
-  if (validateIndexableTempOperand(program, operand, "source") !== null) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} fixed indexable temp has no resolved SSA read`);
-  }
-  const registerIndex = operand.indices?.[0]?.values?.[0];
-  const table = (program.constTables || []).find(entry => entry.registerIndex === registerIndex);
-  if (!table) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} indexable temp x${registerIndex} is not a supported constant table`);
-  }
-  const vectorIndex = cbufferVectorIndex(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, inputs);
-  const parts = sourceComponents(operand, destinationMask, count, activeComponents).map(component => `${table.symbol}[${vectorIndex}].${component}`);
-  if (expectedScalarType === "float32") return parts;
-  if (!["int32", "uint32", "bitpattern32"].includes(expectedScalarType)) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex cannot reinterpret constant-table lanes as ${expectedScalarType}`);
-  }
-  const target = scalarTypeName(expectedScalarType);
-  return parts.map(part => `bitcast<${target}>(${part})`);
-}
-
-// DXBC float source modifiers are selected by the consuming opcode. Integer
-// consumers admit two's-complement negation only. Bit-preserving movers
-// (unknown expected type) apply the FLOAT semantics to raw lane bits
-// ("modifiers assume float data"), represented as sign-bit arithmetic.
-function modifierOnStorage(part, storage, modifier) {
-  if (storage === "float32") {
-    if (modifier === "neg") return `-(${part})`;
-    if (modifier === "abs") return `abs(${part})`;
-    return `-(abs(${part}))`;
-  }
-  const bit = modifier === "neg" ? "^ 0x80000000u" : modifier === "abs" ? "& 0x7fffffffu" : "| 0x80000000u";
-  const raw = storage === "int32" ? `bitcast<u32>(${part})` : part;
-  const masked = `(${raw} ${bit})`;
-  return storage === "int32" ? `bitcast<i32>(${masked})` : masked;
-}
-const MODIFIER_STORAGE_TYPES = new Set(["float32", "int32", "uint32", "bitpattern32"]);
-function applyModifier(parts, operand, expected, storageTypes, instruction, operandIndex) {
-  const modifier = operand.modifierName || "none";
-  if (modifier === "none") return parts;
-  if (!["neg", "abs", "absneg"].includes(modifier)) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex operand modifier ${modifier} is not supported`);
-  }
-  if (expected === "float32") {
-    if (modifier === "neg") return parts.map(part => `-(${part})`);
-    if (modifier === "abs") return parts.map(part => `abs(${part})`);
-    return parts.map(part => `-(abs(${part}))`);
-  }
-  if (expected === "int32" && modifier === "neg") {
-    return parts.map(part => `-(${part})`);
-  }
-  if (expected === "uint32" && modifier === "neg") {
-    return parts.map(part => `(0u - ${part})`);
-  }
-  if (expected === "bitpattern32") {
-    return parts.map(part => modifierOnStorage(part, "bitpattern32", modifier));
-  }
-  if (expected === "unknown" && storageTypes?.length === parts.length && storageTypes.every(storage => MODIFIER_STORAGE_TYPES.has(storage))) {
-    return parts.map((part, index) => modifierOnStorage(part, storageTypes[index], modifier));
-  }
-  throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction?.index} operand ${operandIndex} uses an unsupported ${modifier} modifier for ${expected}`);
-}
-function applyLaneModifier(code, operand, targetType, instruction, operandIndex) {
-  const modifier = operand.modifierName || "none";
-  if (modifier === "none") return code;
-  if (!["neg", "abs", "absneg"].includes(modifier) || !MODIFIER_STORAGE_TYPES.has(targetType)) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} lane operand ${operandIndex} uses an unsupported ${modifier} modifier for ${targetType}`);
-  }
-  // The per-lane path is reached only from bit-preserving movc lanes, where
-  // DXBC applies the float modifier semantics to the raw lane bits; the lane
-  // code is already reinterpreted to targetType.
-  return modifierOnStorage(code, targetType, modifier);
-}
-function expectedType(instruction, operandIndex) {
-  return instruction.typeInfo.operandTypes.find(entry => entry.operandIndex === operandIndex)?.expectedType || "unknown";
-}
-function valueStorageType(program, ref) {
-  const value = program.values.find(entry => entry.id === ref.valueId);
-  return value?.componentTypes?.[ref.component] || "unknown";
-}
-function bitcastKey(entry) {
-  if (entry.kind === "read-bitcast") {
-    return [entry.kind, entry.operandIndex, entry.componentIndex, entry.valueId, entry.component, entry.from, entry.to].join(":");
-  }
-  return [entry.kind, entry.operandIndex, entry.valueId, entry.component, entry.from, entry.to].join(":");
-}
-function validateRegisterBitcasts(program, instruction) {
-  const required = [];
-  for (const read of instruction.dataflow.reads) {
-    if (read.kind === "index-read") continue;
-    const expected = expectedType(instruction, read.operandIndex);
-    if (expected === "unknown") continue;
-    read.refs.forEach((ref, componentIndex) => {
-      const storage = valueStorageType(program, ref);
-      if (storage !== "unknown" && storage !== expected) {
-        required.push({
-          kind: "read-bitcast",
-          operandIndex: read.operandIndex,
-          componentIndex,
-          valueId: ref.valueId,
-          component: ref.component,
-          from: storage,
-          to: expected
-        });
-      }
-    });
-  }
-  const intrinsicResult = instruction.typeInfo.resultType;
-  if (intrinsicResult !== "unknown") {
-    for (const write of instruction.dataflow.writes) {
-      for (const component of write.mask) {
-        const storage = valueStorageType(program, {
-          valueId: write.valueId,
-          component
-        });
-        if (storage !== "unknown" && storage !== intrinsicResult) {
-          required.push({
-            kind: "result-bitcast",
-            operandIndex: write.operandIndex,
-            valueId: write.valueId,
-            component,
-            from: intrinsicResult,
-            to: storage
-          });
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  const actual = instruction.typeInfo.bitcasts.filter(entry => entry.kind === "read-bitcast" || entry.kind === "result-bitcast");
-  const requiredKeys = required.map(bitcastKey).sort();
-  const actualKeys = actual.map(bitcastKey).sort();
-  if (new Set(actualKeys).size !== actualKeys.length || requiredKeys.length !== actualKeys.length || requiredKeys.some((entry, index) => entry !== actualKeys[index])) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has inconsistent register bitcast metadata`);
-  }
-}
-function unsupportedMinPrecision(operand) {
-  // D3D minimum precision is a floor, not a format: computing float_16
-  // operands at full 32-bit is a conforming implementation, so they promote
-  // to ordinary f32 lanes (registers are 32-bit either way). Other kinds
-  // stay fail-closed until a shader needs them.
-  const name = operand.minPrecisionName || "default";
-  return name !== "default" && name !== "float_16";
-}
-function operandLaneExpression(program, instruction, operandIndex, destinationMask, laneIndex, targetType, inputs, bindings, moverData = false) {
-  const operand = instruction.operands[operandIndex];
-  if (!operand) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has no operand ${operandIndex}`);
-  if (unsupportedMinPrecision(operand)) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} minimum-precision kind ${operand.minPrecisionName} is not supported`);
-  }
-  const read = sourceRead(instruction, operandIndex);
-  const activeComponents = fixedSourceLanes(instruction, operandIndex, program);
-  if (read && operand.typeName === "indexable_temp") {
-    validateIndexableTempRead(program, operand, read, sourceComponents(operand, destinationMask, read.refs.length, activeComponents));
-  }
-  if (read) {
-    const replicated = read.refs.length === 1 && Boolean(operand.selected);
-    if (!replicated && laneIndex >= read.refs.length) {
-      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has too few source lanes`);
-    }
-    const ref = replicated ? read.refs[0] : read.refs[laneIndex];
-    const storage = valueStorageType(program, ref);
-    const code = reinterpretCode(valueReference(program, ref, inputs), storage, targetType, 1, `instruction ${instruction.index} lane read`);
-    return moverData ? applyLaneModifier(code, operand, targetType, instruction, operandIndex) : applyModifier([code], operand, targetType, null, instruction, operandIndex)[0];
-  }
-  const component = destinationMask[laneIndex];
-  if (operand.typeName === "immediate32") {
-    const code = immediateParts(operand, component, 1, targetType)[0];
-    return moverData ? applyLaneModifier(code, operand, targetType, instruction, operandIndex) : applyModifier([code], operand, targetType, null, instruction, operandIndex)[0];
-  }
-  if (operand.typeName === "constant_buffer") {
-    const code = cbufferParts(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, component, 1, bindings, targetType, inputs)[0];
-    return moverData ? applyLaneModifier(code, operand, targetType, instruction, operandIndex) : applyModifier([code], operand, targetType, null, instruction, operandIndex)[0];
-  }
-  throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} cannot lower ${operand.typeName} lane operand ${operandIndex}`);
-}
-function operandExpression(program, instruction, operandIndex, destinationMask, count, inputs, bindings) {
-  const operand = instruction.operands[operandIndex];
-  if (!operand) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has no operand ${operandIndex}`);
-  if (unsupportedMinPrecision(operand)) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} minimum-precision kind ${operand.minPrecisionName} is not supported`);
-  }
-  const type = expectedType(instruction, operandIndex);
-  const read = sourceRead(instruction, operandIndex);
-  const activeComponents = fixedSourceLanes(instruction, operandIndex, program);
-  if (read && operand.typeName === "indexable_temp") {
-    validateIndexableTempRead(program, operand, read, sourceComponents(operand, destinationMask, read.refs.length, activeComponents));
-  }
-  let parts;
-  let modifierStorageTypes = null;
-  if (read) {
-    if (read.refs.length < count && !(read.refs.length === 1 && operand.selected)) {
-      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has too few source lanes`);
-    }
-    const refs = read.refs.length === 1 && operand.selected ? Array.from({
-      length: count
-    }, () => read.refs[0]) : read.refs.slice(0, count);
-    if ((operand.modifierName || "none") !== "none" && type === "unknown") {
-      modifierStorageTypes = refs.map(ref => valueStorageType(program, ref));
-    }
-    const replicatedSelected = read.refs.length === 1 && Boolean(operand.selected);
-    parts = refs.map((ref, componentIndex) => {
-      let part = valueReference(program, ref, inputs);
-      const sourceComponentIndex = replicatedSelected ? 0 : componentIndex;
-      const bitcast = instruction.typeInfo.bitcasts.find(entry => entry.kind === "read-bitcast" && entry.operandIndex === operandIndex && entry.componentIndex === sourceComponentIndex && entry.valueId === ref.valueId && entry.component === ref.component);
-      if (bitcast) {
-        part = reinterpretCode(part, bitcast.from, bitcast.to, 1, `instruction ${instruction.index} read`);
-      }
-      return part;
-    });
-  } else if (operand.typeName === "immediate32") {
-    parts = immediateParts(operand, destinationMask, count, type, activeComponents);
-  } else if (operand.typeName === "constant_buffer") {
-    parts = cbufferParts(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, destinationMask, count, bindings, type, inputs, activeComponents);
-  } else if (operand.typeName === "indexable_temp") {
-    parts = constTableParts(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, destinationMask, count, type, inputs, activeComponents);
-  } else if (operand.typeName === "immediate_constant_buffer") {
-    parts = icbParts(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, destinationMask, count, type, inputs, activeComponents);
-  } else {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} cannot lower ${operand.typeName} operand ${operandIndex}`);
-  }
-  return vectorCode(applyModifier(parts, operand, type, modifierStorageTypes, instruction, operandIndex), type);
-}
-function floatBound(count, value) {
-  return count === 1 ? value : `vec${count}<f32>(${value})`;
-}
-function zeroMask(count) {
-  return count === 1 ? "0u" : `vec${count}<u32>(0u)`;
-}
-function fullMask(count) {
-  return count === 1 ? "0xffffffffu" : `vec${count}<u32>(0xffffffffu)`;
-}
-function oneMask(count) {
-  return count === 1 ? "1u" : `vec${count}<u32>(1u)`;
-}
-function splatScalar(code, count) {
-  return count === 1 ? code : `vec${count}<f32>(${code})`;
-}
-function structuredLoadExpression(program, instruction, write, type, inputs, bindings) {
-  const count = write.mask.length;
-  if (instruction.operands.length !== 4) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex structured load ${instruction.index} requires four operands`);
-  }
-  const addressOperand = instruction.operands[1];
-  if (!COMPONENTS.includes(addressOperand?.selected) || (addressOperand.modifierName || "none") !== "none") {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex structured load ${instruction.index} requires one unmodified scalar address`);
-  }
-  const address = operandExpression(program, instruction, 1, write.mask, 1, inputs, bindings);
-  const byteOffsetOperand = instruction.operands[2];
-  const byteOffset = byteOffsetOperand?.immediateValues?.[0]?.uint32;
-  if (byteOffsetOperand?.typeName !== "immediate32" || byteOffsetOperand.immediateValues?.length !== 1 || (byteOffsetOperand.modifierName || "none") !== "none" || !Number.isInteger(byteOffset)) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex structured load ${instruction.index} requires an immediate byte offset`);
-  }
-  const resource = validateFixedHandleOperand(instruction, 3, "resource", "vertex");
-  const binding = bindingForOperand(bindings, "sampled-resource", resource);
-  if (!binding?.buffer || !Number.isInteger(binding.structureStride)) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex structured load ${instruction.index} has no structured buffer binding`);
-  }
-  const strideWords = binding.structureStride / 4;
-  const firstWord = byteOffset / 4;
-  if (byteOffset % 4 !== 0) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex structured load ${instruction.index} has a non-DWORD byte offset`);
-  }
-  const swizzle = sourceComponents(resource, write.mask, count);
-  const symbol = binding.generatedSymbol;
-  const wordCount = `arrayLength(&${symbol})`;
-  const addressInRange = `${address} < (${wordCount} / ${strideWords}u)`;
-  const selected = swizzle.map(component => {
-    const index = COMPONENTS.indexOf(component);
-    const word = firstWord + index;
-    if (index < 0 || word >= strideWords) {
-      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex structured load ${instruction.index} exceeds its ${binding.structureStride}-byte stride`);
-    }
-    const wordAddress = `((${address}) * ${strideWords}u) + ${word}u`;
-    const safeWordAddress = `min(${wordAddress}, ${wordCount} - 1u)`;
-    return `select(0u, ${symbol}[${safeWordAddress}], ${addressInRange})`;
-  });
-  if (type === null) return selected;
-  const parts = selected.map(part => reinterpretCode(part, "uint32", type.scalarType, 1, `structured load ${instruction.index}`));
-  return vectorCode(parts, type.scalarType);
-}
-function expressionFor(program, instruction, write, type, inputs, bindings) {
-  const mask = write.mask;
-  const count = mask.length;
-  const source = (index, forcedCount = count) => operandExpression(program, instruction, index, mask, forcedCount, inputs, bindings);
-  const op = instruction.opcodeName;
-  if (["add", "iadd", "mul", "div"].includes(op)) {
-    const operator = {
-      add: "+",
-      iadd: "+",
-      mul: "*",
-      div: "/"
-    }[op];
-    return `(${source(1)} ${operator} ${source(2)})`;
-  }
-  if (op === "mad" || op === "imad" || op === "umad") return `((${source(1)} * ${source(2)}) + ${source(3)})`;
-  if (op === "f16tof32" || op === "f32tof16") {
-    const src = source(1);
-    const lane = index => count === 1 ? `(${src})` : `(${src})[${index}]`;
-    const parts = Array.from({
-      length: count
-    }, (_, index) => op === "f16tof32" ? `unpack2x16float(${lane(index)}).x` : `(pack2x16float(vec2<f32>(${lane(index)}, 0.0)) & 0xffffu)`);
-    return vectorCode(parts, op === "f16tof32" ? "float32" : "uint32");
-  }
-  if (op === "imul" || op === "umul") {
-    if (write.operandIndex !== 1) {
-      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} does not support the ${op} high result`);
-    }
-    return `(${source(2)} * ${source(3)})`;
-  }
-  if (op === "udiv") {
-    const divisor = instruction.operands[3];
-    const lanes = (divisor?.immediateValues || []).map(value => value.uint32);
-    const operator = write.operandIndex === 0 ? "/" : write.operandIndex === 1 ? "%" : null;
-    if (!operator) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex udiv instruction ${instruction.index} has an unexpected destination operand`);
-    if (divisor?.typeName === "immediate32" && (divisor.modifierName ?? "none") === "none" && lanes.length && lanes.every(value => Number.isInteger(value) && value !== 0)) {
-      return `(${source(2)} ${operator} ${source(3)})`;
-    }
-    const dividendCode = source(2);
-    const divisorCode = source(3);
-    return `select(${fullMask(count)}, (${dividendCode} ${operator} max(${divisorCode}, ${oneMask(count)})), ${divisorCode} != ${zeroMask(count)})`;
-  }
-  if (op === "and") return `(${source(1)} & ${source(2)})`;
-  if (op === "or") return `(${source(1)} | ${source(2)})`;
-  if (op === "xor") return `(${source(1)} ^ ${source(2)})`;
-  if (op === "ushr") return `(${source(1)} >> ${source(2)})`;
-  if (["lt", "ge", "eq", "ne", "ilt", "ige", "ieq", "ine", "ult", "uge"].includes(op)) {
-    const operator = {
-      lt: "<",
-      ge: ">=",
-      eq: "==",
-      ne: "!=",
-      ilt: "<",
-      ige: ">=",
-      ieq: "==",
-      ine: "!=",
-      ult: "<",
-      uge: ">="
-    }[op];
-    return `select(${zeroMask(count)}, ${fullMask(count)}, ${source(1)} ${operator} ${source(2)})`;
-  }
-  if (op === "mov") return source(1);
-  if (op === "movc") return `select(${source(3)}, ${source(2)}, ${source(1)} != ${zeroMask(count)})`;
-  if (op === "exp") return `exp2(${source(1)})`;
-  if (op === "log") return `log2(${source(1)})`;
-  if (op === "rcp") {
-    validateRcpImmediate(program, instruction, write);
-    return `(${floatBound(count, "1.0")} / ${source(1)})`;
-  }
-  if (op === "rsq") return `inverseSqrt(${source(1)})`;
-  if (op === "sqrt") return `sqrt(${source(1)})`;
-  if (["max", "imax", "umax"].includes(op)) return `max(${source(1)}, ${source(2)})`;
-  if (["min", "imin", "umin"].includes(op)) return `min(${source(1)}, ${source(2)})`;
-  if (op === "ishl") return `(${source(1)} << u32(${source(2)}))`;
-  if (op === "ishr") return `(${source(1)} >> u32(${source(2)}))`;
-  if (op === "frc") return `fract(${source(1)})`;
-  if (op === "round_ni") return `floor(${source(1)})`;
-  if (op === "round_pi") return `ceil(${source(1)})`;
-  if (op === "round_z") return `trunc(${source(1)})`;
-  if (op === "sincos") {
-    const fn = write.operandIndex === 0 ? "sin" : write.operandIndex === 1 ? "cos" : null;
-    if (!fn) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex sincos instruction ${instruction.index} has an unexpected destination operand`);
-    return `${fn}(${source(2)})`;
-  }
-  if (op === "ld_structured") return structuredLoadExpression(program, instruction, write, type, inputs, bindings);
-  if (op === "ld") {
-    const resource = validateFixedHandleOperand(instruction, 2, "resource", "vertex");
-    const bufferBinding = bindingForOperand(bindings, "sampled-resource", resource);
-    if (!bufferBinding) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has an unresolved load resource`);
-    if (!bufferBinding.buffer || Number.isInteger(bufferBinding.structureStride)) {
-      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex load instruction ${instruction.index} resource shape is not supported; only typed buffers are supported`);
-    }
-    // Typed Buffer SRV: storage-array element fetch. D3D ld returns
-    // zero out of bounds. Clamp the eagerly evaluated WGSL load itself
-    // before selecting zero so no invalid memory reference is formed.
-    const element = bufferBinding.type.slice("array<".length, -1);
-    const address = source(1, 1);
-    const symbol = bufferBinding.generatedSymbol;
-    const length = `arrayLength(&${symbol})`;
-    const loaded = `select(${element}(), ${symbol}[min(${address}, ${length} - 1u)], ${address} < ${length})`;
-    const components = sourceComponents(resource, write.mask, count);
-    return count === 4 && components.join("") === "xyzw" ? loaded : `${loaded}.${components.join("")}`;
-  }
-  if (op === "sample_l" || op === "sample_d") {
-    const resource = validateFixedHandleOperand(instruction, 2, "resource", "vertex");
-    const sampler = validateFixedHandleOperand(instruction, 3, "sampler", "vertex");
-    const textureBinding = bindingForOperand(bindings, "sampled-resource", resource);
-    const samplerBinding = bindingForOperand(bindings, "sampler", sampler);
-    if (!textureBinding || !samplerBinding) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has unresolved sample bindings`);
-    const viewDimension = textureBinding.texture?.viewDimension;
-    const coordComponents = viewDimension === "2d" ? 2 : 3;
-    const gradientComponents = ["2d", "2d-array"].includes(viewDimension) ? 2 : 3;
-    let coord;
-    let arrayArg = "";
-    if (viewDimension === "2d-array") {
-      const coord3 = source(1, 3);
-      coord = `${coord3}.xy`;
-      arrayArg = `, i32(round(${coord3}.z))`;
-    } else {
-      coord = source(1, coordComponents);
-    }
-    const tex = `${textureBinding.generatedSymbol}, ${samplerBinding.generatedSymbol}`;
-    const offsetArg = sampleOffsetArgument(instruction, viewDimension);
-    const sampled = op === "sample_l" ? `textureSampleLevel(${tex}, ${coord}${arrayArg}, ${source(4, 1)}${offsetArg})` : `textureSampleGrad(${tex}, ${coord}${arrayArg}, ${source(4, gradientComponents)}, ${source(5, gradientComponents)}${offsetArg})`;
-    const components = sourceComponents(resource, write.mask, count);
-    return count === 4 && components.join("") === "xyzw" ? sampled : `${sampled}.${components.join("")}`;
-  }
-  if (op === "dp2") return splatScalar(`dot(${source(1, 2)}, ${source(2, 2)})`, count);
-  if (op === "dp3") return splatScalar(`dot(${source(1, 3)}, ${source(2, 3)})`, count);
-  if (op === "dp4") return splatScalar(`dot(${source(1, 4)}, ${source(2, 4)})`, count);
-  if (NUMERIC_CONVERSIONS[op]) {
-    const conversion = instruction.typeInfo.conversion;
-    const [from, to] = NUMERIC_CONVERSIONS[op];
-    if (conversion?.from !== from || conversion?.to !== to) {
-      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has invalid ${op} conversion metadata`);
-    }
-    return `${fieldType(to, count)}(${source(1)})`;
-  }
-  throw new Error(`WGSL vertex opcode ${op} at instruction ${instruction.index} is not supported`);
-}
-function applyResultBitcast(program, instruction, write, expression, type) {
-  const components = Array.from(write.mask);
-  const records = instruction.typeInfo.bitcasts.filter(entry => entry.kind === "result-bitcast" && entry.operandIndex === write.operandIndex && entry.valueId === write.valueId);
-  if (!records.length) return expression;
-  const intrinsicType = instruction.typeInfo.resultType;
-  if (records.length !== components.length || records.some(entry => entry.from !== intrinsicType || entry.to !== type.scalarType) || components.some(component => !records.some(entry => entry.component === component))) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has unsupported result bitcasts`);
-  }
-  return reinterpretCode(expression, intrinsicType, type.scalarType, components.length, `instruction ${instruction.index} result`);
-}
-function lowerInstruction(program, instruction, inputs, outputs, bindings, written, readValueIds) {
-  if (!SUPPORTED_OPCODES.has(instruction.opcodeName)) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex opcode ${instruction.opcodeName} at instruction ${instruction.index} is not supported`);
-  }
-  const unsupportedExtension = instruction.extensions?.find(extension => !METADATA_OPCODE_EXTENSIONS.has(extension.typeName) && !(extension.typeName === "sample_controls" && SAMPLE_OFFSET_OPCODES.has(instruction.opcodeName)));
-  if (unsupportedExtension) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} opcode extension ${unsupportedExtension.typeName} is not supported`);
-  }
-  validatePreciseInstruction(instruction, "vertex");
-  const imprecise = instruction.operands.find(unsupportedMinPrecision);
-  if (imprecise) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} minimum-precision kind ${imprecise.minPrecisionName} is not supported`);
-  }
-  validateRegisterBitcasts(program, instruction);
-  if (instruction.opcodeName === "ld_structured" && instruction.saturate) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex structured load ${instruction.index} cannot saturate its result`);
-  }
-  if (instruction.opcodeName === "ret") {
-    for (const field of outputs) {
-      const missing = field.components.filter(component => !written.get(field.id).has(component));
-      // A builtin output (SV_Position) must be fully written — zero is not a
-      // meaningful position. A location varying (COLOR/TEXCOORD) left unwritten
-      // is undefined under D3D; WGSL zero-initializes `var output`, so the
-      // unwritten lanes read as 0 — a safe, valid choice. Some EVE shaders
-      // (e.g. ui/ubershader3d) declare outputs a given permutation never fills.
-      if (missing.length && field.attribute?.kind === "builtin") {
-        throw new Error(`WGSL vertex output ${field.semanticName}${field.semanticIndex} leaves ${missing.join("")} unwritten before return`);
-      }
-    }
-    return {
-      kind: "return",
-      instructionIndex: instruction.index,
-      dxbcOffset: instruction.dxbcOffset
-    };
-  }
-  const writes = instruction.dataflow.writes;
-  if (!writes.length) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has no result write`);
-  if (instruction.opcodeName === "sincos" || instruction.opcodeName === "udiv") {
-    const destinationOperands = writes.map(write => write.operandIndex);
-    if (writes.length > 2 || new Set(destinationOperands).size !== writes.length || destinationOperands.some(operandIndex => ![0, 1].includes(operandIndex))) {
-      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex ${instruction.opcodeName} instruction ${instruction.index} has unsupported result writes`);
-    }
-    if (writes.length === 2 && writes[0].mask !== writes[1].mask) {
-      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex ${instruction.opcodeName} instruction ${instruction.index} requires matching destination masks`);
-    }
-  } else if (writes.length !== 1) {
-    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has unsupported multiple result writes`);
-  }
-  function lowerWrite(write) {
-    const destination = instruction.operands[write.operandIndex];
-    const indexableAddress = destination?.typeName === "indexable_temp" ? validateIndexableTempWrite(program, destination, write) : null;
-    const localSsaDestination = destination?.typeName === "temp" || Boolean(indexableAddress);
-    if (isDeadUntypedWrite(program, write, readValueIds, localSsaDestination)) return [];
-    const mixedTypes = mixedImmediateTypes(program, write);
-    if (mixedTypes) {
-      if (instruction.opcodeName === "ld_structured" && localSsaDestination && !instruction.saturate) {
-        const words = structuredLoadExpression(program, instruction, write, null, inputs, bindings);
-        return Array.from(write.mask).map((component, laneIndex) => ({
-          kind: "let",
-          instructionIndex: instruction.index,
-          dxbcOffset: instruction.dxbcOffset,
-          name: `${write.valueId}_${component}`,
-          type: scalarTypeName(mixedTypes[laneIndex]),
-          expression: {
-            code: reinterpretCode(words[laneIndex], "uint32", mixedTypes[laneIndex], 1, `structured load ${instruction.index}`),
-            type: scalarTypeName(mixedTypes[laneIndex])
-          }
-        }));
-      }
-      const intrinsic = instruction.typeInfo.resultType;
-      if (localSsaDestination && scalarTypeName(intrinsic) && instruction.opcodeName !== "mov") {
-        let packedCode = expressionFor(program, instruction, write, {
-          scalarType: intrinsic,
-          wgslType: fieldType(intrinsic, write.mask.length)
-        }, inputs, bindings);
-        if (instruction.saturate) {
-          if (intrinsic !== "float32") throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} saturates a non-float result`);
-          packedCode = `clamp(${packedCode}, ${floatBound(write.mask.length, "0.0")}, ${floatBound(write.mask.length, "1.0")})`;
-        }
-        const packedName = `${write.valueId}_p`;
-        const packedType = fieldType(intrinsic, write.mask.length);
-        const statements = [{
-          kind: "let",
-          instructionIndex: instruction.index,
-          dxbcOffset: instruction.dxbcOffset,
-          name: packedName,
-          type: packedType,
-          expression: {
-            code: packedCode,
-            type: packedType
-          }
-        }];
-        Array.from(write.mask).forEach((component, laneIndex) => {
-          const laneType = mixedTypes[laneIndex];
-          const access = write.mask.length === 1 ? packedName : `${packedName}.${COMPONENTS[laneIndex]}`;
-          statements.push({
-            kind: "let",
-            name: `${write.valueId}_${component}`,
-            type: scalarTypeName(laneType),
-            expression: {
-              code: reinterpretCode(access, intrinsic, laneType, 1, `mixed write ${instruction.index}`),
-              type: scalarTypeName(laneType)
-            }
-          });
-        });
-        return statements;
-      }
-      if (instruction.opcodeName === "movc" && localSsaDestination && !instruction.saturate) {
-        return Array.from(write.mask).map((component, laneIndex) => {
-          const laneType = mixedTypes[laneIndex];
-          const condition = operandLaneExpression(program, instruction, 1, write.mask, laneIndex, "uint32", inputs, bindings);
-          const whenTrue = operandLaneExpression(program, instruction, 2, write.mask, laneIndex, laneType, inputs, bindings, true);
-          const whenFalse = operandLaneExpression(program, instruction, 3, write.mask, laneIndex, laneType, inputs, bindings, true);
-          return {
-            kind: "let",
-            instructionIndex: instruction.index,
-            dxbcOffset: instruction.dxbcOffset,
-            name: `${write.valueId}_${component}`,
-            type: scalarTypeName(laneType),
-            expression: {
-              code: `select(${whenFalse}, ${whenTrue}, ${condition} != 0u)`,
-              type: scalarTypeName(laneType)
-            }
-          };
-        });
-      }
-      const immediateSource = instruction.operands[1];
-      if (instruction.opcodeName !== "mov" || instruction.saturate || !localSsaDestination || immediateSource?.typeName !== "immediate32") {
-        throw new Error(`WGSL vertex value ${write.valueId} has an unresolved or mixed result type that is not supported`);
-      }
-      return Array.from(write.mask).map((component, laneIndex) => ({
-        kind: "let",
-        instructionIndex: instruction.index,
-        dxbcOffset: instruction.dxbcOffset,
-        name: `${write.valueId}_${component}`,
-        type: scalarTypeName(mixedTypes[laneIndex]),
-        expression: {
-          code: immediateParts(immediateSource, component, 1, mixedTypes[laneIndex])[0],
-          type: scalarTypeName(mixedTypes[laneIndex])
-        }
-      }));
-    }
-    const type = valueType(program, write);
-    let expression = expressionFor(program, instruction, write, type, inputs, bindings);
-    if (instruction.saturate) {
-      const clampBounds = `${floatBound(write.mask.length, "0.0")}, ${floatBound(write.mask.length, "1.0")}`;
-      if (instruction.typeInfo.resultType === "float32") {
-        expression = `clamp(${expression}, ${clampBounds})`;
-      } else if (["mov", "movc"].includes(instruction.opcodeName) && ["int32", "uint32", "bitpattern32"].includes(type.scalarType)) {
-        // D3D saturate assumes float data (like source modifiers); on a
-        // bit-preserving mover whose lanes resolved to integer storage,
-        // clamp the float interpretation of the bits and keep the storage.
-        const floatType = fieldType("float32", write.mask.length);
-        expression = `bitcast<${type.wgslType}>(clamp(bitcast<${floatType}>(${expression}), ${clampBounds}))`;
-      } else {
-        throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} saturates a non-float result`);
-      }
-    }
-    expression = applyResultBitcast(program, instruction, write, expression, type);
-    if (destination.typeName === "output") {
-      const field = outputs.find(entry => entry.registerIndex === destination.registerIndex);
-      if (!field) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} references undeclared output r${destination.registerIndex}`);
-      const components = Array.from(write.mask).map(component => packedComponent(field.components.join(""), component));
-      const outputType = fieldType(field.scalarType, write.mask.length);
-      const assignmentExpression = reinterpretCode(expression, type.scalarType, field.scalarType, write.mask.length, `output r${destination.registerIndex}`);
-      Array.from(write.mask).forEach(component => written.get(field.id).add(component));
-      const assignment = {
-        kind: "assignment",
-        target: {
-          fieldId: field.id,
-          components,
-          type: outputType
-        },
-        expression: {
-          code: assignmentExpression,
-          type: outputType
-        }
-      };
-      if (!readValueIds.has(write.valueId)) {
-        return {
-          ...assignment,
-          instructionIndex: instruction.index,
-          dxbcOffset: instruction.dxbcOffset
-        };
-      }
-      return [{
-        kind: "let",
-        instructionIndex: instruction.index,
-        dxbcOffset: instruction.dxbcOffset,
-        name: write.valueId,
-        type: type.wgslType,
-        expression: {
-          code: expression,
-          type: type.wgslType
-        }
-      }, {
-        ...assignment,
-        expression: {
-          code: reinterpretCode(write.valueId, type.scalarType, field.scalarType, write.mask.length, `output r${destination.registerIndex}`),
-          type: outputType
-        }
-      }];
-    }
-    if (!localSsaDestination) {
-      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} writes unsupported ${destination.typeName}`);
-    }
-    return {
-      kind: "let",
-      instructionIndex: instruction.index,
-      dxbcOffset: instruction.dxbcOffset,
-      name: write.valueId,
-      type: type.wgslType,
-      expression: {
-        code: expression,
-        type: type.wgslType
-      }
-    };
-  }
-  const statements = writes.flatMap(write => lowerWrite(write));
-  return statements.length === 1 ? statements[0] : statements;
-}
-function deepFreeze(value) {
-  if (!value || typeof value !== "object" || Object.isFrozen(value)) return value;
-  for (const entry of Object.values(value)) deepFreeze(entry);
-  return Object.freeze(value);
-}
-
-/**
- * Lowers the bounded straight-line vertex slice into typed SSA expressions,
- * interface assignments, and canonical uniform-buffer bindings.
- *
- * @param {object} program Frozen CJS shader IR.
- * @returns {object} Frozen typed vertex program.
- */
-function lowerVertexProgram(program, options = {}) {
-  if (program?.format !== "CJS_SHADER_IR") throw new TypeError("WGSL vertex lowering expects CJS_SHADER_IR input");
-  if (program.stage !== "vertex") throw new Error(`WGSL vertex lowering cannot lower ${program.stage}`);
-  if (program.shaderModel.major !== 5 || ![0, 1].includes(program.shaderModel.minor)) {
-    throw new Error("WGSL vertex body slice currently supports only SM5.0/SM5.1");
-  }
-  requireRefactoringAllowed(program, "vertex");
-  const liveRegisters = liveInputRegisters(program);
-  const inputs = interfaceFields(program, "input").filter(field => liveRegisters.has(field.registerIndex));
-  const outputs = interfaceFields(program, "output");
-  // Mirror the fragment stage's non-default interpolation modes (recorded on
-  // the pass-global plan) — WebGPU requires both sides of a location to match.
-  for (const field of outputs) {
-    const interpolation = options.bindingPlan?.varyingInterpolation?.[field.registerIndex];
-    if (interpolation && field.attribute.kind === "location") field.interpolation = interpolation;
-  }
-  for (const fields of [inputs, outputs]) {
-    if (new Set(fields.map(field => field.registerIndex)).size !== fields.length) {
-      throw new Error("WGSL vertex body slice does not support packed signature registers");
-    }
-  }
-  const bindings = lowerBindingLayout(program, options.bindingPlan);
-  if (bindings.some(binding => !["uniform-buffer", "sampled-resource", "sampler"].includes(binding.resourceKind))) {
-    throw new Error("WGSL vertex body slice supports only uniform, texture, sampler, and read-only structured-buffer bindings");
-  }
-  const plans = buildSelectionPlans(program, "vertex");
-  const written = new Map(outputs.map(field => [field.id, new Set()]));
-  const reachableInstructions = new Set(program.blocks.filter(block => block.reachable !== false).flatMap(block => block.instructionIndices));
-  const readValueIds = new Set([...program.instructions.flatMap(instruction => reachableInstructions.has(instruction.index) ? instruction.dataflow.reads.flatMap(read => read.refs.map(ref => ref.valueId)) : []), ...program.values.flatMap(value => (value.incoming || []).map(incoming => incoming.valueId))]);
-  function exitMergeAssignments(loopExit, breakIndex) {
-    return (loopExit?.get(breakIndex) || []).map(assign => ({
-      kind: "value-assignment",
-      name: assign.id,
-      type: assign.type,
-      expression: {
-        code: valueReference(program, assign.ref, inputs),
-        type: assign.type
-      }
-    }));
-  }
-  function lowerRange(start, end, rangeWritten, inLoop = false, loopExit = null) {
-    const statements = [];
-    for (let index = start; index < end; index += 1) {
-      if (!reachableInstructions.has(index)) continue;
-      const plan = plans.get(index);
-      if (!plan) {
-        const marker = program.instructions[index].opcodeName;
-        if (marker === "break" || marker === "breakc") {
-          if (!inLoop) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex has an unmatched ${marker} at instruction ${index}`);
-          const breakInstruction = program.instructions[index];
-          if (marker === "break") {
-            statements.push(...exitMergeAssignments(loopExit, breakInstruction.index));
-            statements.push({
-              kind: "break",
-              instructionIndex: breakInstruction.index,
-              dxbcOffset: breakInstruction.dxbcOffset
-            });
-            continue;
-          }
-          validatePreciseInstruction(breakInstruction, "vertex");
-          validateRegisterBitcasts(program, breakInstruction);
-          const conditionOperand = breakInstruction.operands[0];
-          const conditionRead = sourceRead(breakInstruction, 0);
-          if (breakInstruction.saturate || (conditionOperand?.modifierName || "none") !== "none" || !COMPONENTS.includes(conditionOperand?.selected) || conditionRead?.refs.length !== 1 || !["zero", "nonzero"].includes(breakInstruction.testBoolean)) {
-            throw new Error(`WGSL vertex breakc instruction ${breakInstruction.index} requires one unmodified scalar condition`);
-          }
-          const condition = operandExpression(program, breakInstruction, 0, "x", 1, inputs, bindings);
-          statements.push({
-            kind: "if",
-            instructionIndex: breakInstruction.index,
-            dxbcOffset: breakInstruction.dxbcOffset,
-            condition: {
-              code: `${condition} ${breakInstruction.testBoolean === "zero" ? "==" : "!="} 0u`,
-              type: "bool"
-            },
-            statements: [...exitMergeAssignments(loopExit, breakInstruction.index), {
-              kind: "break"
-            }]
-          });
-          continue;
-        }
-        if (marker === "continue" || marker === "continuec") {
-          if (!inLoop) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex has an unmatched ${marker} at instruction ${index}`);
-          const continueInstruction = program.instructions[index];
-          if (marker === "continue") {
-            statements.push({
-              kind: "continue",
-              instructionIndex: continueInstruction.index,
-              dxbcOffset: continueInstruction.dxbcOffset
-            });
-            continue;
-          }
-          validatePreciseInstruction(continueInstruction, "vertex");
-          validateRegisterBitcasts(program, continueInstruction);
-          const conditionOperand = continueInstruction.operands[0];
-          const conditionRead = sourceRead(continueInstruction, 0);
-          if (continueInstruction.saturate || (conditionOperand?.modifierName || "none") !== "none" || !COMPONENTS.includes(conditionOperand?.selected) || conditionRead?.refs.length !== 1 || !["zero", "nonzero"].includes(continueInstruction.testBoolean)) {
-            throw new Error(`WGSL vertex continuec instruction ${continueInstruction.index} requires one unmodified scalar condition`);
-          }
-          const condition = operandExpression(program, continueInstruction, 0, "x", 1, inputs, bindings);
-          statements.push({
-            kind: "if",
-            instructionIndex: continueInstruction.index,
-            dxbcOffset: continueInstruction.dxbcOffset,
-            condition: {
-              code: `${condition} ${continueInstruction.testBoolean === "zero" ? "==" : "!="} 0u`,
-              type: "bool"
-            },
-            statements: [{
-              kind: "continue"
-            }]
-          });
-          continue;
-        }
-        if (["endif", "else", "case", "default", "endswitch", "endloop"].includes(marker)) {
-          throw new Error(`WGSL vertex has an unmatched ${marker} at instruction ${index}`);
-        }
-        const lowered = lowerInstruction(program, program.instructions[index], inputs, outputs, bindings, rangeWritten, readValueIds);
-        statements.push(...(Array.isArray(lowered) ? lowered : [lowered]));
-        continue;
-      }
-      if (plan.kind === "loop") {
-        const loopInstruction = program.instructions[index];
-        if (loopInstruction.opcodeName !== "loop" || program.instructions[plan.region.endInstruction].opcodeName !== "endloop") {
-          throw new Error("WGSL vertex loop boundaries are malformed");
-        }
-        for (const merge of plan.merges) {
-          statements.push({
-            kind: "var",
-            name: merge.id,
-            type: merge.type,
-            expression: {
-              code: valueReference(program, merge.entryIncoming, inputs),
-              type: merge.type
-            }
-          });
-        }
-        for (const merge of plan.exitMerges || []) {
-          statements.push({
-            kind: "var",
-            name: merge.id,
-            type: merge.type,
-            expression: {
-              code: merge.zeroCode,
-              type: merge.type
-            }
-          });
-        }
-        const bodyWritten = cloneWritten(rangeWritten);
-        const body = lowerRange(index + 1, plan.region.endInstruction, bodyWritten, true, plan.exitEdges);
-        if (body.at(-1)?.kind === "return") {
-          throw new Error(`WGSL vertex loop at ${index} terminates before latch assignments`);
-        }
-        // Latch phi updates go in a `continuing` block so they run on both
-        // fall-through and `continue` paths.
-        const latch = plan.merges.map(merge => ({
-          kind: "value-assignment",
-          name: merge.id,
-          type: merge.type,
-          expression: {
-            code: valueReference(program, merge.backedgeIncoming, inputs),
-            type: merge.type
-          }
-        }));
-        statements.push({
-          kind: "loop",
-          instructionIndex: loopInstruction.index,
-          dxbcOffset: loopInstruction.dxbcOffset,
-          statements: body,
-          continuing: latch
-        });
-        index = plan.region.endInstruction;
-        continue;
-      }
-      if (plan.kind === "switch") {
-        const switchInstruction = program.instructions[index];
-        if (switchInstruction.opcodeName !== "switch" || program.instructions[plan.region.endInstruction].opcodeName !== "endswitch") {
-          throw new Error("WGSL vertex switch boundaries are malformed");
-        }
-        validatePreciseInstruction(switchInstruction, "vertex");
-        validateRegisterBitcasts(program, switchInstruction);
-        const selectorOperand = switchInstruction.operands[0];
-        const selectorRead = sourceRead(switchInstruction, 0);
-        if (switchInstruction.saturate || (selectorOperand?.modifierName || "none") !== "none" || !COMPONENTS.includes(selectorOperand?.selected) || selectorRead?.refs.length !== 1) {
-          throw new Error(`WGSL vertex switch instruction ${switchInstruction.index} requires one unmodified scalar selector`);
-        }
-        for (const merge of plan.merges) {
-          statements.push({
-            kind: "var",
-            name: merge.id,
-            type: merge.type,
-            expression: {
-              code: merge.zeroCode,
-              type: merge.type
-            }
-          });
-        }
-        const selector = operandExpression(program, switchInstruction, 0, "x", 1, inputs, bindings);
-        const clauses = [];
-        const clauseResults = [];
-        for (let clauseIndex = 0; clauseIndex < plan.clauses.length; clauseIndex += 1) {
-          const clause = plan.clauses[clauseIndex];
-          const clauseWritten = cloneWritten(rangeWritten);
-          const body = lowerRange(clause.bodyStart, clause.bodyEnd, clauseWritten, false, loopExit);
-          if ((plan.merges.length || plan.outerMerges?.length) && containsOutputAssignment(body)) {
-            throw new Error(`WGSL vertex switch at ${index} writes output before a live merge`);
-          }
-          if (body.at(-1)?.kind === "return" && (plan.merges.length || plan.outerMerges?.length)) {
-            throw new Error(`WGSL vertex switch at ${index} terminates before merge assignments`);
-          }
-          for (const merge of [...plan.merges, ...(plan.outerMerges || [])]) {
-            body.push({
-              kind: "value-assignment",
-              name: merge.id,
-              type: merge.type,
-              expression: {
-                code: valueReference(program, merge.perClause[clauseIndex], inputs),
-                type: merge.type
-              }
-            });
-          }
-          clauses.push({
-            selectors: clause.selectors,
-            isDefault: clause.isDefault,
-            statements: body
-          });
-          clauseResults.push({
-            clauseWritten,
-            returns: body.at(-1)?.kind === "return"
-          });
-        }
-        statements.push({
-          kind: "switch",
-          instructionIndex: switchInstruction.index,
-          dxbcOffset: switchInstruction.dxbcOffset,
-          selector: {
-            code: selector,
-            type: "u32"
-          },
-          clauses
-        });
-        if (plan.region.defaultInstruction !== null) {
-          const continuing = clauseResults.filter(entry => !entry.returns);
-          for (const [fieldId, target] of rangeWritten) {
-            if (!continuing.length) break;
-            const sets = continuing.map(entry => entry.clauseWritten.get(fieldId) || new Set());
-            for (const component of sets[0]) {
-              if (sets.every(set => set.has(component))) target.add(component);
-            }
-          }
-        }
-        if (terminatesAllPaths(statements)) {
-          return statements;
-        }
-        index = plan.region.endInstruction;
-        continue;
-      }
-      const ifInstruction = program.instructions[index];
-      const endInstruction = program.instructions[plan.region.endInstruction];
-      if (ifInstruction.opcodeName !== "if" || endInstruction.opcodeName !== "endif" || plan.hasElse && program.instructions[plan.region.elseInstruction].opcodeName !== "else") {
-        throw new Error("WGSL vertex selection boundaries are malformed");
-      }
-      validatePreciseInstruction(ifInstruction, "vertex");
-      validateRegisterBitcasts(program, ifInstruction);
-      const conditionOperand = ifInstruction.operands[0];
-      const conditionRead = sourceRead(ifInstruction, 0);
-      if (ifInstruction.saturate || (conditionOperand?.modifierName || "none") !== "none" || !COMPONENTS.includes(conditionOperand?.selected) || conditionRead?.refs.length !== 1) {
-        throw new Error(`WGSL vertex if instruction ${ifInstruction.index} requires one unmodified scalar condition`);
-      }
-      for (const merge of plan.merges) {
-        const expression = plan.hasElse ? merge.zeroCode : merge.falseCode || valueReference(program, merge.falseIncoming, inputs);
-        statements.push({
-          kind: "var",
-          name: merge.id,
-          type: merge.type,
-          expression: {
-            code: expression,
-            type: merge.type
-          }
-        });
-      }
-      const condition = operandExpression(program, ifInstruction, 0, "x", 1, inputs, bindings);
-      const comparison = ifInstruction.testBoolean === "zero" ? "==" : "!=";
-      const trueBodyEnd = plan.hasElse ? plan.region.elseInstruction : plan.region.endInstruction;
-      const trueWritten = cloneWritten(rangeWritten);
-      const trueStatements = lowerRange(index + 1, trueBodyEnd, trueWritten, inLoop, loopExit);
-      if (trueStatements.at(-1)?.kind === "return" && plan.merges.length) {
-        throw new Error(`WGSL vertex selection at ${index} terminates before merge assignments`);
-      }
-      for (const merge of plan.merges) {
-        if (merge.viaSwitch) continue;
-        trueStatements.push({
-          kind: "value-assignment",
-          name: merge.id,
-          type: merge.type,
-          expression: {
-            code: valueReference(program, merge.trueIncoming, inputs),
-            type: merge.type
-          }
-        });
-      }
-      let falseStatements = null;
-      let falseWritten = null;
-      if (plan.hasElse) {
-        falseWritten = cloneWritten(rangeWritten);
-        falseStatements = lowerRange(plan.region.elseInstruction + 1, plan.region.endInstruction, falseWritten, inLoop, loopExit);
-        if (falseStatements.at(-1)?.kind === "return" && plan.merges.length) {
-          throw new Error(`WGSL vertex selection at ${index} terminates before merge assignments`);
-        }
-        for (const merge of plan.merges) {
-          falseStatements.push({
-            kind: "value-assignment",
-            name: merge.id,
-            type: merge.type,
-            expression: {
-              code: merge.falseCode || valueReference(program, merge.falseIncoming, inputs),
-              type: merge.type
-            }
-          });
-        }
-      }
-      statements.push({
-        kind: "if",
-        instructionIndex: ifInstruction.index,
-        dxbcOffset: ifInstruction.dxbcOffset,
-        condition: {
-          code: `${condition} ${comparison} 0u`,
-          type: "bool"
-        },
-        statements: trueStatements,
-        ...(falseStatements ? {
-          elseStatements: falseStatements
-        } : {})
-      });
-      if (plan.hasElse) {
-        const trueReturns = trueStatements.at(-1)?.kind === "return";
-        const falseReturns = falseStatements.at(-1)?.kind === "return";
-        for (const [fieldId, target] of rangeWritten) {
-          const fromTrue = trueWritten.get(fieldId) || new Set();
-          const fromFalse = falseWritten.get(fieldId) || new Set();
-          if (trueReturns && !falseReturns) for (const component of fromFalse) target.add(component);else if (falseReturns && !trueReturns) for (const component of fromTrue) target.add(component);else if (!trueReturns && !falseReturns) {
-            for (const component of fromTrue) if (fromFalse.has(component)) target.add(component);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      if (terminatesAllPaths(statements)) {
-        return statements;
-      }
-      index = plan.region.endInstruction;
-    }
-    return statements;
-  }
-  const lowered = lowerRange(0, program.instructions.length, written);
-  if (!terminatesAllPaths(lowered)) throw new Error("WGSL vertex path must end in return");
-  const statements = hoistEscapingValues(lowered);
-  return deepFreeze({
-    kind: "typed-shader-program",
-    format: "CJS_TYPED_SHADER",
-    formatVersion: 1,
-    source: program.source,
-    stage: "vertex",
-    entryPoint: "main",
-    interface: {
-      inputs,
-      outputs
-    },
-    bindings,
-    immediateConstantBuffer: program.immediateConstantBuffer || null,
-    constTables: program.constTables || null,
-    statements
-  });
-}
-
-export { lowerVertexProgram };
-//# sourceMappingURL=lowerVertexProgram.js.map
+import { fixedSourceLanes } from '../ir/sourceLanes.js';
+import { validateIndexableTempRead, validateIndexableTempOperand, validateIndexableTempWrite } from '../ir/indexableTemps.js';
+import { hoistEscapingValues } from './hoistEscapingValues.js';
+import { lowerBindingLayout } from './lowerBindingLayout.js';
+import { requireRefactoringAllowed, validatePreciseInstruction } from './precisionControls.js';
+import { buildSelectionPlans, terminatesAllPaths, cloneWritten } from './selectionPlans.js';
+import { validateFixedHandleOperand, validateFixedHandleBinding } from './validateHandleOperand.js';
+
+function containsOutputAssignment(statements) {
+  return statements.some(statement => statement.kind === "assignment" || statement.kind === "if" && (containsOutputAssignment(statement.statements) || (statement.elseStatements ? containsOutputAssignment(statement.elseStatements) : false)) || statement.kind === "switch" && statement.clauses.some(clause => containsOutputAssignment(clause.statements)) || statement.kind === "loop" && containsOutputAssignment(statement.statements));
+}
+const COMPONENTS = ["x", "y", "z", "w"];
+const SYSTEM_BUILTINS = Object.freeze({
+  SV_POSITION: "position"
+});
+const INPUT_BUILTINS = Object.freeze({
+  SV_VERTEXID: {
+    name: "vertex_index",
+    scalarType: "uint32"
+  },
+  SV_INSTANCEID: {
+    name: "instance_index",
+    scalarType: "uint32"
+  }
+});
+const SUPPORTED_OPCODES = new Set(["add", "and", "div", "dp2", "dp3", "dp4", "eq", "exp", "f16tof32", "f32tof16", "frc", "ftoi", "ftou", "ge", "iadd", "ieq", "ige", "ilt", "imad", "imax", "imin", "imul", "ine", "ishl", "ishr", "itof", "ld", "ld_structured", "log", "lt", "mad", "max", "min", "mov", "movc", "mul", "ne", "or", "rcp", "round_ni", "round_pi", "round_z", "rsq", "sample_d", "sample_l", "sincos", "sqrt", "udiv", "uge", "ult", "umax", "umin", "ushr", "utof", "xor", "ret"]);
+const METADATA_OPCODE_EXTENSIONS = new Set(["resource_dimension", "resource_return_type"]);
+const SAMPLE_OFFSET_OPCODES = new Set(["sample_d", "sample_l"]);
+const NUMERIC_CONVERSIONS = Object.freeze({
+  itof: ["int32", "float32"],
+  utof: ["uint32", "float32"],
+  ftoi: ["float32", "int32"],
+  ftou: ["float32", "uint32"]
+});
+function sampleOffsetArgument(instruction, viewDimension) {
+  const controls = instruction.extensions?.filter(extension => extension.typeName === "sample_controls") || [];
+  if (!controls.length) return "";
+  if (controls.length !== 1) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has duplicate sample_controls extensions`);
+  }
+  if (viewDimension !== "2d") {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} immediate sample offsets support only 2d textures`);
+  }
+  const offsets = controls[0].sampleOffsets;
+  if (![offsets?.u, offsets?.v, offsets?.w].every(value => Number.isInteger(value) && value >= -8 && value <= 7)) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has invalid immediate sample offsets`);
+  }
+  // D3D ignores the w offset for Texture2D. WGSL takes the same signed,
+  // texel-space u/v constants as the final sampling argument.
+  return `, vec2<i32>(${offsets.u}, ${offsets.v})`;
+}
+function componentsFromMask(mask) {
+  return COMPONENTS.filter((_, index) => (mask & 1 << index) !== 0);
+}
+function scalarTypeName(type) {
+  return {
+    float32: "f32",
+    int32: "i32",
+    uint32: "u32",
+    bool: "bool",
+    bitpattern32: "u32"
+  }[type] || null;
+}
+function fieldType(scalarType, count) {
+  const scalar = scalarTypeName(scalarType);
+  if (!scalar) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex interface cannot use unresolved scalar type ${scalarType}`);
+  return count === 1 ? scalar : `vec${count}<${scalar}>`;
+}
+function interfaceFields(program, direction) {
+  const groups = new Map();
+  for (const signature of program.signatures?.[direction] || []) {
+    if (!groups.has(signature.registerIndex)) groups.set(signature.registerIndex, []);
+    groups.get(signature.registerIndex).push(signature);
+  }
+  return Array.from(groups.values()).map(rows => {
+    const registerIndex = rows[0].registerIndex;
+    const mask = rows.reduce((accumulator, signature) => accumulator | signature.mask, 0);
+    const components = componentsFromMask(mask);
+    if (!components.length || !components.every((component, componentIndex) => component === COMPONENTS[componentIndex])) {
+      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex ${direction} signature register ${registerIndex} has a non-prefix mask`);
+    }
+    const semantic = String(rows[0].semanticName || "").toUpperCase();
+    const outputBuiltin = direction === "output" ? SYSTEM_BUILTINS[semantic] || null : null;
+    const inputBuiltin = direction === "input" ? INPUT_BUILTINS[semantic] || null : null;
+    const builtinName = outputBuiltin || inputBuiltin?.name || null;
+    if (rows.some(signature => String(signature.semanticName || "").toUpperCase().startsWith("SV_")) && !builtinName) {
+      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex ${direction} system semantic ${semantic} is not supported`);
+    }
+    const componentTypeName = rows[0].componentTypeName;
+    if (rows.some(signature => signature.componentTypeName !== componentTypeName)) {
+      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex ${direction} register ${registerIndex} packs mixed component types`);
+    }
+    const scalarType = inputBuiltin?.scalarType || componentTypeName;
+    return {
+      kind: "interface-field",
+      id: `${direction}:r${registerIndex}`,
+      direction,
+      registerIndex,
+      semanticName: rows[0].semanticName,
+      semanticIndex: rows[0].semanticIndex,
+      components,
+      scalarType,
+      type: inputBuiltin?.scalarType ? scalarTypeName(scalarType) : fieldType(componentTypeName, components.length),
+      name: builtinName || `${direction}${registerIndex}`,
+      attribute: builtinName ? {
+        kind: "builtin",
+        name: builtinName
+      } : {
+        kind: "location",
+        index: registerIndex
+      }
+    };
+  });
+}
+function packedComponent(mask, component) {
+  const index = Array.from(mask).indexOf(component);
+  if (index < 0) throw new Error(`WGSL value mask ${mask} does not contain component ${component}`);
+  return COMPONENTS[index];
+}
+function valueType(program, write) {
+  const value = program.values.find(entry => entry.id === write.valueId);
+  const types = Array.from(write.mask).map(component => value?.componentTypes?.[component]);
+  if (!types.length || types.some(type => !scalarTypeName(type)) || new Set(types).size !== 1) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex value ${write.valueId} has an unresolved or mixed result type that is not supported`);
+  }
+  const scalarType = types[0];
+  return {
+    scalarType,
+    wgslType: fieldType(scalarType, types.length)
+  };
+}
+function isDeadUntypedWrite(program, write, readValueIds, localSsaDestination) {
+  if (!localSsaDestination || readValueIds.has(write.valueId)) return false;
+  const value = program.values.find(entry => entry.id === write.valueId);
+  return Array.from(write.mask).some(component => !scalarTypeName(value?.componentTypes?.[component]));
+}
+function mixedImmediateTypes(program, write) {
+  const value = program.values.find(entry => entry.id === write.valueId);
+  if (!value || write.mask.length < 2) return null;
+  const types = Array.from(write.mask).map(component => value.componentTypes?.[component]);
+  if (types.some(type => !scalarTypeName(type)) || new Set(types).size === 1) return null;
+  return types;
+}
+function liveInputRegisters(program) {
+  const values = new Map(program.values.map(value => [value.id, value]));
+  const reachableBlocks = new Set(program.controlFlow.reachableBlockIds);
+  const reachableInstructions = new Set(program.blocks.filter(block => reachableBlocks.has(block.id)).flatMap(block => block.instructionIndices));
+  const registers = new Set();
+  for (const instruction of program.instructions) {
+    if (!reachableInstructions.has(instruction.index)) continue;
+    for (const ref of instruction.dataflow.reads.flatMap(read => read.refs)) {
+      const value = values.get(ref.valueId);
+      if (value?.origin === "undefined-register") {
+        throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} reads undefined ${value.register}.${ref.component}`);
+      }
+      const match = value?.origin === "program-input" && /^input\[(\d+)\]$/.exec(value.register);
+      if (match) registers.add(Number(match[1]));
+    }
+  }
+  return registers;
+}
+function sourceRead(instruction, operandIndex) {
+  return instruction.dataflow.reads.find(entry => entry.kind !== "index-read" && entry.operandIndex === operandIndex) || null;
+}
+function vectorCode(parts, scalarType) {
+  if (parts.length === 1) return parts[0];
+  return `vec${parts.length}<${scalarTypeName(scalarType)}>(${parts.join(", ")})`;
+}
+function reinterpretCode(code, fromType, toType, count, context) {
+  const from = scalarTypeName(fromType);
+  const to = scalarTypeName(toType);
+  if (!from || !to) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex cannot resolve ${context} type ${fromType} to ${toType}`);
+  if (from === to) return code;
+  if (!["f32", "i32", "u32"].includes(from) || !["f32", "i32", "u32"].includes(to)) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex cannot reinterpret ${context} from ${fromType} to ${toType}`);
+  }
+  return `bitcast<${fieldType(toType, count)}>(${code})`;
+}
+function valueReference(program, ref, inputs) {
+  const value = program.values.find(entry => entry.id === ref.valueId);
+  if (!value) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex references missing value ${ref.valueId}`);
+  if (value.origin === "undefined-register") throw new Error(`WGSL vertex reads undefined ${value.register}.${ref.component}`);
+  if (value.origin === "program-input") {
+    const registerIndex = Number(/^input\[(\d+)\]$/.exec(value.register)?.[1]);
+    const field = inputs.find(entry => entry.registerIndex === registerIndex);
+    if (!field) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex has no live input field for ${value.register}`);
+    const packed = packedComponent(field.components.join(""), ref.component);
+    const code = field.components.length === 1 ? `input.${field.name}` : `input.${field.name}.${packed}`;
+    return reinterpretCode(code, field.scalarType, value.componentTypes?.[ref.component], 1, `${value.register}.${ref.component}`);
+  }
+  if (value.origin === "instruction-write" && value.writeMask.length > 1) {
+    const componentTypes = Array.from(value.writeMask).map(component => value.componentTypes?.[component]);
+    if (new Set(componentTypes).size > 1) return `${value.id}_${ref.component}`;
+  }
+  const packed = packedComponent(value.writeMask, ref.component);
+  return value.writeMask.length === 1 ? value.id : `${value.id}.${packed}`;
+}
+function sourceComponents(operand, destinationMask, count, activeComponents = null) {
+  const selected = operand.selected || "";
+  if (selected) return Array.from({
+    length: count
+  }, () => selected);
+  const swizzle = operand.swizzle || "xyzw";
+  const positions = activeComponents || (count > destinationMask.length ? COMPONENTS.slice(0, count) : Array.from(destinationMask).slice(0, count));
+  return positions.map(component => swizzle[COMPONENTS.indexOf(component)] || swizzle[0]);
+}
+function immediateRawBits(operand, destinationMask, count, activeComponents = null) {
+  const values = operand.immediateValues || [];
+  const components = sourceComponents(operand, destinationMask, count, activeComponents);
+  return components.map((component, index) => {
+    const sourceIndex = values.length === 1 ? 0 : COMPONENTS.indexOf(component);
+    const bits = values[sourceIndex]?.uint32 ?? values[index]?.uint32;
+    if (!Number.isInteger(bits)) throw new Error("WGSL vertex immediate has no raw uint32 bits");
+    return bits >>> 0;
+  });
+}
+function immediateParts(operand, destinationMask, count, expectedType, activeComponents = null) {
+  return immediateRawBits(operand, destinationMask, count, activeComponents).map(bits => {
+    const hex = `0x${(bits >>> 0).toString(16).padStart(8, "0")}u`;
+    if (expectedType === "float32") return `bitcast<f32>(${hex})`;
+    if (expectedType === "int32") return `bitcast<i32>(${hex})`;
+    return hex;
+  });
+}
+function validateRcpImmediate(program, instruction, write) {
+  const operand = instruction.operands[1];
+  if (operand?.typeName !== "immediate32") return;
+  const activeComponents = fixedSourceLanes(instruction, 1, program);
+  const bits = immediateRawBits(operand, write.mask, write.mask.length, activeComponents);
+  if (bits.some(value => {
+    const exponent = value >>> 23 & 0xff;
+    return exponent === 0 || exponent === 0xff;
+  })) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex rcp instruction ${instruction.index} requires finite normal immediate source lanes`);
+  }
+}
+function bindingForOperand(bindings, resourceKind, operand) {
+  const rangeId = operand.resourceReference?.rangeId;
+  if (Number.isInteger(rangeId)) {
+    const matches = bindings.filter(entry => entry.resourceKind === resourceKind && entry.rangeId === rangeId);
+    if (matches.length > 1) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex ${resourceKind} range ${rangeId} is ambiguous`);
+    const binding = matches[0] || null;
+    return resourceKind === "uniform-buffer" ? binding : validateFixedHandleBinding(operand, binding, "vertex");
+  }
+  const binding = bindings.find(entry => entry.resourceKind === resourceKind && entry.registerIndex === operand.registerIndex) || null;
+  return resourceKind === "uniform-buffer" ? binding : validateFixedHandleBinding(operand, binding, "vertex");
+}
+function cbufferVectorIndex(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, inputs) {
+  const indices = operand.indices || [];
+  for (let dimension = 0; dimension < indices.length - 1; dimension += 1) {
+    if (indices[dimension].relative) throw new Error("WGSL vertex does not support dynamic cbuffer register selection");
+  }
+  const last = indices.at(-1);
+  const base = last?.values?.length ? last.values[0] : last?.relative ? 0 : undefined;
+  if (!Number.isInteger(base) || base < 0) throw new Error("WGSL vertex cbuffer operand has no immediate vector index");
+  if (!last.relative) return `${base}`;
+  const read = instruction.dataflow.reads.find(entry => entry.kind === "index-read" && entry.operandIndex === operandIndex && entry.dimension === indices.length - 1);
+  if (!read || read.refs.length !== 1) throw new Error("WGSL vertex dynamic cbuffer index has no resolved register");
+  if (last.relative?.typeName === "indexable_temp") {
+    validateIndexableTempRead(program, last.relative, read, sourceComponents(last.relative, "x", 1));
+  }
+  const ref = read.refs[0];
+  const storage = valueStorageType(program, ref);
+  let indexCode = valueReference(program, ref, inputs);
+  if (storage === "uint32" || storage === "bitpattern32") indexCode = `i32(${indexCode})`;else if (storage !== "int32") throw new Error(`WGSL vertex dynamic cbuffer index has unsupported type ${storage}`);
+  return base === 0 ? indexCode : `${base} + ${indexCode}`;
+}
+function cbufferParts(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, destinationMask, count, bindings, expectedScalarType, inputs, activeComponents = null) {
+  const binding = bindingForOperand(bindings, "uniform-buffer", operand);
+  if (!binding) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex cannot resolve cb${operand.registerIndex}`);
+  const vectorIndex = cbufferVectorIndex(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, inputs);
+  const parts = sourceComponents(operand, destinationMask, count, activeComponents).map(component => `${binding.generatedSymbol}[${vectorIndex}].${component}`);
+  if (expectedScalarType === "float32") return parts;
+  if (!["int32", "uint32", "bitpattern32"].includes(expectedScalarType)) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex cannot reinterpret cbuffer lanes as ${expectedScalarType}`);
+  }
+  const target = scalarTypeName(expectedScalarType);
+  return parts.map(part => `bitcast<${target}>(${part})`);
+}
+function icbParts(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, destinationMask, count, expectedScalarType, inputs, activeComponents = null) {
+  if (!program.immediateConstantBuffer?.length) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has no immediate constant buffer`);
+  }
+  const vectorIndex = cbufferVectorIndex(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, inputs);
+  const parts = sourceComponents(operand, destinationMask, count, activeComponents).map(component => `icb[${vectorIndex}].${component}`);
+  if (expectedScalarType === "float32") return parts;
+  if (!["int32", "uint32", "bitpattern32"].includes(expectedScalarType)) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex cannot reinterpret icb lanes as ${expectedScalarType}`);
+  }
+  const target = scalarTypeName(expectedScalarType);
+  return parts.map(part => `bitcast<${target}>(${part})`);
+}
+function constTableParts(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, destinationMask, count, expectedScalarType, inputs, activeComponents = null) {
+  if (validateIndexableTempOperand(program, operand, "source") !== null) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} fixed indexable temp has no resolved SSA read`);
+  }
+  const registerIndex = operand.indices?.[0]?.values?.[0];
+  const table = (program.constTables || []).find(entry => entry.registerIndex === registerIndex);
+  if (!table) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} indexable temp x${registerIndex} is not a supported constant table`);
+  }
+  const vectorIndex = cbufferVectorIndex(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, inputs);
+  const parts = sourceComponents(operand, destinationMask, count, activeComponents).map(component => `${table.symbol}[${vectorIndex}].${component}`);
+  if (expectedScalarType === "float32") return parts;
+  if (!["int32", "uint32", "bitpattern32"].includes(expectedScalarType)) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex cannot reinterpret constant-table lanes as ${expectedScalarType}`);
+  }
+  const target = scalarTypeName(expectedScalarType);
+  return parts.map(part => `bitcast<${target}>(${part})`);
+}
+
+// DXBC float source modifiers are selected by the consuming opcode. Integer
+// consumers admit two's-complement negation only. Bit-preserving movers
+// (unknown expected type) apply the FLOAT semantics to raw lane bits
+// ("modifiers assume float data"), represented as sign-bit arithmetic.
+function modifierOnStorage(part, storage, modifier) {
+  if (storage === "float32") {
+    if (modifier === "neg") return `-(${part})`;
+    if (modifier === "abs") return `abs(${part})`;
+    return `-(abs(${part}))`;
+  }
+  const bit = modifier === "neg" ? "^ 0x80000000u" : modifier === "abs" ? "& 0x7fffffffu" : "| 0x80000000u";
+  const raw = storage === "int32" ? `bitcast<u32>(${part})` : part;
+  const masked = `(${raw} ${bit})`;
+  return storage === "int32" ? `bitcast<i32>(${masked})` : masked;
+}
+const MODIFIER_STORAGE_TYPES = new Set(["float32", "int32", "uint32", "bitpattern32"]);
+function applyModifier(parts, operand, expected, storageTypes, instruction, operandIndex) {
+  const modifier = operand.modifierName || "none";
+  if (modifier === "none") return parts;
+  if (!["neg", "abs", "absneg"].includes(modifier)) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex operand modifier ${modifier} is not supported`);
+  }
+  if (expected === "float32") {
+    if (modifier === "neg") return parts.map(part => `-(${part})`);
+    if (modifier === "abs") return parts.map(part => `abs(${part})`);
+    return parts.map(part => `-(abs(${part}))`);
+  }
+  if (expected === "int32" && modifier === "neg") {
+    return parts.map(part => `-(${part})`);
+  }
+  if (expected === "uint32" && modifier === "neg") {
+    return parts.map(part => `(0u - ${part})`);
+  }
+  if (expected === "bitpattern32") {
+    return parts.map(part => modifierOnStorage(part, "bitpattern32", modifier));
+  }
+  if (expected === "unknown" && storageTypes?.length === parts.length && storageTypes.every(storage => MODIFIER_STORAGE_TYPES.has(storage))) {
+    return parts.map((part, index) => modifierOnStorage(part, storageTypes[index], modifier));
+  }
+  throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction?.index} operand ${operandIndex} uses an unsupported ${modifier} modifier for ${expected}`);
+}
+function applyLaneModifier(code, operand, targetType, instruction, operandIndex) {
+  const modifier = operand.modifierName || "none";
+  if (modifier === "none") return code;
+  if (!["neg", "abs", "absneg"].includes(modifier) || !MODIFIER_STORAGE_TYPES.has(targetType)) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} lane operand ${operandIndex} uses an unsupported ${modifier} modifier for ${targetType}`);
+  }
+  // The per-lane path is reached only from bit-preserving movc lanes, where
+  // DXBC applies the float modifier semantics to the raw lane bits; the lane
+  // code is already reinterpreted to targetType.
+  return modifierOnStorage(code, targetType, modifier);
+}
+function expectedType(instruction, operandIndex) {
+  return instruction.typeInfo.operandTypes.find(entry => entry.operandIndex === operandIndex)?.expectedType || "unknown";
+}
+function valueStorageType(program, ref) {
+  const value = program.values.find(entry => entry.id === ref.valueId);
+  return value?.componentTypes?.[ref.component] || "unknown";
+}
+function bitcastKey(entry) {
+  if (entry.kind === "read-bitcast") {
+    return [entry.kind, entry.operandIndex, entry.componentIndex, entry.valueId, entry.component, entry.from, entry.to].join(":");
+  }
+  return [entry.kind, entry.operandIndex, entry.valueId, entry.component, entry.from, entry.to].join(":");
+}
+function validateRegisterBitcasts(program, instruction) {
+  const required = [];
+  for (const read of instruction.dataflow.reads) {
+    if (read.kind === "index-read") continue;
+    const expected = expectedType(instruction, read.operandIndex);
+    if (expected === "unknown") continue;
+    read.refs.forEach((ref, componentIndex) => {
+      const storage = valueStorageType(program, ref);
+      if (storage !== "unknown" && storage !== expected) {
+        required.push({
+          kind: "read-bitcast",
+          operandIndex: read.operandIndex,
+          componentIndex,
+          valueId: ref.valueId,
+          component: ref.component,
+          from: storage,
+          to: expected
+        });
+      }
+    });
+  }
+  const intrinsicResult = instruction.typeInfo.resultType;
+  if (intrinsicResult !== "unknown") {
+    for (const write of instruction.dataflow.writes) {
+      for (const component of write.mask) {
+        const storage = valueStorageType(program, {
+          valueId: write.valueId,
+          component
+        });
+        if (storage !== "unknown" && storage !== intrinsicResult) {
+          required.push({
+            kind: "result-bitcast",
+            operandIndex: write.operandIndex,
+            valueId: write.valueId,
+            component,
+            from: intrinsicResult,
+            to: storage
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  const actual = instruction.typeInfo.bitcasts.filter(entry => entry.kind === "read-bitcast" || entry.kind === "result-bitcast");
+  const requiredKeys = required.map(bitcastKey).sort();
+  const actualKeys = actual.map(bitcastKey).sort();
+  if (new Set(actualKeys).size !== actualKeys.length || requiredKeys.length !== actualKeys.length || requiredKeys.some((entry, index) => entry !== actualKeys[index])) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has inconsistent register bitcast metadata`);
+  }
+}
+function unsupportedMinPrecision(operand) {
+  // D3D minimum precision is a floor, not a format: computing float_16
+  // operands at full 32-bit is a conforming implementation, so they promote
+  // to ordinary f32 lanes (registers are 32-bit either way). Other kinds
+  // stay fail-closed until a shader needs them.
+  const name = operand.minPrecisionName || "default";
+  return name !== "default" && name !== "float_16";
+}
+function operandLaneExpression(program, instruction, operandIndex, destinationMask, laneIndex, targetType, inputs, bindings, moverData = false) {
+  const operand = instruction.operands[operandIndex];
+  if (!operand) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has no operand ${operandIndex}`);
+  if (unsupportedMinPrecision(operand)) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} minimum-precision kind ${operand.minPrecisionName} is not supported`);
+  }
+  const read = sourceRead(instruction, operandIndex);
+  const activeComponents = fixedSourceLanes(instruction, operandIndex, program);
+  if (read && operand.typeName === "indexable_temp") {
+    validateIndexableTempRead(program, operand, read, sourceComponents(operand, destinationMask, read.refs.length, activeComponents));
+  }
+  if (read) {
+    const replicated = read.refs.length === 1 && Boolean(operand.selected);
+    if (!replicated && laneIndex >= read.refs.length) {
+      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has too few source lanes`);
+    }
+    const ref = replicated ? read.refs[0] : read.refs[laneIndex];
+    const storage = valueStorageType(program, ref);
+    const code = reinterpretCode(valueReference(program, ref, inputs), storage, targetType, 1, `instruction ${instruction.index} lane read`);
+    return moverData ? applyLaneModifier(code, operand, targetType, instruction, operandIndex) : applyModifier([code], operand, targetType, null, instruction, operandIndex)[0];
+  }
+  const component = destinationMask[laneIndex];
+  if (operand.typeName === "immediate32") {
+    const code = immediateParts(operand, component, 1, targetType)[0];
+    return moverData ? applyLaneModifier(code, operand, targetType, instruction, operandIndex) : applyModifier([code], operand, targetType, null, instruction, operandIndex)[0];
+  }
+  if (operand.typeName === "constant_buffer") {
+    const code = cbufferParts(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, component, 1, bindings, targetType, inputs)[0];
+    return moverData ? applyLaneModifier(code, operand, targetType, instruction, operandIndex) : applyModifier([code], operand, targetType, null, instruction, operandIndex)[0];
+  }
+  throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} cannot lower ${operand.typeName} lane operand ${operandIndex}`);
+}
+function operandExpression(program, instruction, operandIndex, destinationMask, count, inputs, bindings) {
+  const operand = instruction.operands[operandIndex];
+  if (!operand) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has no operand ${operandIndex}`);
+  if (unsupportedMinPrecision(operand)) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} minimum-precision kind ${operand.minPrecisionName} is not supported`);
+  }
+  const type = expectedType(instruction, operandIndex);
+  const read = sourceRead(instruction, operandIndex);
+  const activeComponents = fixedSourceLanes(instruction, operandIndex, program);
+  if (read && operand.typeName === "indexable_temp") {
+    validateIndexableTempRead(program, operand, read, sourceComponents(operand, destinationMask, read.refs.length, activeComponents));
+  }
+  let parts;
+  let modifierStorageTypes = null;
+  if (read) {
+    if (read.refs.length < count && !(read.refs.length === 1 && operand.selected)) {
+      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has too few source lanes`);
+    }
+    const refs = read.refs.length === 1 && operand.selected ? Array.from({
+      length: count
+    }, () => read.refs[0]) : read.refs.slice(0, count);
+    if ((operand.modifierName || "none") !== "none" && type === "unknown") {
+      modifierStorageTypes = refs.map(ref => valueStorageType(program, ref));
+    }
+    const replicatedSelected = read.refs.length === 1 && Boolean(operand.selected);
+    parts = refs.map((ref, componentIndex) => {
+      let part = valueReference(program, ref, inputs);
+      const sourceComponentIndex = replicatedSelected ? 0 : componentIndex;
+      const bitcast = instruction.typeInfo.bitcasts.find(entry => entry.kind === "read-bitcast" && entry.operandIndex === operandIndex && entry.componentIndex === sourceComponentIndex && entry.valueId === ref.valueId && entry.component === ref.component);
+      if (bitcast) {
+        part = reinterpretCode(part, bitcast.from, bitcast.to, 1, `instruction ${instruction.index} read`);
+      }
+      return part;
+    });
+  } else if (operand.typeName === "immediate32") {
+    parts = immediateParts(operand, destinationMask, count, type, activeComponents);
+  } else if (operand.typeName === "constant_buffer") {
+    parts = cbufferParts(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, destinationMask, count, bindings, type, inputs, activeComponents);
+  } else if (operand.typeName === "indexable_temp") {
+    parts = constTableParts(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, destinationMask, count, type, inputs, activeComponents);
+  } else if (operand.typeName === "immediate_constant_buffer") {
+    parts = icbParts(program, instruction, operandIndex, operand, destinationMask, count, type, inputs, activeComponents);
+  } else {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} cannot lower ${operand.typeName} operand ${operandIndex}`);
+  }
+  return vectorCode(applyModifier(parts, operand, type, modifierStorageTypes, instruction, operandIndex), type);
+}
+function floatBound(count, value) {
+  return count === 1 ? value : `vec${count}<f32>(${value})`;
+}
+function zeroMask(count) {
+  return count === 1 ? "0u" : `vec${count}<u32>(0u)`;
+}
+function fullMask(count) {
+  return count === 1 ? "0xffffffffu" : `vec${count}<u32>(0xffffffffu)`;
+}
+function oneMask(count) {
+  return count === 1 ? "1u" : `vec${count}<u32>(1u)`;
+}
+function splatScalar(code, count) {
+  return count === 1 ? code : `vec${count}<f32>(${code})`;
+}
+function structuredLoadExpression(program, instruction, write, type, inputs, bindings) {
+  const count = write.mask.length;
+  if (instruction.operands.length !== 4) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex structured load ${instruction.index} requires four operands`);
+  }
+  const addressOperand = instruction.operands[1];
+  if (!COMPONENTS.includes(addressOperand?.selected) || (addressOperand.modifierName || "none") !== "none") {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex structured load ${instruction.index} requires one unmodified scalar address`);
+  }
+  const address = operandExpression(program, instruction, 1, write.mask, 1, inputs, bindings);
+  const byteOffsetOperand = instruction.operands[2];
+  const byteOffset = byteOffsetOperand?.immediateValues?.[0]?.uint32;
+  if (byteOffsetOperand?.typeName !== "immediate32" || byteOffsetOperand.immediateValues?.length !== 1 || (byteOffsetOperand.modifierName || "none") !== "none" || !Number.isInteger(byteOffset)) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex structured load ${instruction.index} requires an immediate byte offset`);
+  }
+  const resource = validateFixedHandleOperand(instruction, 3, "resource", "vertex");
+  const binding = bindingForOperand(bindings, "sampled-resource", resource);
+  if (!binding?.buffer || !Number.isInteger(binding.structureStride)) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex structured load ${instruction.index} has no structured buffer binding`);
+  }
+  const strideWords = binding.structureStride / 4;
+  const firstWord = byteOffset / 4;
+  if (byteOffset % 4 !== 0) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex structured load ${instruction.index} has a non-DWORD byte offset`);
+  }
+  const swizzle = sourceComponents(resource, write.mask, count);
+  const symbol = binding.generatedSymbol;
+  const wordCount = `arrayLength(&${symbol})`;
+  const addressInRange = `${address} < (${wordCount} / ${strideWords}u)`;
+  const selected = swizzle.map(component => {
+    const index = COMPONENTS.indexOf(component);
+    const word = firstWord + index;
+    if (index < 0 || word >= strideWords) {
+      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex structured load ${instruction.index} exceeds its ${binding.structureStride}-byte stride`);
+    }
+    const wordAddress = `((${address}) * ${strideWords}u) + ${word}u`;
+    const safeWordAddress = `min(${wordAddress}, ${wordCount} - 1u)`;
+    return `select(0u, ${symbol}[${safeWordAddress}], ${addressInRange})`;
+  });
+  if (type === null) return selected;
+  const parts = selected.map(part => reinterpretCode(part, "uint32", type.scalarType, 1, `structured load ${instruction.index}`));
+  return vectorCode(parts, type.scalarType);
+}
+function expressionFor(program, instruction, write, type, inputs, bindings) {
+  const mask = write.mask;
+  const count = mask.length;
+  const source = (index, forcedCount = count) => operandExpression(program, instruction, index, mask, forcedCount, inputs, bindings);
+  const op = instruction.opcodeName;
+  if (["add", "iadd", "mul", "div"].includes(op)) {
+    const operator = {
+      add: "+",
+      iadd: "+",
+      mul: "*",
+      div: "/"
+    }[op];
+    return `(${source(1)} ${operator} ${source(2)})`;
+  }
+  if (op === "mad" || op === "imad" || op === "umad") return `((${source(1)} * ${source(2)}) + ${source(3)})`;
+  if (op === "f16tof32" || op === "f32tof16") {
+    const src = source(1);
+    const lane = index => count === 1 ? `(${src})` : `(${src})[${index}]`;
+    const parts = Array.from({
+      length: count
+    }, (_, index) => op === "f16tof32" ? `unpack2x16float(${lane(index)}).x` : `(pack2x16float(vec2<f32>(${lane(index)}, 0.0)) & 0xffffu)`);
+    return vectorCode(parts, op === "f16tof32" ? "float32" : "uint32");
+  }
+  if (op === "imul" || op === "umul") {
+    if (write.operandIndex !== 1) {
+      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} does not support the ${op} high result`);
+    }
+    return `(${source(2)} * ${source(3)})`;
+  }
+  if (op === "udiv") {
+    const divisor = instruction.operands[3];
+    const lanes = (divisor?.immediateValues || []).map(value => value.uint32);
+    const operator = write.operandIndex === 0 ? "/" : write.operandIndex === 1 ? "%" : null;
+    if (!operator) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex udiv instruction ${instruction.index} has an unexpected destination operand`);
+    if (divisor?.typeName === "immediate32" && (divisor.modifierName ?? "none") === "none" && lanes.length && lanes.every(value => Number.isInteger(value) && value !== 0)) {
+      return `(${source(2)} ${operator} ${source(3)})`;
+    }
+    const dividendCode = source(2);
+    const divisorCode = source(3);
+    return `select(${fullMask(count)}, (${dividendCode} ${operator} max(${divisorCode}, ${oneMask(count)})), ${divisorCode} != ${zeroMask(count)})`;
+  }
+  if (op === "and") return `(${source(1)} & ${source(2)})`;
+  if (op === "or") return `(${source(1)} | ${source(2)})`;
+  if (op === "xor") return `(${source(1)} ^ ${source(2)})`;
+  if (op === "ushr") return `(${source(1)} >> ${source(2)})`;
+  if (["lt", "ge", "eq", "ne", "ilt", "ige", "ieq", "ine", "ult", "uge"].includes(op)) {
+    const operator = {
+      lt: "<",
+      ge: ">=",
+      eq: "==",
+      ne: "!=",
+      ilt: "<",
+      ige: ">=",
+      ieq: "==",
+      ine: "!=",
+      ult: "<",
+      uge: ">="
+    }[op];
+    return `select(${zeroMask(count)}, ${fullMask(count)}, ${source(1)} ${operator} ${source(2)})`;
+  }
+  if (op === "mov") return source(1);
+  if (op === "movc") return `select(${source(3)}, ${source(2)}, ${source(1)} != ${zeroMask(count)})`;
+  if (op === "exp") return `exp2(${source(1)})`;
+  if (op === "log") return `log2(${source(1)})`;
+  if (op === "rcp") {
+    validateRcpImmediate(program, instruction, write);
+    return `(${floatBound(count, "1.0")} / ${source(1)})`;
+  }
+  if (op === "rsq") return `inverseSqrt(${source(1)})`;
+  if (op === "sqrt") return `sqrt(${source(1)})`;
+  if (["max", "imax", "umax"].includes(op)) return `max(${source(1)}, ${source(2)})`;
+  if (["min", "imin", "umin"].includes(op)) return `min(${source(1)}, ${source(2)})`;
+  if (op === "ishl") return `(${source(1)} << u32(${source(2)}))`;
+  if (op === "ishr") return `(${source(1)} >> u32(${source(2)}))`;
+  if (op === "frc") return `fract(${source(1)})`;
+  if (op === "round_ni") return `floor(${source(1)})`;
+  if (op === "round_pi") return `ceil(${source(1)})`;
+  if (op === "round_z") return `trunc(${source(1)})`;
+  if (op === "sincos") {
+    const fn = write.operandIndex === 0 ? "sin" : write.operandIndex === 1 ? "cos" : null;
+    if (!fn) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex sincos instruction ${instruction.index} has an unexpected destination operand`);
+    return `${fn}(${source(2)})`;
+  }
+  if (op === "ld_structured") return structuredLoadExpression(program, instruction, write, type, inputs, bindings);
+  if (op === "ld") {
+    const resource = validateFixedHandleOperand(instruction, 2, "resource", "vertex");
+    const bufferBinding = bindingForOperand(bindings, "sampled-resource", resource);
+    if (!bufferBinding) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has an unresolved load resource`);
+    if (!bufferBinding.buffer || Number.isInteger(bufferBinding.structureStride)) {
+      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex load instruction ${instruction.index} resource shape is not supported; only typed buffers are supported`);
+    }
+    // Typed Buffer SRV: storage-array element fetch. D3D ld returns
+    // zero out of bounds. Clamp the eagerly evaluated WGSL load itself
+    // before selecting zero so no invalid memory reference is formed.
+    const element = bufferBinding.type.slice("array<".length, -1);
+    const address = source(1, 1);
+    const symbol = bufferBinding.generatedSymbol;
+    const length = `arrayLength(&${symbol})`;
+    const loaded = `select(${element}(), ${symbol}[min(${address}, ${length} - 1u)], ${address} < ${length})`;
+    const components = sourceComponents(resource, write.mask, count);
+    return count === 4 && components.join("") === "xyzw" ? loaded : `${loaded}.${components.join("")}`;
+  }
+  if (op === "sample_l" || op === "sample_d") {
+    const resource = validateFixedHandleOperand(instruction, 2, "resource", "vertex");
+    const sampler = validateFixedHandleOperand(instruction, 3, "sampler", "vertex");
+    const textureBinding = bindingForOperand(bindings, "sampled-resource", resource);
+    const samplerBinding = bindingForOperand(bindings, "sampler", sampler);
+    if (!textureBinding || !samplerBinding) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has unresolved sample bindings`);
+    const viewDimension = textureBinding.texture?.viewDimension;
+    const coordComponents = viewDimension === "2d" ? 2 : 3;
+    const gradientComponents = ["2d", "2d-array"].includes(viewDimension) ? 2 : 3;
+    let coord;
+    let arrayArg = "";
+    if (viewDimension === "2d-array") {
+      const coord3 = source(1, 3);
+      coord = `${coord3}.xy`;
+      arrayArg = `, i32(round(${coord3}.z))`;
+    } else {
+      coord = source(1, coordComponents);
+    }
+    const tex = `${textureBinding.generatedSymbol}, ${samplerBinding.generatedSymbol}`;
+    const offsetArg = sampleOffsetArgument(instruction, viewDimension);
+    const sampled = op === "sample_l" ? `textureSampleLevel(${tex}, ${coord}${arrayArg}, ${source(4, 1)}${offsetArg})` : `textureSampleGrad(${tex}, ${coord}${arrayArg}, ${source(4, gradientComponents)}, ${source(5, gradientComponents)}${offsetArg})`;
+    const components = sourceComponents(resource, write.mask, count);
+    return count === 4 && components.join("") === "xyzw" ? sampled : `${sampled}.${components.join("")}`;
+  }
+  if (op === "dp2") return splatScalar(`dot(${source(1, 2)}, ${source(2, 2)})`, count);
+  if (op === "dp3") return splatScalar(`dot(${source(1, 3)}, ${source(2, 3)})`, count);
+  if (op === "dp4") return splatScalar(`dot(${source(1, 4)}, ${source(2, 4)})`, count);
+  if (NUMERIC_CONVERSIONS[op]) {
+    const conversion = instruction.typeInfo.conversion;
+    const [from, to] = NUMERIC_CONVERSIONS[op];
+    if (conversion?.from !== from || conversion?.to !== to) {
+      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has invalid ${op} conversion metadata`);
+    }
+    return `${fieldType(to, count)}(${source(1)})`;
+  }
+  throw new Error(`WGSL vertex opcode ${op} at instruction ${instruction.index} is not supported`);
+}
+function applyResultBitcast(program, instruction, write, expression, type) {
+  const components = Array.from(write.mask);
+  const records = instruction.typeInfo.bitcasts.filter(entry => entry.kind === "result-bitcast" && entry.operandIndex === write.operandIndex && entry.valueId === write.valueId);
+  if (!records.length) return expression;
+  const intrinsicType = instruction.typeInfo.resultType;
+  if (records.length !== components.length || records.some(entry => entry.from !== intrinsicType || entry.to !== type.scalarType) || components.some(component => !records.some(entry => entry.component === component))) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has unsupported result bitcasts`);
+  }
+  return reinterpretCode(expression, intrinsicType, type.scalarType, components.length, `instruction ${instruction.index} result`);
+}
+function lowerInstruction(program, instruction, inputs, outputs, bindings, written, readValueIds) {
+  if (!SUPPORTED_OPCODES.has(instruction.opcodeName)) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex opcode ${instruction.opcodeName} at instruction ${instruction.index} is not supported`);
+  }
+  const unsupportedExtension = instruction.extensions?.find(extension => !METADATA_OPCODE_EXTENSIONS.has(extension.typeName) && !(extension.typeName === "sample_controls" && SAMPLE_OFFSET_OPCODES.has(instruction.opcodeName)));
+  if (unsupportedExtension) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} opcode extension ${unsupportedExtension.typeName} is not supported`);
+  }
+  validatePreciseInstruction(instruction, "vertex");
+  const imprecise = instruction.operands.find(unsupportedMinPrecision);
+  if (imprecise) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} minimum-precision kind ${imprecise.minPrecisionName} is not supported`);
+  }
+  validateRegisterBitcasts(program, instruction);
+  if (instruction.opcodeName === "ld_structured" && instruction.saturate) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex structured load ${instruction.index} cannot saturate its result`);
+  }
+  if (instruction.opcodeName === "ret") {
+    for (const field of outputs) {
+      const missing = field.components.filter(component => !written.get(field.id).has(component));
+      // A builtin output (SV_Position) must be fully written — zero is not a
+      // meaningful position. A location varying (COLOR/TEXCOORD) left unwritten
+      // is undefined under D3D; WGSL zero-initializes `var output`, so the
+      // unwritten lanes read as 0 — a safe, valid choice. Some EVE shaders
+      // (e.g. ui/ubershader3d) declare outputs a given permutation never fills.
+      if (missing.length && field.attribute?.kind === "builtin") {
+        throw new Error(`WGSL vertex output ${field.semanticName}${field.semanticIndex} leaves ${missing.join("")} unwritten before return`);
+      }
+    }
+    return {
+      kind: "return",
+      instructionIndex: instruction.index,
+      dxbcOffset: instruction.dxbcOffset
+    };
+  }
+  const writes = instruction.dataflow.writes;
+  if (!writes.length) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has no result write`);
+  if (instruction.opcodeName === "sincos" || instruction.opcodeName === "udiv") {
+    const destinationOperands = writes.map(write => write.operandIndex);
+    if (writes.length > 2 || new Set(destinationOperands).size !== writes.length || destinationOperands.some(operandIndex => ![0, 1].includes(operandIndex))) {
+      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex ${instruction.opcodeName} instruction ${instruction.index} has unsupported result writes`);
+    }
+    if (writes.length === 2 && writes[0].mask !== writes[1].mask) {
+      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex ${instruction.opcodeName} instruction ${instruction.index} requires matching destination masks`);
+    }
+  } else if (writes.length !== 1) {
+    throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} has unsupported multiple result writes`);
+  }
+  function lowerWrite(write) {
+    const destination = instruction.operands[write.operandIndex];
+    const indexableAddress = destination?.typeName === "indexable_temp" ? validateIndexableTempWrite(program, destination, write) : null;
+    const localSsaDestination = destination?.typeName === "temp" || Boolean(indexableAddress);
+    if (isDeadUntypedWrite(program, write, readValueIds, localSsaDestination)) return [];
+    const mixedTypes = mixedImmediateTypes(program, write);
+    if (mixedTypes) {
+      if (instruction.opcodeName === "ld_structured" && localSsaDestination && !instruction.saturate) {
+        const words = structuredLoadExpression(program, instruction, write, null, inputs, bindings);
+        return Array.from(write.mask).map((component, laneIndex) => ({
+          kind: "let",
+          instructionIndex: instruction.index,
+          dxbcOffset: instruction.dxbcOffset,
+          name: `${write.valueId}_${component}`,
+          type: scalarTypeName(mixedTypes[laneIndex]),
+          expression: {
+            code: reinterpretCode(words[laneIndex], "uint32", mixedTypes[laneIndex], 1, `structured load ${instruction.index}`),
+            type: scalarTypeName(mixedTypes[laneIndex])
+          }
+        }));
+      }
+      const intrinsic = instruction.typeInfo.resultType;
+      if (localSsaDestination && scalarTypeName(intrinsic) && instruction.opcodeName !== "mov") {
+        let packedCode = expressionFor(program, instruction, write, {
+          scalarType: intrinsic,
+          wgslType: fieldType(intrinsic, write.mask.length)
+        }, inputs, bindings);
+        if (instruction.saturate) {
+          if (intrinsic !== "float32") throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} saturates a non-float result`);
+          packedCode = `clamp(${packedCode}, ${floatBound(write.mask.length, "0.0")}, ${floatBound(write.mask.length, "1.0")})`;
+        }
+        const packedName = `${write.valueId}_p`;
+        const packedType = fieldType(intrinsic, write.mask.length);
+        const statements = [{
+          kind: "let",
+          instructionIndex: instruction.index,
+          dxbcOffset: instruction.dxbcOffset,
+          name: packedName,
+          type: packedType,
+          expression: {
+            code: packedCode,
+            type: packedType
+          }
+        }];
+        Array.from(write.mask).forEach((component, laneIndex) => {
+          const laneType = mixedTypes[laneIndex];
+          const access = write.mask.length === 1 ? packedName : `${packedName}.${COMPONENTS[laneIndex]}`;
+          statements.push({
+            kind: "let",
+            name: `${write.valueId}_${component}`,
+            type: scalarTypeName(laneType),
+            expression: {
+              code: reinterpretCode(access, intrinsic, laneType, 1, `mixed write ${instruction.index}`),
+              type: scalarTypeName(laneType)
+            }
+          });
+        });
+        return statements;
+      }
+      if (instruction.opcodeName === "movc" && localSsaDestination && !instruction.saturate) {
+        return Array.from(write.mask).map((component, laneIndex) => {
+          const laneType = mixedTypes[laneIndex];
+          const condition = operandLaneExpression(program, instruction, 1, write.mask, laneIndex, "uint32", inputs, bindings);
+          const whenTrue = operandLaneExpression(program, instruction, 2, write.mask, laneIndex, laneType, inputs, bindings, true);
+          const whenFalse = operandLaneExpression(program, instruction, 3, write.mask, laneIndex, laneType, inputs, bindings, true);
+          return {
+            kind: "let",
+            instructionIndex: instruction.index,
+            dxbcOffset: instruction.dxbcOffset,
+            name: `${write.valueId}_${component}`,
+            type: scalarTypeName(laneType),
+            expression: {
+              code: `select(${whenFalse}, ${whenTrue}, ${condition} != 0u)`,
+              type: scalarTypeName(laneType)
+            }
+          };
+        });
+      }
+      const immediateSource = instruction.operands[1];
+      if (instruction.opcodeName !== "mov" || instruction.saturate || !localSsaDestination || immediateSource?.typeName !== "immediate32") {
+        throw new Error(`WGSL vertex value ${write.valueId} has an unresolved or mixed result type that is not supported`);
+      }
+      return Array.from(write.mask).map((component, laneIndex) => ({
+        kind: "let",
+        instructionIndex: instruction.index,
+        dxbcOffset: instruction.dxbcOffset,
+        name: `${write.valueId}_${component}`,
+        type: scalarTypeName(mixedTypes[laneIndex]),
+        expression: {
+          code: immediateParts(immediateSource, component, 1, mixedTypes[laneIndex])[0],
+          type: scalarTypeName(mixedTypes[laneIndex])
+        }
+      }));
+    }
+    const type = valueType(program, write);
+    let expression = expressionFor(program, instruction, write, type, inputs, bindings);
+    if (instruction.saturate) {
+      const clampBounds = `${floatBound(write.mask.length, "0.0")}, ${floatBound(write.mask.length, "1.0")}`;
+      if (instruction.typeInfo.resultType === "float32") {
+        expression = `clamp(${expression}, ${clampBounds})`;
+      } else if (["mov", "movc"].includes(instruction.opcodeName) && ["int32", "uint32", "bitpattern32"].includes(type.scalarType)) {
+        // D3D saturate assumes float data (like source modifiers); on a
+        // bit-preserving mover whose lanes resolved to integer storage,
+        // clamp the float interpretation of the bits and keep the storage.
+        const floatType = fieldType("float32", write.mask.length);
+        expression = `bitcast<${type.wgslType}>(clamp(bitcast<${floatType}>(${expression}), ${clampBounds}))`;
+      } else {
+        throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} saturates a non-float result`);
+      }
+    }
+    expression = applyResultBitcast(program, instruction, write, expression, type);
+    if (destination.typeName === "output") {
+      const field = outputs.find(entry => entry.registerIndex === destination.registerIndex);
+      if (!field) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} references undeclared output r${destination.registerIndex}`);
+      const components = Array.from(write.mask).map(component => packedComponent(field.components.join(""), component));
+      const outputType = fieldType(field.scalarType, write.mask.length);
+      const assignmentExpression = reinterpretCode(expression, type.scalarType, field.scalarType, write.mask.length, `output r${destination.registerIndex}`);
+      Array.from(write.mask).forEach(component => written.get(field.id).add(component));
+      const assignment = {
+        kind: "assignment",
+        target: {
+          fieldId: field.id,
+          components,
+          type: outputType
+        },
+        expression: {
+          code: assignmentExpression,
+          type: outputType
+        }
+      };
+      if (!readValueIds.has(write.valueId)) {
+        return {
+          ...assignment,
+          instructionIndex: instruction.index,
+          dxbcOffset: instruction.dxbcOffset
+        };
+      }
+      return [{
+        kind: "let",
+        instructionIndex: instruction.index,
+        dxbcOffset: instruction.dxbcOffset,
+        name: write.valueId,
+        type: type.wgslType,
+        expression: {
+          code: expression,
+          type: type.wgslType
+        }
+      }, {
+        ...assignment,
+        expression: {
+          code: reinterpretCode(write.valueId, type.scalarType, field.scalarType, write.mask.length, `output r${destination.registerIndex}`),
+          type: outputType
+        }
+      }];
+    }
+    if (!localSsaDestination) {
+      throw new Error(`WGSL vertex instruction ${instruction.index} writes unsupported ${destination.typeName}`);
+    }
+    return {
+      kind: "let",
+      instructionIndex: instruction.index,
+      dxbcOffset: instruction.dxbcOffset,
+      name: write.valueId,
+      type: type.wgslType,
+      expression: {
+        code: expression,
+        type: type.wgslType
+      }
+    };
+  }
+  const statements = writes.flatMap(write => lowerWrite(write));
+  return statements.length === 1 ? statements[0] : statements;
+}
+function deepFreeze(value) {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== "object" || Object.isFrozen(value)) return value;
+  for (const entry of Object.values(value)) deepFreeze(entry);
+  return Object.freeze(value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Lowers the bounded straight-line vertex slice into typed SSA expressions,
+ * interface assignments, and canonical uniform-buffer bindings.
+ *
+ * @param {object} program Frozen CJS shader IR.
+ * @returns {object} Frozen typed vertex program.
+ */
+function lowerVertexProgram(program, options = {}) {
+  if (program?.format !== "CJS_SHADER_IR") throw new TypeError("WGSL vertex lowering expects CJS_SHADER_IR input");
+  if (program.stage !== "vertex") throw new Error(`WGSL vertex lowering cannot lower ${program.stage}`);
+  if (program.shaderModel.major !== 5 || ![0, 1].includes(program.shaderModel.minor)) {
+    throw new Error("WGSL vertex body slice currently supports only SM5.0/SM5.1");
+  }
+  requireRefactoringAllowed(program, "vertex");
+  const liveRegisters = liveInputRegisters(program);
+  const inputs = interfaceFields(program, "input").filter(field => liveRegisters.has(field.registerIndex));
+  const outputs = interfaceFields(program, "output");
+  // Mirror the fragment stage's non-default interpolation modes (recorded on
+  // the pass-global plan) — WebGPU requires both sides of a location to match.
+  for (const field of outputs) {
+    const interpolation = options.bindingPlan?.varyingInterpolation?.[field.registerIndex];
+    if (interpolation && field.attribute.kind === "location") field.interpolation = interpolation;
+  }
+  for (const fields of [inputs, outputs]) {
+    if (new Set(fields.map(field => field.registerIndex)).size !== fields.length) {
+      throw new Error("WGSL vertex body slice does not support packed signature registers");
+    }
+  }
+  const bindings = lowerBindingLayout(program, options.bindingPlan);
+  if (bindings.some(binding => !["uniform-buffer", "sampled-resource", "sampler"].includes(binding.resourceKind))) {
+    throw new Error("WGSL vertex body slice supports only uniform, texture, sampler, and read-only structured-buffer bindings");
+  }
+  const plans = buildSelectionPlans(program, "vertex");
+  const written = new Map(outputs.map(field => [field.id, new Set()]));
+  const reachableInstructions = new Set(program.blocks.filter(block => block.reachable !== false).flatMap(block => block.instructionIndices));
+  const readValueIds = new Set([...program.instructions.flatMap(instruction => reachableInstructions.has(instruction.index) ? instruction.dataflow.reads.flatMap(read => read.refs.map(ref => ref.valueId)) : []), ...program.values.flatMap(value => (value.incoming || []).map(incoming => incoming.valueId))]);
+  function exitMergeAssignments(loopExit, breakIndex) {
+    return (loopExit?.get(breakIndex) || []).map(assign => ({
+      kind: "value-assignment",
+      name: assign.id,
+      type: assign.type,
+      expression: {
+        code: valueReference(program, assign.ref, inputs),
+        type: assign.type
+      }
+    }));
+  }
+  function lowerRange(start, end, rangeWritten, inLoop = false, loopExit = null) {
+    const statements = [];
+    for (let index = start; index < end; index += 1) {
+      if (!reachableInstructions.has(index)) continue;
+      const plan = plans.get(index);
+      if (!plan) {
+        const marker = program.instructions[index].opcodeName;
+        if (marker === "break" || marker === "breakc") {
+          if (!inLoop) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex has an unmatched ${marker} at instruction ${index}`);
+          const breakInstruction = program.instructions[index];
+          if (marker === "break") {
+            statements.push(...exitMergeAssignments(loopExit, breakInstruction.index));
+            statements.push({
+              kind: "break",
+              instructionIndex: breakInstruction.index,
+              dxbcOffset: breakInstruction.dxbcOffset
+            });
+            continue;
+          }
+          validatePreciseInstruction(breakInstruction, "vertex");
+          validateRegisterBitcasts(program, breakInstruction);
+          const conditionOperand = breakInstruction.operands[0];
+          const conditionRead = sourceRead(breakInstruction, 0);
+          if (breakInstruction.saturate || (conditionOperand?.modifierName || "none") !== "none" || !COMPONENTS.includes(conditionOperand?.selected) || conditionRead?.refs.length !== 1 || !["zero", "nonzero"].includes(breakInstruction.testBoolean)) {
+            throw new Error(`WGSL vertex breakc instruction ${breakInstruction.index} requires one unmodified scalar condition`);
+          }
+          const condition = operandExpression(program, breakInstruction, 0, "x", 1, inputs, bindings);
+          statements.push({
+            kind: "if",
+            instructionIndex: breakInstruction.index,
+            dxbcOffset: breakInstruction.dxbcOffset,
+            condition: {
+              code: `${condition} ${breakInstruction.testBoolean === "zero" ? "==" : "!="} 0u`,
+              type: "bool"
+            },
+            statements: [...exitMergeAssignments(loopExit, breakInstruction.index), {
+              kind: "break"
+            }]
+          });
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (marker === "continue" || marker === "continuec") {
+          if (!inLoop) throw new Error(`WGSL vertex has an unmatched ${marker} at instruction ${index}`);
+          const continueInstruction = program.instructions[index];
+          if (marker === "continue") {
+            statements.push({
+              kind: "continue",
+              instructionIndex: continueInstruction.index,
+              dxbcOffset: continueInstruction.dxbcOffset
+            });
+            continue;
+          }
+          validatePreciseInstruction(continueInstruction, "vertex");
+          validateRegisterBitcasts(program, continueInstruction);
+          const conditionOperand = continueInstruction.operands[0];
+          const conditionRead = sourceRead(continueInstruction, 0);
+          if (continueInstruction.saturate || (conditionOperand?.modifierName || "none") !== "none" || !COMPONENTS.includes(conditionOperand?.selected) || conditionRead?.refs.length !== 1 || !["zero", "nonzero"].includes(continueInstruction.testBoolean)) {
+            throw new Error(`WGSL vertex continuec instruction ${continueInstruction.index} requires one unmodified scalar condition`);
+          }
+          const condition = operandExpression(program, continueInstruction, 0, "x", 1, inputs, bindings);
+          statements.push({
+            kind: "if",
+            instructionIndex: continueInstruction.index,
+            dxbcOffset: continueInstruction.dxbcOffset,
+            condition: {
+              code: `${condition} ${continueInstruction.testBoolean === "zero" ? "==" : "!="} 0u`,
+              type: "bool"
+            },
+            statements: [{
+              kind: "continue"
+            }]
+          });
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (["endif", "else", "case", "default", "endswitch", "endloop"].includes(marker)) {
+          throw new Error(`WGSL vertex has an unmatched ${marker} at instruction ${index}`);
+        }
+        const lowered = lowerInstruction(program, program.instructions[index], inputs, outputs, bindings, rangeWritten, readValueIds);
+        statements.push(...(Array.isArray(lowered) ? lowered : [lowered]));
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (plan.kind === "loop") {
+        const loopInstruction = program.instructions[index];
+        if (loopInstruction.opcodeName !== "loop" || program.instructions[plan.region.endInstruction].opcodeName !== "endloop") {
+          throw new Error("WGSL vertex loop boundaries are malformed");
+        }
+        for (const merge of plan.merges) {
+          statements.push({
+            kind: "var",
+            name: merge.id,
+            type: merge.type,
+            expression: {
+              code: valueReference(program, merge.entryIncoming, inputs),
+              type: merge.type
+            }
+          });
+        }
+        for (const merge of plan.exitMerges || []) {
+          statements.push({
+            kind: "var",
+            name: merge.id,
+            type: merge.type,
+            expression: {
+              code: merge.zeroCode,
+              type: merge.type
+            }
+          });
+        }
+        const bodyWritten = cloneWritten(rangeWritten);
+        const body = lowerRange(index + 1, plan.region.endInstruction, bodyWritten, true, plan.exitEdges);
+        if (body.at(-1)?.kind === "return") {
+          throw new Error(`WGSL vertex loop at ${index} terminates before latch assignments`);
+        }
+        // Latch phi updates go in a `continuing` block so they run on both
+        // fall-through and `continue` paths.
+        const latch = plan.merges.map(merge => ({
+          kind: "value-assignment",
+          name: merge.id,
+          type: merge.type,
+          expression: {
+            code: valueReference(program, merge.backedgeIncoming, inputs),
+            type: merge.type
+          }
+        }));
+        statements.push({
+          kind: "loop",
+          instructionIndex: loopInstruction.index,
+          dxbcOffset: loopInstruction.dxbcOffset,
+          statements: body,
+          continuing: latch
+        });
+        index = plan.region.endInstruction;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (plan.kind === "switch") {
+        const switchInstruction = program.instructions[index];
+        if (switchInstruction.opcodeName !== "switch" || program.instructions[plan.region.endInstruction].opcodeName !== "endswitch") {
+          throw new Error("WGSL vertex switch boundaries are malformed");
+        }
+        validatePreciseInstruction(switchInstruction, "vertex");
+        validateRegisterBitcasts(program, switchInstruction);
+        const selectorOperand = switchInstruction.operands[0];
+        const selectorRead = sourceRead(switchInstruction, 0);
+        if (switchInstruction.saturate || (selectorOperand?.modifierName || "none") !== "none" || !COMPONENTS.includes(selectorOperand?.selected) || selectorRead?.refs.length !== 1) {
+          throw new Error(`WGSL vertex switch instruction ${switchInstruction.index} requires one unmodified scalar selector`);
+        }
+        for (const merge of plan.merges) {
+          statements.push({
+            kind: "var",
+            name: merge.id,
+            type: merge.type,
+            expression: {
+              code: merge.zeroCode,
+              type: merge.type
+            }
+          });
+        }
+        const selector = operandExpression(program, switchInstruction, 0, "x", 1, inputs, bindings);
+        const clauses = [];
+        const clauseResults = [];
+        for (let clauseIndex = 0; clauseIndex < plan.clauses.length; clauseIndex += 1) {
+          const clause = plan.clauses[clauseIndex];
+          const clauseWritten = cloneWritten(rangeWritten);
+          const body = lowerRange(clause.bodyStart, clause.bodyEnd, clauseWritten, false, loopExit);
+          if ((plan.merges.length || plan.outerMerges?.length) && containsOutputAssignment(body)) {
+            throw new Error(`WGSL vertex switch at ${index} writes output before a live merge`);
+          }
+          if (body.at(-1)?.kind === "return" && (plan.merges.length || plan.outerMerges?.length)) {
+            throw new Error(`WGSL vertex switch at ${index} terminates before merge assignments`);
+          }
+          for (const merge of [...plan.merges, ...(plan.outerMerges || [])]) {
+            body.push({
+              kind: "value-assignment",
+              name: merge.id,
+              type: merge.type,
+              expression: {
+                code: valueReference(program, merge.perClause[clauseIndex], inputs),
+                type: merge.type
+              }
+            });
+          }
+          clauses.push({
+            selectors: clause.selectors,
+            isDefault: clause.isDefault,
+            statements: body
+          });
+          clauseResults.push({
+            clauseWritten,
+            returns: body.at(-1)?.kind === "return"
+          });
+        }
+        statements.push({
+          kind: "switch",
+          instructionIndex: switchInstruction.index,
+          dxbcOffset: switchInstruction.dxbcOffset,
+          selector: {
+            code: selector,
+            type: "u32"
+          },
+          clauses
+        });
+        if (plan.region.defaultInstruction !== null) {
+          const continuing = clauseResults.filter(entry => !entry.returns);
+          for (const [fieldId, target] of rangeWritten) {
+            if (!continuing.length) break;
+            const sets = continuing.map(entry => entry.clauseWritten.get(fieldId) || new Set());
+            for (const component of sets[0]) {
+              if (sets.every(set => set.has(component))) target.add(component);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        if (terminatesAllPaths(statements)) {
+          return statements;
+        }
+        index = plan.region.endInstruction;
+        continue;
+      }
+      const ifInstruction = program.instructions[index];
+      const endInstruction = program.instructions[plan.region.endInstruction];
+      if (ifInstruction.opcodeName !== "if" || endInstruction.opcodeName !== "endif" || plan.hasElse && program.instructions[plan.region.elseInstruction].opcodeName !== "else") {
+        throw new Error("WGSL vertex selection boundaries are malformed");
+      }
+      validatePreciseInstruction(ifInstruction, "vertex");
+      validateRegisterBitcasts(program, ifInstruction);
+      const conditionOperand = ifInstruction.operands[0];
+      const conditionRead = sourceRead(ifInstruction, 0);
+      if (ifInstruction.saturate || (conditionOperand?.modifierName || "none") !== "none" || !COMPONENTS.includes(conditionOperand?.selected) || conditionRead?.refs.length !== 1) {
+        throw new Error(`WGSL vertex if instruction ${ifInstruction.index} requires one unmodified scalar condition`);
+      }
+      for (const merge of plan.merges) {
+        const expression = plan.hasElse ? merge.zeroCode : merge.falseCode || valueReference(program, merge.falseIncoming, inputs);
+        statements.push({
+          kind: "var",
+          name: merge.id,
+          type: merge.type,
+          expression: {
+            code: expression,
+            type: merge.type
+          }
+        });
+      }
+      const condition = operandExpression(program, ifInstruction, 0, "x", 1, inputs, bindings);
+      const comparison = ifInstruction.testBoolean === "zero" ? "==" : "!=";
+      const trueBodyEnd = plan.hasElse ? plan.region.elseInstruction : plan.region.endInstruction;
+      const trueWritten = cloneWritten(rangeWritten);
+      const trueStatements = lowerRange(index + 1, trueBodyEnd, trueWritten, inLoop, loopExit);
+      if (trueStatements.at(-1)?.kind === "return" && plan.merges.length) {
+        throw new Error(`WGSL vertex selection at ${index} terminates before merge assignments`);
+      }
+      for (const merge of plan.merges) {
+        if (merge.viaSwitch) continue;
+        trueStatements.push({
+          kind: "value-assignment",
+          name: merge.id,
+          type: merge.type,
+          expression: {
+            code: valueReference(program, merge.trueIncoming, inputs),
+            type: merge.type
+          }
+        });
+      }
+      let falseStatements = null;
+      let falseWritten = null;
+      if (plan.hasElse) {
+        falseWritten = cloneWritten(rangeWritten);
+        falseStatements = lowerRange(plan.region.elseInstruction + 1, plan.region.endInstruction, falseWritten, inLoop, loopExit);
+        if (falseStatements.at(-1)?.kind === "return" && plan.merges.length) {
+          throw new Error(`WGSL vertex selection at ${index} terminates before merge assignments`);
+        }
+        for (const merge of plan.merges) {
+          falseStatements.push({
+            kind: "value-assignment",
+            name: merge.id,
+            type: merge.type,
+            expression: {
+              code: merge.falseCode || valueReference(program, merge.falseIncoming, inputs),
+              type: merge.type
+            }
+          });
+        }
+      }
+      statements.push({
+        kind: "if",
+        instructionIndex: ifInstruction.index,
+        dxbcOffset: ifInstruction.dxbcOffset,
+        condition: {
+          code: `${condition} ${comparison} 0u`,
+          type: "bool"
+        },
+        statements: trueStatements,
+        ...(falseStatements ? {
+          elseStatements: falseStatements
+        } : {})
+      });
+      if (plan.hasElse) {
+        const trueReturns = trueStatements.at(-1)?.kind === "return";
+        const falseReturns = falseStatements.at(-1)?.kind === "return";
+        for (const [fieldId, target] of rangeWritten) {
+          const fromTrue = trueWritten.get(fieldId) || new Set();
+          const fromFalse = falseWritten.get(fieldId) || new Set();
+          if (trueReturns && !falseReturns) for (const component of fromFalse) target.add(component);else if (falseReturns && !trueReturns) for (const component of fromTrue) target.add(component);else if (!trueReturns && !falseReturns) {
+            for (const component of fromTrue) if (fromFalse.has(component)) target.add(component);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if (terminatesAllPaths(statements)) {
+        return statements;
+      }
+      index = plan.region.endInstruction;
+    }
+    return statements;
+  }
+  const lowered = lowerRange(0, program.instructions.length, written);
+  if (!terminatesAllPaths(lowered)) throw new Error("WGSL vertex path must end in return");
+  const statements = hoistEscapingValues(lowered);
+  return deepFreeze({
+    kind: "typed-shader-program",
+    format: "CJS_TYPED_SHADER",
+    formatVersion: 1,
+    source: program.source,
+    stage: "vertex",
+    entryPoint: "main",
+    interface: {
+      inputs,
+      outputs
+    },
+    bindings,
+    immediateConstantBuffer: program.immediateConstantBuffer || null,
+    constTables: program.constTables || null,
+    statements
+  });
+}
+
+export { lowerVertexProgram };
+//# sourceMappingURL=lowerVertexProgram.js.map