@blamejs/core 0.7.1 → 0.7.18

package/lib/middleware/csp-nonce.js

@@ -1,348 +1,348 @@
-"use strict";
-/**
- * csp-nonce — per-request CSP nonce + render integration.
- *
- * The framework's `security-headers` middleware ships a strict CSP
- * that doesn't allow inline scripts (no 'unsafe-inline'). Templates
- * with inline `<script>` blocks therefore break out of the box — the
- * browser refuses to execute them. This middleware closes the gap:
- *
- *   1. Generate a fresh random nonce per request (base64, default
- *      16 bytes / 22 chars).
- *   2. Attach it to `req.cspNonce` (handler-readable) AND
- *      `res.locals.cspNonce` (template-data-readable — render.js
- *      auto-merges res.locals into template data).
- *   3. Patch the existing Content-Security-Policy header set by
- *      security-headers — append `'nonce-XYZ'` to the operator-
- *      configured directives (defaults: script-src, style-src).
- *      If no CSP header is set yet, build a minimal one.
- *
- * Operators wire it after security-headers and write `nonce="..."`
- * on their inline scripts:
- *
- *   router.use(b.middleware.securityHeaders());
- *   router.use(b.middleware.cspNonce({
- *     directives:    ["script-src", "style-src"],
- *     nonceBytes:    16,
- *     strictDynamic: true,
- *   }));
- *
- *   // In a template:
- *   //   <script nonce="{{ cspNonce }}">console.log("ok")</script>
- *   //
- *   // Or in a handler:
- *   //   res.write('<script nonce="' + req.cspNonce + '">...</script>');
- *
- * Handler shape: req.cspNonce is the raw base64 nonce. Templates
- * receive it via the auto-merged res.locals so the html() render
- * helper doesn't need an extra argument — the operator just writes
- * `{{ cspNonce }}` in the view.
- *
- * strict-dynamic mode (opt-in): when true, the nonce directive also
- * gets `'strict-dynamic'`. Modern browsers then trust scripts loaded
- * by a nonced script — no need to allowlist their origins. This is
- * the recommended posture for SPA hydration scripts that themselves
- * load dependencies (e.g. tiny inline bootstrap that imports a
- * versioned bundle). See https://www.w3.org/TR/CSP3/#strict-dynamic-usage.
- *
- * Nonce strength:
- *   - Default 16 bytes (128 bits) of crypto-strong randomness via
- *     `b.crypto.generateBytes` (OS-RNG → SHAKE256). Standard for
- *     CSP nonces.
- *   - Operators with stricter posture set nonceBytes: 32 (256 bits).
- *   - Going below 16 bytes is refused at config time.
- *
- * Cacheable-render pattern (when the response HTML is cached but the
- * CSP header rotates per request):
- *
- *   var nonceMw = b.middleware.cspNonce();
- *   router.use(nonceMw);
- *
- *   var pageCache = b.cache.create({ namespace: "wiki", ttlMs: 5*60_000 });
- *
- *   router.get("/:slug", async function (req, res) {
- *     var html = await pageCache.wrap(req.params.slug, function () {
- *       // Render with the placeholder — the cached string contains a
- *       // stable token, never a request-specific nonce. Safe to cache.
- *       return template.render("page", {
- *         cspNonce: nonceMw.PLACEHOLDER,
- *         ...,
- *       });
- *     });
- *     // Replace the placeholder with this request's nonce so the
- *     // script tag's nonce attribute matches the CSP header.
- *     res.send(nonceMw.substitute(html, req));
- *   });
- *
- * Without this pattern, caching HTML rendered with `{{ cspNonce }}`
- * captures the FIRST request's nonce and reuses it on every cache
- * hit — the response's CSP header rotates per request, so script
- * tags carry a stale nonce the browser refuses. Symptom: scripts
- * silently fail to execute on every cache hit after the first.
- *
- * The placeholder is per-instance random by default — operators with
- * caches that survive process restart (Redis, cluster backend) pin
- * a stable token via `opts.placeholder` so HTML cached before the
- * restart still substitutes correctly after.
- *
- * What `substitute()` does NOT do (deferred — structural reasons):
- *   - Streaming substitution across chunk boundaries. `substitute()`
- *     takes a complete HTML string. Operators streaming HTML in
- *     chunks (Node Writable, fs.createReadStream → res piping cached
- *     bytes) must concatenate first or call substitute on each chunk
- *     where the placeholder is guaranteed not to span a boundary.
- *     A buffered streaming version requires per-stream state to
- *     hold up to (PLACEHOLDER.length - 1) bytes between chunks; that
- *     surface gets its own primitive when an operator hits it.
- *
- * What this middleware does NOT do:
- *   - It doesn't ALSO set 'unsafe-inline'. The browser silently ignores
- *     'unsafe-inline' when a nonce is present (CSP3 spec), so this is
- *     a non-issue, but operators sometimes add 'unsafe-inline' "just
- *     in case" — that defeats the entire point of the nonce.
- *   - It doesn't attempt to strip 'unsafe-inline' from operator-
- *     supplied CSP. If the operator configured 'unsafe-inline' and
- *     adds csp-nonce, both are present; the browser ignores
- *     'unsafe-inline' but the static analysis tool might still flag
- *     it. Removing operator-supplied directives without explicit
- *     consent is more astonishing than helpful.
- *   - It doesn't generate nonces for non-HTML responses (JSON, raw
- *     bytes). The middleware skips when there's no template / inline-
- *     script context — operators who want a nonce on every response
- *     pass `always: true`.
- */
-
-var C = require("../constants");
-var crypto = require("../crypto");
-var numericBounds = require("../numeric-bounds");
-var validateOpts = require("../validate-opts");
-var { defineClass } = require("../framework-error");
-
-var CspNonceError = defineClass("CspNonceError", { alwaysPermanent: true });
-
-var DEFAULT_DIRECTIVES = Object.freeze(["script-src", "style-src"]);
-var DEFAULT_NONCE_BYTES = C.BYTES.bytes(16);
-var MIN_NONCE_BYTES = C.BYTES.bytes(16);
-var PLACEHOLDER_PREFIX = "__BLAMEJS_CSP_NONCE_";
-var PLACEHOLDER_SUFFIX = "__";
-// 16 bytes / 128 bits — matches the default nonce strength so the
-// placeholder is no weaker than the value it stands in for.
-var PLACEHOLDER_RAND_BYTES = C.BYTES.bytes(16);
-
-// Build the substitute helper for a specific placeholder + property.
-// Each cspNonce instance has its own placeholder (random by default,
-// stable per process) so multiple middleware instances in the same app
-// don't share state, and operator content can't accidentally match a
-// hardcoded string that lives in source.
-function _buildSubstitute(placeholder, property) {
-  return function substitute(html, reqOrNonce) {
-    if (typeof html !== "string" || html.length === 0) return html;
-    if (html.indexOf(placeholder) === -1) return html;
-    var nonce;
-    if (typeof reqOrNonce === "string") {
-      nonce = reqOrNonce;
-    } else if (reqOrNonce && typeof reqOrNonce === "object") {
-      nonce = reqOrNonce[property] ||
-              (reqOrNonce.res && reqOrNonce.res.locals && reqOrNonce.res.locals[property]) ||
-              "";
-    } else {
-      nonce = "";
-    }
-    return html.split(placeholder).join(nonce);
-  };
-}
-
-// Build a fresh CSP from scratch when none is set. Conservative defaults
-// — the nonced directive replaces what 'unsafe-inline' would have done.
-function _defaultCsp(nonceToken) {
-  return "default-src 'self'; " +
-         "script-src 'self' " + nonceToken + "; " +
-         "style-src 'self' " + nonceToken + "; " +
-         "img-src 'self' data:; " +
-         "frame-ancestors 'none'; " +
-         "base-uri 'self'; " +
-         "form-action 'self'; " +
-         "object-src 'none'";
-}
-
-// Parse the CSP header into [{ name, valueParts }] preserving operator
-// ordering. Each entry is `directive-name [value...]`.
-function _parseCsp(headerValue) {
-  var parts = String(headerValue).split(";");
-  var out = [];
-  for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
-    var p = parts[i].trim();
-    if (p.length === 0) continue;
-    // Split on whitespace runs.
-    var tokens = p.split(/\s+/);
-    var name = tokens.shift().toLowerCase();
-    out.push({ name: name, values: tokens });
-  }
-  return out;
-}
-
-function _serializeCsp(parts) {
-  return parts.map(function (p) {
-    if (p.values.length === 0) return p.name;
-    return p.name + " " + p.values.join(" ");
-  }).join("; ");
-}
-
-function _injectNonce(cspHeader, nonce, directives, strictDynamic) {
-  var nonceToken = "'nonce-" + nonce + "'";
-  if (!cspHeader) {
-    // Build a minimal CSP from scratch. strictDynamic isn't applied
-    // to a fresh CSP because the operator hasn't told us their script
-    // load pattern yet — they can opt in by combining their own CSP
-    // with cspNonce.
-    return _defaultCsp(nonceToken);
-  }
-  var parts = _parseCsp(cspHeader);
-  var seen = Object.create(null);
-  for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
-    var name = parts[i].name;
-    seen[name] = i;
-    if (directives.indexOf(name) !== -1) {
-      // Avoid duplicate nonce tokens if the middleware ever runs twice.
-      if (parts[i].values.indexOf(nonceToken) === -1) {
-        parts[i].values.push(nonceToken);
-      }
-      // strict-dynamic only meaningful for script-src.
-      if (strictDynamic && name === "script-src" && parts[i].values.indexOf("'strict-dynamic'") === -1) {
-        parts[i].values.push("'strict-dynamic'");
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  // Add target directives that were missing from the original CSP.
-  for (var j = 0; j < directives.length; j++) {
-    var d = directives[j].toLowerCase();
-    if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(seen, d)) continue;
-    var values = [nonceToken];
-    if (strictDynamic && d === "script-src") values.push("'strict-dynamic'");
-    parts.push({ name: d, values: values });
-  }
-  return _serializeCsp(parts);
-}
-
-function create(opts) {
-  opts = opts || {};
-  validateOpts(opts, [
-    "directives", "nonceBytes", "strictDynamic", "headerName",
-    "property", "always", "placeholder",
-  ], "middleware.cspNonce");
-  var directives = Array.isArray(opts.directives) && opts.directives.length > 0
-                     ? opts.directives.slice() : DEFAULT_DIRECTIVES.slice();
-  for (var i = 0; i < directives.length; i++) {
-    if (typeof directives[i] !== "string" || directives[i].length === 0) {
-      throw new CspNonceError("csp-nonce/bad-directive",
-        "directives must be non-empty strings (e.g. 'script-src')");
-    }
-    directives[i] = directives[i].toLowerCase();
-  }
-  var nonceBytes = opts.nonceBytes !== undefined ? opts.nonceBytes : DEFAULT_NONCE_BYTES;
-  // Pre-fix the typeof-only check accepted Infinity / NaN — both
-  // bypassed the `< MIN_NONCE_BYTES` guard (NaN < N is always false,
-  // Infinity < N is always false), then crashed per-request when
-  // `crypto.generateBytes(Infinity)` hit ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE. Route through
-  // shared numeric-bounds (positive finite int) before the lower-bound
-  // check so the typo / coercion is caught at create() time.
-  if (!numericBounds.isPositiveFiniteInt(nonceBytes)) {
-    throw new CspNonceError("csp-nonce/bad-nonce-bytes",
-      "nonceBytes must be a positive finite integer; got " +
-        numericBounds.shape(nonceBytes));
-  }
-  if (nonceBytes < MIN_NONCE_BYTES) {
-    throw new CspNonceError("csp-nonce/bad-nonce-bytes",
-      "nonceBytes must be >= " + MIN_NONCE_BYTES + " (got " + nonceBytes + "). " +
-      "CSP nonces below 128 bits weaken the security boundary.");
-  }
-  var strictDynamic = !!opts.strictDynamic;
-  var headerName = opts.headerName || "Content-Security-Policy";
-  var property = (typeof opts.property === "string" && opts.property.length > 0) ? opts.property : "cspNonce";
-  var always = !!opts.always;
-
-  // Token string used by the cacheable-render pattern: templates render
-  // with `cspNonce: nonceMw.PLACEHOLDER`, the rendered HTML is cached,
-  // then nonceMw.substitute(html, req) swaps in the per-request nonce
-  // at serve time. Per-instance random by default — multiple cspNonce
-  // instances in the same process get different placeholders, and the
-  // literal string never appears in source so operator content can't
-  // accidentally collide.
-  //
-  // Operators with caches that persist across process restarts (Redis,
-  // cluster backend) pass `opts.placeholder` to pin a stable token —
-  // otherwise cached HTML rendered before restart still contains the
-  // old placeholder, and substitute() finds nothing to replace.
-  //
-  // Validation tier: A (config-time throw). A typo'd placeholder type
-  // is the kind of bug that surfaces three days later as "scripts
-  // intermittently broken in production"; throwing at create() catches
-  // it at app boot.
-  var placeholder;
-  if (opts.placeholder === undefined) {
-    // OS-RNG → SHAKE256 → hex via the framework random helper.
-    placeholder = PLACEHOLDER_PREFIX +
-                  crypto.generateToken(PLACEHOLDER_RAND_BYTES) +
-                  PLACEHOLDER_SUFFIX;
-  } else if (typeof opts.placeholder !== "string" || opts.placeholder.length === 0) {
-    throw new CspNonceError("csp-nonce/bad-placeholder",
-      "placeholder must be a non-empty string (got " + typeof opts.placeholder + " " +
-      JSON.stringify(opts.placeholder) + "). Pass nothing to use the default per-instance random token.");
-  } else {
-    placeholder = opts.placeholder;
-  }
-
-  function cspNonce(req, res, next) {
-    // Generate the nonce. Cheap (16 bytes from getrandom → SHAKE256 →
-    // base64 encode); do it always for consistency unless `always:
-    // false` was set explicitly.
-    var nonce = crypto.generateBytes(nonceBytes).toString("base64");
-
-    // Attach to req for handler access.
-    req[property] = nonce;
-    // Attach to res.locals for template-data auto-merge (render.js).
-    if (!res.locals || typeof res.locals !== "object") res.locals = {};
-    res.locals[property] = nonce;
-
-    if (typeof res.setHeader !== "function" || typeof res.getHeader !== "function") {
-      // Plain object response (test mock without setHeader). Skip header
-      // patching; the operator's still got req.cspNonce.
-      return next();
-    }
-
-    // Patch the CSP header. If security-headers already set one, mutate
-    // it; otherwise build a fresh minimal CSP. Operators who DON'T want
-    // a CSP header set when none exists pass `always: false` (default
-    // behavior is to set one).
-    var existing = res.getHeader(headerName);
-    if (!existing && !always) {
-      // No existing CSP and operator didn't ask for always — leave
-      // alone. The req.cspNonce is still available for templates that
-      // want to use it.
-      return next();
-    }
-    var patched = _injectNonce(existing, nonce, directives, strictDynamic);
-    res.setHeader(headerName, patched);
-    return next();
-  }
-
-  // Cacheable-render API on the returned middleware. The PLACEHOLDER
-  // is per-instance random (or operator-pinned via opts.placeholder).
-  // Templates render with `cspNonce: nonceMw.PLACEHOLDER` and the
-  // rendered HTML is safe to cache; at serve time, call
-  // `nonceMw.substitute(html, req)` on the cache hit so the script
-  // tag's nonce attribute matches the response's per-request CSP nonce.
-  cspNonce.PLACEHOLDER = placeholder;
-  cspNonce.substitute  = _buildSubstitute(placeholder, property);
-  return cspNonce;
-}
-
-module.exports = {
-  create:                create,
-  CspNonceError:         CspNonceError,
-  DEFAULT_DIRECTIVES:    DEFAULT_DIRECTIVES,
-  // Internal helpers exposed for tests
-  _injectNonce:          _injectNonce,
-  _parseCsp:             _parseCsp,
-  _serializeCsp:         _serializeCsp,
-};
+"use strict";
+/**
+ * csp-nonce — per-request CSP nonce + render integration.
+ *
+ * The framework's `security-headers` middleware ships a strict CSP
+ * that doesn't allow inline scripts (no 'unsafe-inline'). Templates
+ * with inline `<script>` blocks therefore break out of the box — the
+ * browser refuses to execute them. This middleware closes the gap:
+ *
+ *   1. Generate a fresh random nonce per request (base64, default
+ *      16 bytes / 22 chars).
+ *   2. Attach it to `req.cspNonce` (handler-readable) AND
+ *      `res.locals.cspNonce` (template-data-readable — render.js
+ *      auto-merges res.locals into template data).
+ *   3. Patch the existing Content-Security-Policy header set by
+ *      security-headers — append `'nonce-XYZ'` to the operator-
+ *      configured directives (defaults: script-src, style-src).
+ *      If no CSP header is set yet, build a minimal one.
+ *
+ * Operators wire it after security-headers and write `nonce="..."`
+ * on their inline scripts:
+ *
+ *   router.use(b.middleware.securityHeaders());
+ *   router.use(b.middleware.cspNonce({
+ *     directives:    ["script-src", "style-src"],
+ *     nonceBytes:    16,
+ *     strictDynamic: true,
+ *   }));
+ *
+ *   // In a template:
+ *   //   <script nonce="{{ cspNonce }}">console.log("ok")</script>
+ *   //
+ *   // Or in a handler:
+ *   //   res.write('<script nonce="' + req.cspNonce + '">...</script>');
+ *
+ * Handler shape: req.cspNonce is the raw base64 nonce. Templates
+ * receive it via the auto-merged res.locals so the html() render
+ * helper doesn't need an extra argument — the operator just writes
+ * `{{ cspNonce }}` in the view.
+ *
+ * strict-dynamic mode (opt-in): when true, the nonce directive also
+ * gets `'strict-dynamic'`. Modern browsers then trust scripts loaded
+ * by a nonced script — no need to allowlist their origins. This is
+ * the recommended posture for SPA hydration scripts that themselves
+ * load dependencies (e.g. tiny inline bootstrap that imports a
+ * versioned bundle). See https://www.w3.org/TR/CSP3/#strict-dynamic-usage.
+ *
+ * Nonce strength:
+ *   - Default 16 bytes (128 bits) of crypto-strong randomness via
+ *     `b.crypto.generateBytes` (OS-RNG → SHAKE256). Standard for
+ *     CSP nonces.
+ *   - Operators with stricter posture set nonceBytes: 32 (256 bits).
+ *   - Going below 16 bytes is refused at config time.
+ *
+ * Cacheable-render pattern (when the response HTML is cached but the
+ * CSP header rotates per request):
+ *
+ *   var nonceMw = b.middleware.cspNonce();
+ *   router.use(nonceMw);
+ *
+ *   var pageCache = b.cache.create({ namespace: "wiki", ttlMs: 5*60_000 });
+ *
+ *   router.get("/:slug", async function (req, res) {
+ *     var html = await pageCache.wrap(req.params.slug, function () {
+ *       // Render with the placeholder — the cached string contains a
+ *       // stable token, never a request-specific nonce. Safe to cache.
+ *       return template.render("page", {
+ *         cspNonce: nonceMw.PLACEHOLDER,
+ *         ...,
+ *       });
+ *     });
+ *     // Replace the placeholder with this request's nonce so the
+ *     // script tag's nonce attribute matches the CSP header.
+ *     res.send(nonceMw.substitute(html, req));
+ *   });
+ *
+ * Without this pattern, caching HTML rendered with `{{ cspNonce }}`
+ * captures the FIRST request's nonce and reuses it on every cache
+ * hit — the response's CSP header rotates per request, so script
+ * tags carry a stale nonce the browser refuses. Symptom: scripts
+ * silently fail to execute on every cache hit after the first.
+ *
+ * The placeholder is per-instance random by default — operators with
+ * caches that survive process restart (Redis, cluster backend) pin
+ * a stable token via `opts.placeholder` so HTML cached before the
+ * restart still substitutes correctly after.
+ *
+ * What `substitute()` does NOT do (deferred — structural reasons):
+ *   - Streaming substitution across chunk boundaries. `substitute()`
+ *     takes a complete HTML string. Operators streaming HTML in
+ *     chunks (Node Writable, fs.createReadStream → res piping cached
+ *     bytes) must concatenate first or call substitute on each chunk
+ *     where the placeholder is guaranteed not to span a boundary.
+ *     A buffered streaming version requires per-stream state to
+ *     hold up to (PLACEHOLDER.length - 1) bytes between chunks; that
+ *     surface gets its own primitive when an operator hits it.
+ *
+ * What this middleware does NOT do:
+ *   - It doesn't ALSO set 'unsafe-inline'. The browser silently ignores
+ *     'unsafe-inline' when a nonce is present (CSP3 spec), so this is
+ *     a non-issue, but operators sometimes add 'unsafe-inline' "just
+ *     in case" — that defeats the entire point of the nonce.
+ *   - It doesn't attempt to strip 'unsafe-inline' from operator-
+ *     supplied CSP. If the operator configured 'unsafe-inline' and
+ *     adds csp-nonce, both are present; the browser ignores
+ *     'unsafe-inline' but the static analysis tool might still flag
+ *     it. Removing operator-supplied directives without explicit
+ *     consent is more astonishing than helpful.
+ *   - It doesn't generate nonces for non-HTML responses (JSON, raw
+ *     bytes). The middleware skips when there's no template / inline-
+ *     script context — operators who want a nonce on every response
+ *     pass `always: true`.
+ */
+
+var C = require("../constants");
+var crypto = require("../crypto");
+var numericBounds = require("../numeric-bounds");
+var validateOpts = require("../validate-opts");
+var { defineClass } = require("../framework-error");
+
+var CspNonceError = defineClass("CspNonceError", { alwaysPermanent: true });
+
+var DEFAULT_DIRECTIVES = Object.freeze(["script-src", "style-src"]);
+var DEFAULT_NONCE_BYTES = C.BYTES.bytes(16);
+var MIN_NONCE_BYTES = C.BYTES.bytes(16);
+var PLACEHOLDER_PREFIX = "__BLAMEJS_CSP_NONCE_";
+var PLACEHOLDER_SUFFIX = "__";
+// 16 bytes / 128 bits — matches the default nonce strength so the
+// placeholder is no weaker than the value it stands in for.
+var PLACEHOLDER_RAND_BYTES = C.BYTES.bytes(16);
+
+// Build the substitute helper for a specific placeholder + property.
+// Each cspNonce instance has its own placeholder (random by default,
+// stable per process) so multiple middleware instances in the same app
+// don't share state, and operator content can't accidentally match a
+// hardcoded string that lives in source.
+function _buildSubstitute(placeholder, property) {
+  return function substitute(html, reqOrNonce) {
+    if (typeof html !== "string" || html.length === 0) return html;
+    if (html.indexOf(placeholder) === -1) return html;
+    var nonce;
+    if (typeof reqOrNonce === "string") {
+      nonce = reqOrNonce;
+    } else if (reqOrNonce && typeof reqOrNonce === "object") {
+      nonce = reqOrNonce[property] ||
+              (reqOrNonce.res && reqOrNonce.res.locals && reqOrNonce.res.locals[property]) ||
+              "";
+    } else {
+      nonce = "";
+    }
+    return html.split(placeholder).join(nonce);
+  };
+}
+
+// Build a fresh CSP from scratch when none is set. Conservative defaults
+// — the nonced directive replaces what 'unsafe-inline' would have done.
+function _defaultCsp(nonceToken) {
+  return "default-src 'self'; " +
+         "script-src 'self' " + nonceToken + "; " +
+         "style-src 'self' " + nonceToken + "; " +
+         "img-src 'self' data:; " +
+         "frame-ancestors 'none'; " +
+         "base-uri 'self'; " +
+         "form-action 'self'; " +
+         "object-src 'none'";
+}
+
+// Parse the CSP header into [{ name, valueParts }] preserving operator
+// ordering. Each entry is `directive-name [value...]`.
+function _parseCsp(headerValue) {
+  var parts = String(headerValue).split(";");
+  var out = [];
+  for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
+    var p = parts[i].trim();
+    if (p.length === 0) continue;
+    // Split on whitespace runs.
+    var tokens = p.split(/\s+/);
+    var name = tokens.shift().toLowerCase();
+    out.push({ name: name, values: tokens });
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+function _serializeCsp(parts) {
+  return parts.map(function (p) {
+    if (p.values.length === 0) return p.name;
+    return p.name + " " + p.values.join(" ");
+  }).join("; ");
+}
+
+function _injectNonce(cspHeader, nonce, directives, strictDynamic) {
+  var nonceToken = "'nonce-" + nonce + "'";
+  if (!cspHeader) {
+    // Build a minimal CSP from scratch. strictDynamic isn't applied
+    // to a fresh CSP because the operator hasn't told us their script
+    // load pattern yet — they can opt in by combining their own CSP
+    // with cspNonce.
+    return _defaultCsp(nonceToken);
+  }
+  var parts = _parseCsp(cspHeader);
+  var seen = Object.create(null);
+  for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
+    var name = parts[i].name;
+    seen[name] = i;
+    if (directives.indexOf(name) !== -1) {
+      // Avoid duplicate nonce tokens if the middleware ever runs twice.
+      if (parts[i].values.indexOf(nonceToken) === -1) {
+        parts[i].values.push(nonceToken);
+      }
+      // strict-dynamic only meaningful for script-src.
+      if (strictDynamic && name === "script-src" && parts[i].values.indexOf("'strict-dynamic'") === -1) {
+        parts[i].values.push("'strict-dynamic'");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // Add target directives that were missing from the original CSP.
+  for (var j = 0; j < directives.length; j++) {
+    var d = directives[j].toLowerCase();
+    if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(seen, d)) continue;
+    var values = [nonceToken];
+    if (strictDynamic && d === "script-src") values.push("'strict-dynamic'");
+    parts.push({ name: d, values: values });
+  }
+  return _serializeCsp(parts);
+}
+
+function create(opts) {
+  opts = opts || {};
+  validateOpts(opts, [
+    "directives", "nonceBytes", "strictDynamic", "headerName",
+    "property", "always", "placeholder",
+  ], "middleware.cspNonce");
+  var directives = Array.isArray(opts.directives) && opts.directives.length > 0
+                     ? opts.directives.slice() : DEFAULT_DIRECTIVES.slice();
+  for (var i = 0; i < directives.length; i++) {
+    if (typeof directives[i] !== "string" || directives[i].length === 0) {
+      throw new CspNonceError("csp-nonce/bad-directive",
+        "directives must be non-empty strings (e.g. 'script-src')");
+    }
+    directives[i] = directives[i].toLowerCase();
+  }
+  var nonceBytes = opts.nonceBytes !== undefined ? opts.nonceBytes : DEFAULT_NONCE_BYTES;
+  // Pre-fix the typeof-only check accepted Infinity / NaN — both
+  // bypassed the `< MIN_NONCE_BYTES` guard (NaN < N is always false,
+  // Infinity < N is always false), then crashed per-request when
+  // `crypto.generateBytes(Infinity)` hit ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE. Route through
+  // shared numeric-bounds (positive finite int) before the lower-bound
+  // check so the typo / coercion is caught at create() time.
+  if (!numericBounds.isPositiveFiniteInt(nonceBytes)) {
+    throw new CspNonceError("csp-nonce/bad-nonce-bytes",
+      "nonceBytes must be a positive finite integer; got " +
+        numericBounds.shape(nonceBytes));
+  }
+  if (nonceBytes < MIN_NONCE_BYTES) {
+    throw new CspNonceError("csp-nonce/bad-nonce-bytes",
+      "nonceBytes must be >= " + MIN_NONCE_BYTES + " (got " + nonceBytes + "). " +
+      "CSP nonces below 128 bits weaken the security boundary.");
+  }
+  var strictDynamic = !!opts.strictDynamic;
+  var headerName = opts.headerName || "Content-Security-Policy";
+  var property = (typeof opts.property === "string" && opts.property.length > 0) ? opts.property : "cspNonce";
+  var always = !!opts.always;
+
+  // Token string used by the cacheable-render pattern: templates render
+  // with `cspNonce: nonceMw.PLACEHOLDER`, the rendered HTML is cached,
+  // then nonceMw.substitute(html, req) swaps in the per-request nonce
+  // at serve time. Per-instance random by default — multiple cspNonce
+  // instances in the same process get different placeholders, and the
+  // literal string never appears in source so operator content can't
+  // accidentally collide.
+  //
+  // Operators with caches that persist across process restarts (Redis,
+  // cluster backend) pass `opts.placeholder` to pin a stable token —
+  // otherwise cached HTML rendered before restart still contains the
+  // old placeholder, and substitute() finds nothing to replace.
+  //
+  // Validation tier: A (config-time throw). A typo'd placeholder type
+  // is the kind of bug that surfaces three days later as "scripts
+  // intermittently broken in production"; throwing at create() catches
+  // it at app boot.
+  var placeholder;
+  if (opts.placeholder === undefined) {
+    // OS-RNG → SHAKE256 → hex via the framework random helper.
+    placeholder = PLACEHOLDER_PREFIX +
+                  crypto.generateToken(PLACEHOLDER_RAND_BYTES) +
+                  PLACEHOLDER_SUFFIX;
+  } else if (typeof opts.placeholder !== "string" || opts.placeholder.length === 0) {
+    throw new CspNonceError("csp-nonce/bad-placeholder",
+      "placeholder must be a non-empty string (got " + typeof opts.placeholder + " " +
+      JSON.stringify(opts.placeholder) + "). Pass nothing to use the default per-instance random token.");
+  } else {
+    placeholder = opts.placeholder;
+  }
+
+  function cspNonce(req, res, next) {
+    // Generate the nonce. Cheap (16 bytes from getrandom → SHAKE256 →
+    // base64 encode); do it always for consistency unless `always:
+    // false` was set explicitly.
+    var nonce = crypto.generateBytes(nonceBytes).toString("base64");
+
+    // Attach to req for handler access.
+    req[property] = nonce;
+    // Attach to res.locals for template-data auto-merge (render.js).
+    if (!res.locals || typeof res.locals !== "object") res.locals = {};
+    res.locals[property] = nonce;
+
+    if (typeof res.setHeader !== "function" || typeof res.getHeader !== "function") {
+      // Plain object response (test mock without setHeader). Skip header
+      // patching; the operator's still got req.cspNonce.
+      return next();
+    }
+
+    // Patch the CSP header. If security-headers already set one, mutate
+    // it; otherwise build a fresh minimal CSP. Operators who DON'T want
+    // a CSP header set when none exists pass `always: false` (default
+    // behavior is to set one).
+    var existing = res.getHeader(headerName);
+    if (!existing && !always) {
+      // No existing CSP and operator didn't ask for always — leave
+      // alone. The req.cspNonce is still available for templates that
+      // want to use it.
+      return next();
+    }
+    var patched = _injectNonce(existing, nonce, directives, strictDynamic);
+    res.setHeader(headerName, patched);
+    return next();
+  }
+
+  // Cacheable-render API on the returned middleware. The PLACEHOLDER
+  // is per-instance random (or operator-pinned via opts.placeholder).
+  // Templates render with `cspNonce: nonceMw.PLACEHOLDER` and the
+  // rendered HTML is safe to cache; at serve time, call
+  // `nonceMw.substitute(html, req)` on the cache hit so the script
+  // tag's nonce attribute matches the response's per-request CSP nonce.
+  cspNonce.PLACEHOLDER = placeholder;
+  cspNonce.substitute  = _buildSubstitute(placeholder, property);
+  return cspNonce;
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  create:                create,
+  CspNonceError:         CspNonceError,
+  DEFAULT_DIRECTIVES:    DEFAULT_DIRECTIVES,
+  // Internal helpers exposed for tests
+  _injectNonce:          _injectNonce,
+  _parseCsp:             _parseCsp,
+  _serializeCsp:         _serializeCsp,
+};