@adobe/ecs 0.0.0-stage → 0.2.0

package/src/implementation/world/observe-cases.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,752 @@
+// © 2026 Adobe. MIT License. See /LICENSE for details.
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { Entity } from "../../interface/entity/entity.js";
+import { workers } from "../../interface/resources/workers.js";
+import { System } from "../../interface/system/system.js";
+import { createWorld } from "../index.js";
+import { Observe } from "../../observe/index.js";
+import { settle } from "./observe.test-helper.js";
+import { catchOutOfBand, runReported } from "./outcomes.test-helper.js";
+import type { F32 } from "../../interface/math/index.js";
+
+// The observer factories of `src/observe`. Each case subscribes, settles, then expects, so it holds whenever a first
+// value comes.
+
+const level = Symbol("observeCasesTest/level");
+const other = Symbol("observeCasesTest/other");
+const total = Symbol("observeCasesTest/total");
+const weight = Symbol("observeCasesTest/weight");
+
+declare module "@adobe/ecs" {
+    interface Resources {
+        [level]: { type: number };
+        [other]: { type: number };
+        [total]: { type: number; reduce: "+" };
+    }
+    interface Components {
+        [weight]: { type: number };
+    }
+}
+
+
+const raise = System.create({}, ({ resources }, input: { readonly by: number }) => {
+    resources[level] += input.by;
+    resources[level] += input.by;
+});
+const touchOther = System.create({}, ({ resources }) => { resources[other] += 1; });
+const spawn = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => { commands.spawn([weight])({ [weight]: 2 }); });
+const sum = System.create({ components: { with: [weight] } }, (row, { reduce }) => { reduce[total](row[weight]); });
+const keep = System.create({}, ({ resources }) => { resources[level] = resources[level] + 0; });
+
+/** Errors thrown out of band while `catching` runs, as uncaught errors would be, caught instead. */
+const catching = async (run: () => Promise<void>): Promise<unknown[]> => {
+    const caught: unknown[] = [];
+    const original = globalThis.queueMicrotask;
+    vi.spyOn(globalThis, "queueMicrotask").mockImplementation(callback => original(() => {
+        try {
+            callback();
+        }
+        catch (error) {
+            caught.push(error);
+        }
+    }));
+    try {
+        await run();
+    }
+    finally {
+        vi.restoreAllMocks();
+    }
+    return caught;
+};
+
+afterEach(() => { vi.restoreAllMocks(); });
+
+const heat = Symbol("observeCasesTest/heat");
+const tag = Symbol("observeCasesTest/tag");
+const flag = Symbol("observeCasesTest/flag");
+const filler = Symbol("observeCasesTest/filler");
+
+declare module "@adobe/ecs" {
+    interface Components {
+        [heat]: { type: number };
+        [tag]: { type: true };
+        [flag]: { type: true };
+        [filler]: { type: number };
+    }
+}
+
+
+/** The entity the systems below act on, set by `create`. */
+let target = Entity.none;
+const create = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => { target = commands.spawn([weight, heat])({ [weight]: 1, [heat]: 0 }); });
+const despawn = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => { commands.despawn(target); });
+const weigh = System.create({ components: { with: [weight], not: [filler] } }, row => {
+    row[weight] += 1;
+    row[weight] += 1;
+});
+const warm = System.create({ components: { with: [heat] } }, row => { row[heat] += 1; });
+const double = System.create({ kernel: true, components: { with: [heat] } }, row => { row[heat] = row[heat] * 2 + 1; });
+const addTag = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => { commands.add(target, tag, true); });
+const removeTag = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => { commands.remove(target, tag); });
+const removeWeight = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => { commands.remove(target, weight); });
+const addFlag = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => { commands.add(target, flag, true); });
+
+const score = Symbol("observeCasesTest/score");
+const benched = Symbol("observeCasesTest/benched");
+const marker = Symbol("observeCasesTest/marker");
+
+declare module "@adobe/ecs" {
+    interface Components {
+        [score]: { type: number };
+        [benched]: { type: true };
+        [marker]: { type: true };
+    }
+}
+
+
+/** Players the systems below act on, in spawn order, set by `players`. */
+let roster: Entity[] = [];
+const players = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => {
+    roster = [commands.spawn([score])({ [score]: 1 }), commands.spawn([score])({ [score]: 2 }), commands.spawn([score, benched])({ [score]: 3, [benched]: true })];
+});
+const join = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => { roster.push(commands.spawn([score])({ [score]: 0 })); });
+const bench = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => { commands.add(roster[0], benched, true); });
+/** The first player leaves the bench as the last joins it, so as many match as before. */
+const swap = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => {
+    commands.add(roster[0], benched, true);
+    commands.remove(roster[2], benched);
+});
+const mark = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => { commands.add(roster[0], marker, true); });
+const leave = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => { commands.despawn(roster[1]); });
+const score10 = System.create({ components: { with: [score] } }, row => { row[score] += 10; });
+const nudge = System.create({ components: { with: [score] } }, row => { row[score] += 0; });
+const invert = System.create({ components: { with: [score] } }, row => { row[score] = -row[score]; });
+const invertKernel = System.create({ kernel: true, components: { with: [score] } }, row => { row[score] = 0 - row[score]; });
+/** Swaps the bench like `swap`, then despawns more entities than the journal holds, so it drops the swap's entries. */
+const swapAndCrowd = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => {
+    commands.add(roster[0], benched, true);
+    commands.remove(roster[2], benched);
+    for (const spawned of crowded.splice(0)) commands.despawn(spawned);
+});
+const crowded: Entity[] = [];
+const crowdUp = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => {
+    for (let i = 0; i < 5000; i++) crowded.push(commands.spawn([filler])({ [filler]: i }));
+});
+
+const rank = Symbol("observeCasesTest/rank");
+const second = Symbol("observeCasesTest/second");
+
+declare module "@adobe/ecs" {
+    interface Components {
+        [rank]: { type: number };
+        [second]: { type: number };
+    }
+}
+
+
+const coarse = Symbol("observeCasesTest/coarse");
+declare module "@adobe/ecs" {
+    interface Components {
+        [coarse]: { type: F32 };
+    }
+}
+// Kept at 32 bits, so a 64-bit bound may fall between two values it keeps.
+let coarseValues: readonly number[] = [];
+const spawnCoarse = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => {
+    for (const each of coarseValues) commands.spawn([coarse])({ [coarse]: each });
+});
+const shiftCoarse = System.create({ components: { with: [coarse] } }, row => { row[coarse] = row[coarse] + 0.1; });
+
+type Condition = number | { readonly "<"?: number; readonly ">"?: number; readonly "<="?: number; readonly ">="?: number; readonly "=="?: number; readonly "!="?: number };
+
+/** Whether a value passes a condition, as `where` tests it. */
+const passesCondition = (value: number, condition: Condition): boolean => typeof condition === "number" ? value === condition : Object.entries(condition).every(([operator, operand]) =>
+    operator === "<" ? value < operand : operator === ">" ? value > operand : operator === "<=" ? value <= operand : operator === ">=" ? value >= operand : operator === "==" ? value === operand : value !== operand);
+
+/** What `rankAll` spawns: each entity's rank, second key, and whether it's marked, which puts it in another archetype. */
+let ranks: readonly (readonly [number, number, boolean])[] = [];
+/** The entities `rankAll` spawned, in order. */
+let ranked: Entity[] = [];
+const rankAll = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => {
+    ranked = ranks.map(([value, key, marked]) => commands.spawn(marked ? [rank, second, marker] : [rank, second])({ [rank]: value, [second]: key }));
+});
+/** What `rerank` sets: an index into `ranked` and its new rank. */
+let reranks: readonly (readonly [number, number])[] = [];
+const rerank = System.create({}, ({ commands }) => {
+    for (const [index, value] of reranks) commands.add(ranked[index], rank, value);
+});
+
+/** A deterministic generator of numbers in [0, 1). */
+const random = (seed: number) => () => {
+    seed = (seed + 0x6d2b79f5) | 0;
+    let t = Math.imul(seed ^ (seed >>> 15), 1 | seed);
+    t = (t + Math.imul(t ^ (t >>> 7), 61 | t)) ^ t;
+    return ((t ^ (t >>> 14)) >>> 0) / 4294967296;
+};
+
+const byIndex = (a: Entity, b: Entity): number => (a % 2 ** 32) - (b % 2 ** 32);
+
+const { resource, entity, select, count, toPromise } = Observe;
+
+describe("observing resources", () => {
+    it("gives the current value, then the value after each run that changed it", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        const seen: number[] = [];
+        resource(world, level)(value => seen.push(value));
+        await settle(world);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([0]);
+        await world.run(raise, { by: 1 });
+        expect(seen).toEqual([0, 2]);
+        await world.run(touchOther);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([0, 2]);
+        await world.run(raise, { by: 3 });
+        expect(seen).toEqual([0, 2, 8]);
+        // A write of the same value stamps it.
+        await world.run(keep);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([0, 2, 8, 8]);
+    });
+
+    it("notifies a reduced resource only when its fold differs", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        const seen: number[] = [];
+        resource(world, total)(value => seen.push(value));
+        await world.run(spawn);
+        await world.run(sum);
+        await world.run(sum);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([0, 2]);
+    });
+
+    it("stops an observer that another stops while a run notifies", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        const seen: string[] = [];
+        let stopSecond = (): void => {};
+        resource(world, level)(value => {
+            seen.push(`first ${value}`);
+            if (value > 0) stopSecond();
+        });
+        stopSecond = resource(world, level)(value => seen.push(`second ${value}`));
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(raise, { by: 1 });
+        await world.run(raise, { by: 1 });
+        stopSecond();
+        expect(seen).toEqual(["first 0", "second 0", "first 2", "first 4"]);
+    });
+
+    it("gives an observer added while a run notifies only the value then", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        const seen: string[] = [];
+        resource(world, level)(value => {
+            if (value === 2) resource(world, level)(later => seen.push(`added ${later}`));
+        });
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(raise, { by: 1 });
+        await settle(world);
+        expect(seen).toEqual(["added 2"]);
+    });
+
+    it("throws to the subscriber when a first value given while subscribing throws", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        // The factories give a first value while subscribing once they hold the resource's.
+        const stop = resource(world, level)(() => {});
+        await settle(world);
+        expect(() => resource(world, level)(() => { throw new Error("first failed"); })).toThrow("first failed");
+        const seen: number[] = [];
+        resource(world, level)(value => seen.push(value));
+        await world.run(raise, { by: 1 });
+        expect(seen).toEqual([0, 2]);
+        stop();
+    });
+
+    it("reports an observer that throws while a run notifies, and notifies the others", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        const seen: number[] = [];
+        resource(world, level)(value => {
+            if (value > 0) throw new Error("observer failed");
+        });
+        resource(world, level)(value => seen.push(value));
+        await settle(world);
+        using reported = catchOutOfBand();
+        await world.run(raise, { by: 1 });
+        expect(reported.messages()).toEqual([expect.stringMatching(/^System "Observe\.resource\(observeCasesTest\/level\)".* failed: observer failed$/)]);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([0, 2]);
+    });
+
+    it("give a world disposed after subscribing no first value", async () => {
+        const world = createWorld();
+        const seen: number[] = [];
+        resource(world, level)(value => seen.push(value));
+        await world.dispose();
+        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+        expect(seen).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    it("on a first value that throws when the factories don't hold it, stops that observer and throws it out of band", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        let calls = 0;
+        const failing = (): void => {
+            calls++;
+            throw new Error("first failed");
+        };
+        const caught = await catching(async () => {
+            resource(world, level)(failing);
+            await settle(world);
+        });
+        expect(caught.map(error => error instanceof Error ? error.message : error)).toEqual(["first failed"]);
+        expect((await runReported(world, raise, { by: 1 })).failures).toEqual([]);
+        expect(calls).toBe(1);
+    });
+});
+
+describe("observing entities", () => {
+    it("gives the listed components, then the value after each run that wrote a listed component, once", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(create);
+        const seen: unknown[] = [];
+        entity(world, target, { required: [weight], optional: [tag] })(value => seen.push(value));
+        await settle(world);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([{ [weight]: 1 }]);
+        await world.run(weigh);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([{ [weight]: 1 }, { [weight]: 3 }]);
+        await world.run(warm);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([{ [weight]: 1 }, { [weight]: 3 }]);
+    });
+
+    it("notifies when the entity gains or loses an optional component", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(create);
+        const seen: unknown[] = [];
+        entity(world, target, { optional: [flag] })(value => seen.push(value));
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(addFlag);
+        await world.run(warm);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([{}, { [flag]: true }]);
+    });
+
+    it("gives null when the entity loses a required component, and nothing while it stays null", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(create);
+        const seen: unknown[] = [];
+        entity(world, target, { required: [weight], optional: [heat, tag] })(value => seen.push(value));
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(addTag);
+        await world.run(removeWeight);
+        await world.run(warm);
+        await world.run(removeTag);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([{ [weight]: 1, [heat]: 0 }, { [weight]: 1, [heat]: 0, [tag]: true }, null]);
+    });
+
+    it("gives null once the entity is despawned, and nothing for another entity that reuses its index", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(create);
+        const despawned = target;
+        const seen: unknown[] = [];
+        entity(world, despawned, { required: [heat] })(value => seen.push(value));
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(despawn);
+        await world.run(create);
+        expect(Number(target) % 2 ** 32).toBe(Number(despawned) % 2 ** 32);
+        expect(target).not.toBe(despawned);
+        await world.run(warm);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([{ [heat]: 0 }, null]);
+        const reused: unknown[] = [];
+        entity(world, target, { required: [heat] })(value => reused.push(value));
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(warm);
+        expect(reused).toEqual([{ [heat]: 1 }, { [heat]: 2 }]);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([{ [heat]: 0 }, null]);
+    });
+
+    it("listing every component, notifies after writes to any of them and adds and removes", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(create);
+        const seen: unknown[] = [];
+        entity(world, target, { optional: [weight, heat, tag] })(value => seen.push(value));
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(warm);
+        await world.run(addTag);
+        await world.run(weigh);
+        await world.run(removeWeight);
+        await world.run(despawn);
+        await world.run(warm);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([
+            { [weight]: 1, [heat]: 0 },
+            { [weight]: 1, [heat]: 1 },
+            { [weight]: 1, [heat]: 1, [tag]: true },
+            { [weight]: 3, [heat]: 1, [tag]: true },
+            { [heat]: 1, [tag]: true },
+            null,
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    it("notifies after a kernel writes an observed component whose stamps it had dropped", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld({ [workers]: 0 });
+        await world.run(create);
+        await world.run(double);
+        const seen: unknown[] = [];
+        entity(world, target, { required: [heat] })(value => seen.push(value));
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(double);
+        await world.run(weigh);
+        await world.run(double);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([{ [heat]: 1 }, { [heat]: 3 }, { [heat]: 7 }]);
+    });
+
+    it("shares an entity's entry between observers, stopping one that another stops while a run notifies", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(create);
+        const seen: string[] = [];
+        let stopSecond = (): void => {};
+        entity(world, target, { required: [weight] })(value => {
+            seen.push(`first ${value?.[weight]}`);
+            if (value !== null && value[weight] > 1) stopSecond();
+        });
+        stopSecond = entity(world, target, { required: [weight] })(value => seen.push(`second ${value?.[weight]}`));
+        await settle(world);
+        expect((await runReported(world, weigh)).failures).toEqual([]);
+        expect((await runReported(world, weigh)).failures).toEqual([]);
+        stopSecond();
+        expect(seen).toEqual(["first 1", "second 1", "first 3", "first 5"]);
+    });
+
+    it("gives an observer added while a run notifies only the value then", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(create);
+        const seen: unknown[] = [];
+        entity(world, target, { required: [weight] })(value => {
+            if (value?.[weight] === 3) entity(world, target, { required: [weight] })(later => seen.push(later));
+        });
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(weigh);
+        await settle(world);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([{ [weight]: 3 }]);
+    });
+
+    it("reports an observer that throws while a run notifies, and notifies the others", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(create);
+        const seen: unknown[] = [];
+        entity(world, target, { required: [weight] })(value => {
+            if (value !== null && value[weight] > 1) throw new Error("observer failed");
+        });
+        entity(world, target, { required: [weight] })(value => seen.push(value));
+        await settle(world);
+        using reported = catchOutOfBand();
+        await world.run(weigh);
+        expect(reported.messages()).toEqual([expect.stringMatching(/^System "Observe\.entity\(.*\)".* failed: observer failed$/)]);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([{ [weight]: 1 }, { [weight]: 3 }]);
+    });
+
+    it("gives an observer subscribed during a run the state after the run", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(create);
+        const seen: unknown[] = [];
+        const subscribe = System.create({}, () => {
+            entity(world, target, { required: [weight] })(value => seen.push(value));
+        });
+        const later = System.create({ components: { with: [weight] }, after: [subscribe] }, row => { row[weight] += 2; });
+        await world.run(System.create({ systems: [subscribe, later] }));
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(warm);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([{ [weight]: 3 }]);
+    });
+});
+
+describe("observing queries", () => {
+    it("gives the selection, then after each run that changed which entities match", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(players);
+        const seen: (readonly Entity[])[] = [];
+        select(world, { required: [score], not: [benched] })(entities => seen.push(entities));
+        await settle(world);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([[roster[0], roster[1]]]);
+        await world.run(join);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([[roster[0], roster[1]], [roster[0], roster[1], roster[3]]]);
+        await world.run(bench);
+        expect(seen.map(entities => new Set(entities))).toEqual([new Set([roster[0], roster[1]]), new Set([roster[0], roster[1], roster[3]]), new Set([roster[1], roster[3]])]);
+    });
+
+    it("notifies nothing when matching entities are written, or move archetype, but the same ones match", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(players);
+        let notified = 0;
+        select(world, { required: [score], not: [benched] })(() => notified++);
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(score10);
+        await world.run(mark);
+        await world.run(players);
+        expect(notified).toBe(2);
+    });
+
+    it("notifies when as many match as before but other entities", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(players);
+        const seen: (readonly Entity[])[] = [];
+        select(world, { required: [score], not: [benched] })(entities => seen.push(entities));
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(swap);
+        expect(seen.map(entities => new Set(entities))).toEqual([new Set([roster[0], roster[1]]), new Set([roster[1], roster[2]])]);
+    });
+
+    it("notifies after a despawn of a matching entity", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(players);
+        const seen: number[] = [];
+        count(world, { required: [score] })(value => seen.push(value));
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(leave);
+        await world.run(score10);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([3, 2]);
+    });
+
+    it("recomputes when the journal dropped entries", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(players);
+        await world.run(crowdUp);
+        const seen: (readonly Entity[])[] = [];
+        select(world, { required: [score], not: [benched] })(entities => seen.push(entities));
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(swapAndCrowd);
+        expect(seen.map(entities => new Set(entities))).toEqual([new Set([roster[0], roster[1]]), new Set([roster[1], roster[2]])]);
+    });
+
+    it("filters by where and notifies when a write changes which entities pass, not when it keeps them", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(players);
+        const seen: (readonly Entity[])[] = [];
+        select(world, { required: [score], where: { [score]: { ">": 1 } } })(entities => seen.push(entities));
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(nudge);
+        await world.run(invert);
+        await world.run(invert);
+        expect(seen.map(entities => new Set(entities))).toEqual([new Set([roster[1], roster[2]]), new Set(), new Set([roster[1], roster[2]])]);
+    });
+
+    it("notifies after a kernel writes a where component whose stamps it had dropped", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld({ [workers]: 0 });
+        await world.run(players);
+        await world.run(invertKernel);
+        const seen: number[] = [];
+        count(world, { required: [score], where: { [score]: { ">": 0 } } })(value => seen.push(value));
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(invertKernel);
+        await world.run(nudge);
+        await world.run(invertKernel);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([0, 3, 0]);
+    });
+
+    it("sorts by order and notifies when a write changes the order", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(players);
+        const seen: (readonly Entity[])[] = [];
+        select(world, { required: [score], order: { [score]: false } })(entities => seen.push(entities));
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(score10);
+        await world.run(invert);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([[roster[2], roster[1], roster[0]], [roster[0], roster[1], roster[2]]]);
+    });
+
+    it("without required, matches every entity but the resource entity", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld({ [level]: 1 });
+        await world.run(raise, { by: 1 });
+        await world.run(players);
+        const seen: number[] = [];
+        count(world, {})(value => seen.push(value));
+        const selected: (readonly Entity[])[] = [];
+        select(world, { not: [benched] })(entities => selected.push(entities));
+        await settle(world);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([3]);
+        expect(selected).toEqual([[roster[0], roster[1]]]);
+    });
+
+    it("counts, notifying only when the number changes", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(players);
+        const seen: number[] = [];
+        count(world, { required: [score], not: [benched] })(value => seen.push(value));
+        await settle(world);
+        await world.run(swap);
+        await world.run(join);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([2, 3]);
+    });
+
+    it("gives an observer subscribed during a run the state after the run", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(players);
+        const seen: number[] = [];
+        const subscribe = System.create({}, () => {
+            count(world, { required: [score], where: { [score]: { "<": 0 } } })(value => seen.push(value));
+        });
+        const later = System.create({ components: { with: [score] }, after: [subscribe] }, row => { row[score] = -row[score]; });
+        await world.run(System.create({ systems: [subscribe, later] }));
+        await settle(world);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([3]);
+    });
+
+    it("reports one that throws during a run, and stops one stopped", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        await world.run(players);
+        count(world, { required: [score, benched] })(value => {
+            if (value > 1) throw new Error("observer failed");
+        });
+        const seen: number[] = [];
+        const stop = count(world, { required: [score, benched] })(value => seen.push(value));
+        await settle(world);
+        using reported = catchOutOfBand();
+        await world.run(bench);
+        expect(reported.messages()).toEqual([expect.stringMatching(/^System "Observe\.count\(observeCasesTest\/score, observeCasesTest\/benched\)".* failed: observer failed$/)]);
+        stop();
+        await world.run(join);
+        await world.run(leave);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([1, 2]);
+    });
+
+    it("in entity order without order", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        ranks = [5, 3, 9, 0, 7, 1].map((value, index) => [value, 0, index % 2 === 0]);
+        await world.run(rankAll);
+        const all = await toPromise(select(world, { required: [rank] }));
+        expect(all).toEqual([...ranked].sort(byIndex));
+    });
+
+    it("breaks ties under order in entity order", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        ranks = [1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1].map((value, index) => [value, 0, index % 2 === 0]);
+        await world.run(rankAll);
+        // The marked entities' archetype comes first in storage, but not in what's given.
+        const zeros = ranked.filter(entity => ranks[ranked.indexOf(entity)][0] === 0);
+        const ones = ranked.filter(entity => ranks[ranked.indexOf(entity)][0] === 1);
+        for (const ascending of [true, false]) {
+            const sorted = await toPromise(select(world, { required: [rank], order: { [rank]: ascending } }));
+            expect(sorted).toEqual(ascending ? [...zeros, ...ones] : [...ones, ...zeros]);
+            const paged = await toPromise(select(world, { required: [rank], order: { [rank]: ascending }, page: { offset: 1, limit: 3 } }));
+            expect(paged).toEqual(sorted.slice(1, 4));
+        }
+    });
+});
+
+describe("observing a page of a query", () => {
+    it("gives the slice at offset of the ordered result, at most limit long", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        ranks = [5, 3, 9, 0, 7, 1, 8, 2, 6, 4].map(value => [value, 0, false]);
+        await world.run(rankAll);
+        const byRank = [3, 5, 7, 1, 9, 0, 8, 4, 6, 2].map(index => ranked[index]);
+        const page = (offset: number, limit: number): Promise<readonly Entity[]> => toPromise(select(world, { required: [rank], order: { [rank]: true }, page: { offset, limit } }));
+        expect(await page(0, 3)).toEqual(byRank.slice(0, 3));
+        expect(await page(3, 3)).toEqual(byRank.slice(3, 6));
+        expect(await page(9, 3)).toEqual(byRank.slice(9));
+        expect(await page(12, 3)).toEqual([]);
+        expect(await page(2, 0)).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    it("without order, gives the slice of its order without a page, with where applied first", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        ranks = [5, 3, 9, 0, 7, 1, 8, 2, 6, 4].map((value, index) => [value, 0, index % 3 === 0]);
+        await world.run(rankAll);
+        let all = await toPromise(select(world, { required: [rank], where: { [rank]: { ">": 1 } } }));
+        let paged = await toPromise(select(world, { required: [rank], where: { [rank]: { ">": 1 } }, page: { offset: 2, limit: 4 } }));
+        expect(all).toHaveLength(8);
+        expect(paged).toEqual(all.slice(2, 6));
+        all = await toPromise(select(world, { required: [rank] }));
+        paged = await toPromise(select(world, { required: [rank], page: { offset: 7, limit: 2 } }));
+        expect(paged).toEqual(all.slice(7, 9));
+    });
+
+    it("notifies when a change shifts the page, not for one outside it", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        ranks = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].map(value => [value, 0, false]);
+        await world.run(rankAll);
+        const seen: (readonly Entity[])[] = [];
+        select(world, { required: [rank], order: { [rank]: true }, page: { offset: 1, limit: 3 } })(entities => seen.push(entities));
+        await settle(world);
+        reranks = [[8, 7.5], [9, 20]];
+        await world.run(rerank);
+        reranks = [[0, 2.5]];
+        await world.run(rerank);
+        reranks = [[7, 1.5]];
+        await world.run(rerank);
+        reranks = [[5, -1]];
+        await world.run(rerank);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([
+            [ranked[1], ranked[2], ranked[3]],
+            [ranked[2], ranked[0], ranked[3]],
+            [ranked[7], ranked[2], ranked[0]],
+            [ranked[1], ranked[7], ranked[2]],
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    it("selects the same entities as sorting everything and slicing, ties included", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        const next = random(7);
+        ranks = Array.from({ length: 300 }, () => [Math.floor(next() * 6), Math.floor(next() * 3), next() < 0.4]);
+        await world.run(rankAll);
+        const order = { [rank]: true, [second]: false };
+        let full: readonly Entity[] = [];
+        select(world, { required: [rank, second], order })(entities => { full = entities; });
+        const pages = [[0, 10], [0, 1], [7, 25], [123, 60], [290, 40], [0, 300], [0, 1000], [350, 5], [40, 0]];
+        const latest = pages.map((): readonly Entity[] => []);
+        pages.forEach(([offset, limit], index) => {
+            select(world, { required: [rank, second], order, page: { offset, limit } })(entities => { latest[index] = entities; });
+        });
+        await settle(world);
+        const check = (): void => pages.forEach(([offset, limit], index) => expect(latest[index]).toEqual(full.slice(offset, offset + limit)));
+        check();
+        /** Each entity's rank now, by its position in `ranked`. */
+        const current = ranks.map(([value]) => value);
+        for (let round = 0; round < 5; round++) {
+            reranks = Array.from({ length: 40 }, () => [Math.floor(next() * ranked.length), Math.floor(next() * 6)]);
+            for (const [index, value] of reranks) current[index] = value;
+            await world.run(rerank);
+            check();
+        }
+        for (const ascending of [false, true]) {
+            const one = { [rank]: ascending };
+            full = await toPromise(select(world, { required: [rank], order: one }));
+            expect(await toPromise(select(world, { required: [rank], order: one, page: { offset: 13, limit: 77 } }))).toEqual(full.slice(13, 90));
+            const filtered = await toPromise(select(world, { required: [rank], where: { [rank]: { "<": 4 } }, order: one }));
+            expect(filtered).toEqual(full.filter(entity => current[ranked.indexOf(entity)] < 4));
+            expect(await toPromise(select(world, { required: [rank], where: { [rank]: { "<": 4 } }, order: one, page: { offset: 5, limit: 20 } }))).toEqual(filtered.slice(5, 25));
+        }
+    });
+
+    it("count and select by where at the bounds of a range, at a component's precision, as each value tests", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        coarseValues = [0, 0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.30000001, 1, 1, 2, 3, -1, 0.1000000001];
+        await world.run(spawnCoarse);
+        const conditions: readonly Condition[] = [0.1, 1, { "<": 0.1 }, { "<=": 0.1 }, { ">": 0.1 }, { ">=": 0.2, "<": 1 }, { ">": 0.1, "<=": 0.1 }, { "<": 1.0000000001 },
+            { ">": 0.99999999999 }, { "!=": 1 }, { ">": 0, "!=": 1 }, { "==": 0.1 }, { ">=": 5 }, { "<": -2 }];
+        const counts = conditions.map(() => -1);
+        const selections = conditions.map((): readonly Entity[] => []);
+        conditions.forEach((condition, k) => {
+            count(world, { required: [coarse], where: { [coarse]: condition } })(value => { counts[k] = value; });
+            select(world, { required: [coarse], where: { [coarse]: condition } })(value => { selections[k] = value; });
+        });
+        await settle(world);
+        for (let round = 0; round < 3; round++) {
+            // What each condition passes of every value, read one by one.
+            const all = await toPromise(select(world, { required: [coarse] }));
+            const values = await Promise.all(all.map(async each => (await toPromise(entity(world, each, { required: [coarse] })))?.[coarse] ?? Number.NaN));
+            conditions.forEach((condition, k) => {
+                const passing = all.filter((_, i) => passesCondition(values[i], condition));
+                expect([k, counts[k]]).toEqual([k, passing.length]);
+                expect([k, new Set(selections[k])]).toEqual([k, new Set(passing)]);
+            });
+            await world.run(shiftCoarse);
+        }
+    });
+
+    it("leaves count the total", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        ranks = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4].map(value => [value, 0, false]);
+        await world.run(rankAll);
+        // Not a literal, so its page passes the type: count ignores it.
+        const paged = { required: [rank], page: { offset: 1, limit: 2 } } as const;
+        expect(await toPromise(count(world, paged))).toBe(5);
+    });
+
+    it("throws when subscribing with an offset or limit that isn't a non-negative integer", async () => {
+        await using world = createWorld();
+        for (const page of [{ offset: -1, limit: 1 }, { offset: 1.5, limit: 1 }, { offset: 0, limit: -1 }, { offset: 0, limit: Number.NaN }]) {
+            expect(() => select(world, { required: [rank], page })(() => {})).toThrow("page");
+        }
+    });
+});