zstd-native-ruby 1.0.0

data/vendor/zstd/programs/fileio.c

@@ -0,0 +1,3717 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This source code is licensed under both the BSD-style license (found in the
+ * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree) and the GPLv2 (found
+ * in the COPYING file in the root directory of this source tree).
+ * You may select, at your option, one of the above-listed licenses.
+ */
+
+
+/* *************************************
+*  Compiler Options
+***************************************/
+#ifdef _MSC_VER   /* Visual */
+#  pragma warning(disable : 4127)  /* disable: C4127: conditional expression is constant */
+#  pragma warning(disable : 4204)  /* non-constant aggregate initializer */
+#endif
+#if defined(__MINGW32__) && !defined(_POSIX_SOURCE)
+#  define _POSIX_SOURCE 1          /* disable %llu warnings with MinGW on Windows */
+#endif
+
+/*-*************************************
+*  Includes
+***************************************/
+#include "platform.h"   /* Large Files support, SET_BINARY_MODE */
+#include "util.h"       /* UTIL_getFileSize, UTIL_isRegularFile, UTIL_isSameFile */
+#include <stdio.h>      /* fprintf, open, fdopen, fread, _fileno, stdin, stdout */
+#include <stdlib.h>     /* malloc, free */
+#include <string.h>     /* strcmp, strlen */
+#include <time.h>       /* clock_t, to measure process time */
+#include <fcntl.h>      /* O_WRONLY */
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>      /* errno */
+#include <limits.h>     /* INT_MAX */
+#include <signal.h>
+#include "timefn.h"     /* UTIL_getTime, UTIL_clockSpanMicro */
+
+#if defined (_MSC_VER)
+#  include <sys/stat.h>
+#  include <io.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "fileio_asyncio.h"
+#include "fileio_common.h"
+
+FIO_display_prefs_t g_display_prefs = {2, FIO_ps_auto};
+UTIL_time_t g_displayClock = UTIL_TIME_INITIALIZER;
+
+#define ZSTD_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY   /* ZSTD_magicNumber, ZSTD_frameHeaderSize_max */
+#include "../lib/zstd.h"
+#include "../lib/zstd_errors.h"  /* ZSTD_error_frameParameter_windowTooLarge */
+
+#if defined(ZSTD_GZCOMPRESS) || defined(ZSTD_GZDECOMPRESS)
+#  include <zlib.h>
+#  if !defined(z_const)
+#    define z_const
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(ZSTD_LZMACOMPRESS) || defined(ZSTD_LZMADECOMPRESS)
+#  include <lzma.h>
+#endif
+
+#define LZ4_MAGICNUMBER 0x184D2204
+#if defined(ZSTD_LZ4COMPRESS) || defined(ZSTD_LZ4DECOMPRESS)
+#  define LZ4F_ENABLE_OBSOLETE_ENUMS
+#  include <lz4frame.h>
+#  include <lz4.h>
+#endif
+
+char const* FIO_zlibVersion(void)
+{
+#if defined(ZSTD_GZCOMPRESS) || defined(ZSTD_GZDECOMPRESS)
+    return zlibVersion();
+#else
+    return "Unsupported";
+#endif
+}
+
+char const* FIO_lz4Version(void)
+{
+#if defined(ZSTD_LZ4COMPRESS) || defined(ZSTD_LZ4DECOMPRESS)
+    /* LZ4_versionString() added in v1.7.3 */
+#   if LZ4_VERSION_NUMBER >= 10703
+        return LZ4_versionString();
+#   else
+#       define ZSTD_LZ4_VERSION LZ4_VERSION_MAJOR.LZ4_VERSION_MINOR.LZ4_VERSION_RELEASE
+#       define ZSTD_LZ4_VERSION_STRING ZSTD_EXPAND_AND_QUOTE(ZSTD_LZ4_VERSION)
+        return ZSTD_LZ4_VERSION_STRING;
+#   endif
+#else
+    return "Unsupported";
+#endif
+}
+
+char const* FIO_lzmaVersion(void)
+{
+#if defined(ZSTD_LZMACOMPRESS) || defined(ZSTD_LZMADECOMPRESS)
+    return lzma_version_string();
+#else
+    return "Unsupported";
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/*-*************************************
+*  Constants
+***************************************/
+#define ADAPT_WINDOWLOG_DEFAULT 23   /* 8 MB */
+#define DICTSIZE_MAX (32 MB)   /* protection against large input (attack scenario) */
+
+#define FNSPACE 30
+
+/* Default file permissions 0666 (modulated by umask) */
+/* Temporary restricted file permissions are used when we're going to
+ * chmod/chown at the end of the operation. */
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+/* These macros aren't defined on windows. */
+#define DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS (S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IWGRP|S_IROTH|S_IWOTH)
+#define TEMPORARY_FILE_PERMISSIONS (S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR)
+#else
+#define DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS (0666)
+#define TEMPORARY_FILE_PERMISSIONS (0600)
+#endif
+
+
+#ifndef ZSTD_NOCOMPRESS
+
+/* *************************************
+*  Synchronous compression IO helpers
+*  Lightweight wrapper used by compression paths to manage buffered
+*  reads/writes without the async job machinery.
+***************************************/
+typedef struct {
+    const FIO_prefs_t* prefs;
+    FILE* srcFile;
+    FILE* dstFile;
+    unsigned storedSkips;
+    U8* inBuffer;
+    size_t inCapacity;
+    U8* srcBuffer;
+    size_t srcBufferLoaded;
+    U8* outBuffer;
+    size_t outCapacity;
+} FIO_SyncCompressIO;
+
+static void FIO_SyncCompressIO_init(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io,
+                                    const FIO_prefs_t* prefs,
+                                    size_t inCapacity,
+                                    size_t outCapacity);
+static void FIO_SyncCompressIO_destroy(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io);
+static void FIO_SyncCompressIO_setSrc(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io, FILE* file);
+static void FIO_SyncCompressIO_clearSrc(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io);
+static void FIO_SyncCompressIO_setDst(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io, FILE* file);
+static int  FIO_SyncCompressIO_closeDst(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io);
+static size_t FIO_SyncCompressIO_fillBuffer(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io, size_t minToHave);
+static void FIO_SyncCompressIO_consumeBytes(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io, size_t n);
+static void FIO_SyncCompressIO_commitOut(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io, const void* buffer, size_t size);
+static void FIO_SyncCompressIO_finish(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io);
+
+
+static unsigned FIO_sparseWrite(FILE* file,
+                                const void* buffer, size_t bufferSize,
+                                const FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+                                unsigned storedSkips)
+{
+    const size_t* const bufferT = (const size_t*)buffer;   /* Buffer is supposed malloc'ed, hence aligned on size_t */
+    size_t bufferSizeT = bufferSize / sizeof(size_t);
+    const size_t* const bufferTEnd = bufferT + bufferSizeT;
+    const size_t* ptrT = bufferT;
+    static const size_t segmentSizeT = (32 KB) / sizeof(size_t);   /* check every 32 KB */
+
+    if (prefs->testMode) return 0;  /* do not output anything in test mode */
+
+    if (!prefs->sparseFileSupport) {  /* normal write */
+        size_t const sizeCheck = fwrite(buffer, 1, bufferSize, file);
+        if (sizeCheck != bufferSize)
+            EXM_THROW(70, "Write error : cannot write block : %s",
+                      strerror(errno));
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* avoid int overflow */
+    if (storedSkips > 1 GB) {
+        if (LONG_SEEK(file, 1 GB, SEEK_CUR) != 0)
+            EXM_THROW(91, "1 GB skip error (sparse file support)");
+        storedSkips -= 1 GB;
+    }
+
+    while (ptrT < bufferTEnd) {
+        size_t nb0T;
+
+        /* adjust last segment if < 32 KB */
+        size_t seg0SizeT = segmentSizeT;
+        if (seg0SizeT > bufferSizeT) seg0SizeT = bufferSizeT;
+        bufferSizeT -= seg0SizeT;
+
+        /* count leading zeroes */
+        for (nb0T=0; (nb0T < seg0SizeT) && (ptrT[nb0T] == 0); nb0T++) ;
+        storedSkips += (unsigned)(nb0T * sizeof(size_t));
+
+        if (nb0T != seg0SizeT) {   /* not all 0s */
+            size_t const nbNon0ST = seg0SizeT - nb0T;
+            /* skip leading zeros */
+            if (LONG_SEEK(file, storedSkips, SEEK_CUR) != 0)
+                EXM_THROW(92, "Sparse skip error ; try --no-sparse");
+            storedSkips = 0;
+            /* write the rest */
+            if (fwrite(ptrT + nb0T, sizeof(size_t), nbNon0ST, file) != nbNon0ST)
+                EXM_THROW(93, "Write error : cannot write block : %s",
+                          strerror(errno));
+        }
+        ptrT += seg0SizeT;
+    }
+
+    {   static size_t const maskT = sizeof(size_t)-1;
+        if (bufferSize & maskT) {
+            /* size not multiple of sizeof(size_t) : implies end of block */
+            const char* const restStart = (const char*)bufferTEnd;
+            const char* restPtr = restStart;
+            const char* const restEnd = (const char*)buffer + bufferSize;
+            assert(restEnd > restStart && restEnd < restStart + sizeof(size_t));
+            for ( ; (restPtr < restEnd) && (*restPtr == 0); restPtr++) ;
+            storedSkips += (unsigned) (restPtr - restStart);
+            if (restPtr != restEnd) {
+                /* not all remaining bytes are 0 */
+                size_t const restSize = (size_t)(restEnd - restPtr);
+                if (LONG_SEEK(file, storedSkips, SEEK_CUR) != 0)
+                    EXM_THROW(92, "Sparse skip error ; try --no-sparse");
+                if (fwrite(restPtr, 1, restSize, file) != restSize)
+                    EXM_THROW(95, "Write error : cannot write end of decoded block : %s",
+                              strerror(errno));
+                storedSkips = 0;
+            }   }   }
+
+    return storedSkips;
+}
+
+static void FIO_sparseWriteEnd(const FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, FILE* file, unsigned storedSkips)
+{
+    if (file == NULL) return;
+    if (prefs->testMode) {
+        assert(storedSkips == 0);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (storedSkips>0) {
+        assert(prefs->sparseFileSupport > 0);  /* storedSkips>0 implies sparse support is enabled */
+        if (LONG_SEEK(file, storedSkips-1, SEEK_CUR) != 0)
+            EXM_THROW(69, "Final skip error (sparse file support)");
+        /* last zero must be explicitly written,
+         * so that skipped ones get implicitly translated as zero by FS */
+        {   const char lastZeroByte[1] = { 0 };
+            if (fwrite(lastZeroByte, 1, 1, file) != 1)
+                EXM_THROW(69, "Write error : cannot write last zero : %s", strerror(errno));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void FIO_SyncCompressIO_init(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io,
+                                    const FIO_prefs_t* prefs,
+                                    size_t inCapacity,
+                                    size_t outCapacity)
+{
+    memset(io, 0, sizeof(*io));
+    io->prefs = prefs;
+    io->inCapacity = inCapacity;
+    io->outCapacity = outCapacity;
+    io->inBuffer = (U8*)malloc(inCapacity);
+    if (!io->inBuffer)
+        EXM_THROW(101, "Allocation error : not enough memory");
+    io->outBuffer = (U8*)malloc(outCapacity);
+    if (!io->outBuffer) {
+        free(io->inBuffer);
+        io->inBuffer = NULL;
+        EXM_THROW(101, "Allocation error : not enough memory");
+    }
+    io->srcBuffer = io->inBuffer;
+    io->srcBufferLoaded = 0;
+}
+
+static void FIO_SyncCompressIO_destroy(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io)
+{
+    if (!io) return;
+    free(io->inBuffer);
+    free(io->outBuffer);
+    io->inBuffer = NULL;
+    io->outBuffer = NULL;
+    io->srcBuffer = NULL;
+    io->srcBufferLoaded = 0;
+    io->srcFile = NULL;
+    io->dstFile = NULL;
+    io->storedSkips = 0;
+}
+
+static void FIO_SyncCompressIO_setSrc(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io, FILE* file)
+{
+    io->srcFile = file;
+    io->srcBuffer = io->inBuffer;
+    io->srcBufferLoaded = 0;
+}
+
+static void FIO_SyncCompressIO_clearSrc(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io)
+{
+    io->srcFile = NULL;
+    io->srcBuffer = io->inBuffer;
+    io->srcBufferLoaded = 0;
+}
+
+static void FIO_SyncCompressIO_setDst(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io, FILE* file)
+{
+    io->dstFile = file;
+    io->storedSkips = 0;
+}
+
+static int FIO_SyncCompressIO_closeDst(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io)
+{
+    int result = 0;
+    if (io->dstFile != NULL) {
+        FIO_SyncCompressIO_finish(io);
+        result = fclose(io->dstFile);
+        io->dstFile = NULL;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+static size_t FIO_SyncCompressIO_fillBuffer(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io, size_t minToHave)
+{
+    size_t added = 0;
+    if (io->srcFile == NULL)
+        return 0;
+
+    if (minToHave > io->inCapacity)
+        minToHave = io->inCapacity;
+
+    if (io->srcBufferLoaded >= minToHave)
+        return 0;
+
+    if (io->srcBuffer != io->inBuffer) {
+        if (io->srcBufferLoaded > 0)
+            memmove(io->inBuffer, io->srcBuffer, io->srcBufferLoaded);
+        io->srcBuffer = io->inBuffer;
+    }
+
+    while (io->srcBufferLoaded < minToHave) {
+        size_t const toRead = io->inCapacity - io->srcBufferLoaded;
+        size_t const readBytes = fread(io->inBuffer + io->srcBufferLoaded, 1, toRead, io->srcFile);
+        if (readBytes == 0) {
+            if (ferror(io->srcFile))
+                EXM_THROW(37, "Read error");
+            break; /* EOF */
+        }
+        io->srcBufferLoaded += readBytes;
+        added += readBytes;
+        if (readBytes < toRead)
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return added;
+}
+
+static void FIO_SyncCompressIO_consumeBytes(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io, size_t n)
+{
+    assert(n <= io->srcBufferLoaded);
+    io->srcBuffer += n;
+    io->srcBufferLoaded -= n;
+    if (io->srcBufferLoaded == 0)
+        io->srcBuffer = io->inBuffer;
+}
+
+static void FIO_SyncCompressIO_commitOut(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io, const void* buffer, size_t size)
+{
+    if (size == 0)
+        return;
+    if (io->dstFile == NULL) {
+        assert(io->prefs->testMode);
+        return;
+    }
+    io->storedSkips = FIO_sparseWrite(io->dstFile, buffer, size, io->prefs, io->storedSkips);
+}
+
+static void FIO_SyncCompressIO_finish(FIO_SyncCompressIO* io)
+{
+    if (io->dstFile == NULL)
+        return;
+    FIO_sparseWriteEnd(io->prefs, io->dstFile, io->storedSkips);
+    io->storedSkips = 0;
+}
+
+#endif /* ZSTD_NOCOMPRESS */
+
+/*-************************************
+*  Signal (Ctrl-C trapping)
+**************************************/
+static const char* g_artefact = NULL;
+static void INThandler(int sig)
+{
+    assert(sig==SIGINT); (void)sig;
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+    signal(sig, SIG_IGN);  /* this invocation generates a buggy warning in Visual Studio */
+#endif
+    if (g_artefact) {
+        assert(UTIL_isRegularFile(g_artefact));
+        remove(g_artefact);
+    }
+    DISPLAY("\n");
+    exit(2);
+}
+static void addHandler(char const* dstFileName)
+{
+    if (UTIL_isRegularFile(dstFileName)) {
+        g_artefact = dstFileName;
+        signal(SIGINT, INThandler);
+    } else {
+        g_artefact = NULL;
+    }
+}
+/* Idempotent */
+static void clearHandler(void)
+{
+    if (g_artefact) signal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL);
+    g_artefact = NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*-*********************************************************
+*  Termination signal trapping (Print debug stack trace)
+***********************************************************/
+#if defined(__has_feature) && !defined(BACKTRACE_ENABLE) /* Clang compiler */
+#  if (__has_feature(address_sanitizer))
+#    define BACKTRACE_ENABLE 0
+#  endif /* __has_feature(address_sanitizer) */
+#elif defined(__SANITIZE_ADDRESS__) && !defined(BACKTRACE_ENABLE) /* GCC compiler */
+#  define BACKTRACE_ENABLE 0
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(BACKTRACE_ENABLE)
+/* automatic detector : backtrace enabled by default on linux+glibc and osx */
+#  if (defined(__linux__) && (defined(__GLIBC__) && !defined(__UCLIBC__))) \
+     || (defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__))
+#    define BACKTRACE_ENABLE 1
+#  else
+#    define BACKTRACE_ENABLE 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/* note : after this point, BACKTRACE_ENABLE is necessarily defined */
+
+
+#if BACKTRACE_ENABLE
+
+#include <execinfo.h>   /* backtrace, backtrace_symbols */
+
+#define MAX_STACK_FRAMES    50
+
+static void ABRThandler(int sig) {
+    const char* name;
+    void* addrlist[MAX_STACK_FRAMES];
+    char** symbollist;
+    int addrlen, i;
+
+    switch (sig) {
+        case SIGABRT: name = "SIGABRT"; break;
+        case SIGFPE: name = "SIGFPE"; break;
+        case SIGILL: name = "SIGILL"; break;
+        case SIGINT: name = "SIGINT"; break;
+        case SIGSEGV: name = "SIGSEGV"; break;
+        default: name = "UNKNOWN";
+    }
+
+    DISPLAY("Caught %s signal, printing stack:\n", name);
+    /* Retrieve current stack addresses. */
+    addrlen = backtrace(addrlist, MAX_STACK_FRAMES);
+    if (addrlen == 0) {
+        DISPLAY("\n");
+        return;
+    }
+    /* Create readable strings to each frame. */
+    symbollist = backtrace_symbols(addrlist, addrlen);
+    /* Print the stack trace, excluding calls handling the signal. */
+    for (i = ZSTD_START_SYMBOLLIST_FRAME; i < addrlen; i++) {
+        DISPLAY("%s\n", symbollist[i]);
+    }
+    free(symbollist);
+    /* Reset and raise the signal so default handler runs. */
+    signal(sig, SIG_DFL);
+    raise(sig);
+}
+#endif
+
+void FIO_addAbortHandler(void)
+{
+#if BACKTRACE_ENABLE
+    signal(SIGABRT, ABRThandler);
+    signal(SIGFPE, ABRThandler);
+    signal(SIGILL, ABRThandler);
+    signal(SIGSEGV, ABRThandler);
+    signal(SIGBUS, ABRThandler);
+#endif
+}
+
+/*-*************************************
+*  Parameters: FIO_ctx_t
+***************************************/
+
+/* typedef'd to FIO_ctx_t within fileio.h */
+struct FIO_ctx_s {
+
+    /* file i/o info */
+    int nbFilesTotal;
+    int hasStdinInput;
+    int hasStdoutOutput;
+
+    /* file i/o state */
+    int currFileIdx;
+    int nbFilesProcessed;
+    size_t totalBytesInput;
+    size_t totalBytesOutput;
+};
+
+static int FIO_shouldDisplayFileSummary(FIO_ctx_t const* fCtx)
+{
+    return fCtx->nbFilesTotal <= 1 || g_display_prefs.displayLevel >= 3;
+}
+
+static int FIO_shouldDisplayMultipleFileSummary(FIO_ctx_t const* fCtx)
+{
+    int const shouldDisplay = (fCtx->nbFilesProcessed >= 1 && fCtx->nbFilesTotal > 1);
+    assert(shouldDisplay || FIO_shouldDisplayFileSummary(fCtx) || fCtx->nbFilesProcessed == 0);
+    return shouldDisplay;
+}
+
+
+/*-*************************************
+*  Parameters: Initialization
+***************************************/
+
+#define FIO_OVERLAP_LOG_NOTSET 9999
+#define FIO_LDM_PARAM_NOTSET 9999
+
+
+FIO_prefs_t* FIO_createPreferences(void)
+{
+    FIO_prefs_t* const ret = (FIO_prefs_t*)malloc(sizeof(FIO_prefs_t));
+    if (!ret) EXM_THROW(21, "Allocation error : not enough memory");
+
+    ret->compressionType = FIO_zstdCompression;
+    ret->overwrite = 0;
+    ret->sparseFileSupport = ZSTD_SPARSE_DEFAULT;
+    ret->dictIDFlag = 1;
+    ret->checksumFlag = 1;
+    ret->removeSrcFile = 0;
+    ret->memLimit = 0;
+    ret->nbWorkers = 1;
+    ret->jobSize = 0;
+    ret->overlapLog = FIO_OVERLAP_LOG_NOTSET;
+    ret->adaptiveMode = 0;
+    ret->rsyncable = 0;
+    ret->minAdaptLevel = -50;   /* initializing this value requires a constant, so ZSTD_minCLevel() doesn't work */
+    ret->maxAdaptLevel = 22;   /* initializing this value requires a constant, so ZSTD_maxCLevel() doesn't work */
+    ret->ldmFlag = 0;
+    ret->ldmHashLog = 0;
+    ret->ldmMinMatch = 0;
+    ret->ldmBucketSizeLog = FIO_LDM_PARAM_NOTSET;
+    ret->ldmHashRateLog = FIO_LDM_PARAM_NOTSET;
+    ret->streamSrcSize = 0;
+    ret->targetCBlockSize = 0;
+    ret->srcSizeHint = 0;
+    ret->testMode = 0;
+    ret->literalCompressionMode = ZSTD_ps_auto;
+    ret->excludeCompressedFiles = 0;
+    ret->allowBlockDevices = 0;
+    ret->asyncIO = AIO_supported();
+    ret->passThrough = -1;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+FIO_ctx_t* FIO_createContext(void)
+{
+    FIO_ctx_t* const ret = (FIO_ctx_t*)malloc(sizeof(FIO_ctx_t));
+    if (!ret) EXM_THROW(21, "Allocation error : not enough memory");
+
+    ret->currFileIdx = 0;
+    ret->hasStdinInput = 0;
+    ret->hasStdoutOutput = 0;
+    ret->nbFilesTotal = 1;
+    ret->nbFilesProcessed = 0;
+    ret->totalBytesInput = 0;
+    ret->totalBytesOutput = 0;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+void FIO_freePreferences(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs)
+{
+    free(prefs);
+}
+
+void FIO_freeContext(FIO_ctx_t* const fCtx)
+{
+    free(fCtx);
+}
+
+
+/*-*************************************
+*  Parameters: Display Options
+***************************************/
+
+void FIO_setNotificationLevel(int level) { g_display_prefs.displayLevel=level; }
+
+void FIO_setProgressSetting(FIO_progressSetting_e setting) { g_display_prefs.progressSetting = setting; }
+
+
+/*-*************************************
+*  Parameters: Setters
+***************************************/
+
+/* FIO_prefs_t functions */
+
+void FIO_setCompressionType(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, FIO_compressionType_t compressionType) { prefs->compressionType = compressionType; }
+
+void FIO_overwriteMode(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs) { prefs->overwrite = 1; }
+
+void FIO_setSparseWrite(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int sparse) { prefs->sparseFileSupport = sparse; }
+
+void FIO_setDictIDFlag(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int dictIDFlag) { prefs->dictIDFlag = dictIDFlag; }
+
+void FIO_setChecksumFlag(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int checksumFlag) { prefs->checksumFlag = checksumFlag; }
+
+void FIO_setRemoveSrcFile(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int flag) { prefs->removeSrcFile = (flag!=0); }
+
+void FIO_setMemLimit(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, unsigned memLimit) { prefs->memLimit = memLimit; }
+
+void FIO_setNbWorkers(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int nbWorkers) {
+#ifndef ZSTD_MULTITHREAD
+    if (nbWorkers > 0) DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "Note : multi-threading is disabled \n");
+#endif
+    prefs->nbWorkers = nbWorkers;
+}
+
+void FIO_setExcludeCompressedFile(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int excludeCompressedFiles) { prefs->excludeCompressedFiles = excludeCompressedFiles; }
+
+void FIO_setAllowBlockDevices(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int allowBlockDevices) { prefs->allowBlockDevices = allowBlockDevices; }
+
+void FIO_setJobSize(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int jobSize) {
+    if (jobSize && prefs->nbWorkers==0)
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "Setting block size is useless in single-thread mode \n");
+    prefs->jobSize = jobSize;
+}
+
+void FIO_setOverlapLog(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int overlapLog){
+    if (overlapLog && prefs->nbWorkers==0)
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "Setting overlapLog is useless in single-thread mode \n");
+    prefs->overlapLog = overlapLog;
+}
+
+void FIO_setAdaptiveMode(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int adapt) {
+    if ((adapt>0) && (prefs->nbWorkers==0))
+        EXM_THROW(1, "Adaptive mode is not compatible with single thread mode \n");
+    prefs->adaptiveMode = adapt;
+}
+
+void FIO_setUseRowMatchFinder(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int useRowMatchFinder) {
+    prefs->useRowMatchFinder = useRowMatchFinder;
+}
+
+void FIO_setRsyncable(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int rsyncable) {
+    if ((rsyncable>0) && (prefs->nbWorkers==0))
+        EXM_THROW(1, "Rsyncable mode is not compatible with single thread mode \n");
+    prefs->rsyncable = rsyncable;
+}
+
+void FIO_setStreamSrcSize(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, size_t streamSrcSize) {
+    prefs->streamSrcSize = streamSrcSize;
+}
+
+void FIO_setTargetCBlockSize(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, size_t targetCBlockSize) {
+    prefs->targetCBlockSize = targetCBlockSize;
+}
+
+void FIO_setSrcSizeHint(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, size_t srcSizeHint) {
+    prefs->srcSizeHint = (int)MIN((size_t)INT_MAX, srcSizeHint);
+}
+
+void FIO_setTestMode(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int testMode) {
+    prefs->testMode = (testMode!=0);
+}
+
+void FIO_setLiteralCompressionMode(
+        FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+        ZSTD_ParamSwitch_e mode) {
+    prefs->literalCompressionMode = mode;
+}
+
+void FIO_setAdaptMin(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int minCLevel)
+{
+#ifndef ZSTD_NOCOMPRESS
+    assert(minCLevel >= ZSTD_minCLevel());
+#endif
+    prefs->minAdaptLevel = minCLevel;
+}
+
+void FIO_setAdaptMax(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int maxCLevel)
+{
+    prefs->maxAdaptLevel = maxCLevel;
+}
+
+void FIO_setLdmFlag(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, unsigned ldmFlag) {
+    prefs->ldmFlag = (ldmFlag>0);
+}
+
+void FIO_setLdmHashLog(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int ldmHashLog) {
+    prefs->ldmHashLog = ldmHashLog;
+}
+
+void FIO_setLdmMinMatch(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int ldmMinMatch) {
+    prefs->ldmMinMatch = ldmMinMatch;
+}
+
+void FIO_setLdmBucketSizeLog(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int ldmBucketSizeLog) {
+    prefs->ldmBucketSizeLog = ldmBucketSizeLog;
+}
+
+
+void FIO_setLdmHashRateLog(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int ldmHashRateLog) {
+    prefs->ldmHashRateLog = ldmHashRateLog;
+}
+
+void FIO_setPatchFromMode(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int value)
+{
+    prefs->patchFromMode = value != 0;
+}
+
+void FIO_setContentSize(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int value)
+{
+    prefs->contentSize = value != 0;
+}
+
+void FIO_setAsyncIOFlag(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int value) {
+#ifdef ZSTD_MULTITHREAD
+    prefs->asyncIO = value;
+#else
+    (void) prefs;
+    (void) value;
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "Note : asyncio is disabled (lack of multithreading support) \n");
+#endif
+}
+
+void FIO_setPassThroughFlag(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, int value) {
+    prefs->passThrough = (value != 0);
+}
+
+void FIO_setMMapDict(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, ZSTD_ParamSwitch_e value)
+{
+    prefs->mmapDict = value;
+}
+
+/* FIO_ctx_t functions */
+
+void FIO_setHasStdoutOutput(FIO_ctx_t* const fCtx, int value) {
+    fCtx->hasStdoutOutput = value;
+}
+
+void FIO_setNbFilesTotal(FIO_ctx_t* const fCtx, int value)
+{
+    fCtx->nbFilesTotal = value;
+}
+
+void FIO_determineHasStdinInput(FIO_ctx_t* const fCtx, const FileNamesTable* const filenames) {
+    size_t i = 0;
+    for ( ; i < filenames->tableSize; ++i) {
+        if (!strcmp(stdinmark, filenames->fileNames[i])) {
+            fCtx->hasStdinInput = 1;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/*-*************************************
+*  Functions
+***************************************/
+/** FIO_removeFile() :
+ * @result : Unlink `fileName`, even if it's read-only */
+static int FIO_removeFile(const char* path)
+{
+    stat_t statbuf;
+    if (!UTIL_stat(path, &statbuf)) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "zstd: Failed to stat %s while trying to remove it\n", path);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (!UTIL_isRegularFileStat(&statbuf)) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "zstd: Refusing to remove non-regular file %s\n", path);
+        return 0;
+    }
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    /* windows doesn't allow remove read-only files,
+     * so try to make it writable first */
+    if (!(statbuf.st_mode & _S_IWRITE)) {
+        UTIL_chmod(path, &statbuf, _S_IWRITE);
+    }
+#endif
+    return remove(path);
+}
+
+/** FIO_openSrcFile() :
+ *  condition : `srcFileName` must be non-NULL.
+ *  optional: `prefs` may be NULL.
+ * @result : FILE* to `srcFileName`, or NULL if it fails */
+static FILE* FIO_openSrcFile(const FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, const char* srcFileName, stat_t* statbuf)
+{
+    int allowBlockDevices = prefs != NULL ? prefs->allowBlockDevices : 0;
+    assert(srcFileName != NULL);
+    assert(statbuf != NULL);
+
+    if (!strcmp(srcFileName, stdinmark)) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(4,"Using stdin for input \n");
+        SET_BINARY_MODE(stdin);
+        return stdin;
+    }
+
+    if (!UTIL_stat(srcFileName, statbuf)) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: can't stat %s : %s -- ignored \n",
+                        srcFileName, strerror(errno));
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* Accept regular files, FIFOs, and process substitution file descriptors */
+    if (!UTIL_isRegularFileStat(statbuf)
+     && !UTIL_isFIFOStat(statbuf)
+     && !UTIL_isFileDescriptorPipe(srcFileName)  /* Process substitution support */
+     && !(allowBlockDevices && UTIL_isBlockDevStat(statbuf))
+    ) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s is not a regular file -- ignored \n",
+                        srcFileName);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    {   FILE* const f = fopen(srcFileName, "rb");
+        if (f == NULL)
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: %s \n", srcFileName, strerror(errno));
+        return f;
+    }
+}
+
+/** FIO_openDstFile() :
+ *  condition : `dstFileName` must be non-NULL.
+ * @result : FILE* to `dstFileName`, or NULL if it fails */
+static FILE*
+FIO_openDstFile(FIO_ctx_t* fCtx, FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+                const char* srcFileName, const char* dstFileName,
+                const int mode)
+{
+    if (prefs->testMode) return NULL;  /* do not open file in test mode */
+
+    assert(dstFileName != NULL);
+    if (!strcmp (dstFileName, stdoutmark)) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(4,"Using stdout for output \n");
+        SET_BINARY_MODE(stdout);
+        if (prefs->sparseFileSupport == 1) {
+            prefs->sparseFileSupport = 0;
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(4, "Sparse File Support is automatically disabled on stdout ; try --sparse \n");
+        }
+        return stdout;
+    }
+
+    /* ensure dst is not the same as src */
+    if (srcFileName != NULL && UTIL_isSameFile(srcFileName, dstFileName)) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: Refusing to open an output file which will overwrite the input file \n");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (UTIL_isRegularFile(dstFileName)) {
+        /* Check if destination file already exists */
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+        /* this test does not work on Windows :
+         * `NUL` and `nul` are detected as regular files */
+        if (!strcmp(dstFileName, nulmark)) {
+            EXM_THROW(40, "%s is unexpectedly categorized as a regular file",
+                        dstFileName);
+        }
+#endif
+        if (!prefs->overwrite) {
+            if (g_display_prefs.displayLevel <= 1) {
+                /* No interaction possible */
+                DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s already exists; not overwritten  \n",
+                        dstFileName);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            DISPLAY("zstd: %s already exists; ", dstFileName);
+            if (UTIL_requireUserConfirmation("overwrite (y/n) ? ", "Not overwritten  \n", "yY", fCtx->hasStdinInput))
+                return NULL;
+        }
+        /* need to unlink */
+        FIO_removeFile(dstFileName);
+    }
+
+    {
+        int isDstRegFile;
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        /* Windows requires opening the file as a "binary" file to avoid
+         * mangling. This macro doesn't exist on unix. */
+        const int openflags = O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_BINARY;
+        const int fd = _open(dstFileName, openflags, mode);
+        FILE* f = NULL;
+        if (fd != -1) {
+            f = _fdopen(fd, "wb");
+        }
+#else
+        const int openflags = O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC;
+        const int fd = open(dstFileName, openflags, mode);
+        FILE* f = NULL;
+        if (fd != -1) {
+            f = fdopen(fd, "wb");
+        }
+#endif
+
+        /* Check regular file after opening with O_CREAT */
+        isDstRegFile = UTIL_isFdRegularFile(fd);
+        if (prefs->sparseFileSupport == 1) {
+            prefs->sparseFileSupport = ZSTD_SPARSE_DEFAULT;
+            if (!isDstRegFile) {
+                prefs->sparseFileSupport = 0;
+                DISPLAYLEVEL(4, "Sparse File Support is disabled when output is not a file \n");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (f == NULL) {
+            if (UTIL_isFileDescriptorPipe(dstFileName)) {
+                DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: error: no output specified (use -o or -c). \n");
+            } else {
+                DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: %s\n", dstFileName, strerror(errno));
+            }
+        } else {
+            /* An increased buffer size can provide a significant performance
+             * boost on some platforms. Note that providing a NULL buf with a
+             * size that's not 0 is not defined in ANSI C, but is defined in an
+             * extension. There are three possibilities here:
+             * 1. Libc supports the extended version and everything is good.
+             * 2. Libc ignores the size when buf is NULL, in which case
+             *    everything will continue as if we didn't call `setvbuf()`.
+             * 3. We fail the call and execution continues but a warning
+             *    message might be shown.
+             * In all cases due execution continues. For now, I believe that
+             * this is a more cost-effective solution than managing the buffers
+             * allocations ourselves (will require an API change).
+             */
+            if (setvbuf(f, NULL, _IOFBF, 1 MB)) {
+                DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "Warning: setvbuf failed for %s\n", dstFileName);
+            }
+        }
+        return f;
+    }
+}
+
+
+/* FIO_getDictFileStat() :
+ */
+static void FIO_getDictFileStat(const char* fileName, stat_t* dictFileStat) {
+    assert(dictFileStat != NULL);
+    if (fileName == NULL) return;
+
+    if (!UTIL_stat(fileName, dictFileStat)) {
+        EXM_THROW(31, "Stat failed on dictionary file %s: %s", fileName, strerror(errno));
+    }
+
+    if (!UTIL_isRegularFileStat(dictFileStat)) {
+        EXM_THROW(32, "Dictionary %s must be a regular file.", fileName);
+    }
+}
+
+/*  FIO_setDictBufferMalloc() :
+ *  allocates a buffer, pointed by `dict->dictBuffer`,
+ *  loads `filename` content into it, up to DICTSIZE_MAX bytes.
+ * @return : loaded size
+ *  if fileName==NULL, returns 0 and a NULL pointer
+ */
+static size_t FIO_setDictBufferMalloc(FIO_Dict_t* dict, const char* fileName, FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, stat_t* dictFileStat)
+{
+    FILE* fileHandle;
+    U64 fileSize;
+    void** bufferPtr = &dict->dictBuffer;
+
+    assert(bufferPtr != NULL);
+    assert(dictFileStat != NULL);
+    *bufferPtr = NULL;
+    if (fileName == NULL) return 0;
+
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(4,"Loading %s as dictionary \n", fileName);
+
+    fileHandle = fopen(fileName, "rb");
+
+    if (fileHandle == NULL) {
+        EXM_THROW(33, "Couldn't open dictionary %s: %s", fileName, strerror(errno));
+    }
+
+    fileSize = UTIL_getFileSizeStat(dictFileStat);
+    {
+        size_t const dictSizeMax = prefs->patchFromMode ? prefs->memLimit : DICTSIZE_MAX;
+        if (fileSize >  dictSizeMax) {
+            EXM_THROW(34, "Dictionary file %s is too large (> %u bytes)",
+                            fileName,  (unsigned)dictSizeMax);   /* avoid extreme cases */
+        }
+    }
+    *bufferPtr = malloc((size_t)fileSize);
+    if (*bufferPtr==NULL) EXM_THROW(34, "%s", strerror(errno));
+    {   size_t const readSize = fread(*bufferPtr, 1, (size_t)fileSize, fileHandle);
+        if (readSize != fileSize) {
+            EXM_THROW(35, "Error reading dictionary file %s : %s",
+                    fileName, strerror(errno));
+        }
+    }
+    fclose(fileHandle);
+    return (size_t)fileSize;
+}
+
+#if (PLATFORM_POSIX_VERSION > 0)
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+static void FIO_munmap(FIO_Dict_t* dict)
+{
+    munmap(dict->dictBuffer, dict->dictBufferSize);
+    dict->dictBuffer = NULL;
+    dict->dictBufferSize = 0;
+}
+static size_t FIO_setDictBufferMMap(FIO_Dict_t* dict, const char* fileName, FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, stat_t* dictFileStat)
+{
+    int fileHandle;
+    U64 fileSize;
+    void** bufferPtr = &dict->dictBuffer;
+
+    assert(bufferPtr != NULL);
+    assert(dictFileStat != NULL);
+    *bufferPtr = NULL;
+    if (fileName == NULL) return 0;
+
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(4,"Loading %s as dictionary \n", fileName);
+
+    fileHandle = open(fileName, O_RDONLY);
+
+    if (fileHandle == -1) {
+        EXM_THROW(33, "Couldn't open dictionary %s: %s", fileName, strerror(errno));
+    }
+
+    fileSize = UTIL_getFileSizeStat(dictFileStat);
+    {
+        size_t const dictSizeMax = prefs->patchFromMode ? prefs->memLimit : DICTSIZE_MAX;
+        if (fileSize >  dictSizeMax) {
+            EXM_THROW(34, "Dictionary file %s is too large (> %u bytes)",
+                            fileName,  (unsigned)dictSizeMax);   /* avoid extreme cases */
+        }
+    }
+
+    *bufferPtr = mmap(NULL, (size_t)fileSize, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fileHandle, 0);
+    if (*bufferPtr==NULL) EXM_THROW(34, "%s", strerror(errno));
+
+    close(fileHandle);
+    return (size_t)fileSize;
+}
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_WIN32)
+#include <windows.h>
+static void FIO_munmap(FIO_Dict_t* dict)
+{
+    UnmapViewOfFile(dict->dictBuffer);
+    CloseHandle(dict->dictHandle);
+    dict->dictBuffer = NULL;
+    dict->dictBufferSize = 0;
+}
+static size_t FIO_setDictBufferMMap(FIO_Dict_t* dict, const char* fileName, FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, stat_t* dictFileStat)
+{
+    HANDLE fileHandle, mapping;
+    U64 fileSize;
+    void** bufferPtr = &dict->dictBuffer;
+
+    assert(bufferPtr != NULL);
+    assert(dictFileStat != NULL);
+    *bufferPtr = NULL;
+    if (fileName == NULL) return 0;
+
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(4,"Loading %s as dictionary \n", fileName);
+
+    fileHandle = CreateFileA(fileName, GENERIC_READ, FILE_SHARE_READ, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY, NULL);
+
+    if (fileHandle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+        EXM_THROW(33, "Couldn't open dictionary %s: %s", fileName, strerror(errno));
+    }
+
+    fileSize = UTIL_getFileSizeStat(dictFileStat);
+    {
+        size_t const dictSizeMax = prefs->patchFromMode ? prefs->memLimit : DICTSIZE_MAX;
+        if (fileSize >  dictSizeMax) {
+            EXM_THROW(34, "Dictionary file %s is too large (> %u bytes)",
+                            fileName,  (unsigned)dictSizeMax);   /* avoid extreme cases */
+        }
+    }
+
+    mapping = CreateFileMapping(fileHandle, NULL, PAGE_READONLY, 0, 0, NULL);
+	if (mapping == NULL) {
+        EXM_THROW(35, "Couldn't map dictionary %s: %s", fileName, strerror(errno));
+    }
+
+	*bufferPtr = MapViewOfFile(mapping, FILE_MAP_READ, 0, 0, (DWORD)fileSize); /* we can only cast to DWORD here because dictSize <= 2GB */
+	if (*bufferPtr==NULL) EXM_THROW(36, "%s", strerror(errno));
+
+    dict->dictHandle = fileHandle;
+    return (size_t)fileSize;
+}
+#else
+static size_t FIO_setDictBufferMMap(FIO_Dict_t* dict, const char* fileName, FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, stat_t* dictFileStat)
+{
+   return FIO_setDictBufferMalloc(dict, fileName, prefs, dictFileStat);
+}
+static void FIO_munmap(FIO_Dict_t* dict) {
+   free(dict->dictBuffer);
+   dict->dictBuffer = NULL;
+   dict->dictBufferSize = 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static void FIO_freeDict(FIO_Dict_t* dict) {
+    if (dict->dictBufferType == FIO_mallocDict) {
+        free(dict->dictBuffer);
+        dict->dictBuffer = NULL;
+        dict->dictBufferSize = 0;
+    } else if (dict->dictBufferType == FIO_mmapDict)  {
+        FIO_munmap(dict);
+    } else {
+        assert(0); /* Should not reach this case */
+    }
+}
+
+static void FIO_initDict(FIO_Dict_t* dict, const char* fileName, FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, stat_t* dictFileStat, FIO_dictBufferType_t dictBufferType) {
+    dict->dictBufferType = dictBufferType;
+    if (dict->dictBufferType == FIO_mallocDict) {
+        dict->dictBufferSize = FIO_setDictBufferMalloc(dict, fileName, prefs, dictFileStat);
+    } else if (dict->dictBufferType == FIO_mmapDict)  {
+        dict->dictBufferSize = FIO_setDictBufferMMap(dict, fileName, prefs, dictFileStat);
+    } else {
+        assert(0); /* Should not reach this case */
+    }
+}
+
+
+/* FIO_checkFilenameCollisions() :
+ * Checks for and warns if there are any files that would have the same output path
+ */
+int FIO_checkFilenameCollisions(const char** filenameTable, unsigned nbFiles) {
+    const char **filenameTableSorted, *prevElem, *filename;
+    unsigned u;
+
+    filenameTableSorted = (const char**) malloc(sizeof(char*) * nbFiles);
+    if (!filenameTableSorted) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "Allocation error during filename collision checking \n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    for (u = 0; u < nbFiles; ++u) {
+        filename = strrchr(filenameTable[u], PATH_SEP);
+        if (filename == NULL) {
+            filenameTableSorted[u] = filenameTable[u];
+        } else {
+            filenameTableSorted[u] = filename+1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    qsort((void*)filenameTableSorted, nbFiles, sizeof(char*), UTIL_compareStr);
+    prevElem = filenameTableSorted[0];
+    for (u = 1; u < nbFiles; ++u) {
+        if (strcmp(prevElem, filenameTableSorted[u]) == 0) {
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "WARNING: Two files have same filename: %s\n", prevElem);
+        }
+        prevElem = filenameTableSorted[u];
+    }
+
+    free((void*)filenameTableSorted);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static const char*
+extractFilename(const char* path, char separator)
+{
+    const char* search = strrchr(path, separator);
+    if (search == NULL) return path;
+    return search+1;
+}
+
+/* FIO_createFilename_fromOutDir() :
+ * Takes a source file name and specified output directory, and
+ * allocates memory for and returns a pointer to final path.
+ * This function never returns an error (it may abort() in case of pb)
+ */
+static char*
+FIO_createFilename_fromOutDir(const char* path, const char* outDirName, const size_t suffixLen)
+{
+    const char* filenameStart;
+    char separator;
+    char* result;
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW32__) || defined (__MSVCRT__) /* windows support */
+    separator = '\\';
+#else
+    separator = '/';
+#endif
+
+    filenameStart = extractFilename(path, separator);
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW32__) || defined (__MSVCRT__) /* windows support */
+    filenameStart = extractFilename(filenameStart, '/');  /* sometimes, '/' separator is also used on Windows (mingw+msys2) */
+#endif
+
+    result = (char*) calloc(1, strlen(outDirName) + 1 + strlen(filenameStart) + suffixLen + 1);
+    if (!result) {
+        EXM_THROW(30, "zstd: FIO_createFilename_fromOutDir: %s", strerror(errno));
+    }
+
+    memcpy(result, outDirName, strlen(outDirName));
+    if (outDirName[strlen(outDirName)-1] == separator) {
+        memcpy(result + strlen(outDirName), filenameStart, strlen(filenameStart));
+    } else {
+        memcpy(result + strlen(outDirName), &separator, 1);
+        memcpy(result + strlen(outDirName) + 1, filenameStart, strlen(filenameStart));
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* FIO_highbit64() :
+ * gives position of highest bit.
+ * note : only works for v > 0 !
+ */
+static unsigned FIO_highbit64(unsigned long long v)
+{
+    unsigned count = 0;
+    assert(v != 0);
+    v >>= 1;
+    while (v) { v >>= 1; count++; }
+    return count;
+}
+
+static void FIO_adjustMemLimitForPatchFromMode(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+                                    unsigned long long const dictSize,
+                                    unsigned long long const maxSrcFileSize)
+{
+    unsigned long long maxSize = MAX(prefs->memLimit, MAX(dictSize, maxSrcFileSize));
+    unsigned const maxWindowSize = (1U << ZSTD_WINDOWLOG_MAX);
+    if (maxSize == UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN)
+        EXM_THROW(42, "Using --patch-from with stdin requires --stream-size");
+    assert(maxSize != UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN);
+    if (maxSize > maxWindowSize)
+        EXM_THROW(42, "Can't handle files larger than %u GB\n", maxWindowSize/(1 GB));
+    FIO_setMemLimit(prefs, (unsigned)maxSize);
+}
+
+/* FIO_multiFilesConcatWarning() :
+ * This function handles logic when processing multiple files with -o or -c, displaying the appropriate warnings/prompts.
+ * Returns 1 if the console should abort, 0 if console should proceed.
+ *
+ * If output is stdout or test mode is active, check that `--rm` disabled.
+ *
+ * If there is just 1 file to process, zstd will proceed as usual.
+ * If each file get processed into its own separate destination file, proceed as usual.
+ *
+ * When multiple files are processed into a single output,
+ * display a warning message, then disable --rm if it's set.
+ *
+ * If -f is specified or if output is stdout, just proceed.
+ * If output is set with -o, prompt for confirmation.
+ */
+static int FIO_multiFilesConcatWarning(const FIO_ctx_t* fCtx, FIO_prefs_t* prefs, const char* outFileName, int displayLevelCutoff)
+{
+    if (fCtx->hasStdoutOutput) {
+        if (prefs->removeSrcFile)
+            /* this should not happen ; hard fail, to protect user's data
+             * note: this should rather be an assert(), but we want to be certain that user's data will not be wiped out in case it nonetheless happen */
+            EXM_THROW(43, "It's not allowed to remove input files when processed output is piped to stdout. "
+                "This scenario is not supposed to be possible. "
+                "This is a programming error. File an issue for it to be fixed.");
+    }
+    if (prefs->testMode) {
+        if (prefs->removeSrcFile)
+            /* this should not happen ; hard fail, to protect user's data
+             * note: this should rather be an assert(), but we want to be certain that user's data will not be wiped out in case it nonetheless happen */
+            EXM_THROW(43, "Test mode shall not remove input files! "
+                 "This scenario is not supposed to be possible. "
+                 "This is a programming error. File an issue for it to be fixed.");
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (fCtx->nbFilesTotal == 1) return 0;
+    assert(fCtx->nbFilesTotal > 1);
+
+    if (!outFileName) return 0;
+
+    if (fCtx->hasStdoutOutput) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "zstd: WARNING: all input files will be processed and concatenated into stdout. \n");
+    } else {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "zstd: WARNING: all input files will be processed and concatenated into a single output file: %s \n", outFileName);
+    }
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "The concatenated output CANNOT regenerate original file names nor directory structure. \n")
+
+    /* multi-input into single output : --rm is not allowed */
+    if (prefs->removeSrcFile) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "Since it's a destructive operation, input files will not be removed. \n");
+        prefs->removeSrcFile = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (fCtx->hasStdoutOutput) return 0;
+    if (prefs->overwrite) return 0;
+
+    /* multiple files concatenated into single destination file using -o without -f */
+    if (g_display_prefs.displayLevel <= displayLevelCutoff) {
+        /* quiet mode => no prompt => fail automatically */
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "Concatenating multiple processed inputs into a single output loses file metadata. \n");
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "Aborting. \n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    /* normal mode => prompt */
+    return UTIL_requireUserConfirmation("Proceed? (y/n): ", "Aborting...", "yY", fCtx->hasStdinInput);
+}
+
+static ZSTD_inBuffer setInBuffer(const void* buf, size_t s, size_t pos)
+{
+    ZSTD_inBuffer i;
+    i.src = buf;
+    i.size = s;
+    i.pos = pos;
+    return i;
+}
+
+static ZSTD_outBuffer setOutBuffer(void* buf, size_t s, size_t pos)
+{
+    ZSTD_outBuffer o;
+    o.dst = buf;
+    o.size = s;
+    o.pos = pos;
+    return o;
+}
+
+#ifndef ZSTD_NOCOMPRESS
+
+/* **********************************************************************
+ *  Compression
+ ************************************************************************/
+typedef struct {
+    FIO_Dict_t dict;
+    const char* dictFileName;
+    stat_t dictFileStat;
+    ZSTD_CStream* cctx;
+    FIO_SyncCompressIO io;
+} cRess_t;
+
+/** ZSTD_cycleLog() :
+ *  condition for correct operation : hashLog > 1 */
+static U32 ZSTD_cycleLog(U32 hashLog, ZSTD_strategy strat)
+{
+    U32 const btScale = ((U32)strat >= (U32)ZSTD_btlazy2);
+    assert(hashLog > 1);
+    return hashLog - btScale;
+}
+
+static void FIO_adjustParamsForPatchFromMode(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+                                    ZSTD_compressionParameters* comprParams,
+                                    unsigned long long const dictSize,
+                                    unsigned long long const maxSrcFileSize,
+                                    int cLevel)
+{
+    unsigned const fileWindowLog = FIO_highbit64(maxSrcFileSize) + 1;
+    ZSTD_compressionParameters const cParams = ZSTD_getCParams(cLevel, (size_t)maxSrcFileSize, (size_t)dictSize);
+    FIO_adjustMemLimitForPatchFromMode(prefs, dictSize, maxSrcFileSize);
+    if (fileWindowLog > ZSTD_WINDOWLOG_MAX)
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "Max window log exceeded by file (compression ratio will suffer)\n");
+    comprParams->windowLog = MAX(ZSTD_WINDOWLOG_MIN, MIN(ZSTD_WINDOWLOG_MAX, fileWindowLog));
+    if (fileWindowLog > ZSTD_cycleLog(cParams.chainLog, cParams.strategy)) {
+        if (!prefs->ldmFlag)
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "long mode automatically triggered\n");
+        FIO_setLdmFlag(prefs, 1);
+    }
+    if (cParams.strategy >= ZSTD_btopt) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(4, "[Optimal parser notes] Consider the following to improve patch size at the cost of speed:\n");
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(4, "- Set a larger targetLength (e.g. --zstd=targetLength=4096)\n");
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(4, "- Set a larger chainLog (e.g. --zstd=chainLog=%u)\n", ZSTD_CHAINLOG_MAX);
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(4, "- Set a larger LDM hashLog (e.g. --zstd=ldmHashLog=%u)\n", ZSTD_LDM_HASHLOG_MAX);
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(4, "- Set a smaller LDM rateLog (e.g. --zstd=ldmHashRateLog=%u)\n", ZSTD_LDM_HASHRATELOG_MIN);
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(4, "Also consider playing around with searchLog and hashLog\n");
+    }
+}
+
+static cRess_t FIO_createCResources(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+                                    const char* dictFileName, unsigned long long const maxSrcFileSize,
+                                    int cLevel, ZSTD_compressionParameters comprParams) {
+    int useMMap = prefs->mmapDict == ZSTD_ps_enable;
+    int forceNoUseMMap = prefs->mmapDict == ZSTD_ps_disable;
+    FIO_dictBufferType_t dictBufferType;
+    cRess_t ress;
+    memset(&ress, 0, sizeof(ress));
+
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(6, "FIO_createCResources \n");
+    ress.cctx = ZSTD_createCCtx();
+    if (ress.cctx == NULL)
+        EXM_THROW(30, "allocation error (%s): can't create ZSTD_CCtx",
+                    strerror(errno));
+
+    FIO_getDictFileStat(dictFileName, &ress.dictFileStat);
+
+    /* need to update memLimit before calling createDictBuffer
+     * because of memLimit check inside it */
+    if (prefs->patchFromMode) {
+        U64 const dictSize = UTIL_getFileSizeStat(&ress.dictFileStat);
+        unsigned long long const ssSize = (unsigned long long)prefs->streamSrcSize;
+        useMMap |= dictSize > prefs->memLimit;
+        FIO_adjustParamsForPatchFromMode(prefs, &comprParams, dictSize, ssSize > 0 ? ssSize : maxSrcFileSize, cLevel);
+    }
+
+    dictBufferType = (useMMap && !forceNoUseMMap) ? FIO_mmapDict : FIO_mallocDict;
+    FIO_initDict(&ress.dict, dictFileName, prefs, &ress.dictFileStat, dictBufferType);   /* works with dictFileName==NULL */
+
+    FIO_SyncCompressIO_init(&ress.io, prefs, ZSTD_CStreamInSize(), ZSTD_CStreamOutSize());
+
+    /* Advanced parameters, including dictionary */
+    if (dictFileName && (ress.dict.dictBuffer==NULL))
+        EXM_THROW(32, "allocation error : can't create dictBuffer");
+    ress.dictFileName = dictFileName;
+
+    if (prefs->adaptiveMode && !prefs->ldmFlag && !comprParams.windowLog)
+        comprParams.windowLog = ADAPT_WINDOWLOG_DEFAULT;
+
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_contentSizeFlag, prefs->contentSize) );  /* always enable content size when available (note: supposed to be default) */
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_dictIDFlag, prefs->dictIDFlag) );
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_checksumFlag, prefs->checksumFlag) );
+    /* compression level */
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_compressionLevel, cLevel) );
+    /* max compressed block size */
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_targetCBlockSize, (int)prefs->targetCBlockSize) );
+    /* source size hint */
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_srcSizeHint, (int)prefs->srcSizeHint) );
+    /* long distance matching */
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_enableLongDistanceMatching, prefs->ldmFlag) );
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_ldmHashLog, prefs->ldmHashLog) );
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_ldmMinMatch, prefs->ldmMinMatch) );
+    if (prefs->ldmBucketSizeLog != FIO_LDM_PARAM_NOTSET) {
+        CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_ldmBucketSizeLog, prefs->ldmBucketSizeLog) );
+    }
+    if (prefs->ldmHashRateLog != FIO_LDM_PARAM_NOTSET) {
+        CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_ldmHashRateLog, prefs->ldmHashRateLog) );
+    }
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_useRowMatchFinder, prefs->useRowMatchFinder));
+    /* compression parameters */
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_windowLog, (int)comprParams.windowLog) );
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_chainLog, (int)comprParams.chainLog) );
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_hashLog, (int)comprParams.hashLog) );
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_searchLog, (int)comprParams.searchLog) );
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_minMatch, (int)comprParams.minMatch) );
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_targetLength, (int)comprParams.targetLength) );
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_strategy, (int)comprParams.strategy) );
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_literalCompressionMode, (int)prefs->literalCompressionMode) );
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_enableDedicatedDictSearch, 1) );
+    /* multi-threading */
+#ifdef ZSTD_MULTITHREAD
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(5,"set nb workers = %u \n", prefs->nbWorkers);
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_nbWorkers, prefs->nbWorkers) );
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_jobSize, prefs->jobSize) );
+    if (prefs->overlapLog != FIO_OVERLAP_LOG_NOTSET) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(3,"set overlapLog = %u \n", prefs->overlapLog);
+        CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_overlapLog, prefs->overlapLog) );
+    }
+    CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress.cctx, ZSTD_c_rsyncable, prefs->rsyncable) );
+#endif
+    /* dictionary */
+    if (prefs->patchFromMode) {
+        CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_refPrefix(ress.cctx, ress.dict.dictBuffer, ress.dict.dictBufferSize) );
+    } else {
+        CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_loadDictionary_byReference(ress.cctx, ress.dict.dictBuffer, ress.dict.dictBufferSize) );
+    }
+
+    return ress;
+}
+
+static void FIO_freeCResources(cRess_t* const ress)
+{
+    FIO_freeDict(&(ress->dict));
+    FIO_SyncCompressIO_destroy(&ress->io);
+    ZSTD_freeCStream(ress->cctx);   /* never fails */
+}
+
+
+#ifdef ZSTD_GZCOMPRESS
+static unsigned long long
+FIO_compressGzFrame(cRess_t* ress,
+                    const char* srcFileName, U64 const srcFileSize,
+                    int compressionLevel, U64* readsize)
+{
+    FIO_SyncCompressIO* const syncIO = &ress->io;
+    unsigned long long inFileSize = 0, outFileSize = 0;
+    z_stream strm;
+
+    if (compressionLevel > Z_BEST_COMPRESSION)
+        compressionLevel = Z_BEST_COMPRESSION;
+
+    strm.zalloc = Z_NULL;
+    strm.zfree = Z_NULL;
+    strm.opaque = Z_NULL;
+
+    {   int const ret = deflateInit2(&strm, compressionLevel, Z_DEFLATED,
+                        15 /* maxWindowLogSize */ + 16 /* gzip only */,
+                        8, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY); /* see https://www.zlib.net/manual.html */
+        if (ret != Z_OK) {
+            EXM_THROW(71, "zstd: %s: deflateInit2 error %d \n", srcFileName, ret);
+    }   }
+
+    strm.next_in = 0;
+    strm.avail_in = 0;
+    strm.next_out = (Bytef*)syncIO->outBuffer;
+    strm.avail_out = (uInt)syncIO->outCapacity;
+
+    while (1) {
+        int ret;
+        if (strm.avail_in == 0) {
+            size_t const added = FIO_SyncCompressIO_fillBuffer(syncIO, ZSTD_CStreamInSize());
+            if (syncIO->srcBufferLoaded == 0) break;
+            inFileSize += added;
+            *readsize += added;
+            strm.next_in = (z_const unsigned char*)syncIO->srcBuffer;
+            strm.avail_in = (uInt)syncIO->srcBufferLoaded;
+        }
+
+        {
+            size_t const availBefore = strm.avail_in;
+            ret = deflate(&strm, Z_NO_FLUSH);
+            FIO_SyncCompressIO_consumeBytes(syncIO, availBefore - strm.avail_in);
+        }
+
+        if (ret != Z_OK)
+            EXM_THROW(72, "zstd: %s: deflate error %d \n", srcFileName, ret);
+        {   size_t const cSize = (size_t)((uInt)syncIO->outCapacity - strm.avail_out);
+            if (cSize) {
+                FIO_SyncCompressIO_commitOut(syncIO, syncIO->outBuffer, cSize);
+                outFileSize += cSize;
+                strm.next_out = (Bytef*)syncIO->outBuffer;
+                strm.avail_out = (uInt)syncIO->outCapacity;
+            }   }
+        if (srcFileSize == UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN) {
+            DISPLAYUPDATE_PROGRESS(
+                    "\rRead : %u MB ==> %.2f%% ",
+                    (unsigned)(inFileSize>>20),
+                    (double)outFileSize/(double)inFileSize*100)
+        } else {
+            DISPLAYUPDATE_PROGRESS(
+                    "\rRead : %u / %u MB ==> %.2f%% ",
+                    (unsigned)(inFileSize>>20), (unsigned)(srcFileSize>>20),
+                    (double)outFileSize/(double)inFileSize*100);
+    }   }
+
+    while (1) {
+        int const ret = deflate(&strm, Z_FINISH);
+        {   size_t const cSize = (size_t)((uInt)syncIO->outCapacity - strm.avail_out);
+            if (cSize) {
+                FIO_SyncCompressIO_commitOut(syncIO, syncIO->outBuffer, cSize);
+                outFileSize += cSize;
+                strm.next_out = (Bytef*)syncIO->outBuffer;
+                strm.avail_out = (uInt)syncIO->outCapacity;
+            }   }
+        if (ret == Z_STREAM_END) break;
+        if (ret != Z_BUF_ERROR)
+            EXM_THROW(77, "zstd: %s: deflate error %d \n", srcFileName, ret);
+    }
+
+    {   int const ret = deflateEnd(&strm);
+        if (ret != Z_OK) {
+            EXM_THROW(79, "zstd: %s: deflateEnd error %d \n", srcFileName, ret);
+    }   }
+    *readsize = inFileSize;
+    FIO_SyncCompressIO_finish(syncIO);
+    return outFileSize;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef ZSTD_LZMACOMPRESS
+static unsigned long long
+FIO_compressLzmaFrame(cRess_t* ress,
+                      const char* srcFileName, U64 const srcFileSize,
+                      int compressionLevel, U64* readsize, int plain_lzma)
+{
+    FIO_SyncCompressIO* const syncIO = &ress->io;
+    unsigned long long inFileSize = 0, outFileSize = 0;
+    lzma_stream strm = LZMA_STREAM_INIT;
+    lzma_action action = LZMA_RUN;
+    lzma_ret ret;
+
+    if (compressionLevel < 0) compressionLevel = 0;
+    if (compressionLevel > 9) compressionLevel = 9;
+
+    if (plain_lzma) {
+        lzma_options_lzma opt_lzma;
+        if (lzma_lzma_preset(&opt_lzma, compressionLevel))
+            EXM_THROW(81, "zstd: %s: lzma_lzma_preset error", srcFileName);
+        ret = lzma_alone_encoder(&strm, &opt_lzma); /* LZMA */
+        if (ret != LZMA_OK)
+            EXM_THROW(82, "zstd: %s: lzma_alone_encoder error %d", srcFileName, ret);
+    } else {
+        ret = lzma_easy_encoder(&strm, compressionLevel, LZMA_CHECK_CRC64); /* XZ */
+        if (ret != LZMA_OK)
+            EXM_THROW(83, "zstd: %s: lzma_easy_encoder error %d", srcFileName, ret);
+    }
+
+    strm.next_out = (BYTE*)syncIO->outBuffer;
+    strm.avail_out = syncIO->outCapacity;
+    strm.next_in = 0;
+    strm.avail_in = 0;
+
+    while (1) {
+        if (strm.avail_in == 0) {
+            size_t const added = FIO_SyncCompressIO_fillBuffer(syncIO, ZSTD_CStreamInSize());
+            if (syncIO->srcBufferLoaded == 0) action = LZMA_FINISH;
+            inFileSize += added;
+            *readsize += added;
+            strm.next_in = (BYTE const*)syncIO->srcBuffer;
+            strm.avail_in = syncIO->srcBufferLoaded;
+        }
+
+        {
+            size_t const availBefore = strm.avail_in;
+            ret = lzma_code(&strm, action);
+            FIO_SyncCompressIO_consumeBytes(syncIO, availBefore - strm.avail_in);
+        }
+
+        if (ret != LZMA_OK && ret != LZMA_STREAM_END)
+            EXM_THROW(84, "zstd: %s: lzma_code encoding error %d", srcFileName, ret);
+        {   size_t const compBytes = syncIO->outCapacity - strm.avail_out;
+            if (compBytes) {
+                FIO_SyncCompressIO_commitOut(syncIO, syncIO->outBuffer, compBytes);
+                outFileSize += compBytes;
+                strm.next_out = (BYTE*)syncIO->outBuffer;
+                strm.avail_out = syncIO->outCapacity;
+        }   }
+        if (srcFileSize == UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN)
+            DISPLAYUPDATE_PROGRESS("\rRead : %u MB ==> %.2f%%",
+                            (unsigned)(inFileSize>>20),
+                            (double)outFileSize/(double)inFileSize*100)
+        else
+            DISPLAYUPDATE_PROGRESS("\rRead : %u / %u MB ==> %.2f%%",
+                            (unsigned)(inFileSize>>20), (unsigned)(srcFileSize>>20),
+                            (double)outFileSize/(double)inFileSize*100);
+        if (ret == LZMA_STREAM_END) break;
+    }
+
+    lzma_end(&strm);
+    *readsize = inFileSize;
+
+    FIO_SyncCompressIO_finish(syncIO);
+
+    return outFileSize;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef ZSTD_LZ4COMPRESS
+
+#if LZ4_VERSION_NUMBER <= 10600
+#define LZ4F_blockLinked blockLinked
+#define LZ4F_max64KB max64KB
+#endif
+
+static int FIO_LZ4_GetBlockSize_FromBlockId (int id) { return (1 << (8 + (2 * id))); }
+
+static unsigned long long
+FIO_compressLz4Frame(cRess_t* ress,
+                     const char* srcFileName, U64 const srcFileSize,
+                     int compressionLevel, int checksumFlag,
+                     U64* readsize)
+{
+    FIO_SyncCompressIO* const syncIO = &ress->io;
+    const size_t blockSize = FIO_LZ4_GetBlockSize_FromBlockId(LZ4F_max64KB);
+    unsigned long long inFileSize = 0, outFileSize = 0;
+
+    LZ4F_preferences_t prefs;
+    LZ4F_compressionContext_t ctx;
+
+    LZ4F_errorCode_t const errorCode = LZ4F_createCompressionContext(&ctx, LZ4F_VERSION);
+    if (LZ4F_isError(errorCode))
+        EXM_THROW(31, "zstd: failed to create lz4 compression context");
+
+    memset(&prefs, 0, sizeof(prefs));
+
+    assert(blockSize <= syncIO->inCapacity);
+
+    /* autoflush off to mitigate a bug in lz4<=1.9.3 for compression level 12 */
+    prefs.autoFlush = 0;
+    prefs.compressionLevel = compressionLevel;
+    prefs.frameInfo.blockMode = LZ4F_blockLinked;
+    prefs.frameInfo.blockSizeID = LZ4F_max64KB;
+    prefs.frameInfo.contentChecksumFlag = (contentChecksum_t)checksumFlag;
+#if LZ4_VERSION_NUMBER >= 10600
+    prefs.frameInfo.contentSize = (srcFileSize==UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN) ? 0 : srcFileSize;
+#endif
+    assert(LZ4F_compressBound(blockSize, &prefs) <= syncIO->outCapacity);
+
+    {
+        size_t headerSize = LZ4F_compressBegin(ctx, syncIO->outBuffer, syncIO->outCapacity, &prefs);
+        if (LZ4F_isError(headerSize))
+            EXM_THROW(33, "File header generation failed : %s",
+                            LZ4F_getErrorName(headerSize));
+        FIO_SyncCompressIO_commitOut(syncIO, syncIO->outBuffer, headerSize);
+        outFileSize += headerSize;
+
+        {
+            size_t const added = FIO_SyncCompressIO_fillBuffer(syncIO, blockSize);
+            inFileSize += added;
+            *readsize += added;
+        }
+
+        while (syncIO->srcBufferLoaded) {
+            size_t const inSize = MIN(blockSize, syncIO->srcBufferLoaded);
+            size_t const outSize = LZ4F_compressUpdate(ctx, syncIO->outBuffer, syncIO->outCapacity,
+                                                       syncIO->srcBuffer, inSize, NULL);
+            if (LZ4F_isError(outSize))
+                EXM_THROW(35, "zstd: %s: lz4 compression failed : %s",
+                            srcFileName, LZ4F_getErrorName(outSize));
+            outFileSize += outSize;
+            if (srcFileSize == UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN) {
+                DISPLAYUPDATE_PROGRESS("\rRead : %u MB ==> %.2f%%",
+                                (unsigned)(inFileSize>>20),
+                                (double)outFileSize/(double)inFileSize*100)
+            } else {
+                DISPLAYUPDATE_PROGRESS("\rRead : %u / %u MB ==> %.2f%%",
+                                (unsigned)(inFileSize>>20), (unsigned)(srcFileSize>>20),
+                                (double)outFileSize/(double)inFileSize*100);
+            }
+
+            FIO_SyncCompressIO_commitOut(syncIO, syncIO->outBuffer, outSize);
+
+            FIO_SyncCompressIO_consumeBytes(syncIO, inSize);
+            {
+                size_t const added = FIO_SyncCompressIO_fillBuffer(syncIO, blockSize);
+                inFileSize += added;
+                *readsize += added;
+            }
+        }
+
+        headerSize = LZ4F_compressEnd(ctx, syncIO->outBuffer, syncIO->outCapacity, NULL);
+        if (LZ4F_isError(headerSize))
+            EXM_THROW(38, "zstd: %s: lz4 end of file generation failed : %s",
+                        srcFileName, LZ4F_getErrorName(headerSize));
+
+        FIO_SyncCompressIO_commitOut(syncIO, syncIO->outBuffer, headerSize);
+        outFileSize += headerSize;
+    }
+
+    LZ4F_freeCompressionContext(ctx);
+    FIO_SyncCompressIO_finish(syncIO);
+
+    return outFileSize;
+}
+#endif
+
+static unsigned long long
+FIO_compressZstdFrame(FIO_ctx_t* const fCtx,
+                      FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+                      cRess_t* ress,
+                      const char* srcFileName, U64 fileSize,
+                      int compressionLevel, U64* readsize)
+{
+    FIO_SyncCompressIO* const syncIO = &ress->io;
+
+    U64 compressedfilesize = 0;
+    ZSTD_EndDirective directive = ZSTD_e_continue;
+    U64 pledgedSrcSize = ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_UNKNOWN;
+
+    /* stats */
+    ZSTD_frameProgression previous_zfp_update = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
+    ZSTD_frameProgression previous_zfp_correction = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
+    typedef enum { noChange, slower, faster } speedChange_e;
+    speedChange_e speedChange = noChange;
+    unsigned flushWaiting = 0;
+    unsigned inputPresented = 0;
+    unsigned inputBlocked = 0;
+    unsigned lastJobID = 0;
+    UTIL_time_t lastAdaptTime = UTIL_getTime();
+    U64 const adaptEveryMicro = REFRESH_RATE;
+
+    UTIL_HumanReadableSize_t const file_hrs = UTIL_makeHumanReadableSize(fileSize);
+
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(6, "compression using zstd format \n");
+
+    /* init */
+    if (fileSize != UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN) {
+        pledgedSrcSize = fileSize;
+        CHECK(ZSTD_CCtx_setPledgedSrcSize(ress->cctx, fileSize));
+    } else if (prefs->streamSrcSize > 0) {
+      /* unknown source size; use the declared stream size */
+      pledgedSrcSize = prefs->streamSrcSize;
+      CHECK( ZSTD_CCtx_setPledgedSrcSize(ress->cctx, prefs->streamSrcSize) );
+    }
+
+    {   int windowLog;
+        UTIL_HumanReadableSize_t windowSize;
+        CHECK(ZSTD_CCtx_getParameter(ress->cctx, ZSTD_c_windowLog, &windowLog));
+        if (windowLog == 0) {
+            if (prefs->ldmFlag) {
+                /* If long mode is set without a window size libzstd will set this size internally */
+                windowLog = ZSTD_WINDOWLOG_LIMIT_DEFAULT;
+            } else {
+                const ZSTD_compressionParameters cParams = ZSTD_getCParams(compressionLevel, fileSize, 0);
+                windowLog = (int)cParams.windowLog;
+            }
+        }
+        windowSize = UTIL_makeHumanReadableSize(MAX(1ULL, MIN(1ULL << windowLog, pledgedSrcSize)));
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(4, "Decompression will require %.*f%s of memory\n", windowSize.precision, windowSize.value, windowSize.suffix);
+    }
+
+    /* Main compression loop */
+    do {
+        size_t stillToFlush;
+        /* Fill input Buffer */
+        size_t const inSize = FIO_SyncCompressIO_fillBuffer(syncIO, ZSTD_CStreamInSize());
+        ZSTD_inBuffer inBuff = setInBuffer( syncIO->srcBuffer, syncIO->srcBufferLoaded, 0 );
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(6, "fread %u bytes from source \n", (unsigned)inSize);
+        *readsize += inSize;
+
+        if ((syncIO->srcBufferLoaded == 0) || (*readsize == fileSize))
+            directive = ZSTD_e_end;
+
+        stillToFlush = 1;
+        while ((inBuff.pos != inBuff.size)   /* input buffer must be entirely ingested */
+            || (directive == ZSTD_e_end && stillToFlush != 0) ) {
+
+            size_t const oldIPos = inBuff.pos;
+            ZSTD_outBuffer outBuff = setOutBuffer( syncIO->outBuffer, syncIO->outCapacity, 0 );
+            size_t const toFlushNow = ZSTD_toFlushNow(ress->cctx);
+            CHECK_V(stillToFlush, ZSTD_compressStream2(ress->cctx, &outBuff, &inBuff, directive));
+            FIO_SyncCompressIO_consumeBytes(syncIO, inBuff.pos - oldIPos);
+
+            /* count stats */
+            inputPresented++;
+            if (oldIPos == inBuff.pos) inputBlocked++;  /* input buffer is full and can't take any more : input speed is faster than consumption rate */
+            if (!toFlushNow) flushWaiting = 1;
+
+            /* Write compressed stream */
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(6, "ZSTD_compress_generic(end:%u) => input pos(%u)<=(%u)size ; output generated %u bytes \n",
+                         (unsigned)directive, (unsigned)inBuff.pos, (unsigned)inBuff.size, (unsigned)outBuff.pos);
+            if (outBuff.pos) {
+                FIO_SyncCompressIO_commitOut(syncIO, syncIO->outBuffer, outBuff.pos);
+                compressedfilesize += outBuff.pos;
+            }
+
+            /* adaptive mode : statistics measurement and speed correction */
+            if (prefs->adaptiveMode && UTIL_clockSpanMicro(lastAdaptTime) > adaptEveryMicro) {
+                ZSTD_frameProgression const zfp = ZSTD_getFrameProgression(ress->cctx);
+
+                lastAdaptTime = UTIL_getTime();
+
+                /* check output speed */
+                if (zfp.currentJobID > 1) {  /* only possible if nbWorkers >= 1 */
+
+                    unsigned long long newlyProduced = zfp.produced - previous_zfp_update.produced;
+                    unsigned long long newlyFlushed = zfp.flushed - previous_zfp_update.flushed;
+                    assert(zfp.produced >= previous_zfp_update.produced);
+                    assert(prefs->nbWorkers >= 1);
+
+                    /* test if compression is blocked
+                        * either because output is slow and all buffers are full
+                        * or because input is slow and no job can start while waiting for at least one buffer to be filled.
+                        * note : exclude starting part, since currentJobID > 1 */
+                    if ( (zfp.consumed == previous_zfp_update.consumed)   /* no data compressed : no data available, or no more buffer to compress to, OR compression is really slow (compression of a single block is slower than update rate)*/
+                        && (zfp.nbActiveWorkers == 0)                       /* confirmed : no compression ongoing */
+                        ) {
+                        DISPLAYLEVEL(6, "all buffers full : compression stopped => slow down \n")
+                        speedChange = slower;
+                    }
+
+                    previous_zfp_update = zfp;
+
+                    if ( (newlyProduced > (newlyFlushed * 9 / 8))   /* compression produces more data than output can flush (though production can be spiky, due to work unit : (N==4)*block sizes) */
+                        && (flushWaiting == 0)                        /* flush speed was never slowed by lack of production, so it's operating at max capacity */
+                        ) {
+                        DISPLAYLEVEL(6, "compression faster than flush (%llu > %llu), and flushed was never slowed down by lack of production => slow down \n", newlyProduced, newlyFlushed);
+                        speedChange = slower;
+                    }
+                    flushWaiting = 0;
+                }
+
+                /* course correct only if there is at least one new job completed */
+                if (zfp.currentJobID > lastJobID) {
+                    DISPLAYLEVEL(6, "compression level adaptation check \n")
+
+                    /* check input speed */
+                    if (zfp.currentJobID > (unsigned)(prefs->nbWorkers+1)) {   /* warm up period, to fill all workers */
+                        if (inputBlocked <= 0) {
+                            DISPLAYLEVEL(6, "input is never blocked => input is slower than ingestion \n");
+                            speedChange = slower;
+                        } else if (speedChange == noChange) {
+                            unsigned long long newlyIngested = zfp.ingested - previous_zfp_correction.ingested;
+                            unsigned long long newlyConsumed = zfp.consumed - previous_zfp_correction.consumed;
+                            unsigned long long newlyProduced = zfp.produced - previous_zfp_correction.produced;
+                            unsigned long long newlyFlushed  = zfp.flushed  - previous_zfp_correction.flushed;
+                            previous_zfp_correction = zfp;
+                            assert(inputPresented > 0);
+                            DISPLAYLEVEL(6, "input blocked %u/%u(%.2f) - ingested:%u vs %u:consumed - flushed:%u vs %u:produced \n",
+                                            inputBlocked, inputPresented, (double)inputBlocked/inputPresented*100,
+                                            (unsigned)newlyIngested, (unsigned)newlyConsumed,
+                                            (unsigned)newlyFlushed, (unsigned)newlyProduced);
+                            if ( (inputBlocked > inputPresented / 8)     /* input is waiting often, because input buffers is full : compression or output too slow */
+                                && (newlyFlushed * 33 / 32 > newlyProduced)  /* flush everything that is produced */
+                                && (newlyIngested * 33 / 32 > newlyConsumed) /* input speed as fast or faster than compression speed */
+                            ) {
+                                DISPLAYLEVEL(6, "recommend faster as in(%llu) >= (%llu)comp(%llu) <= out(%llu) \n",
+                                                newlyIngested, newlyConsumed, newlyProduced, newlyFlushed);
+                                speedChange = faster;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        inputBlocked = 0;
+                        inputPresented = 0;
+                    }
+
+                    if (speedChange == slower) {
+                        DISPLAYLEVEL(6, "slower speed , higher compression \n")
+                        compressionLevel ++;
+                        if (compressionLevel > ZSTD_maxCLevel()) compressionLevel = ZSTD_maxCLevel();
+                        if (compressionLevel > prefs->maxAdaptLevel) compressionLevel = prefs->maxAdaptLevel;
+                        compressionLevel += (compressionLevel == 0);   /* skip 0 */
+                        ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress->cctx, ZSTD_c_compressionLevel, compressionLevel);
+                    }
+                    if (speedChange == faster) {
+                        DISPLAYLEVEL(6, "faster speed , lighter compression \n")
+                        compressionLevel --;
+                        if (compressionLevel < prefs->minAdaptLevel) compressionLevel = prefs->minAdaptLevel;
+                        compressionLevel -= (compressionLevel == 0);   /* skip 0 */
+                        ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ress->cctx, ZSTD_c_compressionLevel, compressionLevel);
+                    }
+                    speedChange = noChange;
+
+                    lastJobID = zfp.currentJobID;
+                }  /* if (zfp.currentJobID > lastJobID) */
+            } /* if (prefs->adaptiveMode && UTIL_clockSpanMicro(lastAdaptTime) > adaptEveryMicro) */
+
+            /* display notification */
+            if (SHOULD_DISPLAY_PROGRESS() && READY_FOR_UPDATE()) {
+                ZSTD_frameProgression const zfp = ZSTD_getFrameProgression(ress->cctx);
+                double const cShare = (double)zfp.produced / (double)(zfp.consumed + !zfp.consumed/*avoid div0*/) * 100;
+                UTIL_HumanReadableSize_t const buffered_hrs = UTIL_makeHumanReadableSize(zfp.ingested - zfp.consumed);
+                UTIL_HumanReadableSize_t const consumed_hrs = UTIL_makeHumanReadableSize(zfp.consumed);
+                UTIL_HumanReadableSize_t const produced_hrs = UTIL_makeHumanReadableSize(zfp.produced);
+
+                DELAY_NEXT_UPDATE();
+
+                /* display progress notifications */
+                DISPLAY_PROGRESS("\r%79s\r", "");    /* Clear out the current displayed line */
+                if (g_display_prefs.displayLevel >= 3) {
+                    /* Verbose progress update */
+                    DISPLAY_PROGRESS(
+                            "(L%i) Buffered:%5.*f%s - Consumed:%5.*f%s - Compressed:%5.*f%s => %.2f%% ",
+                            compressionLevel,
+                            buffered_hrs.precision, buffered_hrs.value, buffered_hrs.suffix,
+                            consumed_hrs.precision, consumed_hrs.value, consumed_hrs.suffix,
+                            produced_hrs.precision, produced_hrs.value, produced_hrs.suffix,
+                            cShare );
+                } else {
+                    /* Require level 2 or forcibly displayed progress counter for summarized updates */
+                    if (fCtx->nbFilesTotal > 1) {
+                        size_t srcFileNameSize = strlen(srcFileName);
+                        /* Ensure that the string we print is roughly the same size each time */
+                        if (srcFileNameSize > 18) {
+                            const char* truncatedSrcFileName = srcFileName + srcFileNameSize - 15;
+                            DISPLAY_PROGRESS("Compress: %u/%u files. Current: ...%s ",
+                                        fCtx->currFileIdx+1, fCtx->nbFilesTotal, truncatedSrcFileName);
+                        } else {
+                            DISPLAY_PROGRESS("Compress: %u/%u files. Current: %*s ",
+                                        fCtx->currFileIdx+1, fCtx->nbFilesTotal, (int)(18-srcFileNameSize), srcFileName);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    DISPLAY_PROGRESS("Read:%6.*f%4s ", consumed_hrs.precision, consumed_hrs.value, consumed_hrs.suffix);
+                    if (fileSize != UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN)
+                        DISPLAY_PROGRESS("/%6.*f%4s", file_hrs.precision, file_hrs.value, file_hrs.suffix);
+                    DISPLAY_PROGRESS(" ==> %2.f%%", cShare);
+                }
+            }  /* if (SHOULD_DISPLAY_PROGRESS() && READY_FOR_UPDATE()) */
+        }  /* while ((inBuff.pos != inBuff.size) */
+    } while (directive != ZSTD_e_end);
+
+    if (fileSize != UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN && *readsize != fileSize) {
+        EXM_THROW(27, "Read error : Incomplete read : %llu / %llu B",
+                (unsigned long long)*readsize, (unsigned long long)fileSize);
+    }
+
+    FIO_SyncCompressIO_finish(syncIO);
+
+    return compressedfilesize;
+}
+
+/*! FIO_compressFilename_internal() :
+ *  same as FIO_compressFilename_extRess(), with `ress.desFile` already opened.
+ *  @return : 0 : compression completed correctly,
+ *            1 : missing or pb opening srcFileName
+ */
+static int
+FIO_compressFilename_internal(FIO_ctx_t* const fCtx,
+                              FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+                              cRess_t* ress,
+                              const char* dstFileName, const char* srcFileName,
+                              int compressionLevel)
+{
+    UTIL_time_t const timeStart = UTIL_getTime();
+    clock_t const cpuStart = clock();
+    U64 readsize = 0;
+    U64 compressedfilesize = 0;
+    U64 const fileSize = UTIL_getFileSize(srcFileName);
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(5, "%s: %llu bytes \n", srcFileName, (unsigned long long)fileSize);
+
+    /* compression format selection */
+    switch (prefs->compressionType) {
+        default:
+        case FIO_zstdCompression:
+            compressedfilesize = FIO_compressZstdFrame(fCtx, prefs, ress, srcFileName, fileSize, compressionLevel, &readsize);
+            break;
+
+        case FIO_gzipCompression:
+#ifdef ZSTD_GZCOMPRESS
+            compressedfilesize = FIO_compressGzFrame(ress, srcFileName, fileSize, compressionLevel, &readsize);
+#else
+            (void)compressionLevel;
+            EXM_THROW(20, "zstd: %s: file cannot be compressed as gzip (zstd compiled without ZSTD_GZCOMPRESS) -- ignored \n",
+                            srcFileName);
+#endif
+            break;
+
+        case FIO_xzCompression:
+        case FIO_lzmaCompression:
+#ifdef ZSTD_LZMACOMPRESS
+            compressedfilesize = FIO_compressLzmaFrame(ress, srcFileName, fileSize, compressionLevel, &readsize, prefs->compressionType==FIO_lzmaCompression);
+#else
+            (void)compressionLevel;
+            EXM_THROW(20, "zstd: %s: file cannot be compressed as xz/lzma (zstd compiled without ZSTD_LZMACOMPRESS) -- ignored \n",
+                            srcFileName);
+#endif
+            break;
+
+        case FIO_lz4Compression:
+#ifdef ZSTD_LZ4COMPRESS
+            compressedfilesize = FIO_compressLz4Frame(ress, srcFileName, fileSize, compressionLevel, prefs->checksumFlag, &readsize);
+#else
+            (void)compressionLevel;
+            EXM_THROW(20, "zstd: %s: file cannot be compressed as lz4 (zstd compiled without ZSTD_LZ4COMPRESS) -- ignored \n",
+                            srcFileName);
+#endif
+            break;
+    }
+
+    /* Status */
+    fCtx->totalBytesInput += (size_t)readsize;
+    fCtx->totalBytesOutput += (size_t)compressedfilesize;
+    DISPLAY_PROGRESS("\r%79s\r", "");
+    if (FIO_shouldDisplayFileSummary(fCtx)) {
+        UTIL_HumanReadableSize_t hr_isize = UTIL_makeHumanReadableSize((U64) readsize);
+        UTIL_HumanReadableSize_t hr_osize = UTIL_makeHumanReadableSize((U64) compressedfilesize);
+        if (readsize == 0) {
+            DISPLAY_SUMMARY("%-20s :  (%6.*f%s => %6.*f%s, %s) \n",
+                srcFileName,
+                hr_isize.precision, hr_isize.value, hr_isize.suffix,
+                hr_osize.precision, hr_osize.value, hr_osize.suffix,
+                dstFileName);
+        } else {
+            DISPLAY_SUMMARY("%-20s :%6.2f%%   (%6.*f%s => %6.*f%s, %s) \n",
+                srcFileName,
+                (double)compressedfilesize / (double)readsize * 100,
+                hr_isize.precision, hr_isize.value, hr_isize.suffix,
+                hr_osize.precision, hr_osize.value, hr_osize.suffix,
+                dstFileName);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Elapsed Time and CPU Load */
+    {   clock_t const cpuEnd = clock();
+        double const cpuLoad_s = (double)(cpuEnd - cpuStart) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
+        U64 const timeLength_ns = UTIL_clockSpanNano(timeStart);
+        double const timeLength_s = (double)timeLength_ns / 1000000000;
+        double const cpuLoad_pct = (cpuLoad_s / timeLength_s) * 100;
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(4, "%-20s : Completed in %.2f sec  (cpu load : %.0f%%)\n",
+                        srcFileName, timeLength_s, cpuLoad_pct);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*! FIO_compressFilename_dstFile() :
+ *  open dstFileName, or pass-through if ress.file != NULL,
+ *  then start compression with FIO_compressFilename_internal().
+ *  Manages source removal (--rm) and file permissions transfer.
+ *  note : ress.srcFile must be != NULL,
+ *  so reach this function through FIO_compressFilename_srcFile().
+ *  @return : 0 : compression completed correctly,
+ *            1 : pb
+ */
+static int FIO_compressFilename_dstFile(FIO_ctx_t* const fCtx,
+                                        FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+                                        cRess_t* ress,
+                                        const char* dstFileName,
+                                        const char* srcFileName,
+                                        const stat_t* srcFileStat,
+                                        int compressionLevel)
+{
+    int closeDstFile = 0;
+    int result;
+    int transferStat = 0;
+    int dstFd = -1;
+
+    if (ress->io.dstFile == NULL) {
+        int dstFileInitialPermissions = DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
+        if ( strcmp (srcFileName, stdinmark)
+          && strcmp (dstFileName, stdoutmark)
+          && UTIL_isRegularFileStat(srcFileStat) ) {
+            transferStat = 1;
+            dstFileInitialPermissions = TEMPORARY_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
+        }
+
+        closeDstFile = 1;
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(6, "FIO_compressFilename_dstFile: opening dst: %s \n", dstFileName);
+        {
+            FILE *dstFile = FIO_openDstFile(fCtx, prefs, srcFileName, dstFileName, dstFileInitialPermissions);
+            if (dstFile==NULL) return 1;  /* could not open dstFileName */
+            dstFd = fileno(dstFile);
+            FIO_SyncCompressIO_setDst(&ress->io, dstFile);
+        }
+        /* Must only be added after FIO_openDstFile() succeeds. */
+        addHandler(dstFileName);
+    }
+
+    result = FIO_compressFilename_internal(fCtx, prefs, ress, dstFileName, srcFileName, compressionLevel);
+
+    if (closeDstFile) {
+        clearHandler();
+
+        if (transferStat) {
+            UTIL_setFDStat(dstFd, dstFileName, srcFileStat);
+        }
+
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(6, "FIO_compressFilename_dstFile: closing dst: %s \n", dstFileName);
+        if (FIO_SyncCompressIO_closeDst(&ress->io)) { /* error closing file */
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: %s \n", dstFileName, strerror(errno));
+            result=1;
+        }
+
+        if (transferStat) {
+            UTIL_utime(dstFileName, srcFileStat);
+        }
+
+        if ( (result != 0)
+          && strcmp(dstFileName, stdoutmark) ) {
+            FIO_removeFile(dstFileName);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* List used to compare file extensions (used with --exclude-compressed flag)
+* Different from the suffixList and should only apply to ZSTD compress operationResult
+*/
+static const char *compressedFileExtensions[] = {
+    ZSTD_EXTENSION,
+    TZSTD_EXTENSION,
+    GZ_EXTENSION,
+    TGZ_EXTENSION,
+    LZMA_EXTENSION,
+    XZ_EXTENSION,
+    TXZ_EXTENSION,
+    LZ4_EXTENSION,
+    TLZ4_EXTENSION,
+    ".7z",
+    ".aa3",
+    ".aac",
+    ".aar",
+    ".ace",
+    ".alac",
+    ".ape",
+    ".apk",
+    ".apng",
+    ".arc",
+    ".archive",
+    ".arj",
+    ".ark",
+    ".asf",
+    ".avi",
+    ".avif",
+    ".ba",
+    ".br",
+    ".bz2",
+    ".cab",
+    ".cdx",
+    ".chm",
+    ".cr2",
+    ".divx",
+    ".dmg",
+    ".dng",
+    ".docm",
+    ".docx",
+    ".dotm",
+    ".dotx",
+    ".dsft",
+    ".ear",
+    ".eftx",
+    ".emz",
+    ".eot",
+    ".epub",
+    ".f4v",
+    ".flac",
+    ".flv",
+    ".gho",
+    ".gif",
+    ".gifv",
+    ".gnp",
+    ".iso",
+    ".jar",
+    ".jpeg",
+    ".jpg",
+    ".jxl",
+    ".lz",
+    ".lzh",
+    ".m4a",
+    ".m4v",
+    ".mkv",
+    ".mov",
+    ".mp2",
+    ".mp3",
+    ".mp4",
+    ".mpa",
+    ".mpc",
+    ".mpe",
+    ".mpeg",
+    ".mpg",
+    ".mpl",
+    ".mpv",
+    ".msi",
+    ".odp",
+    ".ods",
+    ".odt",
+    ".ogg",
+    ".ogv",
+    ".otp",
+    ".ots",
+    ".ott",
+    ".pea",
+    ".png",
+    ".pptx",
+    ".qt",
+    ".rar",
+    ".s7z",
+    ".sfx",
+    ".sit",
+    ".sitx",
+    ".sqx",
+    ".svgz",
+    ".swf",
+    ".tbz2",
+    ".tib",
+    ".tlz",
+    ".vob",
+    ".war",
+    ".webm",
+    ".webp",
+    ".wma",
+    ".wmv",
+    ".woff",
+    ".woff2",
+    ".wvl",
+    ".xlsx",
+    ".xpi",
+    ".xps",
+    ".zip",
+    ".zipx",
+    ".zoo",
+    ".zpaq",
+    NULL
+};
+
+/*! FIO_compressFilename_srcFile() :
+ *  @return : 0 : compression completed correctly,
+ *            1 : missing or pb opening srcFileName
+ */
+static int
+FIO_compressFilename_srcFile(FIO_ctx_t* const fCtx,
+                             FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+                             cRess_t* ress,
+                             const char* dstFileName,
+                             const char* srcFileName,
+                             int compressionLevel)
+{
+    int result;
+    FILE* srcFile;
+    stat_t srcFileStat;
+    U64 fileSize = UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN;
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(6, "FIO_compressFilename_srcFile: %s \n", srcFileName);
+
+    if (strcmp(srcFileName, stdinmark)) {
+        if (UTIL_stat(srcFileName, &srcFileStat)) {
+            /* failure to stat at all is handled during opening */
+
+            /* ensure src is not a directory */
+            if (UTIL_isDirectoryStat(&srcFileStat)) {
+                DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s is a directory -- ignored \n", srcFileName);
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            /* ensure src is not the same as dict (if present) */
+            if (ress->dictFileName != NULL && UTIL_isSameFileStat(srcFileName, ress->dictFileName, &srcFileStat, &ress->dictFileStat)) {
+                DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: cannot use %s as an input file and dictionary \n", srcFileName);
+                return 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Check if "srcFile" is compressed. Only done if --exclude-compressed flag is used
+    * YES => ZSTD will skip compression of the file and will return 0.
+    * NO => ZSTD will resume with compress operation.
+    */
+    if (prefs->excludeCompressedFiles == 1 && UTIL_isCompressedFile(srcFileName, compressedFileExtensions)) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(4, "File is already compressed : %s \n", srcFileName);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    srcFile = FIO_openSrcFile(prefs, srcFileName, &srcFileStat);
+    if (srcFile == NULL) return 1;   /* srcFile could not be opened */
+
+    if (strcmp(srcFileName, stdinmark)) /* Stdin doesn't have stats */
+        fileSize = UTIL_getFileSizeStat(&srcFileStat);
+    (void)fileSize;
+
+    FIO_SyncCompressIO_setSrc(&ress->io, srcFile);
+    result = FIO_compressFilename_dstFile(
+            fCtx, prefs, ress,
+            dstFileName, srcFileName,
+            &srcFileStat, compressionLevel);
+    FIO_SyncCompressIO_clearSrc(&ress->io);
+
+    if (srcFile != NULL && fclose(srcFile)) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: %s \n", srcFileName, strerror(errno));
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if ( prefs->removeSrcFile  /* --rm */
+      && result == 0           /* success */
+      && strcmp(srcFileName, stdinmark)  /* exception : don't erase stdin */
+      ) {
+        /* We must clear the handler, since after this point calling it would
+         * delete both the source and destination files.
+         */
+        clearHandler();
+        if (FIO_removeFile(srcFileName))
+            EXM_THROW(1, "zstd: %s: %s", srcFileName, strerror(errno));
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+static const char*
+checked_index(const char* options[], size_t length, size_t index) {
+    assert(index < length);
+    /* Necessary to avoid warnings since -O3 will omit the above `assert` */
+    (void) length;
+    return options[index];
+}
+
+#define INDEX(options, index) checked_index((options), sizeof(options)  / sizeof(char*), (size_t)(index))
+
+void FIO_displayCompressionParameters(const FIO_prefs_t* prefs)
+{
+    static const char* formatOptions[5] = {ZSTD_EXTENSION, GZ_EXTENSION, XZ_EXTENSION,
+                                           LZMA_EXTENSION, LZ4_EXTENSION};
+    static const char* sparseOptions[3] = {" --no-sparse", "", " --sparse"};
+    static const char* checkSumOptions[3] = {" --no-check", "", " --check"};
+    static const char* rowMatchFinderOptions[3] = {"", " --no-row-match-finder", " --row-match-finder"};
+    static const char* compressLiteralsOptions[3] = {"", " --compress-literals", " --no-compress-literals"};
+
+    assert(g_display_prefs.displayLevel >= 4);
+
+    DISPLAY("--format=%s", formatOptions[prefs->compressionType]);
+    DISPLAY("%s", INDEX(sparseOptions, prefs->sparseFileSupport));
+    DISPLAY("%s", prefs->dictIDFlag ? "" : " --no-dictID");
+    DISPLAY("%s", INDEX(checkSumOptions, prefs->checksumFlag));
+    DISPLAY(" --jobsize=%d", prefs->jobSize);
+    if (prefs->adaptiveMode)
+        DISPLAY(" --adapt=min=%d,max=%d", prefs->minAdaptLevel, prefs->maxAdaptLevel);
+    DISPLAY("%s", INDEX(rowMatchFinderOptions, prefs->useRowMatchFinder));
+    DISPLAY("%s", prefs->rsyncable ? " --rsyncable" : "");
+    if (prefs->streamSrcSize)
+        DISPLAY(" --stream-size=%u", (unsigned) prefs->streamSrcSize);
+    if (prefs->srcSizeHint)
+        DISPLAY(" --size-hint=%d", prefs->srcSizeHint);
+    if (prefs->targetCBlockSize)
+        DISPLAY(" --target-compressed-block-size=%u", (unsigned) prefs->targetCBlockSize);
+    DISPLAY("%s", INDEX(compressLiteralsOptions, prefs->literalCompressionMode));
+    DISPLAY(" --memory=%u", prefs->memLimit ? prefs->memLimit : 128 MB);
+    DISPLAY(" --threads=%d", prefs->nbWorkers);
+    DISPLAY("%s", prefs->excludeCompressedFiles ? " --exclude-compressed" : "");
+    DISPLAY(" --%scontent-size", prefs->contentSize ? "" : "no-");
+    DISPLAY("\n");
+}
+
+#undef INDEX
+
+int FIO_compressFilename(FIO_ctx_t* const fCtx, FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, const char* dstFileName,
+                         const char* srcFileName, const char* dictFileName,
+                         int compressionLevel, ZSTD_compressionParameters comprParams)
+{
+    cRess_t ress = FIO_createCResources(prefs, dictFileName, UTIL_getFileSize(srcFileName), compressionLevel, comprParams);
+    int const result = FIO_compressFilename_srcFile(fCtx, prefs, &ress, dstFileName, srcFileName, compressionLevel);
+
+#define DISPLAY_LEVEL_DEFAULT 2
+
+    FIO_freeCResources(&ress);
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* FIO_determineCompressedName() :
+ * create a destination filename for compressed srcFileName.
+ * @return a pointer to it.
+ * This function never returns an error (it may abort() in case of pb)
+ */
+static const char*
+FIO_determineCompressedName(const char* srcFileName, const char* outDirName, const char* suffix)
+{
+    static size_t dfnbCapacity = 0;
+    static char* dstFileNameBuffer = NULL;   /* using static allocation : this function cannot be multi-threaded */
+    char* outDirFilename = NULL;
+    size_t sfnSize = strlen(srcFileName);
+    size_t const srcSuffixLen = strlen(suffix);
+
+    if(!strcmp(srcFileName, stdinmark)) {
+        return stdoutmark;
+    }
+
+    if (outDirName) {
+        outDirFilename = FIO_createFilename_fromOutDir(srcFileName, outDirName, srcSuffixLen);
+        sfnSize = strlen(outDirFilename);
+        assert(outDirFilename != NULL);
+    }
+
+    if (dfnbCapacity <= sfnSize+srcSuffixLen+1) {
+        /* resize buffer for dstName */
+        free(dstFileNameBuffer);
+        dfnbCapacity = sfnSize + srcSuffixLen + 30;
+        dstFileNameBuffer = (char*)malloc(dfnbCapacity);
+        if (!dstFileNameBuffer) {
+            EXM_THROW(30, "zstd: %s", strerror(errno));
+        }
+    }
+    assert(dstFileNameBuffer != NULL);
+
+    if (outDirFilename) {
+        memcpy(dstFileNameBuffer, outDirFilename, sfnSize);
+        free(outDirFilename);
+    } else {
+        memcpy(dstFileNameBuffer, srcFileName, sfnSize);
+    }
+    memcpy(dstFileNameBuffer+sfnSize, suffix, srcSuffixLen+1 /* Include terminating null */);
+    return dstFileNameBuffer;
+}
+
+static unsigned long long FIO_getLargestFileSize(const char** inFileNames, unsigned nbFiles)
+{
+    size_t i;
+    unsigned long long fileSize, maxFileSize = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < nbFiles; i++) {
+        fileSize = UTIL_getFileSize(inFileNames[i]);
+        maxFileSize = fileSize > maxFileSize ? fileSize : maxFileSize;
+    }
+    return maxFileSize;
+}
+
+/* FIO_compressMultipleFilenames() :
+ * compress nbFiles files
+ * into either one destination (outFileName),
+ * or into one file each (outFileName == NULL, but suffix != NULL),
+ * or into a destination folder (specified with -O)
+ */
+int FIO_compressMultipleFilenames(FIO_ctx_t* const fCtx,
+                                  FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+                                  const char** inFileNamesTable,
+                                  const char* outMirroredRootDirName,
+                                  const char* outDirName,
+                                  const char* outFileName, const char* suffix,
+                                  const char* dictFileName, int compressionLevel,
+                                  ZSTD_compressionParameters comprParams)
+{
+    int status;
+    int error = 0;
+    cRess_t ress = FIO_createCResources(prefs, dictFileName,
+        FIO_getLargestFileSize(inFileNamesTable, (unsigned)fCtx->nbFilesTotal),
+        compressionLevel, comprParams);
+
+    /* init */
+    assert(outFileName != NULL || suffix != NULL);
+    if (outFileName != NULL) {   /* output into a single destination (stdout typically) */
+        FILE *dstFile;
+        if (FIO_multiFilesConcatWarning(fCtx, prefs, outFileName, 1 /* displayLevelCutoff */)) {
+            FIO_freeCResources(&ress);
+            return 1;
+        }
+        dstFile = FIO_openDstFile(fCtx, prefs, NULL, outFileName, DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS);
+        if (dstFile == NULL) {  /* could not open outFileName */
+            error = 1;
+        } else {
+            FIO_SyncCompressIO_setDst(&ress.io, dstFile);
+            for (; fCtx->currFileIdx < fCtx->nbFilesTotal; ++fCtx->currFileIdx) {
+                status = FIO_compressFilename_srcFile(fCtx, prefs, &ress, outFileName, inFileNamesTable[fCtx->currFileIdx], compressionLevel);
+                if (!status) fCtx->nbFilesProcessed++;
+                error |= status;
+            }
+            if (FIO_SyncCompressIO_closeDst(&ress.io))
+                EXM_THROW(29, "Write error (%s) : cannot properly close %s",
+                            strerror(errno), outFileName);
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (outMirroredRootDirName)
+            UTIL_mirrorSourceFilesDirectories(inFileNamesTable, (unsigned)fCtx->nbFilesTotal, outMirroredRootDirName);
+
+        for (; fCtx->currFileIdx < fCtx->nbFilesTotal; ++fCtx->currFileIdx) {
+            const char* const srcFileName = inFileNamesTable[fCtx->currFileIdx];
+            const char* dstFileName = NULL;
+            if (outMirroredRootDirName) {
+                char* validMirroredDirName = UTIL_createMirroredDestDirName(srcFileName, outMirroredRootDirName);
+                if (validMirroredDirName) {
+                    dstFileName = FIO_determineCompressedName(srcFileName, validMirroredDirName, suffix);
+                    free(validMirroredDirName);
+                } else {
+                    DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "zstd: --output-dir-mirror cannot compress '%s' into '%s' \n", srcFileName, outMirroredRootDirName);
+                    error=1;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            } else {
+                dstFileName = FIO_determineCompressedName(srcFileName, outDirName, suffix);  /* cannot fail */
+            }
+            status = FIO_compressFilename_srcFile(fCtx, prefs, &ress, dstFileName, srcFileName, compressionLevel);
+            if (!status) fCtx->nbFilesProcessed++;
+            error |= status;
+        }
+
+        if (outDirName)
+            FIO_checkFilenameCollisions(inFileNamesTable , (unsigned)fCtx->nbFilesTotal);
+    }
+
+    if (FIO_shouldDisplayMultipleFileSummary(fCtx)) {
+        UTIL_HumanReadableSize_t hr_isize = UTIL_makeHumanReadableSize((U64) fCtx->totalBytesInput);
+        UTIL_HumanReadableSize_t hr_osize = UTIL_makeHumanReadableSize((U64) fCtx->totalBytesOutput);
+
+        DISPLAY_PROGRESS("\r%79s\r", "");
+        if (fCtx->totalBytesInput == 0) {
+            DISPLAY_SUMMARY("%3d files compressed : (%6.*f%4s => %6.*f%4s)\n",
+                            fCtx->nbFilesProcessed,
+                            hr_isize.precision, hr_isize.value, hr_isize.suffix,
+                            hr_osize.precision, hr_osize.value, hr_osize.suffix);
+        } else {
+            DISPLAY_SUMMARY("%3d files compressed : %.2f%% (%6.*f%4s => %6.*f%4s)\n",
+                            fCtx->nbFilesProcessed,
+                            (double)fCtx->totalBytesOutput/((double)fCtx->totalBytesInput)*100,
+                            hr_isize.precision, hr_isize.value, hr_isize.suffix,
+                            hr_osize.precision, hr_osize.value, hr_osize.suffix);
+        }
+    }
+
+    FIO_freeCResources(&ress);
+    return error;
+}
+
+#endif /* #ifndef ZSTD_NOCOMPRESS */
+
+
+
+#ifndef ZSTD_NODECOMPRESS
+
+/* **************************************************************************
+ *  Decompression
+ ***************************************************************************/
+typedef struct {
+    FIO_Dict_t dict;
+    ZSTD_DStream* dctx;
+    WritePoolCtx_t *writeCtx;
+    ReadPoolCtx_t *readCtx;
+} dRess_t;
+
+static dRess_t FIO_createDResources(FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, const char* dictFileName)
+{
+    int useMMap = prefs->mmapDict == ZSTD_ps_enable;
+    int forceNoUseMMap = prefs->mmapDict == ZSTD_ps_disable;
+    stat_t statbuf;
+    dRess_t ress;
+    memset(&statbuf, 0, sizeof(statbuf));
+    memset(&ress, 0, sizeof(ress));
+
+    FIO_getDictFileStat(dictFileName, &statbuf);
+
+    if (prefs->patchFromMode){
+        U64 const dictSize = UTIL_getFileSizeStat(&statbuf);
+        useMMap |= dictSize > prefs->memLimit;
+        FIO_adjustMemLimitForPatchFromMode(prefs, dictSize, 0 /* just use the dict size */);
+    }
+
+    /* Allocation */
+    ress.dctx = ZSTD_createDStream();
+    if (ress.dctx==NULL)
+        EXM_THROW(60, "Error: %s : can't create ZSTD_DStream", strerror(errno));
+    CHECK( ZSTD_DCtx_setMaxWindowSize(ress.dctx, prefs->memLimit) );
+    CHECK( ZSTD_DCtx_setParameter(ress.dctx, ZSTD_d_forceIgnoreChecksum, !prefs->checksumFlag));
+
+    /* dictionary */
+    {
+        FIO_dictBufferType_t dictBufferType = (useMMap && !forceNoUseMMap) ? FIO_mmapDict : FIO_mallocDict;
+        FIO_initDict(&ress.dict, dictFileName, prefs, &statbuf, dictBufferType);
+
+        CHECK(ZSTD_DCtx_reset(ress.dctx, ZSTD_reset_session_only) );
+
+        if (prefs->patchFromMode){
+            CHECK(ZSTD_DCtx_refPrefix(ress.dctx, ress.dict.dictBuffer, ress.dict.dictBufferSize));
+        } else {
+            CHECK(ZSTD_DCtx_loadDictionary_byReference(ress.dctx, ress.dict.dictBuffer, ress.dict.dictBufferSize));
+        }
+    }
+
+    ress.writeCtx = AIO_WritePool_create(prefs, ZSTD_DStreamOutSize());
+    ress.readCtx = AIO_ReadPool_create(prefs, ZSTD_DStreamInSize());
+    return ress;
+}
+
+static void FIO_freeDResources(dRess_t ress)
+{
+    FIO_freeDict(&(ress.dict));
+    CHECK( ZSTD_freeDStream(ress.dctx) );
+    AIO_WritePool_free(ress.writeCtx);
+    AIO_ReadPool_free(ress.readCtx);
+}
+
+/* FIO_passThrough() : just copy input into output, for compatibility with gzip -df mode
+ * @return : 0 (no error) */
+static int FIO_passThrough(dRess_t *ress)
+{
+    size_t const blockSize = MIN(MIN(64 KB, ZSTD_DStreamInSize()), ZSTD_DStreamOutSize());
+    IOJob_t *writeJob = AIO_WritePool_acquireJob(ress->writeCtx);
+    AIO_ReadPool_fillBuffer(ress->readCtx, blockSize);
+
+    while(ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded) {
+        size_t writeSize;
+        writeSize = MIN(blockSize, ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded);
+        assert(writeSize <= writeJob->bufferSize);
+        memcpy(writeJob->buffer, ress->readCtx->srcBuffer, writeSize);
+        writeJob->usedBufferSize = writeSize;
+        AIO_WritePool_enqueueAndReacquireWriteJob(&writeJob);
+        AIO_ReadPool_consumeBytes(ress->readCtx, writeSize);
+        AIO_ReadPool_fillBuffer(ress->readCtx, blockSize);
+    }
+    assert(ress->readCtx->reachedEof);
+    AIO_WritePool_releaseIoJob(writeJob);
+    AIO_WritePool_sparseWriteEnd(ress->writeCtx);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* FIO_zstdErrorHelp() :
+ * detailed error message when requested window size is too large */
+static void
+FIO_zstdErrorHelp(const FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+                  const dRess_t* ress,
+                  size_t err,
+                  const char* srcFileName)
+{
+    ZSTD_FrameHeader header;
+
+    /* Help message only for one specific error */
+    if (ZSTD_getErrorCode(err) != ZSTD_error_frameParameter_windowTooLarge)
+        return;
+
+    /* Try to decode the frame header */
+    err = ZSTD_getFrameHeader(&header, ress->readCtx->srcBuffer, ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded);
+    if (err == 0) {
+        unsigned long long const windowSize = header.windowSize;
+        unsigned const windowLog = FIO_highbit64(windowSize) + ((windowSize & (windowSize - 1)) != 0);
+        assert(prefs->memLimit > 0);
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "%s : Window size larger than maximum : %llu > %u \n",
+                        srcFileName, windowSize, prefs->memLimit);
+        if (windowLog <= ZSTD_WINDOWLOG_MAX) {
+            unsigned const windowMB = (unsigned)((windowSize >> 20) + ((windowSize & ((1 MB) - 1)) != 0));
+            assert(windowSize < (U64)(1ULL << 52));   /* ensure now overflow for windowMB */
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "%s : Use --long=%u or --memory=%uMB \n",
+                            srcFileName, windowLog, windowMB);
+            return;
+    }   }
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "%s : Window log larger than ZSTD_WINDOWLOG_MAX=%u; not supported \n",
+                    srcFileName, ZSTD_WINDOWLOG_MAX);
+}
+
+/** FIO_decompressFrame() :
+ *  @return : size of decoded zstd frame, or an error code
+ */
+#define FIO_ERROR_FRAME_DECODING   ((unsigned long long)(-2))
+static unsigned long long
+FIO_decompressZstdFrame(FIO_ctx_t* const fCtx, dRess_t* ress,
+                        const FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+                        const char* srcFileName,
+                        U64 alreadyDecoded)  /* for multi-frames streams */
+{
+    U64 frameSize = 0;
+    const char* srcFName20 = srcFileName;
+    IOJob_t* writeJob = AIO_WritePool_acquireJob(ress->writeCtx);
+    assert(writeJob);
+
+    /* display last 20 characters only when not --verbose */
+    {   size_t const srcFileLength = strlen(srcFileName);
+        if ((srcFileLength>20) && (g_display_prefs.displayLevel<3))
+            srcFName20 += srcFileLength-20;
+    }
+
+    ZSTD_DCtx_reset(ress->dctx, ZSTD_reset_session_only);
+
+    /* Header loading : ensures ZSTD_getFrameHeader() will succeed */
+    AIO_ReadPool_fillBuffer(ress->readCtx, ZSTD_FRAMEHEADERSIZE_MAX);
+
+    /* Main decompression Loop */
+    while (1) {
+        ZSTD_inBuffer  inBuff = setInBuffer( ress->readCtx->srcBuffer, ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded, 0 );
+        ZSTD_outBuffer outBuff= setOutBuffer( writeJob->buffer, writeJob->bufferSize, 0 );
+        size_t const readSizeHint = ZSTD_decompressStream(ress->dctx, &outBuff, &inBuff);
+        UTIL_HumanReadableSize_t const hrs = UTIL_makeHumanReadableSize(alreadyDecoded+frameSize);
+        if (ZSTD_isError(readSizeHint)) {
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "%s : Decoding error (36) : %s \n",
+                            srcFileName, ZSTD_getErrorName(readSizeHint));
+            FIO_zstdErrorHelp(prefs, ress, readSizeHint, srcFileName);
+            AIO_WritePool_releaseIoJob(writeJob);
+            return FIO_ERROR_FRAME_DECODING;
+        }
+
+        /* Write block */
+        writeJob->usedBufferSize = outBuff.pos;
+        AIO_WritePool_enqueueAndReacquireWriteJob(&writeJob);
+        frameSize += outBuff.pos;
+        if (fCtx->nbFilesTotal > 1) {
+            DISPLAYUPDATE_PROGRESS(
+                        "\rDecompress: %2u/%2u files. Current: %s : %.*f%s...    ",
+                        fCtx->currFileIdx+1, fCtx->nbFilesTotal, srcFName20, hrs.precision, hrs.value, hrs.suffix);
+        } else {
+            DISPLAYUPDATE_PROGRESS("\r%-20.20s : %.*f%s...     ",
+                            srcFName20, hrs.precision, hrs.value, hrs.suffix);
+        }
+
+        AIO_ReadPool_consumeBytes(ress->readCtx, inBuff.pos);
+
+        if (readSizeHint == 0) break;   /* end of frame */
+
+        /* Fill input buffer */
+        {   size_t const toDecode = MIN(readSizeHint, ZSTD_DStreamInSize());  /* support large skippable frames */
+            if (ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded < toDecode) {
+                size_t const readSize = AIO_ReadPool_fillBuffer(ress->readCtx, toDecode);
+                if (readSize==0) {
+                    DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "%s : Read error (39) : premature end \n",
+                                 srcFileName);
+                    AIO_WritePool_releaseIoJob(writeJob);
+                    return FIO_ERROR_FRAME_DECODING;
+                }
+            }   }   }
+
+    AIO_WritePool_releaseIoJob(writeJob);
+    AIO_WritePool_sparseWriteEnd(ress->writeCtx);
+
+    return frameSize;
+}
+
+
+#ifdef ZSTD_GZDECOMPRESS
+static unsigned long long
+FIO_decompressGzFrame(dRess_t* ress, const char* srcFileName)
+{
+    unsigned long long outFileSize = 0;
+    z_stream strm;
+    int flush = Z_NO_FLUSH;
+    int decodingError = 0;
+    IOJob_t *writeJob = NULL;
+
+    strm.zalloc = Z_NULL;
+    strm.zfree = Z_NULL;
+    strm.opaque = Z_NULL;
+    strm.next_in = 0;
+    strm.avail_in = 0;
+    /* see https://www.zlib.net/manual.html */
+    if (inflateInit2(&strm, 15 /* maxWindowLogSize */ + 16 /* gzip only */) != Z_OK)
+        return FIO_ERROR_FRAME_DECODING;
+
+    writeJob = AIO_WritePool_acquireJob(ress->writeCtx);
+    strm.next_out = (Bytef*)writeJob->buffer;
+    strm.avail_out = (uInt)writeJob->bufferSize;
+    strm.avail_in = (uInt)ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded;
+    strm.next_in = (z_const unsigned char*)ress->readCtx->srcBuffer;
+
+    for ( ; ; ) {
+        int ret;
+        if (strm.avail_in == 0) {
+            AIO_ReadPool_consumeAndRefill(ress->readCtx);
+            if (ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded == 0) flush = Z_FINISH;
+            strm.next_in = (z_const unsigned char*)ress->readCtx->srcBuffer;
+            strm.avail_in = (uInt)ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded;
+        }
+        ret = inflate(&strm, flush);
+        if (ret == Z_BUF_ERROR) {
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: premature gz end \n", srcFileName);
+            decodingError = 1; break;
+        }
+        if (ret != Z_OK && ret != Z_STREAM_END) {
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: inflate error %d \n", srcFileName, ret);
+            decodingError = 1; break;
+        }
+        {   size_t const decompBytes = writeJob->bufferSize - strm.avail_out;
+            if (decompBytes) {
+                writeJob->usedBufferSize = decompBytes;
+                AIO_WritePool_enqueueAndReacquireWriteJob(&writeJob);
+                outFileSize += decompBytes;
+                strm.next_out = (Bytef*)writeJob->buffer;
+                strm.avail_out = (uInt)writeJob->bufferSize;
+            }
+        }
+        if (ret == Z_STREAM_END) break;
+    }
+
+    AIO_ReadPool_consumeBytes(ress->readCtx, ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded - strm.avail_in);
+
+    if ( (inflateEnd(&strm) != Z_OK)  /* release resources ; error detected */
+      && (decodingError==0) ) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: inflateEnd error \n", srcFileName);
+        decodingError = 1;
+    }
+    AIO_WritePool_releaseIoJob(writeJob);
+    AIO_WritePool_sparseWriteEnd(ress->writeCtx);
+    return decodingError ? FIO_ERROR_FRAME_DECODING : outFileSize;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef ZSTD_LZMADECOMPRESS
+static unsigned long long
+FIO_decompressLzmaFrame(dRess_t* ress,
+                        const char* srcFileName, int plain_lzma)
+{
+    unsigned long long outFileSize = 0;
+    lzma_stream strm = LZMA_STREAM_INIT;
+    lzma_action action = LZMA_RUN;
+    lzma_ret initRet;
+    int decodingError = 0;
+    IOJob_t *writeJob = NULL;
+
+    strm.next_in = 0;
+    strm.avail_in = 0;
+    if (plain_lzma) {
+        initRet = lzma_alone_decoder(&strm, UINT64_MAX); /* LZMA */
+    } else {
+        initRet = lzma_stream_decoder(&strm, UINT64_MAX, 0); /* XZ */
+    }
+
+    if (initRet != LZMA_OK) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: %s error %d \n",
+                        plain_lzma ? "lzma_alone_decoder" : "lzma_stream_decoder",
+                        srcFileName, initRet);
+        return FIO_ERROR_FRAME_DECODING;
+    }
+
+    writeJob = AIO_WritePool_acquireJob(ress->writeCtx);
+    strm.next_out = (BYTE*)writeJob->buffer;
+    strm.avail_out = writeJob->bufferSize;
+    strm.next_in = (BYTE const*)ress->readCtx->srcBuffer;
+    strm.avail_in = ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded;
+
+    for ( ; ; ) {
+        lzma_ret ret;
+        if (strm.avail_in == 0) {
+            AIO_ReadPool_consumeAndRefill(ress->readCtx);
+            if (ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded == 0) action = LZMA_FINISH;
+            strm.next_in = (BYTE const*)ress->readCtx->srcBuffer;
+            strm.avail_in = ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded;
+        }
+        ret = lzma_code(&strm, action);
+
+        if (ret == LZMA_BUF_ERROR) {
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: premature lzma end \n", srcFileName);
+            decodingError = 1; break;
+        }
+        if (ret != LZMA_OK && ret != LZMA_STREAM_END) {
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: lzma_code decoding error %d \n",
+                            srcFileName, ret);
+            decodingError = 1; break;
+        }
+        {   size_t const decompBytes = writeJob->bufferSize - strm.avail_out;
+            if (decompBytes) {
+                writeJob->usedBufferSize = decompBytes;
+                AIO_WritePool_enqueueAndReacquireWriteJob(&writeJob);
+                outFileSize += decompBytes;
+                strm.next_out = (BYTE*)writeJob->buffer;
+                strm.avail_out = writeJob->bufferSize;
+        }   }
+        if (ret == LZMA_STREAM_END) break;
+    }
+
+    AIO_ReadPool_consumeBytes(ress->readCtx, ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded - strm.avail_in);
+    lzma_end(&strm);
+    AIO_WritePool_releaseIoJob(writeJob);
+    AIO_WritePool_sparseWriteEnd(ress->writeCtx);
+    return decodingError ? FIO_ERROR_FRAME_DECODING : outFileSize;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef ZSTD_LZ4DECOMPRESS
+static unsigned long long
+FIO_decompressLz4Frame(dRess_t* ress, const char* srcFileName)
+{
+    unsigned long long filesize = 0;
+    LZ4F_errorCode_t nextToLoad = 4;
+    LZ4F_decompressionContext_t dCtx;
+    LZ4F_errorCode_t const errorCode = LZ4F_createDecompressionContext(&dCtx, LZ4F_VERSION);
+    int decodingError = 0;
+    IOJob_t *writeJob = NULL;
+
+    if (LZ4F_isError(errorCode)) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: failed to create lz4 decompression context \n");
+        return FIO_ERROR_FRAME_DECODING;
+    }
+
+    writeJob = AIO_WritePool_acquireJob(ress->writeCtx);
+
+    /* Main Loop */
+    for (;nextToLoad;) {
+        size_t pos = 0;
+        size_t decodedBytes = writeJob->bufferSize;
+        int fullBufferDecoded = 0;
+
+        /* Read input */
+        AIO_ReadPool_fillBuffer(ress->readCtx, nextToLoad);
+        if(!ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded) break; /* reached end of file */
+
+        while ((pos < ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded) || fullBufferDecoded) {  /* still to read, or still to flush */
+            /* Decode Input (at least partially) */
+            size_t remaining = ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded - pos;
+            decodedBytes = writeJob->bufferSize;
+            nextToLoad = LZ4F_decompress(dCtx, writeJob->buffer, &decodedBytes, (char*)(ress->readCtx->srcBuffer)+pos,
+                                         &remaining, NULL);
+            if (LZ4F_isError(nextToLoad)) {
+                DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: lz4 decompression error : %s \n",
+                                srcFileName, LZ4F_getErrorName(nextToLoad));
+                decodingError = 1; nextToLoad = 0; break;
+            }
+            pos += remaining;
+            assert(pos <= ress->readCtx->srcBufferLoaded);
+            fullBufferDecoded = decodedBytes == writeJob->bufferSize;
+
+            /* Write Block */
+            if (decodedBytes) {
+                UTIL_HumanReadableSize_t hrs;
+                writeJob->usedBufferSize = decodedBytes;
+                AIO_WritePool_enqueueAndReacquireWriteJob(&writeJob);
+                filesize += decodedBytes;
+                hrs = UTIL_makeHumanReadableSize(filesize);
+                DISPLAYUPDATE_PROGRESS("\rDecompressed : %.*f%s  ", hrs.precision, hrs.value, hrs.suffix);
+            }
+
+            if (!nextToLoad) break;
+        }
+        AIO_ReadPool_consumeBytes(ress->readCtx, pos);
+    }
+    if (nextToLoad!=0) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: unfinished lz4 stream \n", srcFileName);
+        decodingError=1;
+    }
+
+    LZ4F_freeDecompressionContext(dCtx);
+    AIO_WritePool_releaseIoJob(writeJob);
+    AIO_WritePool_sparseWriteEnd(ress->writeCtx);
+
+    return decodingError ? FIO_ERROR_FRAME_DECODING : filesize;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+
+/** FIO_decompressFrames() :
+ *  Find and decode frames inside srcFile
+ *  srcFile presumed opened and valid
+ * @return : 0 : OK
+ *           1 : error
+ */
+static int FIO_decompressFrames(FIO_ctx_t* const fCtx,
+                                dRess_t ress, const FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+                                const char* dstFileName, const char* srcFileName)
+{
+    unsigned readSomething = 0;
+    unsigned long long filesize = 0;
+    int passThrough = prefs->passThrough;
+
+    if (passThrough == -1) {
+        /* If pass-through mode is not explicitly enabled or disabled,
+         * default to the legacy behavior of enabling it if we are writing
+         * to stdout with the overwrite flag enabled.
+         */
+        passThrough = prefs->overwrite && !strcmp(dstFileName, stdoutmark);
+    }
+    assert(passThrough == 0 || passThrough == 1);
+
+    /* for each frame */
+    for ( ; ; ) {
+        /* check magic number -> version */
+        size_t const toRead = 4;
+        const BYTE* buf;
+        AIO_ReadPool_fillBuffer(ress.readCtx, toRead);
+        buf = (const BYTE*)ress.readCtx->srcBuffer;
+        if (ress.readCtx->srcBufferLoaded==0) {
+            if (readSomething==0) {  /* srcFile is empty (which is invalid) */
+                DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: unexpected end of file \n", srcFileName);
+                return 1;
+            }  /* else, just reached frame boundary */
+            break;   /* no more input */
+        }
+        readSomething = 1;   /* there is at least 1 byte in srcFile */
+        if (ress.readCtx->srcBufferLoaded < toRead) { /* not enough input to check magic number */
+            if (passThrough) {
+                return FIO_passThrough(&ress);
+            }
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: unknown header \n", srcFileName);
+            return 1;
+        }
+        if (ZSTD_isFrame(buf, ress.readCtx->srcBufferLoaded)) {
+            unsigned long long const frameSize = FIO_decompressZstdFrame(fCtx, &ress, prefs, srcFileName, filesize);
+            if (frameSize == FIO_ERROR_FRAME_DECODING) return 1;
+            filesize += frameSize;
+        } else if (buf[0] == 31 && buf[1] == 139) { /* gz magic number */
+#ifdef ZSTD_GZDECOMPRESS
+            unsigned long long const frameSize = FIO_decompressGzFrame(&ress, srcFileName);
+            if (frameSize == FIO_ERROR_FRAME_DECODING) return 1;
+            filesize += frameSize;
+#else
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: gzip file cannot be uncompressed (zstd compiled without HAVE_ZLIB) -- ignored \n", srcFileName);
+            return 1;
+#endif
+        } else if ((buf[0] == 0xFD && buf[1] == 0x37)  /* xz magic number */
+                || (buf[0] == 0x5D && buf[1] == 0x00)) { /* lzma header (no magic number) */
+#ifdef ZSTD_LZMADECOMPRESS
+            unsigned long long const frameSize = FIO_decompressLzmaFrame(&ress, srcFileName, buf[0] != 0xFD);
+            if (frameSize == FIO_ERROR_FRAME_DECODING) return 1;
+            filesize += frameSize;
+#else
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: xz/lzma file cannot be uncompressed (zstd compiled without HAVE_LZMA) -- ignored \n", srcFileName);
+            return 1;
+#endif
+        } else if (MEM_readLE32(buf) == LZ4_MAGICNUMBER) {
+#ifdef ZSTD_LZ4DECOMPRESS
+            unsigned long long const frameSize = FIO_decompressLz4Frame(&ress, srcFileName);
+            if (frameSize == FIO_ERROR_FRAME_DECODING) return 1;
+            filesize += frameSize;
+#else
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: lz4 file cannot be uncompressed (zstd compiled without HAVE_LZ4) -- ignored \n", srcFileName);
+            return 1;
+#endif
+        } else if (passThrough) {
+            return FIO_passThrough(&ress);
+        } else {
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: unsupported format \n", srcFileName);
+            return 1;
+    }   }  /* for each frame */
+
+    /* Final Status */
+    fCtx->totalBytesOutput += (size_t)filesize;
+    DISPLAY_PROGRESS("\r%79s\r", "");
+    if (FIO_shouldDisplayFileSummary(fCtx))
+        DISPLAY_SUMMARY("%-20s: %llu bytes \n", srcFileName, filesize);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/** FIO_decompressDstFile() :
+    open `dstFileName`, or pass-through if writeCtx's file is already != 0,
+    then start decompression process (FIO_decompressFrames()).
+    @return : 0 : OK
+              1 : operation aborted
+*/
+static int FIO_decompressDstFile(FIO_ctx_t* const fCtx,
+                                 FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+                                 dRess_t ress,
+                                 const char* dstFileName,
+                                 const char* srcFileName,
+                                 const stat_t* srcFileStat)
+{
+    int result;
+    int releaseDstFile = 0;
+    int transferStat = 0;
+    int dstFd = 0;
+
+    if ((AIO_WritePool_getFile(ress.writeCtx) == NULL) && (prefs->testMode == 0)) {
+        FILE *dstFile;
+        int dstFilePermissions = DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
+        if ( strcmp(srcFileName, stdinmark)   /* special case : don't transfer permissions from stdin */
+          && strcmp(dstFileName, stdoutmark)
+          && UTIL_isRegularFileStat(srcFileStat) ) {
+            transferStat = 1;
+            dstFilePermissions = TEMPORARY_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
+        }
+
+        releaseDstFile = 1;
+
+        dstFile = FIO_openDstFile(fCtx, prefs, srcFileName, dstFileName, dstFilePermissions);
+        if (dstFile==NULL) return 1;
+        dstFd = fileno(dstFile);
+        AIO_WritePool_setFile(ress.writeCtx, dstFile);
+
+        /* Must only be added after FIO_openDstFile() succeeds.
+         * Otherwise we may delete the destination file if it already exists,
+         * and the user presses Ctrl-C when asked if they wish to overwrite.
+         */
+        addHandler(dstFileName);
+    }
+
+    result = FIO_decompressFrames(fCtx, ress, prefs, dstFileName, srcFileName);
+
+    if (releaseDstFile) {
+        clearHandler();
+
+        if (transferStat) {
+            UTIL_setFDStat(dstFd, dstFileName, srcFileStat);
+        }
+
+        if (AIO_WritePool_closeFile(ress.writeCtx)) {
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: %s \n", dstFileName, strerror(errno));
+            result = 1;
+        }
+
+        if (transferStat) {
+            UTIL_utime(dstFileName, srcFileStat);
+        }
+
+        if ( (result != 0)  /* operation failure */
+          && strcmp(dstFileName, stdoutmark)  /* special case : don't remove() stdout */
+          ) {
+            FIO_removeFile(dstFileName);  /* remove decompression artefact; note: don't do anything special if remove() fails */
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/** FIO_decompressSrcFile() :
+    Open `srcFileName`, transfer control to decompressDstFile()
+    @return : 0 : OK
+              1 : error
+*/
+static int FIO_decompressSrcFile(FIO_ctx_t* const fCtx, FIO_prefs_t* const prefs, dRess_t ress, const char* dstFileName, const char* srcFileName)
+{
+    FILE* srcFile;
+    stat_t srcFileStat;
+    int result;
+    U64 fileSize = UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN;
+
+    if (UTIL_isDirectory(srcFileName)) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s is a directory -- ignored \n", srcFileName);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    srcFile = FIO_openSrcFile(prefs, srcFileName, &srcFileStat);
+    if (srcFile==NULL) return 1;
+
+    /* Don't use AsyncIO for small files */
+    if (strcmp(srcFileName, stdinmark)) /* Stdin doesn't have stats */
+        fileSize = UTIL_getFileSizeStat(&srcFileStat);
+    if(fileSize != UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN && fileSize < ZSTD_BLOCKSIZE_MAX * 3) {
+        AIO_ReadPool_setAsync(ress.readCtx, 0);
+        AIO_WritePool_setAsync(ress.writeCtx, 0);
+    } else {
+        AIO_ReadPool_setAsync(ress.readCtx, 1);
+        AIO_WritePool_setAsync(ress.writeCtx, 1);
+    }
+
+    AIO_ReadPool_setFile(ress.readCtx, srcFile);
+
+    result = FIO_decompressDstFile(fCtx, prefs, ress, dstFileName, srcFileName, &srcFileStat);
+
+    AIO_ReadPool_setFile(ress.readCtx, NULL);
+
+    /* Close file */
+    if (fclose(srcFile)) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: %s \n", srcFileName, strerror(errno));  /* error should not happen */
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if ( prefs->removeSrcFile  /* --rm */
+      && (result==0)      /* decompression successful */
+      && strcmp(srcFileName, stdinmark) ) /* not stdin */ {
+        /* We must clear the handler, since after this point calling it would
+         * delete both the source and destination files.
+         */
+        clearHandler();
+        if (FIO_removeFile(srcFileName)) {
+            /* failed to remove src file */
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: %s: %s \n", srcFileName, strerror(errno));
+            return 1;
+    }   }
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+
+int FIO_decompressFilename(FIO_ctx_t* const fCtx, FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+                           const char* dstFileName, const char* srcFileName,
+                           const char* dictFileName)
+{
+    dRess_t const ress = FIO_createDResources(prefs, dictFileName);
+
+    int const decodingError = FIO_decompressSrcFile(fCtx, prefs, ress, dstFileName, srcFileName);
+
+
+
+    FIO_freeDResources(ress);
+    return decodingError;
+}
+
+static const char *suffixList[] = {
+    ZSTD_EXTENSION,
+    TZSTD_EXTENSION,
+#ifndef ZSTD_NODECOMPRESS
+    ZSTD_ALT_EXTENSION,
+#endif
+#ifdef ZSTD_GZDECOMPRESS
+    GZ_EXTENSION,
+    TGZ_EXTENSION,
+#endif
+#ifdef ZSTD_LZMADECOMPRESS
+    LZMA_EXTENSION,
+    XZ_EXTENSION,
+    TXZ_EXTENSION,
+#endif
+#ifdef ZSTD_LZ4DECOMPRESS
+    LZ4_EXTENSION,
+    TLZ4_EXTENSION,
+#endif
+    NULL
+};
+
+static const char *suffixListStr =
+    ZSTD_EXTENSION "/" TZSTD_EXTENSION
+#ifdef ZSTD_GZDECOMPRESS
+    "/" GZ_EXTENSION "/" TGZ_EXTENSION
+#endif
+#ifdef ZSTD_LZMADECOMPRESS
+    "/" LZMA_EXTENSION "/" XZ_EXTENSION "/" TXZ_EXTENSION
+#endif
+#ifdef ZSTD_LZ4DECOMPRESS
+    "/" LZ4_EXTENSION "/" TLZ4_EXTENSION
+#endif
+;
+
+/* FIO_determineDstName() :
+ * create a destination filename from a srcFileName.
+ * @return a pointer to it.
+ * @return == NULL if there is an error */
+static const char*
+FIO_determineDstName(const char* srcFileName, const char* outDirName)
+{
+    static size_t dfnbCapacity = 0;
+    static char* dstFileNameBuffer = NULL;   /* using static allocation : this function cannot be multi-threaded */
+    size_t dstFileNameEndPos;
+    char* outDirFilename = NULL;
+    const char* dstSuffix = "";
+    size_t dstSuffixLen = 0;
+
+    size_t sfnSize = strlen(srcFileName);
+
+    size_t srcSuffixLen;
+    const char* const srcSuffix = strrchr(srcFileName, '.');
+
+    if(!strcmp(srcFileName, stdinmark)) {
+        return stdoutmark;
+    }
+
+    if (srcSuffix == NULL) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1,
+            "zstd: %s: unknown suffix (%s expected). "
+            "Can't derive the output file name. "
+            "Specify it with -o dstFileName. Ignoring.\n",
+            srcFileName, suffixListStr);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    srcSuffixLen = strlen(srcSuffix);
+
+    {
+        const char** matchedSuffixPtr;
+        for (matchedSuffixPtr = suffixList; *matchedSuffixPtr != NULL; matchedSuffixPtr++) {
+            if (!strcmp(*matchedSuffixPtr, srcSuffix)) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* check suffix is authorized */
+        if (sfnSize <= srcSuffixLen || *matchedSuffixPtr == NULL) {
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1,
+                "zstd: %s: unknown suffix (%s expected). "
+                "Can't derive the output file name. "
+                "Specify it with -o dstFileName. Ignoring.\n",
+                srcFileName, suffixListStr);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        if ((*matchedSuffixPtr)[1] == 't') {
+            dstSuffix = ".tar";
+            dstSuffixLen = strlen(dstSuffix);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (outDirName) {
+        outDirFilename = FIO_createFilename_fromOutDir(srcFileName, outDirName, 0);
+        sfnSize = strlen(outDirFilename);
+        assert(outDirFilename != NULL);
+    }
+
+    if (dfnbCapacity+srcSuffixLen <= sfnSize+1+dstSuffixLen) {
+        /* allocate enough space to write dstFilename into it */
+        free(dstFileNameBuffer);
+        dfnbCapacity = sfnSize + 20;
+        dstFileNameBuffer = (char*)malloc(dfnbCapacity);
+        if (dstFileNameBuffer==NULL)
+            EXM_THROW(74, "%s : not enough memory for dstFileName",
+                      strerror(errno));
+    }
+
+    /* return dst name == src name truncated from suffix */
+    assert(dstFileNameBuffer != NULL);
+    dstFileNameEndPos = sfnSize - srcSuffixLen;
+    if (outDirFilename) {
+        memcpy(dstFileNameBuffer, outDirFilename, dstFileNameEndPos);
+        free(outDirFilename);
+    } else {
+        memcpy(dstFileNameBuffer, srcFileName, dstFileNameEndPos);
+    }
+
+    /* The short tar extensions tzst, tgz, txz and tlz4 files should have "tar"
+     * extension on decompression. Also writes terminating null. */
+    strcpy(dstFileNameBuffer + dstFileNameEndPos, dstSuffix);
+    return dstFileNameBuffer;
+
+    /* note : dstFileNameBuffer memory is not going to be free */
+}
+
+int
+FIO_decompressMultipleFilenames(FIO_ctx_t* const fCtx,
+                                FIO_prefs_t* const prefs,
+                                const char** srcNamesTable,
+                                const char* outMirroredRootDirName,
+                                const char* outDirName, const char* outFileName,
+                                const char* dictFileName)
+{
+    int status;
+    int error = 0;
+    dRess_t ress = FIO_createDResources(prefs, dictFileName);
+
+    if (outFileName) {
+        if (FIO_multiFilesConcatWarning(fCtx, prefs, outFileName, 1 /* displayLevelCutoff */)) {
+            FIO_freeDResources(ress);
+            return 1;
+        }
+        if (!prefs->testMode) {
+            FILE* dstFile = FIO_openDstFile(fCtx, prefs, NULL, outFileName, DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS);
+            if (dstFile == 0) EXM_THROW(19, "cannot open %s", outFileName);
+            AIO_WritePool_setFile(ress.writeCtx, dstFile);
+        }
+        for (; fCtx->currFileIdx < fCtx->nbFilesTotal; fCtx->currFileIdx++) {
+            status = FIO_decompressSrcFile(fCtx, prefs, ress, outFileName, srcNamesTable[fCtx->currFileIdx]);
+            if (!status) fCtx->nbFilesProcessed++;
+            error |= status;
+        }
+        if ((!prefs->testMode) && (AIO_WritePool_closeFile(ress.writeCtx)))
+            EXM_THROW(72, "Write error : %s : cannot properly close output file",
+                        strerror(errno));
+    } else {
+        if (outMirroredRootDirName)
+            UTIL_mirrorSourceFilesDirectories(srcNamesTable, (unsigned)fCtx->nbFilesTotal, outMirroredRootDirName);
+
+        for (; fCtx->currFileIdx < fCtx->nbFilesTotal; fCtx->currFileIdx++) {   /* create dstFileName */
+            const char* const srcFileName = srcNamesTable[fCtx->currFileIdx];
+            const char* dstFileName = NULL;
+            if (outMirroredRootDirName) {
+                char* validMirroredDirName = UTIL_createMirroredDestDirName(srcFileName, outMirroredRootDirName);
+                if (validMirroredDirName) {
+                    dstFileName = FIO_determineDstName(srcFileName, validMirroredDirName);
+                    free(validMirroredDirName);
+                } else {
+                    DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "zstd: --output-dir-mirror cannot decompress '%s' into '%s'\n", srcFileName, outMirroredRootDirName);
+                }
+            } else {
+                dstFileName = FIO_determineDstName(srcFileName, outDirName);
+            }
+            if (dstFileName == NULL) { error=1; continue; }
+            status = FIO_decompressSrcFile(fCtx, prefs, ress, dstFileName, srcFileName);
+            if (!status) fCtx->nbFilesProcessed++;
+            error |= status;
+        }
+        if (outDirName)
+            FIO_checkFilenameCollisions(srcNamesTable , (unsigned)fCtx->nbFilesTotal);
+    }
+
+    if (FIO_shouldDisplayMultipleFileSummary(fCtx)) {
+        DISPLAY_PROGRESS("\r%79s\r", "");
+        DISPLAY_SUMMARY("%d files decompressed : %6llu bytes total \n",
+            fCtx->nbFilesProcessed, (unsigned long long)fCtx->totalBytesOutput);
+    }
+
+    FIO_freeDResources(ress);
+    return error;
+}
+
+/* **************************************************************************
+ *  .zst file info (--list command)
+ ***************************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    U64 decompressedSize;
+    U64 compressedSize;
+    U64 windowSize;
+    int numActualFrames;
+    int numSkippableFrames;
+    int decompUnavailable;
+    int usesCheck;
+    BYTE checksum[4];
+    U32 nbFiles;
+    unsigned dictID;
+} fileInfo_t;
+
+typedef enum {
+  info_success=0,
+  info_frame_error=1,
+  info_not_zstd=2,
+  info_file_error=3,
+  info_truncated_input=4
+} InfoError;
+
+#define ERROR_IF(c,n,...) {             \
+    if (c) {                           \
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, __VA_ARGS__);  \
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, " \n");        \
+        return n;                      \
+    }                                  \
+}
+
+static InfoError
+FIO_analyzeFrames(fileInfo_t* info, FILE* const srcFile)
+{
+    /* begin analyzing frame */
+    for ( ; ; ) {
+        BYTE headerBuffer[ZSTD_FRAMEHEADERSIZE_MAX];
+        size_t const numBytesRead = fread(headerBuffer, 1, sizeof(headerBuffer), srcFile);
+        if (numBytesRead < ZSTD_FRAMEHEADERSIZE_MIN(ZSTD_f_zstd1)) {
+            if ( feof(srcFile)
+              && (numBytesRead == 0)
+              && (info->compressedSize > 0)
+              && (info->compressedSize != UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN) ) {
+                unsigned long long file_position = (unsigned long long) LONG_TELL(srcFile);
+                unsigned long long file_size = (unsigned long long) info->compressedSize;
+                ERROR_IF(file_position != file_size, info_truncated_input,
+                  "Error: seeked to position %llu, which is beyond file size of %llu\n",
+                  file_position,
+                  file_size);
+                break;  /* correct end of file => success */
+            }
+            ERROR_IF(feof(srcFile), info_not_zstd, "Error: reached end of file with incomplete frame");
+            ERROR_IF(1, info_frame_error, "Error: did not reach end of file but ran out of frames");
+        }
+        {   U32 const magicNumber = MEM_readLE32(headerBuffer);
+            /* Zstandard frame */
+            if (magicNumber == ZSTD_MAGICNUMBER) {
+                ZSTD_FrameHeader header;
+                U64 const frameContentSize = ZSTD_getFrameContentSize(headerBuffer, numBytesRead);
+                if ( frameContentSize == ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_ERROR
+                  || frameContentSize == ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_UNKNOWN ) {
+                    info->decompUnavailable = 1;
+                } else {
+                    info->decompressedSize += frameContentSize;
+                }
+                ERROR_IF(ZSTD_getFrameHeader(&header, headerBuffer, numBytesRead) != 0,
+                        info_frame_error, "Error: could not decode frame header");
+                if (info->dictID != 0 && info->dictID != header.dictID) {
+                    DISPLAY("WARNING: File contains multiple frames with different dictionary IDs. Showing dictID 0 instead");
+                    info->dictID = 0;
+                } else {
+                    info->dictID = header.dictID;
+                }
+                info->windowSize = header.windowSize;
+                /* move to the end of the frame header */
+                {   size_t const headerSize = ZSTD_frameHeaderSize(headerBuffer, numBytesRead);
+                    ERROR_IF(ZSTD_isError(headerSize), info_frame_error, "Error: could not determine frame header size");
+                    ERROR_IF(fseek(srcFile, ((long)headerSize)-((long)numBytesRead), SEEK_CUR) != 0,
+                            info_frame_error, "Error: could not move to end of frame header");
+                }
+
+                /* skip all blocks in the frame */
+                {   int lastBlock = 0;
+                    do {
+                        BYTE blockHeaderBuffer[3];
+                        ERROR_IF(fread(blockHeaderBuffer, 1, 3, srcFile) != 3,
+                                info_frame_error, "Error while reading block header");
+                        {   U32 const blockHeader = MEM_readLE24(blockHeaderBuffer);
+                            U32 const blockTypeID = (blockHeader >> 1) & 3;
+                            U32 const isRLE = (blockTypeID == 1);
+                            U32 const isWrongBlock = (blockTypeID == 3);
+                            long const blockSize = isRLE ? 1 : (long)(blockHeader >> 3);
+                            ERROR_IF(isWrongBlock, info_frame_error, "Error: unsupported block type");
+                            lastBlock = blockHeader & 1;
+                            ERROR_IF(fseek(srcFile, blockSize, SEEK_CUR) != 0,
+                                    info_frame_error, "Error: could not skip to end of block");
+                        }
+                    } while (lastBlock != 1);
+                }
+
+                /* check if checksum is used */
+                {   BYTE const frameHeaderDescriptor = headerBuffer[4];
+                    int const contentChecksumFlag = (frameHeaderDescriptor & (1 << 2)) >> 2;
+                    if (contentChecksumFlag) {
+                        info->usesCheck = 1;
+                        ERROR_IF(fread(info->checksum, 1, 4, srcFile) != 4,
+                                info_frame_error, "Error: could not read checksum");
+                }   }
+                info->numActualFrames++;
+            }
+            /* Skippable frame */
+            else if ((magicNumber & ZSTD_MAGIC_SKIPPABLE_MASK) == ZSTD_MAGIC_SKIPPABLE_START) {
+                U32 const frameSize = MEM_readLE32(headerBuffer + 4);
+                long const seek = (long)(8 + frameSize - numBytesRead);
+                ERROR_IF(LONG_SEEK(srcFile, seek, SEEK_CUR) != 0,
+                        info_frame_error, "Error: could not find end of skippable frame");
+                info->numSkippableFrames++;
+            }
+            /* unknown content */
+            else {
+                return info_not_zstd;
+            }
+        }  /* magic number analysis */
+    }  /* end analyzing frames */
+    return info_success;
+}
+
+
+static InfoError
+getFileInfo_fileConfirmed(fileInfo_t* info, const char* inFileName)
+{
+    InfoError status;
+    stat_t srcFileStat;
+    FILE* const srcFile = FIO_openSrcFile(NULL, inFileName, &srcFileStat);
+    ERROR_IF(srcFile == NULL, info_file_error, "Error: could not open source file %s", inFileName);
+
+    info->compressedSize = UTIL_getFileSizeStat(&srcFileStat);
+    status = FIO_analyzeFrames(info, srcFile);
+
+    fclose(srcFile);
+    info->nbFiles = 1;
+    return status;
+}
+
+
+/** getFileInfo() :
+ *  Reads information from file, stores in *info
+ * @return : InfoError status
+ */
+static InfoError
+getFileInfo(fileInfo_t* info, const char* srcFileName)
+{
+    ERROR_IF(!UTIL_isRegularFile(srcFileName),
+            info_file_error, "Error : %s is not a file", srcFileName);
+    return getFileInfo_fileConfirmed(info, srcFileName);
+}
+
+
+static void
+displayInfo(const char* inFileName, const fileInfo_t* info, int displayLevel)
+{
+    UTIL_HumanReadableSize_t const window_hrs = UTIL_makeHumanReadableSize(info->windowSize);
+    UTIL_HumanReadableSize_t const compressed_hrs = UTIL_makeHumanReadableSize(info->compressedSize);
+    UTIL_HumanReadableSize_t const decompressed_hrs = UTIL_makeHumanReadableSize(info->decompressedSize);
+    double const ratio = (info->compressedSize == 0) ? 0 : ((double)info->decompressedSize)/(double)info->compressedSize;
+    const char* const checkString = (info->usesCheck ? "XXH64" : "None");
+    if (displayLevel <= 2) {
+        if (!info->decompUnavailable) {
+            DISPLAYOUT("%6d  %5d  %6.*f%4s  %8.*f%4s  %5.3f  %5s  %s\n",
+                    info->numSkippableFrames + info->numActualFrames,
+                    info->numSkippableFrames,
+                    compressed_hrs.precision, compressed_hrs.value, compressed_hrs.suffix,
+                    decompressed_hrs.precision, decompressed_hrs.value, decompressed_hrs.suffix,
+                    ratio, checkString, inFileName);
+        } else {
+            DISPLAYOUT("%6d  %5d  %6.*f%4s                       %5s  %s\n",
+                    info->numSkippableFrames + info->numActualFrames,
+                    info->numSkippableFrames,
+                    compressed_hrs.precision, compressed_hrs.value, compressed_hrs.suffix,
+                    checkString, inFileName);
+        }
+    } else {
+        DISPLAYOUT("%s \n", inFileName);
+        DISPLAYOUT("# Zstandard Frames: %d\n", info->numActualFrames);
+        if (info->numSkippableFrames)
+            DISPLAYOUT("# Skippable Frames: %d\n", info->numSkippableFrames);
+        DISPLAYOUT("DictID: %u\n", info->dictID);
+        DISPLAYOUT("Window Size: %.*f%s (%llu B)\n",
+                   window_hrs.precision, window_hrs.value, window_hrs.suffix,
+                   (unsigned long long)info->windowSize);
+        DISPLAYOUT("Compressed Size: %.*f%s (%llu B)\n",
+                    compressed_hrs.precision, compressed_hrs.value, compressed_hrs.suffix,
+                    (unsigned long long)info->compressedSize);
+        if (!info->decompUnavailable) {
+            DISPLAYOUT("Decompressed Size: %.*f%s (%llu B)\n",
+                    decompressed_hrs.precision, decompressed_hrs.value, decompressed_hrs.suffix,
+                    (unsigned long long)info->decompressedSize);
+            DISPLAYOUT("Ratio: %.4f\n", ratio);
+        }
+
+        if (info->usesCheck && info->numActualFrames == 1) {
+            DISPLAYOUT("Check: %s %02x%02x%02x%02x\n", checkString,
+                info->checksum[3], info->checksum[2],
+                info->checksum[1], info->checksum[0]
+            );
+        } else {
+            DISPLAYOUT("Check: %s\n", checkString);
+        }
+
+        DISPLAYOUT("\n");
+    }
+}
+
+static fileInfo_t FIO_addFInfo(fileInfo_t fi1, fileInfo_t fi2)
+{
+    fileInfo_t total;
+    memset(&total, 0, sizeof(total));
+    total.numActualFrames = fi1.numActualFrames + fi2.numActualFrames;
+    total.numSkippableFrames = fi1.numSkippableFrames + fi2.numSkippableFrames;
+    total.compressedSize = fi1.compressedSize + fi2.compressedSize;
+    total.decompressedSize = fi1.decompressedSize + fi2.decompressedSize;
+    total.decompUnavailable = fi1.decompUnavailable | fi2.decompUnavailable;
+    total.usesCheck = fi1.usesCheck & fi2.usesCheck;
+    total.nbFiles = fi1.nbFiles + fi2.nbFiles;
+    return total;
+}
+
+static int
+FIO_listFile(fileInfo_t* total, const char* inFileName, int displayLevel)
+{
+    fileInfo_t info;
+    memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
+    {   InfoError const error = getFileInfo(&info, inFileName);
+        switch (error) {
+            case info_frame_error:
+                /* display error, but provide output */
+                DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "Error while parsing \"%s\" \n", inFileName);
+                break;
+            case info_not_zstd:
+                DISPLAYOUT("File \"%s\" not compressed by zstd \n", inFileName);
+                if (displayLevel > 2) DISPLAYOUT("\n");
+                return 1;
+            case info_file_error:
+                /* error occurred while opening the file */
+                if (displayLevel > 2) DISPLAYOUT("\n");
+                return 1;
+            case info_truncated_input:
+                DISPLAYOUT("File \"%s\" is truncated \n", inFileName);
+                if (displayLevel > 2) DISPLAYOUT("\n");
+                return 1;
+            case info_success:
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+
+        displayInfo(inFileName, &info, displayLevel);
+        *total = FIO_addFInfo(*total, info);
+        assert(error == info_success || error == info_frame_error);
+        return (int)error;
+    }
+}
+
+int FIO_listMultipleFiles(unsigned numFiles, const char** filenameTable, int displayLevel)
+{
+    /* ensure no specified input is stdin (needs fseek() capability) */
+    {   unsigned u;
+        for (u=0; u<numFiles;u++) {
+            ERROR_IF(!strcmp (filenameTable[u], stdinmark),
+                    1, "zstd: --list does not support reading from standard input");
+    }   }
+
+    if (numFiles == 0) {
+        if (!UTIL_isConsole(stdin)) {
+            DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "zstd: --list does not support reading from standard input \n");
+        }
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "No files given \n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (displayLevel <= 2) {
+        DISPLAYOUT("Frames  Skips  Compressed  Uncompressed  Ratio  Check  Filename\n");
+    }
+    {   int error = 0;
+        fileInfo_t total;
+        memset(&total, 0, sizeof(total));
+        total.usesCheck = 1;
+        /* --list each file, and check for any error */
+        {   unsigned u;
+            for (u=0; u<numFiles;u++) {
+                error |= FIO_listFile(&total, filenameTable[u], displayLevel);
+        }   }
+        if (numFiles > 1 && displayLevel <= 2) {   /* display total */
+            UTIL_HumanReadableSize_t const compressed_hrs = UTIL_makeHumanReadableSize(total.compressedSize);
+            UTIL_HumanReadableSize_t const decompressed_hrs = UTIL_makeHumanReadableSize(total.decompressedSize);
+            double const ratio = (total.compressedSize == 0) ? 0 : ((double)total.decompressedSize)/(double)total.compressedSize;
+            const char* const checkString = (total.usesCheck ? "XXH64" : "");
+            DISPLAYOUT("----------------------------------------------------------------- \n");
+            if (total.decompUnavailable) {
+                DISPLAYOUT("%6d  %5d  %6.*f%4s                       %5s  %u files\n",
+                        total.numSkippableFrames + total.numActualFrames,
+                        total.numSkippableFrames,
+                        compressed_hrs.precision, compressed_hrs.value, compressed_hrs.suffix,
+                        checkString, (unsigned)total.nbFiles);
+            } else {
+                DISPLAYOUT("%6d  %5d  %6.*f%4s  %8.*f%4s  %5.3f  %5s  %u files\n",
+                        total.numSkippableFrames + total.numActualFrames,
+                        total.numSkippableFrames,
+                        compressed_hrs.precision, compressed_hrs.value, compressed_hrs.suffix,
+                        decompressed_hrs.precision, decompressed_hrs.value, decompressed_hrs.suffix,
+                        ratio, checkString, (unsigned)total.nbFiles);
+        }   }
+        return error;
+    }
+}
+
+
+#endif /* #ifndef ZSTD_NODECOMPRESS */