waves_lib 0.1.0

data/js/node_modules/node-forge/lib/cipherModes.js

@@ -0,0 +1,987 @@
+/**
+ * Supported cipher modes.
+ *
+ * @author Dave Longley
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010-2014 Digital Bazaar, Inc.
+ */
+var forge = require('./forge');
+require('./util');
+
+forge.cipher = forge.cipher || {};
+
+// supported cipher modes
+var modes = module.exports = forge.cipher.modes = forge.cipher.modes || {};
+
+/** Electronic codebook (ECB) (Don't use this; it's not secure) **/
+
+modes.ecb = function(options) {
+  options = options || {};
+  this.name = 'ECB';
+  this.cipher = options.cipher;
+  this.blockSize = options.blockSize || 16;
+  this._ints = this.blockSize / 4;
+  this._inBlock = new Array(this._ints);
+  this._outBlock = new Array(this._ints);
+};
+
+modes.ecb.prototype.start = function(options) {};
+
+modes.ecb.prototype.encrypt = function(input, output, finish) {
+  // not enough input to encrypt
+  if(input.length() < this.blockSize && !(finish && input.length() > 0)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // get next block
+  for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+    this._inBlock[i] = input.getInt32();
+  }
+
+  // encrypt block
+  this.cipher.encrypt(this._inBlock, this._outBlock);
+
+  // write output
+  for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+    output.putInt32(this._outBlock[i]);
+  }
+};
+
+modes.ecb.prototype.decrypt = function(input, output, finish) {
+  // not enough input to decrypt
+  if(input.length() < this.blockSize && !(finish && input.length() > 0)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // get next block
+  for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+    this._inBlock[i] = input.getInt32();
+  }
+
+  // decrypt block
+  this.cipher.decrypt(this._inBlock, this._outBlock);
+
+  // write output
+  for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+    output.putInt32(this._outBlock[i]);
+  }
+};
+
+modes.ecb.prototype.pad = function(input, options) {
+  // add PKCS#7 padding to block (each pad byte is the
+  // value of the number of pad bytes)
+  var padding = (input.length() === this.blockSize ?
+    this.blockSize : (this.blockSize - input.length()));
+  input.fillWithByte(padding, padding);
+  return true;
+};
+
+modes.ecb.prototype.unpad = function(output, options) {
+  // check for error: input data not a multiple of blockSize
+  if(options.overflow > 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // ensure padding byte count is valid
+  var len = output.length();
+  var count = output.at(len - 1);
+  if(count > (this.blockSize << 2)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // trim off padding bytes
+  output.truncate(count);
+  return true;
+};
+
+/** Cipher-block Chaining (CBC) **/
+
+modes.cbc = function(options) {
+  options = options || {};
+  this.name = 'CBC';
+  this.cipher = options.cipher;
+  this.blockSize = options.blockSize || 16;
+  this._ints = this.blockSize / 4;
+  this._inBlock = new Array(this._ints);
+  this._outBlock = new Array(this._ints);
+};
+
+modes.cbc.prototype.start = function(options) {
+  // Note: legacy support for using IV residue (has security flaws)
+  // if IV is null, reuse block from previous processing
+  if(options.iv === null) {
+    // must have a previous block
+    if(!this._prev) {
+      throw new Error('Invalid IV parameter.');
+    }
+    this._iv = this._prev.slice(0);
+  } else if(!('iv' in options)) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid IV parameter.');
+  } else {
+    // save IV as "previous" block
+    this._iv = transformIV(options.iv);
+    this._prev = this._iv.slice(0);
+  }
+};
+
+modes.cbc.prototype.encrypt = function(input, output, finish) {
+  // not enough input to encrypt
+  if(input.length() < this.blockSize && !(finish && input.length() > 0)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // get next block
+  // CBC XOR's IV (or previous block) with plaintext
+  for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+    this._inBlock[i] = this._prev[i] ^ input.getInt32();
+  }
+
+  // encrypt block
+  this.cipher.encrypt(this._inBlock, this._outBlock);
+
+  // write output, save previous block
+  for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+    output.putInt32(this._outBlock[i]);
+  }
+  this._prev = this._outBlock;
+};
+
+modes.cbc.prototype.decrypt = function(input, output, finish) {
+  // not enough input to decrypt
+  if(input.length() < this.blockSize && !(finish && input.length() > 0)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // get next block
+  for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+    this._inBlock[i] = input.getInt32();
+  }
+
+  // decrypt block
+  this.cipher.decrypt(this._inBlock, this._outBlock);
+
+  // write output, save previous ciphered block
+  // CBC XOR's IV (or previous block) with ciphertext
+  for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+    output.putInt32(this._prev[i] ^ this._outBlock[i]);
+  }
+  this._prev = this._inBlock.slice(0);
+};
+
+modes.cbc.prototype.pad = function(input, options) {
+  // add PKCS#7 padding to block (each pad byte is the
+  // value of the number of pad bytes)
+  var padding = (input.length() === this.blockSize ?
+    this.blockSize : (this.blockSize - input.length()));
+  input.fillWithByte(padding, padding);
+  return true;
+};
+
+modes.cbc.prototype.unpad = function(output, options) {
+  // check for error: input data not a multiple of blockSize
+  if(options.overflow > 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // ensure padding byte count is valid
+  var len = output.length();
+  var count = output.at(len - 1);
+  if(count > (this.blockSize << 2)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // trim off padding bytes
+  output.truncate(count);
+  return true;
+};
+
+/** Cipher feedback (CFB) **/
+
+modes.cfb = function(options) {
+  options = options || {};
+  this.name = 'CFB';
+  this.cipher = options.cipher;
+  this.blockSize = options.blockSize || 16;
+  this._ints = this.blockSize / 4;
+  this._inBlock = null;
+  this._outBlock = new Array(this._ints);
+  this._partialBlock = new Array(this._ints);
+  this._partialOutput = forge.util.createBuffer();
+  this._partialBytes = 0;
+};
+
+modes.cfb.prototype.start = function(options) {
+  if(!('iv' in options)) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid IV parameter.');
+  }
+  // use IV as first input
+  this._iv = transformIV(options.iv);
+  this._inBlock = this._iv.slice(0);
+  this._partialBytes = 0;
+};
+
+modes.cfb.prototype.encrypt = function(input, output, finish) {
+  // not enough input to encrypt
+  var inputLength = input.length();
+  if(inputLength === 0) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // encrypt block
+  this.cipher.encrypt(this._inBlock, this._outBlock);
+
+  // handle full block
+  if(this._partialBytes === 0 && inputLength >= this.blockSize) {
+    // XOR input with output, write input as output
+    for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+      this._inBlock[i] = input.getInt32() ^ this._outBlock[i];
+      output.putInt32(this._inBlock[i]);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // handle partial block
+  var partialBytes = (this.blockSize - inputLength) % this.blockSize;
+  if(partialBytes > 0) {
+    partialBytes = this.blockSize - partialBytes;
+  }
+
+  // XOR input with output, write input as partial output
+  this._partialOutput.clear();
+  for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+    this._partialBlock[i] = input.getInt32() ^ this._outBlock[i];
+    this._partialOutput.putInt32(this._partialBlock[i]);
+  }
+
+  if(partialBytes > 0) {
+    // block still incomplete, restore input buffer
+    input.read -= this.blockSize;
+  } else {
+    // block complete, update input block
+    for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+      this._inBlock[i] = this._partialBlock[i];
+    }
+  }
+
+  // skip any previous partial bytes
+  if(this._partialBytes > 0) {
+    this._partialOutput.getBytes(this._partialBytes);
+  }
+
+  if(partialBytes > 0 && !finish) {
+    output.putBytes(this._partialOutput.getBytes(
+      partialBytes - this._partialBytes));
+    this._partialBytes = partialBytes;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  output.putBytes(this._partialOutput.getBytes(
+    inputLength - this._partialBytes));
+  this._partialBytes = 0;
+};
+
+modes.cfb.prototype.decrypt = function(input, output, finish) {
+  // not enough input to decrypt
+  var inputLength = input.length();
+  if(inputLength === 0) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // encrypt block (CFB always uses encryption mode)
+  this.cipher.encrypt(this._inBlock, this._outBlock);
+
+  // handle full block
+  if(this._partialBytes === 0 && inputLength >= this.blockSize) {
+    // XOR input with output, write input as output
+    for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+      this._inBlock[i] = input.getInt32();
+      output.putInt32(this._inBlock[i] ^ this._outBlock[i]);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // handle partial block
+  var partialBytes = (this.blockSize - inputLength) % this.blockSize;
+  if(partialBytes > 0) {
+    partialBytes = this.blockSize - partialBytes;
+  }
+
+  // XOR input with output, write input as partial output
+  this._partialOutput.clear();
+  for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+    this._partialBlock[i] = input.getInt32();
+    this._partialOutput.putInt32(this._partialBlock[i] ^ this._outBlock[i]);
+  }
+
+  if(partialBytes > 0) {
+    // block still incomplete, restore input buffer
+    input.read -= this.blockSize;
+  } else {
+    // block complete, update input block
+    for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+      this._inBlock[i] = this._partialBlock[i];
+    }
+  }
+
+  // skip any previous partial bytes
+  if(this._partialBytes > 0) {
+    this._partialOutput.getBytes(this._partialBytes);
+  }
+
+  if(partialBytes > 0 && !finish) {
+    output.putBytes(this._partialOutput.getBytes(
+      partialBytes - this._partialBytes));
+    this._partialBytes = partialBytes;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  output.putBytes(this._partialOutput.getBytes(
+    inputLength - this._partialBytes));
+  this._partialBytes = 0;
+};
+
+/** Output feedback (OFB) **/
+
+modes.ofb = function(options) {
+  options = options || {};
+  this.name = 'OFB';
+  this.cipher = options.cipher;
+  this.blockSize = options.blockSize || 16;
+  this._ints = this.blockSize / 4;
+  this._inBlock = null;
+  this._outBlock = new Array(this._ints);
+  this._partialOutput = forge.util.createBuffer();
+  this._partialBytes = 0;
+};
+
+modes.ofb.prototype.start = function(options) {
+  if(!('iv' in options)) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid IV parameter.');
+  }
+  // use IV as first input
+  this._iv = transformIV(options.iv);
+  this._inBlock = this._iv.slice(0);
+  this._partialBytes = 0;
+};
+
+modes.ofb.prototype.encrypt = function(input, output, finish) {
+  // not enough input to encrypt
+  var inputLength = input.length();
+  if(input.length() === 0) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // encrypt block (OFB always uses encryption mode)
+  this.cipher.encrypt(this._inBlock, this._outBlock);
+
+  // handle full block
+  if(this._partialBytes === 0 && inputLength >= this.blockSize) {
+    // XOR input with output and update next input
+    for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+      output.putInt32(input.getInt32() ^ this._outBlock[i]);
+      this._inBlock[i] = this._outBlock[i];
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // handle partial block
+  var partialBytes = (this.blockSize - inputLength) % this.blockSize;
+  if(partialBytes > 0) {
+    partialBytes = this.blockSize - partialBytes;
+  }
+
+  // XOR input with output
+  this._partialOutput.clear();
+  for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+    this._partialOutput.putInt32(input.getInt32() ^ this._outBlock[i]);
+  }
+
+  if(partialBytes > 0) {
+    // block still incomplete, restore input buffer
+    input.read -= this.blockSize;
+  } else {
+    // block complete, update input block
+    for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+      this._inBlock[i] = this._outBlock[i];
+    }
+  }
+
+  // skip any previous partial bytes
+  if(this._partialBytes > 0) {
+    this._partialOutput.getBytes(this._partialBytes);
+  }
+
+  if(partialBytes > 0 && !finish) {
+    output.putBytes(this._partialOutput.getBytes(
+      partialBytes - this._partialBytes));
+    this._partialBytes = partialBytes;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  output.putBytes(this._partialOutput.getBytes(
+    inputLength - this._partialBytes));
+  this._partialBytes = 0;
+};
+
+modes.ofb.prototype.decrypt = modes.ofb.prototype.encrypt;
+
+/** Counter (CTR) **/
+
+modes.ctr = function(options) {
+  options = options || {};
+  this.name = 'CTR';
+  this.cipher = options.cipher;
+  this.blockSize = options.blockSize || 16;
+  this._ints = this.blockSize / 4;
+  this._inBlock = null;
+  this._outBlock = new Array(this._ints);
+  this._partialOutput = forge.util.createBuffer();
+  this._partialBytes = 0;
+};
+
+modes.ctr.prototype.start = function(options) {
+  if(!('iv' in options)) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid IV parameter.');
+  }
+  // use IV as first input
+  this._iv = transformIV(options.iv);
+  this._inBlock = this._iv.slice(0);
+  this._partialBytes = 0;
+};
+
+modes.ctr.prototype.encrypt = function(input, output, finish) {
+  // not enough input to encrypt
+  var inputLength = input.length();
+  if(inputLength === 0) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // encrypt block (CTR always uses encryption mode)
+  this.cipher.encrypt(this._inBlock, this._outBlock);
+
+  // handle full block
+  if(this._partialBytes === 0 && inputLength >= this.blockSize) {
+    // XOR input with output
+    for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+      output.putInt32(input.getInt32() ^ this._outBlock[i]);
+    }
+  } else {
+    // handle partial block
+    var partialBytes = (this.blockSize - inputLength) % this.blockSize;
+    if(partialBytes > 0) {
+      partialBytes = this.blockSize - partialBytes;
+    }
+
+    // XOR input with output
+    this._partialOutput.clear();
+    for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+      this._partialOutput.putInt32(input.getInt32() ^ this._outBlock[i]);
+    }
+
+    if(partialBytes > 0) {
+      // block still incomplete, restore input buffer
+      input.read -= this.blockSize;
+    }
+
+    // skip any previous partial bytes
+    if(this._partialBytes > 0) {
+      this._partialOutput.getBytes(this._partialBytes);
+    }
+
+    if(partialBytes > 0 && !finish) {
+      output.putBytes(this._partialOutput.getBytes(
+        partialBytes - this._partialBytes));
+      this._partialBytes = partialBytes;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    output.putBytes(this._partialOutput.getBytes(
+      inputLength - this._partialBytes));
+    this._partialBytes = 0;
+  }
+
+  // block complete, increment counter (input block)
+  inc32(this._inBlock);
+};
+
+modes.ctr.prototype.decrypt = modes.ctr.prototype.encrypt;
+
+/** Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) **/
+
+modes.gcm = function(options) {
+  options = options || {};
+  this.name = 'GCM';
+  this.cipher = options.cipher;
+  this.blockSize = options.blockSize || 16;
+  this._ints = this.blockSize / 4;
+  this._inBlock = new Array(this._ints);
+  this._outBlock = new Array(this._ints);
+  this._partialOutput = forge.util.createBuffer();
+  this._partialBytes = 0;
+
+  // R is actually this value concatenated with 120 more zero bits, but
+  // we only XOR against R so the other zeros have no effect -- we just
+  // apply this value to the first integer in a block
+  this._R = 0xE1000000;
+};
+
+modes.gcm.prototype.start = function(options) {
+  if(!('iv' in options)) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid IV parameter.');
+  }
+  // ensure IV is a byte buffer
+  var iv = forge.util.createBuffer(options.iv);
+
+  // no ciphered data processed yet
+  this._cipherLength = 0;
+
+  // default additional data is none
+  var additionalData;
+  if('additionalData' in options) {
+    additionalData = forge.util.createBuffer(options.additionalData);
+  } else {
+    additionalData = forge.util.createBuffer();
+  }
+
+  // default tag length is 128 bits
+  if('tagLength' in options) {
+    this._tagLength = options.tagLength;
+  } else {
+    this._tagLength = 128;
+  }
+
+  // if tag is given, ensure tag matches tag length
+  this._tag = null;
+  if(options.decrypt) {
+    // save tag to check later
+    this._tag = forge.util.createBuffer(options.tag).getBytes();
+    if(this._tag.length !== (this._tagLength / 8)) {
+      throw new Error('Authentication tag does not match tag length.');
+    }
+  }
+
+  // create tmp storage for hash calculation
+  this._hashBlock = new Array(this._ints);
+
+  // no tag generated yet
+  this.tag = null;
+
+  // generate hash subkey
+  // (apply block cipher to "zero" block)
+  this._hashSubkey = new Array(this._ints);
+  this.cipher.encrypt([0, 0, 0, 0], this._hashSubkey);
+
+  // generate table M
+  // use 4-bit tables (32 component decomposition of a 16 byte value)
+  // 8-bit tables take more space and are known to have security
+  // vulnerabilities (in native implementations)
+  this.componentBits = 4;
+  this._m = this.generateHashTable(this._hashSubkey, this.componentBits);
+
+  // Note: support IV length different from 96 bits? (only supporting
+  // 96 bits is recommended by NIST SP-800-38D)
+  // generate J_0
+  var ivLength = iv.length();
+  if(ivLength === 12) {
+    // 96-bit IV
+    this._j0 = [iv.getInt32(), iv.getInt32(), iv.getInt32(), 1];
+  } else {
+    // IV is NOT 96-bits
+    this._j0 = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+    while(iv.length() > 0) {
+      this._j0 = this.ghash(
+        this._hashSubkey, this._j0,
+        [iv.getInt32(), iv.getInt32(), iv.getInt32(), iv.getInt32()]);
+    }
+    this._j0 = this.ghash(
+      this._hashSubkey, this._j0, [0, 0].concat(from64To32(ivLength * 8)));
+  }
+
+  // generate ICB (initial counter block)
+  this._inBlock = this._j0.slice(0);
+  inc32(this._inBlock);
+  this._partialBytes = 0;
+
+  // consume authentication data
+  additionalData = forge.util.createBuffer(additionalData);
+  // save additional data length as a BE 64-bit number
+  this._aDataLength = from64To32(additionalData.length() * 8);
+  // pad additional data to 128 bit (16 byte) block size
+  var overflow = additionalData.length() % this.blockSize;
+  if(overflow) {
+    additionalData.fillWithByte(0, this.blockSize - overflow);
+  }
+  this._s = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+  while(additionalData.length() > 0) {
+    this._s = this.ghash(this._hashSubkey, this._s, [
+      additionalData.getInt32(),
+      additionalData.getInt32(),
+      additionalData.getInt32(),
+      additionalData.getInt32()
+    ]);
+  }
+};
+
+modes.gcm.prototype.encrypt = function(input, output, finish) {
+  // not enough input to encrypt
+  var inputLength = input.length();
+  if(inputLength === 0) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // encrypt block
+  this.cipher.encrypt(this._inBlock, this._outBlock);
+
+  // handle full block
+  if(this._partialBytes === 0 && inputLength >= this.blockSize) {
+    // XOR input with output
+    for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+      output.putInt32(this._outBlock[i] ^= input.getInt32());
+    }
+    this._cipherLength += this.blockSize;
+  } else {
+    // handle partial block
+    var partialBytes = (this.blockSize - inputLength) % this.blockSize;
+    if(partialBytes > 0) {
+      partialBytes = this.blockSize - partialBytes;
+    }
+
+    // XOR input with output
+    this._partialOutput.clear();
+    for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+      this._partialOutput.putInt32(input.getInt32() ^ this._outBlock[i]);
+    }
+
+    if(partialBytes <= 0 || finish) {
+      // handle overflow prior to hashing
+      if(finish) {
+        // get block overflow
+        var overflow = inputLength % this.blockSize;
+        this._cipherLength += overflow;
+        // truncate for hash function
+        this._partialOutput.truncate(this.blockSize - overflow);
+      } else {
+        this._cipherLength += this.blockSize;
+      }
+
+      // get output block for hashing
+      for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+        this._outBlock[i] = this._partialOutput.getInt32();
+      }
+      this._partialOutput.read -= this.blockSize;
+    }
+
+    // skip any previous partial bytes
+    if(this._partialBytes > 0) {
+      this._partialOutput.getBytes(this._partialBytes);
+    }
+
+    if(partialBytes > 0 && !finish) {
+      // block still incomplete, restore input buffer, get partial output,
+      // and return early
+      input.read -= this.blockSize;
+      output.putBytes(this._partialOutput.getBytes(
+        partialBytes - this._partialBytes));
+      this._partialBytes = partialBytes;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    output.putBytes(this._partialOutput.getBytes(
+      inputLength - this._partialBytes));
+    this._partialBytes = 0;
+  }
+
+  // update hash block S
+  this._s = this.ghash(this._hashSubkey, this._s, this._outBlock);
+
+  // increment counter (input block)
+  inc32(this._inBlock);
+};
+
+modes.gcm.prototype.decrypt = function(input, output, finish) {
+  // not enough input to decrypt
+  var inputLength = input.length();
+  if(inputLength < this.blockSize && !(finish && inputLength > 0)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // encrypt block (GCM always uses encryption mode)
+  this.cipher.encrypt(this._inBlock, this._outBlock);
+
+  // increment counter (input block)
+  inc32(this._inBlock);
+
+  // update hash block S
+  this._hashBlock[0] = input.getInt32();
+  this._hashBlock[1] = input.getInt32();
+  this._hashBlock[2] = input.getInt32();
+  this._hashBlock[3] = input.getInt32();
+  this._s = this.ghash(this._hashSubkey, this._s, this._hashBlock);
+
+  // XOR hash input with output
+  for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+    output.putInt32(this._outBlock[i] ^ this._hashBlock[i]);
+  }
+
+  // increment cipher data length
+  if(inputLength < this.blockSize) {
+    this._cipherLength += inputLength % this.blockSize;
+  } else {
+    this._cipherLength += this.blockSize;
+  }
+};
+
+modes.gcm.prototype.afterFinish = function(output, options) {
+  var rval = true;
+
+  // handle overflow
+  if(options.decrypt && options.overflow) {
+    output.truncate(this.blockSize - options.overflow);
+  }
+
+  // handle authentication tag
+  this.tag = forge.util.createBuffer();
+
+  // concatenate additional data length with cipher length
+  var lengths = this._aDataLength.concat(from64To32(this._cipherLength * 8));
+
+  // include lengths in hash
+  this._s = this.ghash(this._hashSubkey, this._s, lengths);
+
+  // do GCTR(J_0, S)
+  var tag = [];
+  this.cipher.encrypt(this._j0, tag);
+  for(var i = 0; i < this._ints; ++i) {
+    this.tag.putInt32(this._s[i] ^ tag[i]);
+  }
+
+  // trim tag to length
+  this.tag.truncate(this.tag.length() % (this._tagLength / 8));
+
+  // check authentication tag
+  if(options.decrypt && this.tag.bytes() !== this._tag) {
+    rval = false;
+  }
+
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * See NIST SP-800-38D 6.3 (Algorithm 1). This function performs Galois
+ * field multiplication. The field, GF(2^128), is defined by the polynomial:
+ *
+ * x^128 + x^7 + x^2 + x + 1
+ *
+ * Which is represented in little-endian binary form as: 11100001 (0xe1). When
+ * the value of a coefficient is 1, a bit is set. The value R, is the
+ * concatenation of this value and 120 zero bits, yielding a 128-bit value
+ * which matches the block size.
+ *
+ * This function will multiply two elements (vectors of bytes), X and Y, in
+ * the field GF(2^128). The result is initialized to zero. For each bit of
+ * X (out of 128), x_i, if x_i is set, then the result is multiplied (XOR'd)
+ * by the current value of Y. For each bit, the value of Y will be raised by
+ * a power of x (multiplied by the polynomial x). This can be achieved by
+ * shifting Y once to the right. If the current value of Y, prior to being
+ * multiplied by x, has 0 as its LSB, then it is a 127th degree polynomial.
+ * Otherwise, we must divide by R after shifting to find the remainder.
+ *
+ * @param x the first block to multiply by the second.
+ * @param y the second block to multiply by the first.
+ *
+ * @return the block result of the multiplication.
+ */
+modes.gcm.prototype.multiply = function(x, y) {
+  var z_i = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+  var v_i = y.slice(0);
+
+  // calculate Z_128 (block has 128 bits)
+  for(var i = 0; i < 128; ++i) {
+    // if x_i is 0, Z_{i+1} = Z_i (unchanged)
+    // else Z_{i+1} = Z_i ^ V_i
+    // get x_i by finding 32-bit int position, then left shift 1 by remainder
+    var x_i = x[(i / 32) | 0] & (1 << (31 - i % 32));
+    if(x_i) {
+      z_i[0] ^= v_i[0];
+      z_i[1] ^= v_i[1];
+      z_i[2] ^= v_i[2];
+      z_i[3] ^= v_i[3];
+    }
+
+    // if LSB(V_i) is 1, V_i = V_i >> 1
+    // else V_i = (V_i >> 1) ^ R
+    this.pow(v_i, v_i);
+  }
+
+  return z_i;
+};
+
+modes.gcm.prototype.pow = function(x, out) {
+  // if LSB(x) is 1, x = x >>> 1
+  // else x = (x >>> 1) ^ R
+  var lsb = x[3] & 1;
+
+  // always do x >>> 1:
+  // starting with the rightmost integer, shift each integer to the right
+  // one bit, pulling in the bit from the integer to the left as its top
+  // most bit (do this for the last 3 integers)
+  for(var i = 3; i > 0; --i) {
+    out[i] = (x[i] >>> 1) | ((x[i - 1] & 1) << 31);
+  }
+  // shift the first integer normally
+  out[0] = x[0] >>> 1;
+
+  // if lsb was not set, then polynomial had a degree of 127 and doesn't
+  // need to divided; otherwise, XOR with R to find the remainder; we only
+  // need to XOR the first integer since R technically ends w/120 zero bits
+  if(lsb) {
+    out[0] ^= this._R;
+  }
+};
+
+modes.gcm.prototype.tableMultiply = function(x) {
+  // assumes 4-bit tables are used
+  var z = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+  for(var i = 0; i < 32; ++i) {
+    var idx = (i / 8) | 0;
+    var x_i = (x[idx] >>> ((7 - (i % 8)) * 4)) & 0xF;
+    var ah = this._m[i][x_i];
+    z[0] ^= ah[0];
+    z[1] ^= ah[1];
+    z[2] ^= ah[2];
+    z[3] ^= ah[3];
+  }
+  return z;
+};
+
+/**
+ * A continuing version of the GHASH algorithm that operates on a single
+ * block. The hash block, last hash value (Ym) and the new block to hash
+ * are given.
+ *
+ * @param h the hash block.
+ * @param y the previous value for Ym, use [0, 0, 0, 0] for a new hash.
+ * @param x the block to hash.
+ *
+ * @return the hashed value (Ym).
+ */
+modes.gcm.prototype.ghash = function(h, y, x) {
+  y[0] ^= x[0];
+  y[1] ^= x[1];
+  y[2] ^= x[2];
+  y[3] ^= x[3];
+  return this.tableMultiply(y);
+  //return this.multiply(y, h);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Precomputes a table for multiplying against the hash subkey. This
+ * mechanism provides a substantial speed increase over multiplication
+ * performed without a table. The table-based multiplication this table is
+ * for solves X * H by multiplying each component of X by H and then
+ * composing the results together using XOR.
+ *
+ * This function can be used to generate tables with different bit sizes
+ * for the components, however, this implementation assumes there are
+ * 32 components of X (which is a 16 byte vector), therefore each component
+ * takes 4-bits (so the table is constructed with bits=4).
+ *
+ * @param h the hash subkey.
+ * @param bits the bit size for a component.
+ */
+modes.gcm.prototype.generateHashTable = function(h, bits) {
+  // TODO: There are further optimizations that would use only the
+  // first table M_0 (or some variant) along with a remainder table;
+  // this can be explored in the future
+  var multiplier = 8 / bits;
+  var perInt = 4 * multiplier;
+  var size = 16 * multiplier;
+  var m = new Array(size);
+  for(var i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    var tmp = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+    var idx = (i / perInt) | 0;
+    var shft = ((perInt - 1 - (i % perInt)) * bits);
+    tmp[idx] = (1 << (bits - 1)) << shft;
+    m[i] = this.generateSubHashTable(this.multiply(tmp, h), bits);
+  }
+  return m;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Generates a table for multiplying against the hash subkey for one
+ * particular component (out of all possible component values).
+ *
+ * @param mid the pre-multiplied value for the middle key of the table.
+ * @param bits the bit size for a component.
+ */
+modes.gcm.prototype.generateSubHashTable = function(mid, bits) {
+  // compute the table quickly by minimizing the number of
+  // POW operations -- they only need to be performed for powers of 2,
+  // all other entries can be composed from those powers using XOR
+  var size = 1 << bits;
+  var half = size >>> 1;
+  var m = new Array(size);
+  m[half] = mid.slice(0);
+  var i = half >>> 1;
+  while(i > 0) {
+    // raise m0[2 * i] and store in m0[i]
+    this.pow(m[2 * i], m[i] = []);
+    i >>= 1;
+  }
+  i = 2;
+  while(i < half) {
+    for(var j = 1; j < i; ++j) {
+      var m_i = m[i];
+      var m_j = m[j];
+      m[i + j] = [
+        m_i[0] ^ m_j[0],
+        m_i[1] ^ m_j[1],
+        m_i[2] ^ m_j[2],
+        m_i[3] ^ m_j[3]
+      ];
+    }
+    i *= 2;
+  }
+  m[0] = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+  /* Note: We could avoid storing these by doing composition during multiply
+  calculate top half using composition by speed is preferred. */
+  for(i = half + 1; i < size; ++i) {
+    var c = m[i ^ half];
+    m[i] = [mid[0] ^ c[0], mid[1] ^ c[1], mid[2] ^ c[2], mid[3] ^ c[3]];
+  }
+  return m;
+};
+
+/** Utility functions */
+
+function transformIV(iv) {
+  if(typeof iv === 'string') {
+    // convert iv string into byte buffer
+    iv = forge.util.createBuffer(iv);
+  }
+
+  if(forge.util.isArray(iv) && iv.length > 4) {
+    // convert iv byte array into byte buffer
+    var tmp = iv;
+    iv = forge.util.createBuffer();
+    for(var i = 0; i < tmp.length; ++i) {
+      iv.putByte(tmp[i]);
+    }
+  }
+  if(!forge.util.isArray(iv)) {
+    // convert iv byte buffer into 32-bit integer array
+    iv = [iv.getInt32(), iv.getInt32(), iv.getInt32(), iv.getInt32()];
+  }
+
+  return iv;
+}
+
+function inc32(block) {
+  // increment last 32 bits of block only
+  block[block.length - 1] = (block[block.length - 1] + 1) & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+}
+
+function from64To32(num) {
+  // convert 64-bit number to two BE Int32s
+  return [(num / 0x100000000) | 0, num & 0xFFFFFFFF];
+}