wasmtime 20.0.2 → 22.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmparser-0.202.0/src/validator/component.rs

@@ -1,3238 +0,0 @@
-//! State relating to validating a WebAssembly component.
-
-use super::{
-    check_max,
-    core::Module,
-    types::{
-        AliasableResourceId, ComponentCoreInstanceTypeId, ComponentDefinedTypeId,
-        ComponentFuncType, ComponentFuncTypeId, ComponentInstanceType, ComponentInstanceTypeId,
-        ComponentType, ComponentTypeId, ComponentValType, CoreTypeId, EntityType, InstanceType,
-        ModuleType, RecordType, Remapping, ResourceId, TypeAlloc, TypeList, VariantCase,
-    },
-};
-use crate::validator::names::{ComponentName, ComponentNameKind, KebabStr, KebabString};
-use crate::{
-    limits::*,
-    types::{
-        ComponentAnyTypeId, ComponentCoreModuleTypeId, ComponentCoreTypeId, ComponentDefinedType,
-        ComponentEntityType, Context, CoreInstanceTypeKind, LoweringInfo, Remap, SubtypeCx,
-        TupleType, TypeInfo, VariantType,
-    },
-    BinaryReaderError, CanonicalOption, ComponentExportName, ComponentExternalKind,
-    ComponentOuterAliasKind, ComponentTypeRef, CompositeType, ExternalKind, FuncType, GlobalType,
-    InstantiationArgKind, MemoryType, RecGroup, Result, SubType, TableType, TypeBounds, ValType,
-    WasmFeatures,
-};
-use indexmap::{map::Entry, IndexMap, IndexSet};
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-use std::mem;
-
-fn to_kebab_str<'a>(s: &'a str, desc: &str, offset: usize) -> Result<&'a KebabStr> {
-    match KebabStr::new(s) {
-        Some(s) => Ok(s),
-        None => {
-            if s.is_empty() {
-                bail!(offset, "{desc} name cannot be empty");
-            }
-
-            bail!(offset, "{desc} name `{s}` is not in kebab case");
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) struct ComponentState {
-    /// Whether this state is a concrete component, an instance type, or a
-    /// component type.
-    kind: ComponentKind,
-
-    // Core index spaces
-    pub core_types: Vec<ComponentCoreTypeId>,
-    pub core_funcs: Vec<CoreTypeId>,
-    pub core_tags: Vec<CoreTypeId>,
-    pub core_modules: Vec<ComponentCoreModuleTypeId>,
-    pub core_instances: Vec<ComponentCoreInstanceTypeId>,
-    pub core_memories: Vec<MemoryType>,
-    pub core_tables: Vec<TableType>,
-    pub core_globals: Vec<GlobalType>,
-
-    // Component index spaces
-    pub types: Vec<ComponentAnyTypeId>,
-    pub funcs: Vec<ComponentFuncTypeId>,
-    pub values: Vec<(ComponentValType, bool)>,
-    pub instances: Vec<ComponentInstanceTypeId>,
-    pub components: Vec<ComponentTypeId>,
-
-    pub imports: IndexMap<String, ComponentEntityType>,
-    pub import_names: IndexSet<ComponentName>,
-    pub exports: IndexMap<String, ComponentEntityType>,
-    pub export_names: IndexSet<ComponentName>,
-
-    has_start: bool,
-    type_info: TypeInfo,
-
-    /// A mapping of imported resources in this component.
-    ///
-    /// This mapping represents all "type variables" imported into the
-    /// component, or resources. This could be resources imported directly as
-    /// a top-level type import or additionally transitively through other
-    /// imported instances.
-    ///
-    /// The mapping element here is a "path" which is a list of indexes into
-    /// the import map that will be generated for this component. Each index
-    /// is an index into an `IndexMap`, and each list is guaranteed to have at
-    /// least one element.
-    ///
-    /// An example of this map is:
-    ///
-    /// ```wasm
-    /// (component
-    ///     ;; [0] - the first import
-    ///     (import "r" (type (sub resource)))
-    ///
-    ///     ;; [1] - the second import
-    ///     (import "r2" (type (sub resource)))
-    ///
-    ///     (import "i" (instance
-    ///         ;; [2, 0] - the third import, and the first export the instance
-    ///         (export "r3" (type (sub resource)))
-    ///         ;; [2, 1] - the third import, and the second export the instance
-    ///         (export "r4" (type (sub resource)))
-    ///     ))
-    ///
-    ///     ;; ...
-    /// )
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// The `Vec<usize>` here can be thought of as `Vec<String>` but a
-    /// (hopefully) more efficient representation.
-    ///
-    /// Finally note that this map is listed as an "append only" map because all
-    /// insertions into it should always succeed. Any insertion which overlaps
-    /// with a previous entry indicates a bug in the validator which needs to be
-    /// corrected via other means.
-    //
-    // TODO: make these `SkolemResourceId` and then go fix all the compile
-    // errors, don't add skolem things into the type area
-    imported_resources: IndexMapAppendOnly<ResourceId, Vec<usize>>,
-
-    /// A mapping of "defined" resources in this component, or those which
-    /// are defined within the instantiation of this component.
-    ///
-    /// Defined resources, as the name implies, can sort of be thought of as
-    /// "these are defined within the component". Note though that the means by
-    /// which a local definition can occur are not simply those defined in the
-    /// component but also in its transitively instantiated components
-    /// internally. This means that this set closes over many transitive
-    /// internal items in addition to those defined immediately in the component
-    /// itself.
-    ///
-    /// The `Option<ValType>` in this mapping is whether or not the underlying
-    /// reprsentation of the resource is known to this component. Immediately
-    /// defined resources, for example, will have `Some(I32)` here. Resources
-    /// that come from transitively defined components, for example, will have
-    /// `None`. In the type context all entries here are `None`.
-    ///
-    /// Note that like `imported_resources` all insertions into this map are
-    /// expected to succeed to it's declared as append-only.
-    defined_resources: IndexMapAppendOnly<ResourceId, Option<ValType>>,
-
-    /// A mapping of explicitly exported resources from this component in
-    /// addition to the path that they're exported at.
-    ///
-    /// For more information on the path here see the documentation for
-    /// `imported_resources`. Note that the indexes here index into the
-    /// list of exports of this component.
-    explicit_resources: IndexMap<ResourceId, Vec<usize>>,
-
-    /// The set of types which are considered "exported" from this component.
-    ///
-    /// This is added to whenever a type export is found, or an instance export
-    /// which itself contains a type export. This additionally includes all
-    /// imported types since those are suitable for export as well.
-    ///
-    /// This set is consulted whenever an exported item is added since all
-    /// referenced types must be members of this set.
-    exported_types: HashSet<ComponentAnyTypeId>,
-
-    /// Same as `exported_types`, but for imports.
-    imported_types: HashSet<ComponentAnyTypeId>,
-
-    /// The set of top-level resource exports and their names.
-    ///
-    /// This context is used to validate method names such as `[method]foo.bar`
-    /// to ensure that `foo` is an exported resource and that the type mentioned
-    /// in a function type is actually named `foo`.
-    ///
-    /// Note that imports/exports have disjoint contexts to ensure that they're
-    /// validated correctly. Namely you can't retroactively attach methods to an
-    /// import, for example.
-    toplevel_exported_resources: ComponentNameContext,
-
-    /// Same as `toplevel_exported_resources`, but for imports.
-    toplevel_imported_resources: ComponentNameContext,
-}
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum ComponentKind {
-    Component,
-    InstanceType,
-    ComponentType,
-}
-
-/// Helper context used to track information about resource names for method
-/// name validation.
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct ComponentNameContext {
-    /// A map from a resource type id to an index in the `all_resource_names`
-    /// set for the name of that resource.
-    resource_name_map: HashMap<AliasableResourceId, usize>,
-
-    /// All known resource names in this context, used to validate static method
-    /// names to by ensuring that static methods' resource names are somewhere
-    /// in this set.
-    all_resource_names: IndexSet<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-pub enum ExternKind {
-    Import,
-    Export,
-}
-
-impl ExternKind {
-    pub fn desc(&self) -> &'static str {
-        match self {
-            ExternKind::Import => "import",
-            ExternKind::Export => "export",
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl ComponentState {
-    pub fn new(kind: ComponentKind) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            kind,
-            core_types: Default::default(),
-            core_modules: Default::default(),
-            core_instances: Default::default(),
-            core_funcs: Default::default(),
-            core_memories: Default::default(),
-            core_tables: Default::default(),
-            core_globals: Default::default(),
-            core_tags: Default::default(),
-            types: Default::default(),
-            funcs: Default::default(),
-            values: Default::default(),
-            instances: Default::default(),
-            components: Default::default(),
-            imports: Default::default(),
-            exports: Default::default(),
-            import_names: Default::default(),
-            export_names: Default::default(),
-            has_start: Default::default(),
-            type_info: TypeInfo::new(),
-            imported_resources: Default::default(),
-            defined_resources: Default::default(),
-            explicit_resources: Default::default(),
-            exported_types: Default::default(),
-            imported_types: Default::default(),
-            toplevel_exported_resources: Default::default(),
-            toplevel_imported_resources: Default::default(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn type_count(&self) -> usize {
-        self.core_types.len() + self.types.len()
-    }
-
-    pub fn instance_count(&self) -> usize {
-        self.core_instances.len() + self.instances.len()
-    }
-
-    pub fn function_count(&self) -> usize {
-        self.core_funcs.len() + self.funcs.len()
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_core_type(
-        components: &mut [Self],
-        ty: crate::CoreType,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-        check_limit: bool,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let id = match ty {
-            crate::CoreType::Sub(sub) => {
-                let (_is_new, group_id) =
-                    types.intern_canonical_rec_group(RecGroup::implicit(offset, sub));
-                let id = types[group_id].start;
-                ComponentCoreTypeId::Sub(id)
-            }
-            crate::CoreType::Module(decls) => {
-                let mod_ty = Self::create_module_type(
-                    components,
-                    decls.into_vec(),
-                    features,
-                    types,
-                    offset,
-                )?;
-                let id = types.push_ty(mod_ty);
-                ComponentCoreTypeId::Module(id)
-            }
-        };
-
-        let current = components.last_mut().unwrap();
-        if check_limit {
-            check_max(current.type_count(), 1, MAX_WASM_TYPES, "types", offset)?;
-        }
-        current.core_types.push(id);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_core_module(
-        &mut self,
-        module: &Module,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let imports = module.imports_for_module_type(offset)?;
-
-        // We have to clone the module's imports and exports here
-        // because we cannot take the data out of the `MaybeOwned`
-        // as it might be shared with a function validator.
-        let mod_ty = ModuleType {
-            info: TypeInfo::core(module.type_size),
-            imports,
-            exports: module.exports.clone(),
-        };
-
-        let mod_id = types.push_ty(mod_ty);
-        self.core_modules.push(mod_id);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_core_instance(
-        &mut self,
-        instance: crate::Instance,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let instance = match instance {
-            crate::Instance::Instantiate { module_index, args } => {
-                self.instantiate_core_module(module_index, args.into_vec(), types, offset)?
-            }
-            crate::Instance::FromExports(exports) => {
-                self.instantiate_core_exports(exports.into_vec(), types, offset)?
-            }
-        };
-
-        self.core_instances.push(instance);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_type(
-        components: &mut Vec<Self>,
-        ty: crate::ComponentType,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-        check_limit: bool,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        assert!(!components.is_empty());
-
-        fn current(components: &mut Vec<ComponentState>) -> &mut ComponentState {
-            components.last_mut().unwrap()
-        }
-
-        let id = match ty {
-            crate::ComponentType::Defined(ty) => {
-                let ty = current(components).create_defined_type(ty, types, offset)?;
-                types.push(ty).into()
-            }
-            crate::ComponentType::Func(ty) => {
-                let ty = current(components).create_function_type(ty, types, offset)?;
-                types.push(ty).into()
-            }
-            crate::ComponentType::Component(decls) => {
-                let ty = Self::create_component_type(
-                    components,
-                    decls.into_vec(),
-                    features,
-                    types,
-                    offset,
-                )?;
-                types.push(ty).into()
-            }
-            crate::ComponentType::Instance(decls) => {
-                let ty = Self::create_instance_type(
-                    components,
-                    decls.into_vec(),
-                    features,
-                    types,
-                    offset,
-                )?;
-                types.push(ty).into()
-            }
-            crate::ComponentType::Resource { rep, dtor } => {
-                let component = current(components);
-
-                // Resource types cannot be declared in a type context, only
-                // within a component context.
-                if component.kind != ComponentKind::Component {
-                    bail!(
-                        offset,
-                        "resources can only be defined within a concrete component"
-                    );
-                }
-
-                // Current MVP restriction of the component model.
-                if rep != ValType::I32 {
-                    bail!(offset, "resources can only be represented by `i32`");
-                }
-
-                // If specified validate that the destructor is both a valid
-                // function and has the correct signature.
-                if let Some(dtor) = dtor {
-                    let ty = component.core_function_at(dtor, offset)?;
-                    let ty = types[ty].composite_type.unwrap_func();
-                    if ty.params() != [rep] || ty.results() != [] {
-                        bail!(
-                            offset,
-                            "core function {dtor} has wrong signature for a destructor"
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // As this is the introduction of a resource create a fresh new
-                // identifier for the resource. This is then added into the
-                // list of defined resources for this component, notably with a
-                // rep listed to enable getting access to various intrinsics
-                // such as `resource.rep`.
-                let id = types.alloc_resource_id();
-                component.defined_resources.insert(id.resource(), Some(rep));
-                id.into()
-            }
-        };
-
-        let current = current(components);
-        if check_limit {
-            check_max(current.type_count(), 1, MAX_WASM_TYPES, "types", offset)?;
-        }
-        current.types.push(id);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_import(
-        &mut self,
-        import: crate::ComponentImport,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let mut entity = self.check_type_ref(&import.ty, features, types, offset)?;
-        self.add_entity(
-            &mut entity,
-            Some((import.name.0, ExternKind::Import)),
-            features,
-            types,
-            offset,
-        )?;
-        self.toplevel_imported_resources.validate_extern(
-            import.name.0,
-            ExternKind::Import,
-            &entity,
-            types,
-            offset,
-            &mut self.import_names,
-            &mut self.imports,
-            &mut self.type_info,
-            features,
-        )?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn add_entity(
-        &mut self,
-        ty: &mut ComponentEntityType,
-        name_and_kind: Option<(&str, ExternKind)>,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let kind = name_and_kind.map(|(_, k)| k);
-        let (len, max, desc) = match ty {
-            ComponentEntityType::Module(id) => {
-                self.core_modules.push(*id);
-                (self.core_modules.len(), MAX_WASM_MODULES, "modules")
-            }
-            ComponentEntityType::Component(id) => {
-                self.components.push(*id);
-                (self.components.len(), MAX_WASM_COMPONENTS, "components")
-            }
-            ComponentEntityType::Instance(id) => {
-                match kind {
-                    Some(ExternKind::Import) => self.prepare_instance_import(id, types),
-                    Some(ExternKind::Export) => self.prepare_instance_export(id, types),
-                    None => {}
-                }
-                self.instances.push(*id);
-                (self.instance_count(), MAX_WASM_INSTANCES, "instances")
-            }
-            ComponentEntityType::Func(id) => {
-                self.funcs.push(*id);
-                (self.function_count(), MAX_WASM_FUNCTIONS, "functions")
-            }
-            ComponentEntityType::Value(ty) => {
-                self.check_value_support(features, offset)?;
-                let value_used = match kind {
-                    Some(ExternKind::Import) | None => false,
-                    Some(ExternKind::Export) => true,
-                };
-                self.values.push((*ty, value_used));
-                (self.values.len(), MAX_WASM_VALUES, "values")
-            }
-            ComponentEntityType::Type {
-                created,
-                referenced,
-            } => {
-                self.types.push(*created);
-
-                // Extra logic here for resources being imported and exported.
-                // Note that if `created` is the same as `referenced` then this
-                // is the original introduction of the resource which is where
-                // `self.{imported,defined}_resources` are updated.
-                if let ComponentAnyTypeId::Resource(id) = *created {
-                    match kind {
-                        Some(ExternKind::Import) => {
-                            // A fresh new resource is being imported into a
-                            // component. This arises from the import section of
-                            // a component or from the import declaration in a
-                            // component type. In both cases a new imported
-                            // resource is injected with a fresh new identifier
-                            // into our state.
-                            if created == referenced {
-                                self.imported_resources
-                                    .insert(id.resource(), vec![self.imports.len()]);
-                            }
-                        }
-
-                        Some(ExternKind::Export) => {
-                            // A fresh resource is being exported from this
-                            // component. This arises as part of the
-                            // declaration of a component type, for example. In
-                            // this situation brand new resource identifier is
-                            // allocated and a definition is added, unlike the
-                            // import case where an imported resource is added.
-                            // Notably the representation of this new resource
-                            // is unknown so it's listed as `None`.
-                            if created == referenced {
-                                self.defined_resources.insert(id.resource(), None);
-                            }
-
-                            // If this is a type export of a resource type then
-                            // update the `explicit_resources` list. A new
-                            // export path is about to be created for this
-                            // resource and this keeps track of that.
-                            self.explicit_resources
-                                .insert(id.resource(), vec![self.exports.len()]);
-                        }
-
-                        None => {}
-                    }
-                }
-                (self.types.len(), MAX_WASM_TYPES, "types")
-            }
-        };
-
-        check_max(len, 0, max, desc, offset)?;
-
-        // Before returning perform the final validation of the type of the item
-        // being imported/exported. This will ensure that everything is
-        // appropriately named with respect to type definitions, resources, etc.
-        if let Some((name, kind)) = name_and_kind {
-            if !self.validate_and_register_named_types(Some(name), kind, ty, types) {
-                bail!(
-                    offset,
-                    "{} not valid to be used as {}",
-                    ty.desc(),
-                    kind.desc()
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Validates that the `ty` referenced only refers to named types internally
-    /// and then inserts anything necessary, if applicable, to the defined sets
-    /// within this component.
-    ///
-    /// This function will validate that `ty` only refers to named types. For
-    /// example if it's a record then all of its fields must refer to named
-    /// types. This consults either `self.imported_types` or
-    /// `self.exported_types` as specified by `kind`. Note that this is not
-    /// inherently recursive itself but it ends up being recursive since if
-    /// recursive members were named then all their components must also be
-    /// named. Consequently this check stops at the "one layer deep" position,
-    /// or more accurately the position where types must be named (e.g. tuples
-    /// aren't required to be named).
-    fn validate_and_register_named_types(
-        &mut self,
-        toplevel_name: Option<&str>,
-        kind: ExternKind,
-        ty: &ComponentEntityType,
-        types: &TypeAlloc,
-    ) -> bool {
-        if let ComponentEntityType::Type { created, .. } = ty {
-            // If this is a top-level resource then register it in the
-            // appropriate context so later validation of method-like-names
-            // works out.
-            if let Some(name) = toplevel_name {
-                if let ComponentAnyTypeId::Resource(id) = *created {
-                    let cx = match kind {
-                        ExternKind::Import => &mut self.toplevel_imported_resources,
-                        ExternKind::Export => &mut self.toplevel_exported_resources,
-                    };
-                    cx.register(name, id);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        match self.kind {
-            ComponentKind::Component | ComponentKind::ComponentType => {}
-            ComponentKind::InstanceType => return true,
-        }
-        let set = match kind {
-            ExternKind::Import => &self.imported_types,
-            ExternKind::Export => &self.exported_types,
-        };
-        match ty {
-            // When a type is imported or exported than any recursive type
-            // referred to by that import/export must additionally be exported
-            // or imported. Here this walks the "first layer" of the type which
-            // delegates to `TypeAlloc::type_named_type_id` to determine whether
-            // the components of the type being named here are indeed all they
-            // themselves named.
-            ComponentEntityType::Type {
-                created,
-                referenced,
-            } => {
-                if !self.all_valtypes_named(types, *referenced, set) {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                match kind {
-                    // Imported types are both valid for import and valid for
-                    // export.
-                    ExternKind::Import => {
-                        self.imported_types.insert(*created);
-                        self.exported_types.insert(*created);
-                    }
-                    ExternKind::Export => {
-                        self.exported_types.insert(*created);
-                    }
-                }
-
-                true
-            }
-
-            // Instances are slightly nuanced here. The general idea is that if
-            // an instance is imported, then any type exported by the instance
-            // is then also exported. Additionally for exports. To get this to
-            // work out this arm will recursively call
-            // `validate_and_register_named_types` which means that types are
-            // inserted into `self.{imported,exported}_types` as-we-go rather
-            // than all at once.
-            //
-            // This then recursively validates that all items in the instance
-            // itself are valid to import/export, recursive instances are
-            // captured, and everything is appropriately added to the right
-            // imported/exported set.
-            ComponentEntityType::Instance(i) => types[*i]
-                .exports
-                .iter()
-                .all(|(_name, ty)| self.validate_and_register_named_types(None, kind, ty, types)),
-
-            // All types referred to by a function must be named.
-            ComponentEntityType::Func(id) => self.all_valtypes_named_in_func(types, *id, set),
-
-            ComponentEntityType::Value(ty) => types.type_named_valtype(ty, set),
-
-            // Components/modules are always "closed" or "standalone" and don't
-            // need validation with respect to their named types.
-            ComponentEntityType::Component(_) | ComponentEntityType::Module(_) => true,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn all_valtypes_named(
-        &self,
-        types: &TypeAlloc,
-        id: ComponentAnyTypeId,
-        set: &HashSet<ComponentAnyTypeId>,
-    ) -> bool {
-        match id {
-            // Resource types, in isolation, are always valid to import or
-            // export since they're either attached to an import or being
-            // exported.
-            //
-            // Note that further validation of this happens in `finish`, too.
-            ComponentAnyTypeId::Resource(_) => true,
-
-            // Component types are validated as they are constructed,
-            // so all component types are valid to export if they've
-            // already been constructed.
-            ComponentAnyTypeId::Component(_) => true,
-
-            ComponentAnyTypeId::Defined(id) => self.all_valtypes_named_in_defined(types, id, set),
-            ComponentAnyTypeId::Func(id) => self.all_valtypes_named_in_func(types, id, set),
-            ComponentAnyTypeId::Instance(id) => self.all_valtypes_named_in_instance(types, id, set),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn all_valtypes_named_in_instance(
-        &self,
-        types: &TypeAlloc,
-        id: ComponentInstanceTypeId,
-        set: &HashSet<ComponentAnyTypeId>,
-    ) -> bool {
-        // Instances must recursively have all referenced types named.
-        let ty = &types[id];
-        ty.exports.values().all(|ty| match ty {
-            ComponentEntityType::Module(_) => true,
-            ComponentEntityType::Func(id) => self.all_valtypes_named_in_func(types, *id, set),
-            ComponentEntityType::Type { created: id, .. } => {
-                self.all_valtypes_named(types, *id, set)
-            }
-            ComponentEntityType::Value(ComponentValType::Type(id)) => {
-                self.all_valtypes_named_in_defined(types, *id, set)
-            }
-            ComponentEntityType::Instance(id) => {
-                self.all_valtypes_named_in_instance(types, *id, set)
-            }
-            ComponentEntityType::Component(_)
-            | ComponentEntityType::Value(ComponentValType::Primitive(_)) => return true,
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn all_valtypes_named_in_defined(
-        &self,
-        types: &TypeAlloc,
-        id: ComponentDefinedTypeId,
-        set: &HashSet<ComponentAnyTypeId>,
-    ) -> bool {
-        let ty = &types[id];
-        match ty {
-            // These types do not contain anything which must be
-            // named.
-            ComponentDefinedType::Primitive(_)
-            | ComponentDefinedType::Flags(_)
-            | ComponentDefinedType::Enum(_) => true,
-
-            // Referenced types of all these aggregates must all be
-            // named.
-            ComponentDefinedType::Record(r) => {
-                r.fields.values().all(|t| types.type_named_valtype(t, set))
-            }
-            ComponentDefinedType::Tuple(r) => {
-                r.types.iter().all(|t| types.type_named_valtype(t, set))
-            }
-            ComponentDefinedType::Variant(r) => r
-                .cases
-                .values()
-                .filter_map(|t| t.ty.as_ref())
-                .all(|t| types.type_named_valtype(t, set)),
-            ComponentDefinedType::Result { ok, err } => {
-                ok.as_ref()
-                    .map(|t| types.type_named_valtype(t, set))
-                    .unwrap_or(true)
-                    && err
-                        .as_ref()
-                        .map(|t| types.type_named_valtype(t, set))
-                        .unwrap_or(true)
-            }
-            ComponentDefinedType::List(ty) | ComponentDefinedType::Option(ty) => {
-                types.type_named_valtype(ty, set)
-            }
-
-            // The resource referred to by own/borrow must be named.
-            ComponentDefinedType::Own(id) | ComponentDefinedType::Borrow(id) => {
-                set.contains(&(*id).into())
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn all_valtypes_named_in_func(
-        &self,
-        types: &TypeAlloc,
-        id: ComponentFuncTypeId,
-        set: &HashSet<ComponentAnyTypeId>,
-    ) -> bool {
-        let ty = &types[id];
-        // Function types must have all their parameters/results named.
-        ty.params
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(_, ty)| ty)
-            .chain(ty.results.iter().map(|(_, ty)| ty))
-            .all(|ty| types.type_named_valtype(ty, set))
-    }
-
-    /// Updates the type `id` specified, an identifier for a component instance
-    /// type, to be imported into this component.
-    ///
-    /// Importing an instance type into a component specially handles the
-    /// defined resources registered in the instance type. Notably all
-    /// defined resources are "freshened" into brand new type variables and
-    /// these new variables are substituted within the type. This is what
-    /// creates a new `TypeId` and may update the `id` specified.
-    ///
-    /// One side effect of this operation, for example, is that if an instance
-    /// type is used twice to import two different instances then the instances
-    /// do not share resource types despite sharing the same original instance
-    /// type.
-    fn prepare_instance_import(&mut self, id: &mut ComponentInstanceTypeId, types: &mut TypeAlloc) {
-        let ty = &types[*id];
-
-        // No special treatment for imports of instances which themselves have
-        // no defined resources
-        if ty.defined_resources.is_empty() {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        let mut new_ty = ComponentInstanceType {
-            // Copied from the input verbatim
-            info: ty.info,
-
-            // Copied over as temporary storage for now, and both of these are
-            // filled out and expanded below.
-            exports: ty.exports.clone(),
-            explicit_resources: ty.explicit_resources.clone(),
-
-            // Explicitly discard this field since the
-            // defined resources are lifted into `self`
-            defined_resources: Default::default(),
-        };
-
-        // Create brand new resources for all defined ones in the instance.
-        let resources = (0..ty.defined_resources.len())
-            .map(|_| types.alloc_resource_id())
-            .collect::<IndexSet<_>>();
-
-        // Build a map from the defined resources in `ty` to those in `new_ty`.
-        //
-        // As part of this same loop the new resources, which were previously
-        // defined in `ty`, now become imported variables in `self`. Their
-        // path for where they're imported is updated as well with
-        // `self.next_import_index` as the import-to-be soon.
-        let mut mapping = Remapping::default();
-        let ty = &types[*id];
-        for (old, new) in ty.defined_resources.iter().zip(&resources) {
-            let prev = mapping.resources.insert(*old, new.resource());
-            assert!(prev.is_none());
-
-            let mut base = vec![self.imports.len()];
-            base.extend(ty.explicit_resources[old].iter().copied());
-            self.imported_resources.insert(new.resource(), base);
-        }
-
-        // Using the old-to-new resource mapping perform a substitution on
-        // the `exports` and `explicit_resources` fields of `new_ty`
-        for ty in new_ty.exports.values_mut() {
-            types.remap_component_entity(ty, &mut mapping);
-        }
-        for (id, path) in mem::take(&mut new_ty.explicit_resources) {
-            let id = *mapping.resources.get(&id).unwrap_or(&id);
-            new_ty.explicit_resources.insert(id, path);
-        }
-
-        // Now that `new_ty` is complete finish its registration and then
-        // update `id` on the way out.
-        *id = types.push_ty(new_ty);
-    }
-
-    /// Prepares an instance type, pointed to `id`, for being exported as a
-    /// concrete instance from `self`.
-    ///
-    /// This will internally perform any resource "freshening" as required and
-    /// then additionally update metadata within `self` about resources being
-    /// exported or defined.
-    fn prepare_instance_export(&mut self, id: &mut ComponentInstanceTypeId, types: &mut TypeAlloc) {
-        // Exports of an instance mean that the enclosing context
-        // is inheriting the resources that the instance
-        // encapsulates. This means that the instance type
-        // recorded for this export will itself have no
-        // defined resources.
-        let ty = &types[*id];
-
-        // Check to see if `defined_resources` is non-empty, and if so then
-        // "freshen" all the resources and inherit them to our own defined
-        // resources, updating `id` in the process.
-        //
-        // Note though that this specifically is not rewriting the resources of
-        // exported instances. The `defined_resources` set on instance types is
-        // a little subtle (see its documentation for more info), but the
-        // general idea is that for a concrete instance it's always empty. Only
-        // for instance type definitions does it ever have elements in it.
-        //
-        // That means that if this set is non-empty then what's happening is
-        // that we're in a type context an exporting an instance of a previously
-        // specified type. In this case all resources are required to be
-        // "freshened" to ensure that multiple exports of the same type all
-        // export different types of resources.
-        //
-        // And finally note that this operation empties out the
-        // `defined_resources` set of the type that is registered for the
-        // instance, as this export is modeled as producing a concrete instance.
-        if !ty.defined_resources.is_empty() {
-            let mut new_ty = ty.clone();
-            let mut mapping = Remapping::default();
-            for old in mem::take(&mut new_ty.defined_resources) {
-                let new = types.alloc_resource_id();
-                mapping.resources.insert(old, new.resource());
-                self.defined_resources.insert(new.resource(), None);
-            }
-            for ty in new_ty.exports.values_mut() {
-                types.remap_component_entity(ty, &mut mapping);
-            }
-            for (id, path) in mem::take(&mut new_ty.explicit_resources) {
-                let id = mapping.resources.get(&id).copied().unwrap_or(id);
-                new_ty.explicit_resources.insert(id, path);
-            }
-            *id = types.push_ty(new_ty);
-        }
-
-        // Any explicit resources in the instance are now additionally explicit
-        // in this component since it's exported.
-        //
-        // The path to each explicit resources gets one element prepended which
-        // is `self.next_export_index`, the index of the export about to be
-        // generated.
-        let ty = &types[*id];
-        for (id, path) in ty.explicit_resources.iter() {
-            let mut new_path = vec![self.exports.len()];
-            new_path.extend(path);
-            self.explicit_resources.insert(*id, new_path);
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_export(
-        &mut self,
-        name: ComponentExportName<'_>,
-        mut ty: ComponentEntityType,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-        check_limit: bool,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        if check_limit {
-            check_max(self.exports.len(), 1, MAX_WASM_EXPORTS, "exports", offset)?;
-        }
-        self.add_entity(
-            &mut ty,
-            Some((name.0, ExternKind::Export)),
-            features,
-            types,
-            offset,
-        )?;
-        self.toplevel_exported_resources.validate_extern(
-            name.0,
-            ExternKind::Export,
-            &ty,
-            types,
-            offset,
-            &mut self.export_names,
-            &mut self.exports,
-            &mut self.type_info,
-            features,
-        )?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn lift_function(
-        &mut self,
-        core_func_index: u32,
-        type_index: u32,
-        options: Vec<CanonicalOption>,
-        types: &TypeList,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let ty = self.function_type_at(type_index, types, offset)?;
-        let core_ty = types[self.core_function_at(core_func_index, offset)?].unwrap_func();
-
-        // Lifting a function is for an export, so match the expected canonical ABI
-        // export signature
-        let info = ty.lower(types, false);
-        self.check_options(Some(core_ty), &info, &options, types, offset)?;
-
-        if core_ty.params() != info.params.as_slice() {
-            bail!(
-                offset,
-                "lowered parameter types `{:?}` do not match parameter types \
-                 `{:?}` of core function {core_func_index}",
-                info.params.as_slice(),
-                core_ty.params(),
-            );
-        }
-
-        if core_ty.results() != info.results.as_slice() {
-            bail!(
-                offset,
-                "lowered result types `{:?}` do not match result types \
-                 `{:?}` of core function {core_func_index}",
-                info.results.as_slice(),
-                core_ty.results()
-            );
-        }
-
-        self.funcs
-            .push(self.types[type_index as usize].unwrap_func());
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn lower_function(
-        &mut self,
-        func_index: u32,
-        options: Vec<CanonicalOption>,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let ty = &types[self.function_at(func_index, offset)?];
-
-        // Lowering a function is for an import, so use a function type that matches
-        // the expected canonical ABI import signature.
-        let info = ty.lower(types, true);
-
-        self.check_options(None, &info, &options, types, offset)?;
-
-        let lowered_ty = SubType {
-            is_final: false,
-            supertype_idx: None,
-            composite_type: CompositeType::Func(info.into_func_type()),
-        };
-
-        let (_is_new, group_id) =
-            types.intern_canonical_rec_group(RecGroup::implicit(offset, lowered_ty));
-        let id = types[group_id].start;
-        self.core_funcs.push(id);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn resource_new(
-        &mut self,
-        resource: u32,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let rep = self.check_local_resource(resource, types, offset)?;
-        let core_ty = SubType {
-            is_final: false,
-            supertype_idx: None,
-            composite_type: CompositeType::Func(FuncType::new([rep], [ValType::I32])),
-        };
-        let (_is_new, group_id) =
-            types.intern_canonical_rec_group(RecGroup::implicit(offset, core_ty));
-        let id = types[group_id].start;
-        self.core_funcs.push(id);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn resource_drop(
-        &mut self,
-        resource: u32,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        self.resource_at(resource, types, offset)?;
-        let core_ty = SubType {
-            is_final: false,
-            supertype_idx: None,
-            composite_type: CompositeType::Func(FuncType::new([ValType::I32], [])),
-        };
-        let (_is_new, group_id) =
-            types.intern_canonical_rec_group(RecGroup::implicit(offset, core_ty));
-        let id = types[group_id].start;
-        self.core_funcs.push(id);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn resource_rep(
-        &mut self,
-        resource: u32,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let rep = self.check_local_resource(resource, types, offset)?;
-        let core_ty = SubType {
-            is_final: false,
-            supertype_idx: None,
-            composite_type: CompositeType::Func(FuncType::new([ValType::I32], [rep])),
-        };
-        let (_is_new, group_id) =
-            types.intern_canonical_rec_group(RecGroup::implicit(offset, core_ty));
-        let id = types[group_id].start;
-        self.core_funcs.push(id);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn check_local_resource(&self, idx: u32, types: &TypeList, offset: usize) -> Result<ValType> {
-        let resource = self.resource_at(idx, types, offset)?;
-        match self
-            .defined_resources
-            .get(&resource.resource())
-            .and_then(|rep| *rep)
-        {
-            Some(ty) => Ok(ty),
-            None => bail!(offset, "type {idx} is not a local resource"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn resource_at<'a>(
-        &self,
-        idx: u32,
-        _types: &'a TypeList,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<AliasableResourceId> {
-        if let ComponentAnyTypeId::Resource(id) = self.component_type_at(idx, offset)? {
-            return Ok(id);
-        }
-        bail!(offset, "type index {} is not a resource type", idx)
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_component(&mut self, component: ComponentType, types: &mut TypeAlloc) -> Result<()> {
-        let id = types.push_ty(component);
-        self.components.push(id);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_instance(
-        &mut self,
-        instance: crate::ComponentInstance,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let instance = match instance {
-            crate::ComponentInstance::Instantiate {
-                component_index,
-                args,
-            } => self.instantiate_component(
-                component_index,
-                args.into_vec(),
-                features,
-                types,
-                offset,
-            )?,
-            crate::ComponentInstance::FromExports(exports) => {
-                self.instantiate_component_exports(exports.into_vec(), features, types, offset)?
-            }
-        };
-
-        self.instances.push(instance);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_alias(
-        components: &mut [Self],
-        alias: crate::ComponentAlias,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        match alias {
-            crate::ComponentAlias::InstanceExport {
-                instance_index,
-                kind,
-                name,
-            } => components.last_mut().unwrap().alias_instance_export(
-                instance_index,
-                kind,
-                name,
-                features,
-                types,
-                offset,
-            ),
-            crate::ComponentAlias::CoreInstanceExport {
-                instance_index,
-                kind,
-                name,
-            } => components.last_mut().unwrap().alias_core_instance_export(
-                instance_index,
-                kind,
-                name,
-                types,
-                offset,
-            ),
-            crate::ComponentAlias::Outer { kind, count, index } => match kind {
-                ComponentOuterAliasKind::CoreModule => {
-                    Self::alias_module(components, count, index, offset)
-                }
-                ComponentOuterAliasKind::CoreType => {
-                    Self::alias_core_type(components, count, index, offset)
-                }
-                ComponentOuterAliasKind::Type => {
-                    Self::alias_type(components, count, index, types, offset)
-                }
-                ComponentOuterAliasKind::Component => {
-                    Self::alias_component(components, count, index, offset)
-                }
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_start(
-        &mut self,
-        func_index: u32,
-        args: &[u32],
-        results: u32,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-        types: &mut TypeList,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        if !features.component_model_values {
-            bail!(
-                offset,
-                "support for component model `value`s is not enabled"
-            );
-        }
-        if self.has_start {
-            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
-                "component cannot have more than one start function",
-                offset,
-            ));
-        }
-
-        let ft = &types[self.function_at(func_index, offset)?];
-
-        if ft.params.len() != args.len() {
-            bail!(
-                offset,
-                "component start function requires {} arguments but was given {}",
-                ft.params.len(),
-                args.len()
-            );
-        }
-
-        if ft.results.len() as u32 != results {
-            bail!(
-                offset,
-                "component start function has a result count of {results} \
-                 but the function type has a result count of {type_results}",
-                type_results = ft.results.len(),
-            );
-        }
-
-        let cx = SubtypeCx::new(types, types);
-        for (i, ((_, ty), arg)) in ft.params.iter().zip(args).enumerate() {
-            // Ensure the value's type is a subtype of the parameter type
-            cx.component_val_type(self.value_at(*arg, offset)?, ty, offset)
-                .with_context(|| {
-                    format!("value type mismatch for component start function argument {i}")
-                })?;
-        }
-
-        for (_, ty) in ft.results.iter() {
-            self.values.push((*ty, false));
-        }
-
-        self.has_start = true;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn check_options(
-        &self,
-        core_ty: Option<&FuncType>,
-        info: &LoweringInfo,
-        options: &[CanonicalOption],
-        types: &TypeList,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        fn display(option: CanonicalOption) -> &'static str {
-            match option {
-                CanonicalOption::UTF8 => "utf8",
-                CanonicalOption::UTF16 => "utf16",
-                CanonicalOption::CompactUTF16 => "latin1-utf16",
-                CanonicalOption::Memory(_) => "memory",
-                CanonicalOption::Realloc(_) => "realloc",
-                CanonicalOption::PostReturn(_) => "post-return",
-            }
-        }
-
-        let mut encoding = None;
-        let mut memory = None;
-        let mut realloc = None;
-        let mut post_return = None;
-
-        for option in options {
-            match option {
-                CanonicalOption::UTF8 | CanonicalOption::UTF16 | CanonicalOption::CompactUTF16 => {
-                    match encoding {
-                        Some(existing) => {
-                            bail!(
-                                offset,
-                                "canonical encoding option `{}` conflicts with option `{}`",
-                                display(existing),
-                                display(*option),
-                            )
-                        }
-                        None => encoding = Some(*option),
-                    }
-                }
-                CanonicalOption::Memory(idx) => {
-                    memory = match memory {
-                        None => {
-                            self.memory_at(*idx, offset)?;
-                            Some(*idx)
-                        }
-                        Some(_) => {
-                            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
-                                "canonical option `memory` is specified more than once",
-                                offset,
-                            ))
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                CanonicalOption::Realloc(idx) => {
-                    realloc = match realloc {
-                        None => {
-                            let ty = types[self.core_function_at(*idx, offset)?].unwrap_func();
-                            if ty.params()
-                                != [ValType::I32, ValType::I32, ValType::I32, ValType::I32]
-                                || ty.results() != [ValType::I32]
-                            {
-                                return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
-                                    "canonical option `realloc` uses a core function with an incorrect signature",
-                                    offset,
-                                ));
-                            }
-                            Some(*idx)
-                        }
-                        Some(_) => {
-                            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
-                                "canonical option `realloc` is specified more than once",
-                                offset,
-                            ))
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                CanonicalOption::PostReturn(idx) => {
-                    post_return = match post_return {
-                        None => {
-                            let core_ty = core_ty.ok_or_else(|| {
-                                BinaryReaderError::new(
-                                    "canonical option `post-return` cannot be specified for lowerings",
-                                    offset,
-                                )
-                            })?;
-
-                            let ty = types[self.core_function_at(*idx, offset)?].unwrap_func();
-
-                            if ty.params() != core_ty.results() || !ty.results().is_empty() {
-                                return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
-                                    "canonical option `post-return` uses a core function with an incorrect signature",
-                                    offset,
-                                ));
-                            }
-                            Some(*idx)
-                        }
-                        Some(_) => {
-                            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
-                                "canonical option `post-return` is specified more than once",
-                                offset,
-                            ))
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if info.requires_memory && memory.is_none() {
-            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
-                "canonical option `memory` is required",
-                offset,
-            ));
-        }
-
-        if info.requires_realloc && realloc.is_none() {
-            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
-                "canonical option `realloc` is required",
-                offset,
-            ));
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn check_type_ref(
-        &mut self,
-        ty: &ComponentTypeRef,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<ComponentEntityType> {
-        Ok(match ty {
-            ComponentTypeRef::Module(index) => {
-                let id = self.core_type_at(*index, offset)?;
-                match id {
-                    ComponentCoreTypeId::Sub(_) => {
-                        bail!(offset, "core type index {index} is not a module type")
-                    }
-                    ComponentCoreTypeId::Module(id) => ComponentEntityType::Module(id),
-                }
-            }
-            ComponentTypeRef::Func(index) => {
-                let id = self.component_type_at(*index, offset)?;
-                match id {
-                    ComponentAnyTypeId::Func(id) => ComponentEntityType::Func(id),
-                    _ => bail!(offset, "type index {index} is not a function type"),
-                }
-            }
-            ComponentTypeRef::Value(ty) => {
-                self.check_value_support(features, offset)?;
-                let ty = match ty {
-                    crate::ComponentValType::Primitive(ty) => ComponentValType::Primitive(*ty),
-                    crate::ComponentValType::Type(index) => {
-                        ComponentValType::Type(self.defined_type_at(*index, offset)?)
-                    }
-                };
-                ComponentEntityType::Value(ty)
-            }
-            ComponentTypeRef::Type(TypeBounds::Eq(index)) => {
-                let referenced = self.component_type_at(*index, offset)?;
-                let created = types.with_unique(referenced);
-                ComponentEntityType::Type {
-                    referenced,
-                    created,
-                }
-            }
-            ComponentTypeRef::Type(TypeBounds::SubResource) => {
-                let id = types.alloc_resource_id();
-                ComponentEntityType::Type {
-                    referenced: id.into(),
-                    created: id.into(),
-                }
-            }
-            ComponentTypeRef::Instance(index) => {
-                let id = self.component_type_at(*index, offset)?;
-                match id {
-                    ComponentAnyTypeId::Instance(id) => ComponentEntityType::Instance(id),
-                    _ => bail!(offset, "type index {index} is not an instance type"),
-                }
-            }
-            ComponentTypeRef::Component(index) => {
-                let id = self.component_type_at(*index, offset)?;
-                match id {
-                    ComponentAnyTypeId::Component(id) => ComponentEntityType::Component(id),
-                    _ => bail!(offset, "type index {index} is not a component type"),
-                }
-            }
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn export_to_entity_type(
-        &mut self,
-        export: &crate::ComponentExport,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<ComponentEntityType> {
-        let actual = match export.kind {
-            ComponentExternalKind::Module => {
-                ComponentEntityType::Module(self.module_at(export.index, offset)?)
-            }
-            ComponentExternalKind::Func => {
-                ComponentEntityType::Func(self.function_at(export.index, offset)?)
-            }
-            ComponentExternalKind::Value => {
-                self.check_value_support(features, offset)?;
-                ComponentEntityType::Value(*self.value_at(export.index, offset)?)
-            }
-            ComponentExternalKind::Type => {
-                let referenced = self.component_type_at(export.index, offset)?;
-                let created = types.with_unique(referenced);
-                ComponentEntityType::Type {
-                    referenced,
-                    created,
-                }
-            }
-            ComponentExternalKind::Instance => {
-                ComponentEntityType::Instance(self.instance_at(export.index, offset)?)
-            }
-            ComponentExternalKind::Component => {
-                ComponentEntityType::Component(self.component_at(export.index, offset)?)
-            }
-        };
-
-        let ascribed = match &export.ty {
-            Some(ty) => self.check_type_ref(ty, features, types, offset)?,
-            None => return Ok(actual),
-        };
-
-        SubtypeCx::new(types, types)
-            .component_entity_type(&actual, &ascribed, offset)
-            .with_context(|| "ascribed type of export is not compatible with item's type")?;
-
-        Ok(ascribed)
-    }
-
-    fn create_module_type(
-        components: &[Self],
-        decls: Vec<crate::ModuleTypeDeclaration>,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<ModuleType> {
-        let mut state = Module::default();
-
-        for decl in decls {
-            match decl {
-                crate::ModuleTypeDeclaration::Type(ty) => {
-                    state.add_types(
-                        RecGroup::implicit(offset, ty),
-                        features,
-                        types,
-                        offset,
-                        true,
-                    )?;
-                }
-                crate::ModuleTypeDeclaration::Export { name, mut ty } => {
-                    let ty = state.check_type_ref(&mut ty, features, types, offset)?;
-                    state.add_export(name, ty, features, offset, true, types)?;
-                }
-                crate::ModuleTypeDeclaration::OuterAlias { kind, count, index } => {
-                    if count > 1 {
-                        return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
-                            "outer type aliases in module type declarations are limited to a \
-                             maximum count of 1",
-                            offset,
-                        ));
-                    }
-                    match kind {
-                        crate::OuterAliasKind::Type => {
-                            let ty = if count == 0 {
-                                // Local alias, check the local module state
-                                ComponentCoreTypeId::Sub(state.type_id_at(index, offset)?)
-                            } else {
-                                // Otherwise, check the enclosing component state
-                                let component =
-                                    Self::check_alias_count(components, count - 1, offset)?;
-                                component.core_type_at(index, offset)?
-                            };
-
-                            check_max(state.types.len(), 1, MAX_WASM_TYPES, "types", offset)?;
-
-                            match ty {
-                                ComponentCoreTypeId::Sub(ty) => state.types.push(ty),
-                                // TODO https://github.com/WebAssembly/component-model/issues/265
-                                ComponentCoreTypeId::Module(_) => bail!(
-                                    offset,
-                                    "not implemented: aliasing core module types into a core \
-                                     module's types index space"
-                                ),
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                crate::ModuleTypeDeclaration::Import(import) => {
-                    state.add_import(import, features, types, offset)?;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        let imports = state.imports_for_module_type(offset)?;
-
-        Ok(ModuleType {
-            info: TypeInfo::core(state.type_size),
-            imports,
-            exports: state.exports,
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn create_component_type(
-        components: &mut Vec<Self>,
-        decls: Vec<crate::ComponentTypeDeclaration>,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<ComponentType> {
-        components.push(ComponentState::new(ComponentKind::ComponentType));
-
-        for decl in decls {
-            match decl {
-                crate::ComponentTypeDeclaration::CoreType(ty) => {
-                    Self::add_core_type(components, ty, features, types, offset, true)?;
-                }
-                crate::ComponentTypeDeclaration::Type(ty) => {
-                    Self::add_type(components, ty, features, types, offset, true)?;
-                }
-                crate::ComponentTypeDeclaration::Export { name, ty } => {
-                    let current = components.last_mut().unwrap();
-                    let ty = current.check_type_ref(&ty, features, types, offset)?;
-                    current.add_export(name, ty, features, types, offset, true)?;
-                }
-                crate::ComponentTypeDeclaration::Import(import) => {
-                    components
-                        .last_mut()
-                        .unwrap()
-                        .add_import(import, features, types, offset)?;
-                }
-                crate::ComponentTypeDeclaration::Alias(alias) => {
-                    Self::add_alias(components, alias, features, types, offset)?;
-                }
-            };
-        }
-
-        components.pop().unwrap().finish(types, offset)
-    }
-
-    fn create_instance_type(
-        components: &mut Vec<Self>,
-        decls: Vec<crate::InstanceTypeDeclaration>,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<ComponentInstanceType> {
-        components.push(ComponentState::new(ComponentKind::InstanceType));
-
-        for decl in decls {
-            match decl {
-                crate::InstanceTypeDeclaration::CoreType(ty) => {
-                    Self::add_core_type(components, ty, features, types, offset, true)?;
-                }
-                crate::InstanceTypeDeclaration::Type(ty) => {
-                    Self::add_type(components, ty, features, types, offset, true)?;
-                }
-                crate::InstanceTypeDeclaration::Export { name, ty } => {
-                    let current = components.last_mut().unwrap();
-                    let ty = current.check_type_ref(&ty, features, types, offset)?;
-                    current.add_export(name, ty, features, types, offset, true)?;
-                }
-                crate::InstanceTypeDeclaration::Alias(alias) => {
-                    Self::add_alias(components, alias, features, types, offset)?;
-                }
-            };
-        }
-
-        let mut state = components.pop().unwrap();
-
-        assert!(state.imported_resources.is_empty());
-
-        Ok(ComponentInstanceType {
-            info: state.type_info,
-
-            // The defined resources for this instance type are those listed on
-            // the component state. The path to each defined resource is
-            // guaranteed to live within the `explicit_resources` map since,
-            // when in the type context, the introduction of any defined
-            // resource must have been done with `(export "x" (type (sub
-            // resource)))` which, in a sense, "fuses" the introduction of the
-            // variable with the export. This means that all defined resources,
-            // if any, should be guaranteed to have an `explicit_resources` path
-            // listed.
-            defined_resources: mem::take(&mut state.defined_resources)
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|(id, rep)| {
-                    assert!(rep.is_none());
-                    id
-                })
-                .collect(),
-
-            // The map of what resources are explicitly exported and where
-            // they're exported is plumbed through as-is.
-            explicit_resources: mem::take(&mut state.explicit_resources),
-
-            exports: mem::take(&mut state.exports),
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn create_function_type(
-        &self,
-        ty: crate::ComponentFuncType,
-        types: &TypeList,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<ComponentFuncType> {
-        let mut info = TypeInfo::new();
-
-        let mut set =
-            HashSet::with_capacity(std::cmp::max(ty.params.len(), ty.results.type_count()));
-
-        let params = ty
-            .params
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(name, ty)| {
-                let name = to_kebab_str(name, "function parameter", offset)?;
-                if !set.insert(name) {
-                    bail!(
-                        offset,
-                        "function parameter name `{name}` conflicts with previous parameter name `{prev}`",
-                        prev = set.get(&name).unwrap(),
-                    );
-                }
-
-                let ty = self.create_component_val_type(*ty, offset)?;
-                info.combine(ty.info(types), offset)?;
-                Ok((name.to_owned(), ty))
-            })
-            .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
-
-        set.clear();
-
-        let results = ty
-            .results
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(name, ty)| {
-                let name = name
-                    .map(|name| {
-                        let name = to_kebab_str(name, "function result", offset)?;
-                        if !set.insert(name) {
-                            bail!(
-                                offset,
-                                "function result name `{name}` conflicts with previous result name `{prev}`",
-                                prev = set.get(name).unwrap(),
-                            );
-                        }
-
-                        Ok(name.to_owned())
-                    })
-                    .transpose()?;
-
-                let ty = self.create_component_val_type(*ty, offset)?;
-                let ty_info = ty.info(types);
-                if ty_info.contains_borrow() {
-                    bail!(offset, "function result cannot contain a `borrow` type");
-                }
-                info.combine(ty.info(types), offset)?;
-                Ok((name, ty))
-            })
-            .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
-
-        Ok(ComponentFuncType {
-            info,
-            params,
-            results,
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn instantiate_core_module(
-        &self,
-        module_index: u32,
-        module_args: Vec<crate::InstantiationArg>,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<ComponentCoreInstanceTypeId> {
-        fn insert_arg<'a>(
-            name: &'a str,
-            arg: &'a InstanceType,
-            args: &mut IndexMap<&'a str, &'a InstanceType>,
-            offset: usize,
-        ) -> Result<()> {
-            if args.insert(name, arg).is_some() {
-                bail!(
-                    offset,
-                    "duplicate module instantiation argument named `{name}`"
-                );
-            }
-
-            Ok(())
-        }
-
-        let module_type_id = self.module_at(module_index, offset)?;
-        let mut args = IndexMap::new();
-
-        // Populate the arguments
-        for module_arg in module_args {
-            match module_arg.kind {
-                InstantiationArgKind::Instance => {
-                    let instance_type = &types[self.core_instance_at(module_arg.index, offset)?];
-                    insert_arg(module_arg.name, instance_type, &mut args, offset)?;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Validate the arguments
-        let module_type = &types[module_type_id];
-        let cx = SubtypeCx::new(types, types);
-        for ((module, name), expected) in module_type.imports.iter() {
-            let instance = args.get(module.as_str()).ok_or_else(|| {
-                format_err!(
-                    offset,
-                    "missing module instantiation argument named `{module}`"
-                )
-            })?;
-
-            let arg = instance
-                .internal_exports(types)
-                .get(name.as_str())
-                .ok_or_else(|| {
-                    format_err!(
-                        offset,
-                        "module instantiation argument `{module}` does not \
-                         export an item named `{name}`",
-                    )
-                })?;
-
-            cx.entity_type(arg, expected, offset).with_context(|| {
-                format!(
-                    "type mismatch for export `{name}` of module \
-                         instantiation argument `{module}`"
-                )
-            })?;
-        }
-
-        let mut info = TypeInfo::new();
-        for (_, ty) in module_type.exports.iter() {
-            info.combine(ty.info(types), offset)?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(types.push_ty(InstanceType {
-            info,
-            kind: CoreInstanceTypeKind::Instantiated(module_type_id),
-        }))
-    }
-
-    fn instantiate_component(
-        &mut self,
-        component_index: u32,
-        component_args: Vec<crate::ComponentInstantiationArg>,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<ComponentInstanceTypeId> {
-        let component_type_id = self.component_at(component_index, offset)?;
-        let mut args = IndexMap::new();
-
-        // Populate the arguments
-        for component_arg in component_args {
-            let ty = match component_arg.kind {
-                ComponentExternalKind::Module => {
-                    ComponentEntityType::Module(self.module_at(component_arg.index, offset)?)
-                }
-                ComponentExternalKind::Component => {
-                    ComponentEntityType::Component(self.component_at(component_arg.index, offset)?)
-                }
-                ComponentExternalKind::Instance => {
-                    ComponentEntityType::Instance(self.instance_at(component_arg.index, offset)?)
-                }
-                ComponentExternalKind::Func => {
-                    ComponentEntityType::Func(self.function_at(component_arg.index, offset)?)
-                }
-                ComponentExternalKind::Value => {
-                    self.check_value_support(features, offset)?;
-                    ComponentEntityType::Value(*self.value_at(component_arg.index, offset)?)
-                }
-                ComponentExternalKind::Type => {
-                    let ty = self.component_type_at(component_arg.index, offset)?;
-                    ComponentEntityType::Type {
-                        referenced: ty,
-                        created: ty,
-                    }
-                }
-            };
-            match args.entry(component_arg.name.to_string()) {
-                Entry::Occupied(e) => {
-                    bail!(
-                        offset,
-                        "instantiation argument `{name}` conflicts with previous argument `{prev}`",
-                        prev = e.key(),
-                        name = component_arg.name
-                    );
-                }
-                Entry::Vacant(e) => {
-                    e.insert(ty);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Here comes the fun part of the component model, we're instantiating
-        // the component with type `component_type_id` with the `args`
-        // specified. Easy enough!
-        //
-        // This operation, however, is one of the lynchpins of safety in the
-        // component model. Additionally what this ends up implementing ranges
-        // from "well just check the types are equal" to "let's have a
-        // full-blown ML-style module type system in the component model". There
-        // are primarily two major tricky pieces to the component model which
-        // make this operation, instantiating components, hard:
-        //
-        // 1. Components can import and exports other components. This means
-        //    that arguments to instantiation are along the lines of functions
-        //    being passed to functions or similar. Effectively this means that
-        //    the term "variance" comes into play with either contravariance
-        //    or covariance depending on where you are in typechecking. This is
-        //    one of the main rationales, however, that this check below is a
-        //    check for subtyping as opposed to exact type equivalence. For
-        //    example an instance that exports something is a subtype of an
-        //    instance that exports nothing. Components get a bit trick since
-        //    they both have imports and exports. My way of thinking about it
-        //    is "who's asking for what". If you're asking for imports then
-        //    I need to at least supply those imports, but I can possibly
-        //    supply more. If you're asking for a thing which you'll give a set
-        //    of imports, then I can give you something which takes less imports
-        //    because what you give still suffices. (things like that). The
-        //    real complication with components, however, comes with...
-        //
-        // 2. Resources. Resources in the component model are akin to "abstract
-        //    types". They're not abstract in the sense that they have no
-        //    representation, they're always backed by a 32-bit integer right
-        //    now. Instead they're abstract in the sense that some components
-        //    aren't allowed to understand the representation of a resource.
-        //    For example if you import a resource you can't get the underlying
-        //    internals of it. Furthermore the resource is strictly tracked
-        //    within the component with `own` and `borrow` runtime semantics.
-        //    The hardest part about resources, though, is handling them as
-        //    part of instantiation and subtyping.
-        //
-        //    For example one major aspect of resources is that if a component
-        //    exports a resource then each instantiation of the component
-        //    produces a fresh resource type. This means that the type recorded
-        //    for the instantiation here can't simply be "I instantiated
-        //    component X" since in such a situation the type of all
-        //    instantiations would be the same, which they aren't.
-        //
-        //    This sort of subtelty comes up quite frequently for resources.
-        //    This file contains references to `imported_resources` and
-        //    `defined_resources` for example which refer to the formal
-        //    nature of components and their abstract variables. Specifically
-        //    for instantiation though we're eventually faced with the problem
-        //    of subtype checks where resource subtyping is defined as "does
-        //    your id equal mine". Naively implemented that means anything with
-        //    resources isn't subtypes of anything else since resource ids are
-        //    unique between components. Instead what actually needs to happen
-        //    is types need to be substituted.
-        //
-        // Much of the complexity here is not actually apparent here in this
-        // literal one function. Instead it's spread out across validation
-        // in this file and type-checking in the `types.rs` module. Note that
-        // the "spread out" nature isn't because we're bad maintainers
-        // (hopefully), but rather it's quite infectious how many parts need
-        // to handle resources and account for defined/imported variables.
-        //
-        // For example only one subtyping method is called here where `args` is
-        // passed in. This method is quite recursive in its nature though and
-        // will internally touch all the fields that this file maintains to
-        // end up putting into various bits and pieces of type information.
-        //
-        // Unfortunately there's probably not really a succinct way to read
-        // this method and understand everything. If you've written ML module
-        // type systems this will probably look quite familiar, but otherwise
-        // the whole system is not really easily approachable at this time. It's
-        // hoped in the future that there's a formalism to refer to which will
-        // make things more clear as the code would be able to reference this
-        // hypothetical formalism. Until that's the case, though, these
-        // comments are hopefully enough when augmented with communication with
-        // the authors.
-
-        let component_type = &types[component_type_id];
-        let mut exports = component_type.exports.clone();
-        let mut info = TypeInfo::new();
-        for (_, ty) in component_type.exports.iter() {
-            info.combine(ty.info(types), offset)?;
-        }
-
-        // Perform the subtype check that `args` matches the imports of
-        // `component_type_id`. The result of this subtype check is the
-        // production of a mapping of resource types from the imports to the
-        // arguments provided. This is a substitution map which is then used
-        // below to perform a substitution into the exports of the instance
-        // since the types of the exports are now in terms of whatever was
-        // supplied as imports.
-        let mut mapping = SubtypeCx::new(types, types).open_instance_type(
-            &args,
-            component_type_id,
-            ExternKind::Import,
-            offset,
-        )?;
-
-        // Part of the instantiation of a component is that all of its
-        // defined resources become "fresh" on each instantiation. This
-        // means that each instantiation of a component gets brand new type
-        // variables representing its defined resources, modeling that each
-        // instantiation produces distinct types. The freshening is performed
-        // here by allocating new ids and inserting them into `mapping`.
-        //
-        // Note that technically the `mapping` from subtyping should be applied
-        // first and then the mapping for freshening should be applied
-        // afterwards. The keys of the map from subtyping are the imported
-        // resources from this component which are disjoint from its defined
-        // resources. That means it should be possible to place everything
-        // into one large map which maps from:
-        //
-        // * the component's imported resources go to whatever was explicitly
-        //   supplied in the import map
-        // * the component's defined resources go to fresh new resources
-        //
-        // These two remapping operations can then get folded into one by
-        // placing everything in the same `mapping` and using that for a remap
-        // only once.
-        let fresh_defined_resources = (0..component_type.defined_resources.len())
-            .map(|_| types.alloc_resource_id().resource())
-            .collect::<IndexSet<_>>();
-        let component_type = &types[component_type_id];
-        for ((old, _path), new) in component_type
-            .defined_resources
-            .iter()
-            .zip(&fresh_defined_resources)
-        {
-            let prev = mapping.resources.insert(*old, *new);
-            assert!(prev.is_none());
-        }
-
-        // Perform the remapping operation over all the exports that will be
-        // listed for the final instance type. Note that this is performed
-        // both for all the export types in addition to the explicitly exported
-        // resources list.
-        //
-        // Note that this is a crucial step of the instantiation process which
-        // is intentionally transforming the type of a component based on the
-        // variables provided by imports and additionally ensuring that all
-        // references to the component's defined resources are rebound to the
-        // fresh ones introduced just above.
-        for entity in exports.values_mut() {
-            types.remap_component_entity(entity, &mut mapping);
-        }
-        let component_type = &types[component_type_id];
-        let explicit_resources = component_type
-            .explicit_resources
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(id, path)| {
-                (
-                    mapping.resources.get(id).copied().unwrap_or(*id),
-                    path.clone(),
-                )
-            })
-            .collect::<IndexMap<_, _>>();
-
-        // Technically in the last formalism that was consulted in writing this
-        // implementation there are two further steps that are part of the
-        // instantiation process:
-        //
-        // 1. The set of defined resources from the instance created, which are
-        //    added to the outer component, is the subset of the instance's
-        //    original defined resources and the free variables of the exports.
-        //
-        // 2. Each element of this subset is required to be "explicit in" the
-        //    instance, or otherwise explicitly exported somewhere within the
-        //    instance.
-        //
-        // With the syntactic structure of the component model, however, neither
-        // of these conditions should be necessary. The main reason for this is
-        // that this function is specifically dealing with instantiation of
-        // components which should already have these properties validated
-        // about them. Subsequently we shouldn't have to re-check them.
-        //
-        // In debug mode, however, do a sanity check.
-        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
-            let mut free = IndexSet::new();
-            for ty in exports.values() {
-                types.free_variables_component_entity(ty, &mut free);
-            }
-            assert!(fresh_defined_resources.is_subset(&free));
-            for resource in fresh_defined_resources.iter() {
-                assert!(explicit_resources.contains_key(resource));
-            }
-        }
-
-        // And as the final step of the instantiation process all of the
-        // new defined resources from this component instantiation are moved
-        // onto `self`. Note that concrete instances never have defined
-        // resources (see more comments in `instantiate_exports`) so the
-        // `defined_resources` listing in the final type is always empty. This
-        // represents how by having a concrete instance the definitions
-        // referred to in that instance are now problems for the outer
-        // component rather than the inner instance since the instance is bound
-        // to the component.
-        //
-        // All defined resources here have no known representation, so they're
-        // all listed with `None`. Also note that none of the resources were
-        // exported yet so `self.explicit_resources` is not updated yet. If
-        // this instance is exported, however, it'll consult the type's
-        // `explicit_resources` array and use that appropriately.
-        for resource in fresh_defined_resources {
-            self.defined_resources.insert(resource, None);
-        }
-
-        Ok(types.push_ty(ComponentInstanceType {
-            info,
-            defined_resources: Default::default(),
-            explicit_resources,
-            exports,
-        }))
-    }
-
-    fn instantiate_component_exports(
-        &mut self,
-        exports: Vec<crate::ComponentExport>,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<ComponentInstanceTypeId> {
-        let mut info = TypeInfo::new();
-        let mut inst_exports = IndexMap::new();
-        let mut explicit_resources = IndexMap::new();
-        let mut export_names = IndexSet::new();
-
-        // NB: It's intentional that this context is empty since no indices are
-        // introduced in the bag-of-exports construct which means there's no
-        // way syntactically to register something inside of this.
-        let names = ComponentNameContext::default();
-
-        for export in exports {
-            assert!(export.ty.is_none());
-            let ty = match export.kind {
-                ComponentExternalKind::Module => {
-                    ComponentEntityType::Module(self.module_at(export.index, offset)?)
-                }
-                ComponentExternalKind::Component => {
-                    ComponentEntityType::Component(self.component_at(export.index, offset)?)
-                }
-                ComponentExternalKind::Instance => {
-                    let ty = self.instance_at(export.index, offset)?;
-
-                    // When an instance is exported from an instance then
-                    // all explicitly exported resources on the sub-instance are
-                    // now also listed as exported resources on the outer
-                    // instance, just with one more element in their path.
-                    explicit_resources.extend(types[ty].explicit_resources.iter().map(
-                        |(id, path)| {
-                            let mut new_path = vec![inst_exports.len()];
-                            new_path.extend(path);
-                            (*id, new_path)
-                        },
-                    ));
-                    ComponentEntityType::Instance(ty)
-                }
-                ComponentExternalKind::Func => {
-                    ComponentEntityType::Func(self.function_at(export.index, offset)?)
-                }
-                ComponentExternalKind::Value => {
-                    self.check_value_support(features, offset)?;
-                    ComponentEntityType::Value(*self.value_at(export.index, offset)?)
-                }
-                ComponentExternalKind::Type => {
-                    let ty = self.component_type_at(export.index, offset)?;
-                    // If this is an export of a resource type be sure to
-                    // record that in the explicit list with the appropriate
-                    // path because if this instance ends up getting used
-                    // it'll count towards the "explicit in" check.
-                    if let ComponentAnyTypeId::Resource(id) = ty {
-                        explicit_resources.insert(id.resource(), vec![inst_exports.len()]);
-                    }
-                    ComponentEntityType::Type {
-                        referenced: ty,
-                        // The created type index here isn't used anywhere
-                        // in index spaces because a "bag of exports"
-                        // doesn't build up its own index spaces. Just fill
-                        // in the same index here in this case as what's
-                        // referenced.
-                        created: ty,
-                    }
-                }
-            };
-
-            names.validate_extern(
-                export.name.0,
-                ExternKind::Export,
-                &ty,
-                types,
-                offset,
-                &mut export_names,
-                &mut inst_exports,
-                &mut info,
-                features,
-            )?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(types.push_ty(ComponentInstanceType {
-            info,
-            explicit_resources,
-            exports: inst_exports,
-
-            // NB: the list of defined resources for this instance itself
-            // is always empty. Even if this instance exports resources,
-            // it's empty.
-            //
-            // The reason for this is a bit subtle. The general idea, though, is
-            // that the defined resources list here is only used for instance
-            // types that are sort of "floating around" and haven't actually
-            // been attached to something yet. For example when an instance type
-            // is simply declared it can have defined resources introduced
-            // through `(export "name" (type (sub resource)))`. These
-            // definitions, however, are local to the instance itself and aren't
-            // defined elsewhere.
-            //
-            // Here, though, no new definitions were introduced. The instance
-            // created here is a "bag of exports" which could only refer to
-            // preexisting items. This means that inherently no new resources
-            // were created so there's nothing to put in this list. Any
-            // resources referenced by the instance must be bound by the outer
-            // component context or further above.
-            //
-            // Furthermore, however, actual instances of instances, which this
-            // is, aren't allowed to have defined resources. Instead the
-            // resources would have to be injected into the outer component
-            // enclosing the instance. That means that even if bag-of-exports
-            // could declare a new resource then the resource would be moved
-            // from here to `self.defined_resources`. This doesn't exist at this
-            // time, though, so this still remains empty and
-            // `self.defined_resources` remains unperturbed.
-            defined_resources: Default::default(),
-        }))
-    }
-
-    fn instantiate_core_exports(
-        &mut self,
-        exports: Vec<crate::Export>,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<ComponentCoreInstanceTypeId> {
-        fn insert_export(
-            types: &TypeList,
-            name: &str,
-            export: EntityType,
-            exports: &mut IndexMap<String, EntityType>,
-            info: &mut TypeInfo,
-            offset: usize,
-        ) -> Result<()> {
-            info.combine(export.info(types), offset)?;
-
-            if exports.insert(name.to_string(), export).is_some() {
-                bail!(
-                    offset,
-                    "duplicate instantiation export name `{name}` already defined",
-                )
-            }
-
-            Ok(())
-        }
-
-        let mut info = TypeInfo::new();
-        let mut inst_exports = IndexMap::new();
-        for export in exports {
-            match export.kind {
-                ExternalKind::Func => {
-                    insert_export(
-                        types,
-                        export.name,
-                        EntityType::Func(self.core_function_at(export.index, offset)?),
-                        &mut inst_exports,
-                        &mut info,
-                        offset,
-                    )?;
-                }
-                ExternalKind::Table => insert_export(
-                    types,
-                    export.name,
-                    EntityType::Table(*self.table_at(export.index, offset)?),
-                    &mut inst_exports,
-                    &mut info,
-                    offset,
-                )?,
-                ExternalKind::Memory => insert_export(
-                    types,
-                    export.name,
-                    EntityType::Memory(*self.memory_at(export.index, offset)?),
-                    &mut inst_exports,
-                    &mut info,
-                    offset,
-                )?,
-                ExternalKind::Global => {
-                    insert_export(
-                        types,
-                        export.name,
-                        EntityType::Global(*self.global_at(export.index, offset)?),
-                        &mut inst_exports,
-                        &mut info,
-                        offset,
-                    )?;
-                }
-                ExternalKind::Tag => insert_export(
-                    types,
-                    export.name,
-                    EntityType::Tag(self.core_function_at(export.index, offset)?),
-                    &mut inst_exports,
-                    &mut info,
-                    offset,
-                )?,
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(types.push_ty(InstanceType {
-            info,
-            kind: CoreInstanceTypeKind::Exports(inst_exports),
-        }))
-    }
-
-    fn alias_core_instance_export(
-        &mut self,
-        instance_index: u32,
-        kind: ExternalKind,
-        name: &str,
-        types: &TypeList,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        macro_rules! push_module_export {
-            ($expected:path, $collection:ident, $ty:literal) => {{
-                match self.core_instance_export(instance_index, name, types, offset)? {
-                    $expected(ty) => {
-                        self.$collection.push(*ty);
-                        Ok(())
-                    }
-                    _ => {
-                        bail!(
-                            offset,
-                            "export `{name}` for core instance {instance_index} is not a {}",
-                            $ty
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }};
-        }
-
-        match kind {
-            ExternalKind::Func => {
-                check_max(
-                    self.function_count(),
-                    1,
-                    MAX_WASM_FUNCTIONS,
-                    "functions",
-                    offset,
-                )?;
-                push_module_export!(EntityType::Func, core_funcs, "function")
-            }
-            ExternalKind::Table => {
-                check_max(
-                    self.core_tables.len(),
-                    1,
-                    MAX_CORE_INDEX_SPACE_ITEMS,
-                    "tables",
-                    offset,
-                )?;
-                push_module_export!(EntityType::Table, core_tables, "table")
-            }
-            ExternalKind::Memory => {
-                check_max(
-                    self.core_memories.len(),
-                    1,
-                    MAX_CORE_INDEX_SPACE_ITEMS,
-                    "memories",
-                    offset,
-                )?;
-                push_module_export!(EntityType::Memory, core_memories, "memory")
-            }
-            ExternalKind::Global => {
-                check_max(
-                    self.core_globals.len(),
-                    1,
-                    MAX_CORE_INDEX_SPACE_ITEMS,
-                    "globals",
-                    offset,
-                )?;
-                push_module_export!(EntityType::Global, core_globals, "global")
-            }
-            ExternalKind::Tag => {
-                check_max(
-                    self.core_tags.len(),
-                    1,
-                    MAX_CORE_INDEX_SPACE_ITEMS,
-                    "tags",
-                    offset,
-                )?;
-                push_module_export!(EntityType::Tag, core_tags, "tag")
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn alias_instance_export(
-        &mut self,
-        instance_index: u32,
-        kind: ComponentExternalKind,
-        name: &str,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        if let ComponentExternalKind::Value = kind {
-            self.check_value_support(features, offset)?;
-        }
-        let mut ty = match types[self.instance_at(instance_index, offset)?]
-            .exports
-            .get(name)
-        {
-            Some(ty) => *ty,
-            None => bail!(
-                offset,
-                "instance {instance_index} has no export named `{name}`"
-            ),
-        };
-
-        let ok = match (&ty, kind) {
-            (ComponentEntityType::Module(_), ComponentExternalKind::Module) => true,
-            (ComponentEntityType::Module(_), _) => false,
-            (ComponentEntityType::Component(_), ComponentExternalKind::Component) => true,
-            (ComponentEntityType::Component(_), _) => false,
-            (ComponentEntityType::Func(_), ComponentExternalKind::Func) => true,
-            (ComponentEntityType::Func(_), _) => false,
-            (ComponentEntityType::Instance(_), ComponentExternalKind::Instance) => true,
-            (ComponentEntityType::Instance(_), _) => false,
-            (ComponentEntityType::Value(_), ComponentExternalKind::Value) => true,
-            (ComponentEntityType::Value(_), _) => false,
-            (ComponentEntityType::Type { .. }, ComponentExternalKind::Type) => true,
-            (ComponentEntityType::Type { .. }, _) => false,
-        };
-        if !ok {
-            bail!(
-                offset,
-                "export `{name}` for instance {instance_index} is not a {}",
-                kind.desc(),
-            );
-        }
-
-        self.add_entity(&mut ty, None, features, types, offset)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn alias_module(components: &mut [Self], count: u32, index: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
-        let component = Self::check_alias_count(components, count, offset)?;
-        let ty = component.module_at(index, offset)?;
-
-        let current = components.last_mut().unwrap();
-        check_max(
-            current.core_modules.len(),
-            1,
-            MAX_WASM_MODULES,
-            "modules",
-            offset,
-        )?;
-
-        current.core_modules.push(ty);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn alias_component(
-        components: &mut [Self],
-        count: u32,
-        index: u32,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let component = Self::check_alias_count(components, count, offset)?;
-        let ty = component.component_at(index, offset)?;
-
-        let current = components.last_mut().unwrap();
-        check_max(
-            current.components.len(),
-            1,
-            MAX_WASM_COMPONENTS,
-            "components",
-            offset,
-        )?;
-
-        current.components.push(ty);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn alias_core_type(
-        components: &mut [Self],
-        count: u32,
-        index: u32,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let component = Self::check_alias_count(components, count, offset)?;
-        let ty = component.core_type_at(index, offset)?;
-
-        let current = components.last_mut().unwrap();
-        check_max(current.type_count(), 1, MAX_WASM_TYPES, "types", offset)?;
-
-        current.core_types.push(ty);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn alias_type(
-        components: &mut [Self],
-        count: u32,
-        index: u32,
-        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let component = Self::check_alias_count(components, count, offset)?;
-        let ty = component.component_type_at(index, offset)?;
-
-        // If `count` "crossed a component boundary", meaning that it went from
-        // one component to another, then this must additionally verify that
-        // `ty` has no free variables with respect to resources. This is
-        // intended to preserve the property for components where each component
-        // is an isolated unit that can theoretically be extracted from other
-        // components. If resources from other components were allowed to leak
-        // in then it would prevent that.
-        //
-        // This check is done by calculating the `pos` within `components` that
-        // our target `component` above was selected at. Once this is acquired
-        // the component to the "right" is checked, and if that's a component
-        // then it's considered as crossing a component boundary meaning the
-        // free variables check runs.
-        //
-        // The reason this works is that in the list of `ComponentState` types
-        // it's guaranteed that any `is_type` components are contiguous at the
-        // end of the array. This means that if state one level deeper than the
-        // target of this alias is a `!is_type` component, then the target must
-        // be a component as well. If the one-level deeper state `is_type` then
-        // the target is either a type or a component, both of which are valid
-        // (as aliases can reach the enclosing component and have as many free
-        // variables as they want).
-        let pos_after_component = components.len() - (count as usize);
-        if let Some(component) = components.get(pos_after_component) {
-            if component.kind == ComponentKind::Component {
-                let mut free = IndexSet::new();
-                types.free_variables_any_type_id(ty, &mut free);
-                if !free.is_empty() {
-                    bail!(
-                        offset,
-                        "cannot alias outer type which transitively refers \
-                         to resources not defined in the current component"
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        let current = components.last_mut().unwrap();
-        check_max(current.type_count(), 1, MAX_WASM_TYPES, "types", offset)?;
-
-        current.types.push(ty);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn check_alias_count(components: &[Self], count: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<&Self> {
-        let count = count as usize;
-        if count >= components.len() {
-            bail!(offset, "invalid outer alias count of {count}");
-        }
-
-        Ok(&components[components.len() - count - 1])
-    }
-
-    fn create_defined_type(
-        &self,
-        ty: crate::ComponentDefinedType,
-        types: &TypeList,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<ComponentDefinedType> {
-        match ty {
-            crate::ComponentDefinedType::Primitive(ty) => Ok(ComponentDefinedType::Primitive(ty)),
-            crate::ComponentDefinedType::Record(fields) => {
-                self.create_record_type(fields.as_ref(), types, offset)
-            }
-            crate::ComponentDefinedType::Variant(cases) => {
-                self.create_variant_type(cases.as_ref(), types, offset)
-            }
-            crate::ComponentDefinedType::List(ty) => Ok(ComponentDefinedType::List(
-                self.create_component_val_type(ty, offset)?,
-            )),
-            crate::ComponentDefinedType::Tuple(tys) => {
-                self.create_tuple_type(tys.as_ref(), types, offset)
-            }
-            crate::ComponentDefinedType::Flags(names) => {
-                self.create_flags_type(names.as_ref(), offset)
-            }
-            crate::ComponentDefinedType::Enum(cases) => {
-                self.create_enum_type(cases.as_ref(), offset)
-            }
-            crate::ComponentDefinedType::Option(ty) => Ok(ComponentDefinedType::Option(
-                self.create_component_val_type(ty, offset)?,
-            )),
-            crate::ComponentDefinedType::Result { ok, err } => Ok(ComponentDefinedType::Result {
-                ok: ok
-                    .map(|ty| self.create_component_val_type(ty, offset))
-                    .transpose()?,
-                err: err
-                    .map(|ty| self.create_component_val_type(ty, offset))
-                    .transpose()?,
-            }),
-            crate::ComponentDefinedType::Own(idx) => Ok(ComponentDefinedType::Own(
-                self.resource_at(idx, types, offset)?,
-            )),
-            crate::ComponentDefinedType::Borrow(idx) => Ok(ComponentDefinedType::Borrow(
-                self.resource_at(idx, types, offset)?,
-            )),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn create_record_type(
-        &self,
-        fields: &[(&str, crate::ComponentValType)],
-        types: &TypeList,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<ComponentDefinedType> {
-        let mut info = TypeInfo::new();
-        let mut field_map = IndexMap::with_capacity(fields.len());
-
-        if fields.is_empty() {
-            bail!(offset, "record type must have at least one field");
-        }
-
-        for (name, ty) in fields {
-            let name = to_kebab_str(name, "record field", offset)?;
-            let ty = self.create_component_val_type(*ty, offset)?;
-
-            match field_map.entry(name.to_owned()) {
-                Entry::Occupied(e) => bail!(
-                    offset,
-                    "record field name `{name}` conflicts with previous field name `{prev}`",
-                    prev = e.key()
-                ),
-                Entry::Vacant(e) => {
-                    info.combine(ty.info(types), offset)?;
-                    e.insert(ty);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(ComponentDefinedType::Record(RecordType {
-            info,
-            fields: field_map,
-        }))
-    }
-
-    fn create_variant_type(
-        &self,
-        cases: &[crate::VariantCase],
-        types: &TypeList,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<ComponentDefinedType> {
-        let mut info = TypeInfo::new();
-        let mut case_map: IndexMap<KebabString, VariantCase> = IndexMap::with_capacity(cases.len());
-
-        if cases.is_empty() {
-            bail!(offset, "variant type must have at least one case");
-        }
-
-        if cases.len() > u32::MAX as usize {
-            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
-                "variant type cannot be represented with a 32-bit discriminant value",
-                offset,
-            ));
-        }
-
-        for (i, case) in cases.iter().enumerate() {
-            if let Some(refines) = case.refines {
-                if refines >= i as u32 {
-                    return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
-                        "variant case can only refine a previously defined case",
-                        offset,
-                    ));
-                }
-            }
-
-            let name = to_kebab_str(case.name, "variant case", offset)?;
-
-            let ty = case
-                .ty
-                .map(|ty| self.create_component_val_type(ty, offset))
-                .transpose()?;
-
-            match case_map.entry(name.to_owned()) {
-                Entry::Occupied(e) => bail!(
-                    offset,
-                    "variant case name `{name}` conflicts with previous case name `{prev}`",
-                    name = case.name,
-                    prev = e.key()
-                ),
-                Entry::Vacant(e) => {
-                    if let Some(ty) = ty {
-                        info.combine(ty.info(types), offset)?;
-                    }
-
-                    // Safety: the use of `KebabStr::new_unchecked` here is safe because the string
-                    // was already verified to be kebab case.
-                    e.insert(VariantCase {
-                        ty,
-                        refines: case
-                            .refines
-                            .map(|i| KebabStr::new_unchecked(cases[i as usize].name).to_owned()),
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(ComponentDefinedType::Variant(VariantType {
-            info,
-            cases: case_map,
-        }))
-    }
-
-    fn create_tuple_type(
-        &self,
-        tys: &[crate::ComponentValType],
-        types: &TypeList,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<ComponentDefinedType> {
-        let mut info = TypeInfo::new();
-        if tys.is_empty() {
-            bail!(offset, "tuple type must have at least one type");
-        }
-        let types = tys
-            .iter()
-            .map(|ty| {
-                let ty = self.create_component_val_type(*ty, offset)?;
-                info.combine(ty.info(types), offset)?;
-                Ok(ty)
-            })
-            .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
-
-        Ok(ComponentDefinedType::Tuple(TupleType { info, types }))
-    }
-
-    fn create_flags_type(&self, names: &[&str], offset: usize) -> Result<ComponentDefinedType> {
-        let mut names_set = IndexSet::with_capacity(names.len());
-
-        if names.is_empty() {
-            bail!(offset, "flags must have at least one entry");
-        }
-
-        for name in names {
-            let name = to_kebab_str(name, "flag", offset)?;
-            if !names_set.insert(name.to_owned()) {
-                bail!(
-                    offset,
-                    "flag name `{name}` conflicts with previous flag name `{prev}`",
-                    prev = names_set.get(name).unwrap()
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(ComponentDefinedType::Flags(names_set))
-    }
-
-    fn create_enum_type(&self, cases: &[&str], offset: usize) -> Result<ComponentDefinedType> {
-        if cases.len() > u32::MAX as usize {
-            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
-                "enumeration type cannot be represented with a 32-bit discriminant value",
-                offset,
-            ));
-        }
-
-        if cases.is_empty() {
-            bail!(offset, "enum type must have at least one variant");
-        }
-
-        let mut tags = IndexSet::with_capacity(cases.len());
-
-        for tag in cases {
-            let tag = to_kebab_str(tag, "enum tag", offset)?;
-            if !tags.insert(tag.to_owned()) {
-                bail!(
-                    offset,
-                    "enum tag name `{tag}` conflicts with previous tag name `{prev}`",
-                    prev = tags.get(tag).unwrap()
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(ComponentDefinedType::Enum(tags))
-    }
-
-    fn create_component_val_type(
-        &self,
-        ty: crate::ComponentValType,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<ComponentValType> {
-        Ok(match ty {
-            crate::ComponentValType::Primitive(pt) => ComponentValType::Primitive(pt),
-            crate::ComponentValType::Type(idx) => {
-                ComponentValType::Type(self.defined_type_at(idx, offset)?)
-            }
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn core_type_at(&self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<ComponentCoreTypeId> {
-        self.core_types
-            .get(idx as usize)
-            .copied()
-            .ok_or_else(|| format_err!(offset, "unknown type {idx}: type index out of bounds"))
-    }
-
-    pub fn component_type_at(&self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<ComponentAnyTypeId> {
-        self.types
-            .get(idx as usize)
-            .copied()
-            .ok_or_else(|| format_err!(offset, "unknown type {idx}: type index out of bounds"))
-    }
-
-    fn function_type_at<'a>(
-        &self,
-        idx: u32,
-        types: &'a TypeList,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<&'a ComponentFuncType> {
-        let id = self.component_type_at(idx, offset)?;
-        match id {
-            ComponentAnyTypeId::Func(id) => Ok(&types[id]),
-            _ => bail!(offset, "type index {idx} is not a function type"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn function_at(&self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<ComponentFuncTypeId> {
-        self.funcs.get(idx as usize).copied().ok_or_else(|| {
-            format_err!(
-                offset,
-                "unknown function {idx}: function index out of bounds"
-            )
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn component_at(&self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<ComponentTypeId> {
-        self.components.get(idx as usize).copied().ok_or_else(|| {
-            format_err!(
-                offset,
-                "unknown component {idx}: component index out of bounds"
-            )
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn instance_at(&self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<ComponentInstanceTypeId> {
-        self.instances.get(idx as usize).copied().ok_or_else(|| {
-            format_err!(
-                offset,
-                "unknown instance {idx}: instance index out of bounds"
-            )
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn value_at(&mut self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<&ComponentValType> {
-        match self.values.get_mut(idx as usize) {
-            Some((ty, used)) if !*used => {
-                *used = true;
-                Ok(ty)
-            }
-            Some(_) => bail!(offset, "value {idx} cannot be used more than once"),
-            None => bail!(offset, "unknown value {idx}: value index out of bounds"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn defined_type_at(&self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<ComponentDefinedTypeId> {
-        match self.component_type_at(idx, offset)? {
-            ComponentAnyTypeId::Defined(id) => Ok(id),
-            _ => bail!(offset, "type index {idx} is not a defined type"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn core_function_at(&self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<CoreTypeId> {
-        match self.core_funcs.get(idx as usize) {
-            Some(id) => Ok(*id),
-            None => bail!(
-                offset,
-                "unknown core function {idx}: function index out of bounds"
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn module_at(&self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<ComponentCoreModuleTypeId> {
-        match self.core_modules.get(idx as usize) {
-            Some(id) => Ok(*id),
-            None => bail!(offset, "unknown module {idx}: module index out of bounds"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn core_instance_at(&self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<ComponentCoreInstanceTypeId> {
-        match self.core_instances.get(idx as usize) {
-            Some(id) => Ok(*id),
-            None => bail!(
-                offset,
-                "unknown core instance {idx}: instance index out of bounds"
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn core_instance_export<'a>(
-        &self,
-        instance_index: u32,
-        name: &str,
-        types: &'a TypeList,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<&'a EntityType> {
-        match types[self.core_instance_at(instance_index, offset)?]
-            .internal_exports(types)
-            .get(name)
-        {
-            Some(export) => Ok(export),
-            None => bail!(
-                offset,
-                "core instance {instance_index} has no export named `{name}`"
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn global_at(&self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<&GlobalType> {
-        match self.core_globals.get(idx as usize) {
-            Some(t) => Ok(t),
-            None => bail!(offset, "unknown global {idx}: global index out of bounds"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn table_at(&self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<&TableType> {
-        match self.core_tables.get(idx as usize) {
-            Some(t) => Ok(t),
-            None => bail!(offset, "unknown table {idx}: table index out of bounds"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn memory_at(&self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<&MemoryType> {
-        match self.core_memories.get(idx as usize) {
-            Some(t) => Ok(t),
-            None => bail!(offset, "unknown memory {idx}: memory index out of bounds"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Completes the translation of this component, performing final
-    /// validation of its structure.
-    ///
-    /// This method is required to be called for translating all components.
-    /// Internally this will convert local data structures into a
-    /// `ComponentType` which is suitable to use to describe the type of this
-    /// component.
-    pub fn finish(&mut self, types: &TypeAlloc, offset: usize) -> Result<ComponentType> {
-        let mut ty = ComponentType {
-            // Inherit some fields based on translation of the component.
-            info: self.type_info,
-            imports: self.imports.clone(),
-            exports: self.exports.clone(),
-
-            // This is filled in as a subset of `self.defined_resources`
-            // depending on what's actually used by the exports. See the
-            // bottom of this function.
-            defined_resources: Default::default(),
-
-            // These are inherited directly from what was calculated for this
-            // component.
-            imported_resources: mem::take(&mut self.imported_resources)
-                .into_iter()
-                .collect(),
-            explicit_resources: mem::take(&mut self.explicit_resources),
-        };
-
-        // Collect all "free variables", or resources, from the imports of this
-        // component. None of the resources defined within this component can
-        // be used as part of the exports. This set is then used to reject any
-        // of `self.defined_resources` which show up.
-        let mut free = IndexSet::default();
-        for ty in ty.imports.values() {
-            types.free_variables_component_entity(ty, &mut free);
-        }
-        for (resource, _path) in self.defined_resources.iter() {
-            // FIXME: this error message is quite opaque and doesn't indicate
-            // more contextual information such as:
-            //
-            // * what was the exported resource found in the imports
-            // * which import was the resource found within
-            //
-            // These are possible to calculate here if necessary, however.
-            if free.contains(resource) {
-                bail!(offset, "local resource type found in imports");
-            }
-        }
-
-        // The next step in validation a component, with respect to resources,
-        // is to minimize the set of defined resources to only those that
-        // are actually used by the exports. This weeds out resources that are
-        // defined, used within a component, and never exported, for example.
-        //
-        // The free variables of all exports are inserted into the `free` set
-        // (which is reused from the imports after clearing it). The defined
-        // resources calculated for this component are then inserted into this
-        // type's list of defined resources if it's contained somewhere in
-        // the free variables.
-        //
-        // Note that at the same time all defined resources must be exported,
-        // somehow, transitively from this component. The `explicit_resources`
-        // map is consulted for this purpose which lists all explicitly
-        // exported resources in the component, regardless from whence they
-        // came. If not present in this map then it's not exported and an error
-        // is returned.
-        //
-        // NB: the "types are exported" check is probably sufficient nowadays
-        // that the check of the `explicit_resources` map is probably not
-        // necessary, but it's left here for completeness and out of an
-        // abundance of caution.
-        free.clear();
-        for ty in ty.exports.values() {
-            types.free_variables_component_entity(ty, &mut free);
-        }
-        for (id, _rep) in mem::take(&mut self.defined_resources) {
-            if !free.contains(&id) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            let path = match ty.explicit_resources.get(&id).cloned() {
-                Some(path) => path,
-                // FIXME: this error message is quite opaque and doesn't
-                // indicate more contextual information such as:
-                //
-                // * which resource wasn't found in an export
-                // * which export has a reference to the resource
-                //
-                // These are possible to calculate here if necessary, however.
-                None => bail!(
-                    offset,
-                    "local resource type found in export but not exported itself"
-                ),
-            };
-
-            ty.defined_resources.push((id, path));
-        }
-
-        Ok(ty)
-    }
-
-    fn check_value_support(&self, features: &WasmFeatures, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
-        if !features.component_model_values {
-            bail!(
-                offset,
-                "support for component model `value`s is not enabled"
-            );
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl ComponentNameContext {
-    /// Registers that the resource `id` is named `name` within this context.
-    fn register(&mut self, name: &str, id: AliasableResourceId) {
-        let idx = self.all_resource_names.len();
-        let prev = self.resource_name_map.insert(id, idx);
-        assert!(
-            prev.is_none(),
-            "for {id:?}, inserted {idx:?} but already had {prev:?}"
-        );
-        self.all_resource_names.insert(name.to_string());
-    }
-
-    fn validate_extern(
-        &self,
-        name: &str,
-        kind: ExternKind,
-        ty: &ComponentEntityType,
-        types: &TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-        kind_names: &mut IndexSet<ComponentName>,
-        items: &mut IndexMap<String, ComponentEntityType>,
-        info: &mut TypeInfo,
-        features: &WasmFeatures,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        // First validate that `name` is even a valid kebab name, meaning it's
-        // in kebab-case, is an ID, etc.
-        let kebab = ComponentName::new_with_features(name, offset, *features)
-            .with_context(|| format!("{} name `{name}` is not a valid extern name", kind.desc()))?;
-
-        if let ExternKind::Export = kind {
-            match kebab.kind() {
-                ComponentNameKind::Label(_)
-                | ComponentNameKind::Method(_)
-                | ComponentNameKind::Static(_)
-                | ComponentNameKind::Constructor(_)
-                | ComponentNameKind::Interface(_) => {}
-
-                ComponentNameKind::Hash(_)
-                | ComponentNameKind::Url(_)
-                | ComponentNameKind::Dependency(_) => {
-                    bail!(offset, "name `{name}` is not a valid export name")
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Validate that the kebab name, if it has structure such as
-        // `[method]a.b`, is indeed valid with respect to known resources.
-        self.validate(&kebab, ty, types, offset)
-            .with_context(|| format!("{} name `{kebab}` is not valid", kind.desc()))?;
-
-        // Top-level kebab-names must all be unique, even between both imports
-        // and exports ot a component. For those names consult the `kebab_names`
-        // set.
-        if let Some(prev) = kind_names.replace(kebab.clone()) {
-            bail!(
-                offset,
-                "{} name `{kebab}` conflicts with previous name `{prev}`",
-                kind.desc()
-            );
-        }
-
-        // Otherwise all strings must be unique, regardless of their name, so
-        // consult the `items` set to ensure that we're not for example
-        // importing the same interface ID twice.
-        match items.entry(name.to_string()) {
-            Entry::Occupied(e) => {
-                bail!(
-                    offset,
-                    "{kind} name `{name}` conflicts with previous name `{prev}`",
-                    kind = kind.desc(),
-                    prev = e.key(),
-                );
-            }
-            Entry::Vacant(e) => {
-                e.insert(*ty);
-                info.combine(ty.info(types), offset)?;
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Validates that the `name` provided is allowed to have the type `ty`.
-    fn validate(
-        &self,
-        name: &ComponentName,
-        ty: &ComponentEntityType,
-        types: &TypeAlloc,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let func = || {
-            let id = match ty {
-                ComponentEntityType::Func(id) => *id,
-                _ => bail!(offset, "item is not a func"),
-            };
-            Ok(&types[id])
-        };
-        match name.kind() {
-            // No validation necessary for these styles of names
-            ComponentNameKind::Label(_)
-            | ComponentNameKind::Interface(_)
-            | ComponentNameKind::Url(_)
-            | ComponentNameKind::Dependency(_)
-            | ComponentNameKind::Hash(_) => {}
-
-            // Constructors must return `(own $resource)` and the `$resource`
-            // must be named within this context to match `rname`
-            ComponentNameKind::Constructor(rname) => {
-                let ty = func()?;
-                if ty.results.len() != 1 {
-                    bail!(offset, "function should return one value");
-                }
-                let ty = ty.results[0].1;
-                let resource = match ty {
-                    ComponentValType::Primitive(_) => None,
-                    ComponentValType::Type(ty) => match &types[ty] {
-                        ComponentDefinedType::Own(id) => Some(id),
-                        _ => None,
-                    },
-                };
-                let resource = match resource {
-                    Some(id) => id,
-                    None => bail!(offset, "function should return `(own $T)`"),
-                };
-                self.validate_resource_name(*resource, rname, offset)?;
-            }
-
-            // Methods must take `(param "self" (borrow $resource))` as the
-            // first argument where `$resources` matches the name `resource` as
-            // named in this context.
-            ComponentNameKind::Method(name) => {
-                let ty = func()?;
-                if ty.params.len() == 0 {
-                    bail!(offset, "function should have at least one argument");
-                }
-                let (pname, pty) = &ty.params[0];
-                if pname.as_str() != "self" {
-                    bail!(
-                        offset,
-                        "function should have a first argument called `self`",
-                    );
-                }
-                let id = match pty {
-                    ComponentValType::Primitive(_) => None,
-                    ComponentValType::Type(ty) => match &types[*ty] {
-                        ComponentDefinedType::Borrow(id) => Some(id),
-                        _ => None,
-                    },
-                };
-                let id = match id {
-                    Some(id) => id,
-                    None => bail!(
-                        offset,
-                        "function should take a first argument of `(borrow $T)`"
-                    ),
-                };
-                self.validate_resource_name(*id, name.resource(), offset)?;
-            }
-
-            // Static methods don't have much validation beyond that they must
-            // be a function and the resource name referred to must already be
-            // in this context.
-            ComponentNameKind::Static(name) => {
-                func()?;
-                if !self.all_resource_names.contains(name.resource().as_str()) {
-                    bail!(offset, "static resource name is not known in this context");
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn validate_resource_name(
-        &self,
-        id: AliasableResourceId,
-        name: &KebabStr,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let expected_name_idx = match self.resource_name_map.get(&id) {
-            Some(idx) => *idx,
-            None => {
-                bail!(
-                    offset,
-                    "resource used in function does not have a name in this context"
-                )
-            }
-        };
-        let expected_name = &self.all_resource_names[expected_name_idx];
-        if name.as_str() != expected_name {
-            bail!(
-                offset,
-                "function does not match expected \
-                         resource name `{expected_name}`"
-            );
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-use self::append_only::*;
-
-mod append_only {
-    use indexmap::IndexMap;
-    use std::hash::Hash;
-    use std::ops::Deref;
-
-    pub struct IndexMapAppendOnly<K, V>(IndexMap<K, V>);
-
-    impl<K, V> IndexMapAppendOnly<K, V>
-    where
-        K: Hash + Eq + PartialEq,
-    {
-        pub fn insert(&mut self, key: K, value: V) {
-            let prev = self.0.insert(key, value);
-            assert!(prev.is_none());
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl<K, V> Deref for IndexMapAppendOnly<K, V> {
-        type Target = IndexMap<K, V>;
-        fn deref(&self) -> &IndexMap<K, V> {
-            &self.0
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl<K, V> Default for IndexMapAppendOnly<K, V> {
-        fn default() -> Self {
-            Self(Default::default())
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl<K, V> IntoIterator for IndexMapAppendOnly<K, V> {
-        type IntoIter = <IndexMap<K, V> as IntoIterator>::IntoIter;
-        type Item = <IndexMap<K, V> as IntoIterator>::Item;
-        fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
-            self.0.into_iter()
-        }
-    }
-}