wasmtime 20.0.2 → 22.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmtime-cranelift-22.0.0/src/func_environ.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2910 @@
+use crate::{gc, BuiltinFunctionSignatures};
+use cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor;
+use cranelift_codegen::ir;
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::condcodes::*;
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::immediates::{Imm64, Offset32};
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::pcc::Fact;
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::types::*;
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::{ArgumentPurpose, Function, InstBuilder, MemFlags};
+use cranelift_codegen::isa::{TargetFrontendConfig, TargetIsa};
+use cranelift_entity::packed_option::ReservedValue;
+use cranelift_entity::{EntityRef, PrimaryMap, SecondaryMap};
+use cranelift_frontend::FunctionBuilder;
+use cranelift_frontend::Variable;
+use cranelift_wasm::{
+    CallIndirectSiteIndex, EngineOrModuleTypeIndex, FuncIndex, FuncTranslationState, GlobalIndex,
+    GlobalVariable, Heap, HeapData, HeapStyle, MemoryIndex, TableData, TableIndex, TableSize,
+    TargetEnvironment, TypeIndex, WasmHeapTopType, WasmHeapType, WasmResult,
+};
+use std::mem;
+use wasmparser::Operator;
+use wasmtime_environ::{
+    BuiltinFunctionIndex, MemoryPlan, MemoryStyle, Module, ModuleTranslation, ModuleTypesBuilder,
+    PtrSize, TableStyle, Tunables, TypeConvert, VMOffsets, WASM_PAGE_SIZE,
+};
+use wasmtime_environ::{FUNCREF_INIT_BIT, FUNCREF_MASK};
+
+/// A struct with an `Option<ir::FuncRef>` member for every builtin
+/// function, to de-duplicate constructing/getting its function.
+pub(crate) struct BuiltinFunctions {
+    types: BuiltinFunctionSignatures,
+
+    builtins:
+        [Option<ir::FuncRef>; BuiltinFunctionIndex::builtin_functions_total_number() as usize],
+}
+
+impl BuiltinFunctions {
+    fn new(isa: &dyn TargetIsa) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            types: BuiltinFunctionSignatures::new(isa),
+            builtins: [None; BuiltinFunctionIndex::builtin_functions_total_number() as usize],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn load_builtin(&mut self, func: &mut Function, index: BuiltinFunctionIndex) -> ir::FuncRef {
+        let cache = &mut self.builtins[index.index() as usize];
+        if let Some(f) = cache {
+            return *f;
+        }
+        let signature = func.import_signature(self.types.signature(index));
+        let name =
+            ir::ExternalName::User(func.declare_imported_user_function(ir::UserExternalName {
+                namespace: crate::NS_WASMTIME_BUILTIN,
+                index: index.index(),
+            }));
+        let f = func.import_function(ir::ExtFuncData {
+            name,
+            signature,
+            colocated: true,
+        });
+        *cache = Some(f);
+        f
+    }
+}
+
+// Generate helper methods on `BuiltinFunctions` above for each named builtin
+// as well.
+macro_rules! declare_function_signatures {
+    ($(
+        $( #[$attr:meta] )*
+        $name:ident( $( $pname:ident: $param:ident ),* ) $( -> $result:ident )?;
+    )*) => {
+        $(impl BuiltinFunctions {
+            $( #[$attr] )*
+            pub(crate) fn $name(&mut self, func: &mut Function) -> ir::FuncRef {
+                self.load_builtin(func, BuiltinFunctionIndex::$name())
+            }
+        })*
+    };
+}
+wasmtime_environ::foreach_builtin_function!(declare_function_signatures);
+
+/// The `FuncEnvironment` implementation for use by the `ModuleEnvironment`.
+pub struct FuncEnvironment<'module_environment> {
+    isa: &'module_environment (dyn TargetIsa + 'module_environment),
+    module: &'module_environment Module,
+    types: &'module_environment ModuleTypesBuilder,
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    translation: &'module_environment ModuleTranslation<'module_environment>,
+
+    /// Heaps implementing WebAssembly linear memories.
+    heaps: PrimaryMap<Heap, HeapData>,
+
+    /// Cranelift tables we have created to implement Wasm tables.
+    tables: SecondaryMap<TableIndex, Option<TableData>>,
+
+    /// The Cranelift global holding the vmctx address.
+    vmctx: Option<ir::GlobalValue>,
+
+    /// The PCC memory type describing the vmctx layout, if we're
+    /// using PCC.
+    pcc_vmctx_memtype: Option<ir::MemoryType>,
+
+    /// Caches of signatures for builtin functions.
+    pub(crate) builtin_functions: BuiltinFunctions,
+
+    /// Offsets to struct fields accessed by JIT code.
+    pub(crate) offsets: VMOffsets<u8>,
+
+    tunables: &'module_environment Tunables,
+
+    /// A function-local variable which stores the cached value of the amount of
+    /// fuel remaining to execute. If used this is modified frequently so it's
+    /// stored locally as a variable instead of always referenced from the field
+    /// in `*const VMRuntimeLimits`
+    fuel_var: cranelift_frontend::Variable,
+
+    /// A function-local variable which caches the value of `*const
+    /// VMRuntimeLimits` for this function's vmctx argument. This pointer is stored
+    /// in the vmctx itself, but never changes for the lifetime of the function,
+    /// so if we load it up front we can continue to use it throughout.
+    vmruntime_limits_ptr: ir::Value,
+
+    /// A cached epoch deadline value, when performing epoch-based
+    /// interruption. Loaded from `VMRuntimeLimits` and reloaded after
+    /// any yield.
+    epoch_deadline_var: cranelift_frontend::Variable,
+
+    /// A cached pointer to the per-Engine epoch counter, when
+    /// performing epoch-based interruption. Initialized in the
+    /// function prologue. We prefer to use a variable here rather
+    /// than reload on each check because it's better to let the
+    /// regalloc keep it in a register if able; if not, it can always
+    /// spill, and this isn't any worse than reloading each time.
+    epoch_ptr_var: cranelift_frontend::Variable,
+
+    fuel_consumed: i64,
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    wmemcheck: bool,
+
+    /// The current call-indirect-cache index.
+    pub call_indirect_index: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'module_environment> FuncEnvironment<'module_environment> {
+    pub fn new(
+        isa: &'module_environment (dyn TargetIsa + 'module_environment),
+        translation: &'module_environment ModuleTranslation<'module_environment>,
+        types: &'module_environment ModuleTypesBuilder,
+        tunables: &'module_environment Tunables,
+        wmemcheck: bool,
+        call_indirect_start: usize,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let builtin_functions = BuiltinFunctions::new(isa);
+
+        // Avoid unused warning in default build.
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "wmemcheck"))]
+        let _ = wmemcheck;
+
+        Self {
+            isa,
+            module: &translation.module,
+            types,
+            heaps: PrimaryMap::default(),
+            tables: SecondaryMap::default(),
+            vmctx: None,
+            pcc_vmctx_memtype: None,
+            builtin_functions,
+            offsets: VMOffsets::new(isa.pointer_bytes(), &translation.module),
+            tunables,
+            fuel_var: Variable::new(0),
+            epoch_deadline_var: Variable::new(0),
+            epoch_ptr_var: Variable::new(0),
+            vmruntime_limits_ptr: ir::Value::reserved_value(),
+
+            // Start with at least one fuel being consumed because even empty
+            // functions should consume at least some fuel.
+            fuel_consumed: 1,
+
+            call_indirect_index: call_indirect_start,
+
+            #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+            wmemcheck,
+            #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+            translation,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn pointer_type(&self) -> ir::Type {
+        self.isa.pointer_type()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn vmctx(&mut self, func: &mut Function) -> ir::GlobalValue {
+        self.vmctx.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let vmctx = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::VMContext);
+            if self.isa.flags().enable_pcc() {
+                // Create a placeholder memtype for the vmctx; we'll
+                // add fields to it as we lazily create HeapData
+                // structs and global values.
+                let vmctx_memtype = func.create_memory_type(ir::MemoryTypeData::Struct {
+                    size: 0,
+                    fields: vec![],
+                });
+
+                self.pcc_vmctx_memtype = Some(vmctx_memtype);
+                func.global_value_facts[vmctx] = Some(Fact::Mem {
+                    ty: vmctx_memtype,
+                    min_offset: 0,
+                    max_offset: 0,
+                    nullable: false,
+                });
+            }
+
+            self.vmctx = Some(vmctx);
+            vmctx
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn vmctx_val(&mut self, pos: &mut FuncCursor<'_>) -> ir::Value {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx(&mut pos.func);
+        pos.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx)
+    }
+
+    fn get_table_copy_func(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut Function,
+        dst_table_index: TableIndex,
+        src_table_index: TableIndex,
+    ) -> (ir::FuncRef, usize, usize) {
+        let sig = self.builtin_functions.table_copy(func);
+        (
+            sig,
+            dst_table_index.as_u32() as usize,
+            src_table_index.as_u32() as usize,
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "threads")]
+    fn get_memory_atomic_wait(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut Function,
+        memory_index: MemoryIndex,
+        ty: ir::Type,
+    ) -> (ir::FuncRef, usize) {
+        match ty {
+            I32 => (
+                self.builtin_functions.memory_atomic_wait32(func),
+                memory_index.index(),
+            ),
+            I64 => (
+                self.builtin_functions.memory_atomic_wait64(func),
+                memory_index.index(),
+            ),
+            x => panic!("get_memory_atomic_wait unsupported type: {:?}", x),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_global_location(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut ir::Function,
+        index: GlobalIndex,
+    ) -> (ir::GlobalValue, i32) {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx(func);
+        if let Some(def_index) = self.module.defined_global_index(index) {
+            let offset = i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_vmglobal_definition(def_index)).unwrap();
+            (vmctx, offset)
+        } else {
+            let from_offset = self.offsets.vmctx_vmglobal_import_from(index);
+            let global = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+                base: vmctx,
+                offset: Offset32::new(i32::try_from(from_offset).unwrap()),
+                global_type: pointer_type,
+                flags: MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly(),
+            });
+            (global, 0)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn declare_vmruntime_limits_ptr(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        // We load the `*const VMRuntimeLimits` value stored within vmctx at the
+        // head of the function and reuse the same value across the entire
+        // function. This is possible since we know that the pointer never
+        // changes for the lifetime of the function.
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx(builder.func);
+        let base = builder.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx);
+        let offset = i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_runtime_limits()).unwrap();
+        debug_assert!(self.vmruntime_limits_ptr.is_reserved_value());
+        self.vmruntime_limits_ptr =
+            builder
+                .ins()
+                .load(pointer_type, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), base, offset);
+    }
+
+    fn fuel_function_entry(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        // On function entry we load the amount of fuel into a function-local
+        // `self.fuel_var` to make fuel modifications fast locally. This cache
+        // is then periodically flushed to the Store-defined location in
+        // `VMRuntimeLimits` later.
+        builder.declare_var(self.fuel_var, ir::types::I64);
+        self.fuel_load_into_var(builder);
+        self.fuel_check(builder);
+    }
+
+    fn fuel_function_exit(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        // On exiting the function we need to be sure to save the fuel we have
+        // cached locally in `self.fuel_var` back into the Store-defined
+        // location.
+        self.fuel_save_from_var(builder);
+    }
+
+    fn fuel_before_op(
+        &mut self,
+        op: &Operator<'_>,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>,
+        reachable: bool,
+    ) {
+        if !reachable {
+            // In unreachable code we shouldn't have any leftover fuel we
+            // haven't accounted for since the reason for us to become
+            // unreachable should have already added it to `self.fuel_var`.
+            debug_assert_eq!(self.fuel_consumed, 0);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.fuel_consumed += match op {
+            // Nop and drop generate no code, so don't consume fuel for them.
+            Operator::Nop | Operator::Drop => 0,
+
+            // Control flow may create branches, but is generally cheap and
+            // free, so don't consume fuel. Note the lack of `if` since some
+            // cost is incurred with the conditional check.
+            Operator::Block { .. }
+            | Operator::Loop { .. }
+            | Operator::Unreachable
+            | Operator::Return
+            | Operator::Else
+            | Operator::End => 0,
+
+            // everything else, just call it one operation.
+            _ => 1,
+        };
+
+        match op {
+            // Exiting a function (via a return or unreachable) or otherwise
+            // entering a different function (via a call) means that we need to
+            // update the fuel consumption in `VMRuntimeLimits` because we're
+            // about to move control out of this function itself and the fuel
+            // may need to be read.
+            //
+            // Before this we need to update the fuel counter from our own cost
+            // leading up to this function call, and then we can store
+            // `self.fuel_var` into `VMRuntimeLimits`.
+            Operator::Unreachable
+            | Operator::Return
+            | Operator::CallIndirect { .. }
+            | Operator::Call { .. }
+            | Operator::ReturnCall { .. }
+            | Operator::ReturnCallIndirect { .. } => {
+                self.fuel_increment_var(builder);
+                self.fuel_save_from_var(builder);
+            }
+
+            // To ensure all code preceding a loop is only counted once we
+            // update the fuel variable on entry.
+            Operator::Loop { .. }
+
+            // Entering into an `if` block means that the edge we take isn't
+            // known until runtime, so we need to update our fuel consumption
+            // before we take the branch.
+            | Operator::If { .. }
+
+            // Control-flow instructions mean that we're moving to the end/exit
+            // of a block somewhere else. That means we need to update the fuel
+            // counter since we're effectively terminating our basic block.
+            | Operator::Br { .. }
+            | Operator::BrIf { .. }
+            | Operator::BrTable { .. }
+
+            // Exiting a scope means that we need to update the fuel
+            // consumption because there are multiple ways to exit a scope and
+            // this is the only time we have to account for instructions
+            // executed so far.
+            | Operator::End
+
+            // This is similar to `end`, except that it's only the terminator
+            // for an `if` block. The same reasoning applies though in that we
+            // are terminating a basic block and need to update the fuel
+            // variable.
+            | Operator::Else => self.fuel_increment_var(builder),
+
+            // This is a normal instruction where the fuel is buffered to later
+            // get added to `self.fuel_var`.
+            //
+            // Note that we generally ignore instructions which may trap and
+            // therefore result in exiting a block early. Current usage of fuel
+            // means that it's not too important to account for a precise amount
+            // of fuel consumed but rather "close to the actual amount" is good
+            // enough. For 100% precise counting, however, we'd probably need to
+            // not only increment but also save the fuel amount more often
+            // around trapping instructions. (see the `unreachable` instruction
+            // case above)
+            //
+            // Note that `Block` is specifically omitted from incrementing the
+            // fuel variable. Control flow entering a `block` is unconditional
+            // which means it's effectively executing straight-line code. We'll
+            // update the counter when exiting a block, but we shouldn't need to
+            // do so upon entering a block.
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn fuel_after_op(&mut self, op: &Operator<'_>, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        // After a function call we need to reload our fuel value since the
+        // function may have changed it.
+        match op {
+            Operator::Call { .. } | Operator::CallIndirect { .. } => {
+                self.fuel_load_into_var(builder);
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Adds `self.fuel_consumed` to the `fuel_var`, zero-ing out the amount of
+    /// fuel consumed at that point.
+    fn fuel_increment_var(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        let consumption = mem::replace(&mut self.fuel_consumed, 0);
+        if consumption == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let fuel = builder.use_var(self.fuel_var);
+        let fuel = builder.ins().iadd_imm(fuel, consumption);
+        builder.def_var(self.fuel_var, fuel);
+    }
+
+    /// Loads the fuel consumption value from `VMRuntimeLimits` into `self.fuel_var`
+    fn fuel_load_into_var(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        let (addr, offset) = self.fuel_addr_offset();
+        let fuel = builder
+            .ins()
+            .load(ir::types::I64, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), addr, offset);
+        builder.def_var(self.fuel_var, fuel);
+    }
+
+    /// Stores the fuel consumption value from `self.fuel_var` into
+    /// `VMRuntimeLimits`.
+    fn fuel_save_from_var(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        let (addr, offset) = self.fuel_addr_offset();
+        let fuel_consumed = builder.use_var(self.fuel_var);
+        builder
+            .ins()
+            .store(ir::MemFlags::trusted(), fuel_consumed, addr, offset);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the `(address, offset)` of the fuel consumption within
+    /// `VMRuntimeLimits`, used to perform loads/stores later.
+    fn fuel_addr_offset(&mut self) -> (ir::Value, ir::immediates::Offset32) {
+        debug_assert!(!self.vmruntime_limits_ptr.is_reserved_value());
+        (
+            self.vmruntime_limits_ptr,
+            i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmruntime_limits_fuel_consumed()).into(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Checks the amount of remaining, and if we've run out of fuel we call
+    /// the out-of-fuel function.
+    fn fuel_check(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder) {
+        self.fuel_increment_var(builder);
+        let out_of_gas_block = builder.create_block();
+        let continuation_block = builder.create_block();
+
+        // Note that our fuel is encoded as adding positive values to a
+        // negative number. Whenever the negative number goes positive that
+        // means we ran out of fuel.
+        //
+        // Compare to see if our fuel is positive, and if so we ran out of gas.
+        // Otherwise we can continue on like usual.
+        let zero = builder.ins().iconst(ir::types::I64, 0);
+        let fuel = builder.use_var(self.fuel_var);
+        let cmp = builder
+            .ins()
+            .icmp(IntCC::SignedGreaterThanOrEqual, fuel, zero);
+        builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(cmp, out_of_gas_block, &[], continuation_block, &[]);
+        builder.seal_block(out_of_gas_block);
+
+        // If we ran out of gas then we call our out-of-gas intrinsic and it
+        // figures out what to do. Note that this may raise a trap, or do
+        // something like yield to an async runtime. In either case we don't
+        // assume what happens and handle the case the intrinsic returns.
+        //
+        // Note that we save/reload fuel around this since the out-of-gas
+        // intrinsic may alter how much fuel is in the system.
+        builder.switch_to_block(out_of_gas_block);
+        self.fuel_save_from_var(builder);
+        let out_of_gas = self.builtin_functions.out_of_gas(builder.func);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        builder.ins().call(out_of_gas, &[vmctx]);
+        self.fuel_load_into_var(builder);
+        builder.ins().jump(continuation_block, &[]);
+        builder.seal_block(continuation_block);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(continuation_block);
+    }
+
+    fn epoch_function_entry(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        builder.declare_var(self.epoch_deadline_var, ir::types::I64);
+        self.epoch_load_deadline_into_var(builder);
+        builder.declare_var(self.epoch_ptr_var, self.pointer_type());
+        let epoch_ptr = self.epoch_ptr(builder);
+        builder.def_var(self.epoch_ptr_var, epoch_ptr);
+
+        // We must check for an epoch change when entering a
+        // function. Why? Why aren't checks at loops sufficient to
+        // bound runtime to O(|static program size|)?
+        //
+        // The reason is that one can construct a "zip-bomb-like"
+        // program with exponential-in-program-size runtime, with no
+        // backedges (loops), by building a tree of function calls: f0
+        // calls f1 ten times, f1 calls f2 ten times, etc. E.g., nine
+        // levels of this yields a billion function calls with no
+        // backedges. So we can't do checks only at backedges.
+        //
+        // In this "call-tree" scenario, and in fact in any program
+        // that uses calls as a sort of control flow to try to evade
+        // backedge checks, a check at every function entry is
+        // sufficient. Then, combined with checks at every backedge
+        // (loop) the longest runtime between checks is bounded by the
+        // straightline length of any function body.
+        self.epoch_check(builder);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    fn hook_malloc_exit(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder, retvals: &[ir::Value]) {
+        let check_malloc = self.builtin_functions.check_malloc(builder.func);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        let func_args = builder
+            .func
+            .dfg
+            .block_params(builder.func.layout.entry_block().unwrap());
+        let len = if func_args.len() < 3 {
+            return;
+        } else {
+            // If a function named `malloc` has at least one argument, we assume the
+            // first argument is the requested allocation size.
+            func_args[2]
+        };
+        let retval = if retvals.len() < 1 {
+            return;
+        } else {
+            retvals[0]
+        };
+        builder.ins().call(check_malloc, &[vmctx, retval, len]);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    fn hook_free_exit(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder) {
+        let check_free = self.builtin_functions.check_free(builder.func);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        let func_args = builder
+            .func
+            .dfg
+            .block_params(builder.func.layout.entry_block().unwrap());
+        let ptr = if func_args.len() < 3 {
+            return;
+        } else {
+            // If a function named `free` has at least one argument, we assume the
+            // first argument is a pointer to memory.
+            func_args[2]
+        };
+        builder.ins().call(check_free, &[vmctx, ptr]);
+    }
+
+    fn epoch_ptr(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) -> ir::Value {
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx(builder.func);
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let base = builder.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx);
+        let offset = i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_epoch_ptr()).unwrap();
+        let epoch_ptr = builder
+            .ins()
+            .load(pointer_type, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), base, offset);
+        epoch_ptr
+    }
+
+    fn epoch_load_current(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) -> ir::Value {
+        let addr = builder.use_var(self.epoch_ptr_var);
+        builder.ins().load(
+            ir::types::I64,
+            ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+            addr,
+            ir::immediates::Offset32::new(0),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn epoch_load_deadline_into_var(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        let deadline =
+            builder.ins().load(
+                ir::types::I64,
+                ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+                self.vmruntime_limits_ptr,
+                ir::immediates::Offset32::new(
+                    self.offsets.ptr.vmruntime_limits_epoch_deadline() as i32
+                ),
+            );
+        builder.def_var(self.epoch_deadline_var, deadline);
+    }
+
+    fn epoch_check(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        let new_epoch_block = builder.create_block();
+        let new_epoch_doublecheck_block = builder.create_block();
+        let continuation_block = builder.create_block();
+        builder.set_cold_block(new_epoch_block);
+        builder.set_cold_block(new_epoch_doublecheck_block);
+
+        let epoch_deadline = builder.use_var(self.epoch_deadline_var);
+        // Load new epoch and check against cached deadline. The
+        // deadline may be out of date if it was updated (within
+        // another yield) during some function that we called; this is
+        // fine, as we'll reload it and check again before yielding in
+        // the cold path.
+        let cur_epoch_value = self.epoch_load_current(builder);
+        let cmp = builder.ins().icmp(
+            IntCC::UnsignedGreaterThanOrEqual,
+            cur_epoch_value,
+            epoch_deadline,
+        );
+        builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(cmp, new_epoch_block, &[], continuation_block, &[]);
+        builder.seal_block(new_epoch_block);
+
+        // In the "new epoch block", we've noticed that the epoch has
+        // exceeded our cached deadline. However the real deadline may
+        // have been moved in the meantime. We keep the cached value
+        // in a register to speed the checks in the common case
+        // (between epoch ticks) but we want to do a precise check
+        // here, on the cold path, by reloading the latest value
+        // first.
+        builder.switch_to_block(new_epoch_block);
+        self.epoch_load_deadline_into_var(builder);
+        let fresh_epoch_deadline = builder.use_var(self.epoch_deadline_var);
+        let fresh_cmp = builder.ins().icmp(
+            IntCC::UnsignedGreaterThanOrEqual,
+            cur_epoch_value,
+            fresh_epoch_deadline,
+        );
+        builder.ins().brif(
+            fresh_cmp,
+            new_epoch_doublecheck_block,
+            &[],
+            continuation_block,
+            &[],
+        );
+        builder.seal_block(new_epoch_doublecheck_block);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(new_epoch_doublecheck_block);
+        let new_epoch = self.builtin_functions.new_epoch(builder.func);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        // new_epoch() returns the new deadline, so we don't have to
+        // reload it.
+        let call = builder.ins().call(new_epoch, &[vmctx]);
+        let new_deadline = *builder.func.dfg.inst_results(call).first().unwrap();
+        builder.def_var(self.epoch_deadline_var, new_deadline);
+        builder.ins().jump(continuation_block, &[]);
+        builder.seal_block(continuation_block);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(continuation_block);
+    }
+
+    fn memory_index_type(&self, index: MemoryIndex) -> ir::Type {
+        if self.module.memory_plans[index].memory.memory64 {
+            I64
+        } else {
+            I32
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn cast_pointer_to_memory_index(
+        &self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor<'_>,
+        val: ir::Value,
+        index: MemoryIndex,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        let desired_type = self.memory_index_type(index);
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        assert_eq!(pos.func.dfg.value_type(val), pointer_type);
+
+        // The current length is of type `pointer_type` but we need to fit it
+        // into `desired_type`. We are guaranteed that the result will always
+        // fit, so we just need to do the right ireduce/sextend here.
+        if pointer_type == desired_type {
+            val
+        } else if pointer_type.bits() > desired_type.bits() {
+            pos.ins().ireduce(desired_type, val)
+        } else {
+            // Note that we `sextend` instead of the probably expected
+            // `uextend`. This function is only used within the contexts of
+            // `memory.size` and `memory.grow` where we're working with units of
+            // pages instead of actual bytes, so we know that the upper bit is
+            // always cleared for "valid values". The one case we care about
+            // sextend would be when the return value of `memory.grow` is `-1`,
+            // in which case we want to copy the sign bit.
+            //
+            // This should only come up on 32-bit hosts running wasm64 modules,
+            // which at some point also makes you question various assumptions
+            // made along the way...
+            pos.ins().sextend(desired_type, val)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn cast_memory_index_to_i64(
+        &self,
+        pos: &mut FuncCursor<'_>,
+        val: ir::Value,
+        index: MemoryIndex,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        if self.memory_index_type(index) == I64 {
+            val
+        } else {
+            pos.ins().uextend(I64, val)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Set up the necessary preamble definitions in `func` to access the table identified
+    /// by `index`.
+    ///
+    /// The index space covers both imported and locally declared tables.
+    fn ensure_table_exists(&mut self, func: &mut ir::Function, index: TableIndex) {
+        if self.tables[index].is_some() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+
+        let (ptr, base_offset, current_elements_offset) = {
+            let vmctx = self.vmctx(func);
+            if let Some(def_index) = self.module.defined_table_index(index) {
+                let base_offset =
+                    i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_vmtable_definition_base(def_index)).unwrap();
+                let current_elements_offset = i32::try_from(
+                    self.offsets
+                        .vmctx_vmtable_definition_current_elements(def_index),
+                )
+                .unwrap();
+                (vmctx, base_offset, current_elements_offset)
+            } else {
+                let from_offset = self.offsets.vmctx_vmtable_import_from(index);
+                let table = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+                    base: vmctx,
+                    offset: Offset32::new(i32::try_from(from_offset).unwrap()),
+                    global_type: pointer_type,
+                    flags: MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly(),
+                });
+                let base_offset = i32::from(self.offsets.vmtable_definition_base());
+                let current_elements_offset =
+                    i32::from(self.offsets.vmtable_definition_current_elements());
+                (table, base_offset, current_elements_offset)
+            }
+        };
+
+        let table = &self.module.table_plans[index].table;
+        let element_size = if table.wasm_ty.is_vmgcref_type() {
+            // For GC-managed references, tables store `Option<VMGcRef>`s.
+            ir::types::I32.bytes()
+        } else {
+            self.reference_type(table.wasm_ty.heap_type).bytes()
+        };
+
+        let base_gv = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+            base: ptr,
+            offset: Offset32::new(base_offset),
+            global_type: pointer_type,
+            flags: if Some(table.minimum) == table.maximum {
+                // A fixed-size table can't be resized so its base address won't
+                // change.
+                MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly()
+            } else {
+                MemFlags::trusted()
+            },
+        });
+
+        let bound = if Some(table.minimum) == table.maximum {
+            TableSize::Static {
+                bound: table.minimum,
+            }
+        } else {
+            TableSize::Dynamic {
+                bound_gv: func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+                    base: ptr,
+                    offset: Offset32::new(current_elements_offset),
+                    global_type: ir::Type::int(
+                        u16::from(self.offsets.size_of_vmtable_definition_current_elements()) * 8,
+                    )
+                    .unwrap(),
+                    flags: MemFlags::trusted(),
+                }),
+            }
+        };
+
+        self.tables[index] = Some(TableData {
+            base_gv,
+            bound,
+            element_size,
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn get_or_init_func_ref_table_elem(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        index: ir::Value,
+        cold_blocks: bool,
+        lazy_init: bool,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        self.ensure_table_exists(builder.func, table_index);
+        let table_data = self.tables[table_index].as_ref().unwrap();
+
+        // To support lazy initialization of table
+        // contents, we check for a null entry here, and
+        // if null, we take a slow-path that invokes a
+        // libcall.
+        let (table_entry_addr, flags) = table_data.prepare_table_addr(
+            builder,
+            index,
+            pointer_type,
+            self.isa.flags().enable_table_access_spectre_mitigation(),
+        );
+        let value = builder.ins().load(pointer_type, flags, table_entry_addr, 0);
+
+        if !lazy_init {
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        // Mask off the "initialized bit". See documentation on
+        // FUNCREF_INIT_BIT in crates/environ/src/ref_bits.rs for more
+        // details. Note that `FUNCREF_MASK` has type `usize` which may not be
+        // appropriate for the target architecture. Right now its value is
+        // always -2 so assert that part doesn't change and then thread through
+        // -2 as the immediate.
+        assert_eq!(FUNCREF_MASK as isize, -2);
+        let value_masked = builder.ins().band_imm(value, Imm64::from(-2));
+
+        let null_block = builder.create_block();
+        let continuation_block = builder.create_block();
+        if cold_blocks {
+            builder.set_cold_block(null_block);
+            builder.set_cold_block(continuation_block);
+        }
+        let result_param = builder.append_block_param(continuation_block, pointer_type);
+        builder.set_cold_block(null_block);
+
+        builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(value, continuation_block, &[value_masked], null_block, &[]);
+        builder.seal_block(null_block);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(null_block);
+        let table_index = builder.ins().iconst(I32, table_index.index() as i64);
+        let lazy_init = self
+            .builtin_functions
+            .table_get_lazy_init_func_ref(builder.func);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        let call_inst = builder.ins().call(lazy_init, &[vmctx, table_index, index]);
+        let returned_entry = builder.func.dfg.inst_results(call_inst)[0];
+        builder.ins().jump(continuation_block, &[returned_entry]);
+        builder.seal_block(continuation_block);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(continuation_block);
+        result_param
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    fn check_malloc_start(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder) {
+        let malloc_start = self.builtin_functions.malloc_start(builder.func);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        builder.ins().call(malloc_start, &[vmctx]);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    fn check_free_start(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder) {
+        let free_start = self.builtin_functions.free_start(builder.func);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        builder.ins().call(free_start, &[vmctx]);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    fn current_func_name(&self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder) -> Option<&str> {
+        let func_index = match &builder.func.name {
+            ir::UserFuncName::User(user) => FuncIndex::from_u32(user.index),
+            _ => {
+                panic!("function name not a UserFuncName::User as expected")
+            }
+        };
+        self.translation
+            .debuginfo
+            .name_section
+            .func_names
+            .get(&func_index)
+            .map(|s| *s)
+    }
+
+    /// Proof-carrying code: create a memtype describing an empty
+    /// runtime struct (to be updated later).
+    fn create_empty_struct_memtype(&self, func: &mut ir::Function) -> ir::MemoryType {
+        func.create_memory_type(ir::MemoryTypeData::Struct {
+            size: 0,
+            fields: vec![],
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Proof-carrying code: add a new field to a memtype used to
+    /// describe a runtime struct. A memory region of type `memtype`
+    /// will have a pointer at `offset` pointing to another memory
+    /// region of type `pointee`. `readonly` indicates whether the
+    /// PCC-checked code is expected to update this field or not.
+    fn add_field_to_memtype(
+        &self,
+        func: &mut ir::Function,
+        memtype: ir::MemoryType,
+        offset: u32,
+        pointee: ir::MemoryType,
+        readonly: bool,
+    ) {
+        let ptr_size = self.pointer_type().bytes();
+        match &mut func.memory_types[memtype] {
+            ir::MemoryTypeData::Struct { size, fields } => {
+                *size = std::cmp::max(*size, offset.checked_add(ptr_size).unwrap().into());
+                fields.push(ir::MemoryTypeField {
+                    ty: self.pointer_type(),
+                    offset: offset.into(),
+                    readonly,
+                    fact: Some(ir::Fact::Mem {
+                        ty: pointee,
+                        min_offset: 0,
+                        max_offset: 0,
+                        nullable: false,
+                    }),
+                });
+
+                // Sort fields by offset -- we need to do this now
+                // because we may create an arbitrary number of
+                // memtypes for imported memories and we don't
+                // otherwise track them.
+                fields.sort_by_key(|f| f.offset);
+            }
+            _ => panic!("Cannot add field to non-struct memtype"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Add one level of indirection to a pointer-and-memtype pair:
+    /// generate a load in the code at the specified offset, and if
+    /// memtypes are in use, add a field to the original struct and
+    /// generate a new memtype for the pointee.
+    fn load_pointer_with_memtypes(
+        &self,
+        func: &mut ir::Function,
+        value: ir::GlobalValue,
+        offset: u32,
+        readonly: bool,
+        memtype: Option<ir::MemoryType>,
+    ) -> (ir::GlobalValue, Option<ir::MemoryType>) {
+        let pointee = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+            base: value,
+            offset: Offset32::new(i32::try_from(offset).unwrap()),
+            global_type: self.pointer_type(),
+            flags: MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly(),
+        });
+
+        let mt = memtype.map(|mt| {
+            let pointee_mt = self.create_empty_struct_memtype(func);
+            self.add_field_to_memtype(func, mt, offset, pointee_mt, readonly);
+            func.global_value_facts[pointee] = Some(Fact::Mem {
+                ty: pointee_mt,
+                min_offset: 0,
+                max_offset: 0,
+                nullable: false,
+            });
+            pointee_mt
+        });
+        (pointee, mt)
+    }
+
+    fn i31_ref_to_unshifted_value(&self, pos: &mut FuncCursor, i31ref: ir::Value) -> ir::Value {
+        let ref_ty = self.reference_type(WasmHeapType::I31);
+        debug_assert_eq!(pos.func.dfg.value_type(i31ref), ref_ty);
+
+        let is_null = pos.ins().is_null(i31ref);
+        pos.ins().trapnz(is_null, ir::TrapCode::NullI31Ref);
+
+        let val = pos.ins().bitcast(ref_ty.as_int(), MemFlags::new(), i31ref);
+
+        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
+            let is_i31_ref = pos
+                .ins()
+                .band_imm(val, i64::from(crate::I31_REF_DISCRIMINANT));
+            pos.ins().trapz(
+                is_i31_ref,
+                ir::TrapCode::User(crate::DEBUG_ASSERT_TRAP_CODE),
+            );
+        }
+
+        match ref_ty.bytes() {
+            8 => pos.ins().ireduce(ir::types::I32, val),
+            4 => val,
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate the next CallIndirectSiteIndex for indirect-target
+    /// caching purposes, if slots remain below the slot-count limit.
+    fn alloc_call_indirect_index(&mut self) -> Option<CallIndirectSiteIndex> {
+        // We need to check to see if we have reached the cache-slot
+        // limit.
+        //
+        // There are two kinds of limit behavior:
+        //
+        // 1. Our function's start-index is below the limit, but we
+        //    hit the limit in the middle of the function. We will
+        //    allocate slots up to the limit, then stop exactly when we
+        //    hit it.
+        //
+        // 2. Our function is beyond the limit-count of
+        //    `call_indirect`s. The counting prescan in
+        //    `ModuleEnvironment` that assigns start indices will
+        //    saturate at the limit, and this function's start index
+        //    will be exactly the limit, so we get zero slots and exit
+        //    immediately at every call to this function.
+        if self.call_indirect_index >= self.tunables.max_call_indirect_cache_slots {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let idx = CallIndirectSiteIndex::from_u32(
+            u32::try_from(self.call_indirect_index)
+                .expect("More than 2^32 callsites; should be limited by impl limits"),
+        );
+        self.call_indirect_index += 1;
+        Some(idx)
+    }
+}
+
+struct Call<'a, 'func, 'module_env> {
+    builder: &'a mut FunctionBuilder<'func>,
+    env: &'a mut FuncEnvironment<'module_env>,
+    tail: bool,
+}
+
+enum CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature {
+    Runtime,
+    StaticMatch {
+        /// Whether or not the funcref may be null or if it's statically known
+        /// to not be null.
+        may_be_null: bool,
+    },
+    StaticTrap,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'func, 'module_env> Call<'a, 'func, 'module_env> {
+    /// Create a new `Call` site that will do regular, non-tail calls.
+    pub fn new(
+        builder: &'a mut FunctionBuilder<'func>,
+        env: &'a mut FuncEnvironment<'module_env>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Call {
+            builder,
+            env,
+            tail: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new `Call` site that will perform tail calls.
+    pub fn new_tail(
+        builder: &'a mut FunctionBuilder<'func>,
+        env: &'a mut FuncEnvironment<'module_env>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Call {
+            builder,
+            env,
+            tail: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Do a direct call to the given callee function.
+    pub fn direct_call(
+        mut self,
+        callee_index: FuncIndex,
+        callee: ir::FuncRef,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        let mut real_call_args = Vec::with_capacity(call_args.len() + 2);
+        let caller_vmctx = self
+            .builder
+            .func
+            .special_param(ArgumentPurpose::VMContext)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Handle direct calls to locally-defined functions.
+        if !self.env.module.is_imported_function(callee_index) {
+            // First append the callee vmctx address, which is the same as the caller vmctx in
+            // this case.
+            real_call_args.push(caller_vmctx);
+
+            // Then append the caller vmctx address.
+            real_call_args.push(caller_vmctx);
+
+            // Then append the regular call arguments.
+            real_call_args.extend_from_slice(call_args);
+
+            // Finally, make the direct call!
+            return Ok(self.direct_call_inst(callee, &real_call_args));
+        }
+
+        // Handle direct calls to imported functions. We use an indirect call
+        // so that we don't have to patch the code at runtime.
+        let pointer_type = self.env.pointer_type();
+        let sig_ref = self.builder.func.dfg.ext_funcs[callee].signature;
+        let vmctx = self.env.vmctx(self.builder.func);
+        let base = self.builder.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx);
+
+        let mem_flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly();
+
+        // Load the callee address.
+        let body_offset = i32::try_from(
+            self.env
+                .offsets
+                .vmctx_vmfunction_import_wasm_call(callee_index),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let func_addr = self
+            .builder
+            .ins()
+            .load(pointer_type, mem_flags, base, body_offset);
+
+        // First append the callee vmctx address.
+        let vmctx_offset =
+            i32::try_from(self.env.offsets.vmctx_vmfunction_import_vmctx(callee_index)).unwrap();
+        let vmctx = self
+            .builder
+            .ins()
+            .load(pointer_type, mem_flags, base, vmctx_offset);
+        real_call_args.push(vmctx);
+        real_call_args.push(caller_vmctx);
+
+        // Then append the regular call arguments.
+        real_call_args.extend_from_slice(call_args);
+
+        // Finally, make the indirect call!
+        Ok(self.indirect_call_inst(sig_ref, func_addr, &real_call_args))
+    }
+
+    /// Get the address of the call-indirect cache slot for a given callsite.
+    pub fn call_indirect_cache_slot_addr(
+        &mut self,
+        call_site: CallIndirectSiteIndex,
+        vmctx: ir::Value,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        let offset = self.env.offsets.vmctx_call_indirect_cache(call_site);
+        self.builder.ins().iadd_imm(vmctx, i64::from(offset))
+    }
+
+    /// Load the cached index and code pointer for an indirect call.
+    ///
+    /// Generates IR like:
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// v1 = load.i64 cache_ptr+0 ;; cached index (cache key)
+    /// v2 = load.i64 cache_ptr+8 ;; cached raw code pointer (cache value)
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// and returns `(index, code_ptr)` (e.g. from above, `(v1, v2)`).
+    fn load_cached_indirect_index_and_code_ptr(
+        &mut self,
+        cache_ptr: ir::Value,
+    ) -> (ir::Value, ir::Value) {
+        let cached_index = self.builder.ins().load(
+            I32,
+            MemFlags::trusted(),
+            cache_ptr,
+            Offset32::from(self.env.offsets.ptr.vmcall_indirect_cache_index()),
+        );
+        let cached_code_ptr = self.builder.ins().load(
+            self.env.pointer_type(),
+            MemFlags::trusted(),
+            cache_ptr,
+            Offset32::from(self.env.offsets.ptr.vmcall_indirect_cache_wasm_call()),
+        );
+
+        (cached_index, cached_code_ptr)
+    }
+
+    /// Update the indirect-call cache: store a new index and raw code
+    /// pointer in the slot for a given callsite.
+    fn store_cached_indirect_index_and_code_ptr(
+        &mut self,
+        cache_ptr: ir::Value,
+        index: ir::Value,
+        code_ptr: ir::Value,
+    ) {
+        self.builder.ins().store(
+            MemFlags::trusted(),
+            index,
+            cache_ptr,
+            Offset32::from(self.env.offsets.ptr.vmcall_indirect_cache_index()),
+        );
+        self.builder.ins().store(
+            MemFlags::trusted(),
+            code_ptr,
+            cache_ptr,
+            Offset32::from(self.env.offsets.ptr.vmcall_indirect_cache_wasm_call()),
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Do an indirect call through the given funcref table.
+    pub fn indirect_call(
+        mut self,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        ty_index: TypeIndex,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<Option<ir::Inst>> {
+        // If we are performing call-indirect caching with this table, check the cache.
+        let caching = if self.env.tunables.cache_call_indirects {
+            let plan = &self.env.module.table_plans[table_index];
+            // We can do the indirect call caching optimization only
+            // if table elements will not change (no opcodes exist
+            // that could write the table, and table not exported),
+            // and if we can use the zero-index as a sentinenl for "no
+            // cache entry" (initial zeroed vmctx state).
+            !plan.written && !plan.non_null_zero
+        } else {
+            false
+        };
+
+        // Allocate a call-indirect cache slot if caching is
+        // enabled. Note that this still may be `None` if we run out
+        // of slots.
+        let call_site = if caching {
+            self.env.alloc_call_indirect_index()
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        let (code_ptr, callee_vmctx) = if let Some(call_site) = call_site {
+            // Get a local copy of `vmctx`.
+            let vmctx = self.env.vmctx(self.builder.func);
+            let vmctx = self
+                .builder
+                .ins()
+                .global_value(self.env.pointer_type(), vmctx);
+
+            // Get the address of the cache slot in the VMContext
+            // struct.
+            let slot = self.call_indirect_cache_slot_addr(call_site, vmctx);
+
+            // Create the following CFG and generate code with the following outline:
+            //
+            //   (load cached index and code pointer)
+            //   hit = icmp eq (cached index), (callee)
+            //   brif hit, call_block((cached code ptr), vmctx), miss_block
+            //
+            // miss_block:
+            //   (compute actual code pointer, with checks)
+            //   same_instance = icmp eq (callee vmctx), (vmctx)
+            //   brif same_instance update_block, call_block((actual code ptr), (callee vmctx))
+            //
+            // update_block:
+            //   (store actual index and actual code pointer)
+            //   jump call_block((actual code ptr), (callee vmctx))
+            //
+            // call_block(code_ptr, callee_vmctx):
+            //   (unchecked call-indirect sequence)
+
+            // Create two-level conditionals with CFG.
+            let current_block = self.builder.current_block().unwrap();
+            let miss_block = self.builder.create_block();
+            let call_block = self.builder.create_block();
+            let update_block = self.builder.create_block();
+
+            self.builder.insert_block_after(miss_block, current_block);
+            self.builder.insert_block_after(update_block, miss_block);
+            self.builder.insert_block_after(call_block, update_block);
+            self.builder.set_cold_block(miss_block);
+            self.builder.set_cold_block(update_block);
+
+            // Load cached values, check for hit, branch to
+            // call block or miss block.
+
+            let (cached_index, cached_code_ptr) =
+                self.load_cached_indirect_index_and_code_ptr(slot);
+            let hit = self.builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::Equal, cached_index, callee);
+            self.builder
+                .ins()
+                .brif(hit, call_block, &[cached_code_ptr, vmctx], miss_block, &[]);
+
+            // Miss block: compute actual callee code pointer and
+            // vmctx, and update cache if same-instance.
+
+            self.builder.seal_block(miss_block);
+            self.builder.switch_to_block(miss_block);
+
+            if let Some((code_ptr, callee_vmctx)) =
+                self.check_and_load_code_and_callee_vmctx(table_index, ty_index, callee, true)?
+            {
+                // If callee vmctx is equal to ours, update the cache.
+                let same_instance = self.builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::Equal, callee_vmctx, vmctx);
+
+                self.builder.ins().brif(
+                    same_instance,
+                    update_block,
+                    &[],
+                    call_block,
+                    &[code_ptr, callee_vmctx],
+                );
+
+                self.builder.seal_block(update_block);
+                self.builder.switch_to_block(update_block);
+
+                self.store_cached_indirect_index_and_code_ptr(slot, callee, code_ptr);
+                self.builder
+                    .ins()
+                    .jump(call_block, &[code_ptr, callee_vmctx]);
+            }
+
+            // Call block: do the call.
+
+            self.builder.seal_block(call_block);
+            self.builder.switch_to_block(call_block);
+
+            let code_ptr = self
+                .builder
+                .append_block_param(call_block, self.env.pointer_type());
+            let callee_vmctx = self
+                .builder
+                .append_block_param(call_block, self.env.pointer_type());
+            (code_ptr, callee_vmctx)
+        } else {
+            match self.check_and_load_code_and_callee_vmctx(table_index, ty_index, callee, false)? {
+                Some(pair) => pair,
+                None => return Ok(None),
+            }
+        };
+
+        self.unchecked_call_impl(sig_ref, code_ptr, callee_vmctx, call_args)
+            .map(Some)
+    }
+
+    fn check_and_load_code_and_callee_vmctx(
+        &mut self,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        ty_index: TypeIndex,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        cold_blocks: bool,
+    ) -> WasmResult<Option<(ir::Value, ir::Value)>> {
+        // Get the funcref pointer from the table.
+        let table = &self.env.module.table_plans[table_index];
+        let TableStyle::CallerChecksSignature { lazy_init } = table.style;
+        let funcref_ptr = self.env.get_or_init_func_ref_table_elem(
+            self.builder,
+            table_index,
+            callee,
+            cold_blocks,
+            lazy_init,
+        );
+
+        // If necessary, check the signature.
+        let check = self.check_indirect_call_type_signature(table_index, ty_index, funcref_ptr);
+
+        let trap_code = match check {
+            // `funcref_ptr` is checked at runtime that its type matches,
+            // meaning that if code gets this far it's guaranteed to not be
+            // null. That means nothing in `unchecked_call` can fail.
+            CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature::Runtime => None,
+
+            // No type check was performed on `funcref_ptr` because it's
+            // statically known to have the right type. Note that whether or
+            // not the function is null is not necessarily tested so far since
+            // no type information was inspected.
+            //
+            // If the table may hold null functions, then further loads in
+            // `unchecked_call` may fail. If the table only holds non-null
+            // functions, though, then there's no possibility of a trap.
+            CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature::StaticMatch { may_be_null } => {
+                if may_be_null {
+                    Some(ir::TrapCode::IndirectCallToNull)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Code has already trapped, so return nothing indicating that this
+            // is now unreachable code.
+            CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature::StaticTrap => return Ok(None),
+        };
+
+        Ok(Some(self.load_code_and_vmctx(funcref_ptr, trap_code)))
+    }
+
+    fn check_indirect_call_type_signature(
+        &mut self,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        ty_index: TypeIndex,
+        funcref_ptr: ir::Value,
+    ) -> CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature {
+        let pointer_type = self.env.pointer_type();
+        let table = &self.env.module.table_plans[table_index];
+        let sig_id_size = self.env.offsets.size_of_vmshared_type_index();
+        let sig_id_type = Type::int(u16::from(sig_id_size) * 8).unwrap();
+
+        // Generate a rustc compile error here if more styles are added in
+        // the future as the following code is tailored to just this style.
+        let TableStyle::CallerChecksSignature { .. } = table.style;
+
+        // Test if a type check is necessary for this table. If this table is a
+        // table of typed functions and that type matches `ty_index`, then
+        // there's no need to perform a typecheck.
+        match table.table.wasm_ty.heap_type {
+            // Functions do not have a statically known type in the table, a
+            // typecheck is required. Fall through to below to perform the
+            // actual typecheck.
+            WasmHeapType::Func => {}
+
+            // Functions that have a statically known type are either going to
+            // always succeed or always fail. Figure out by inspecting the types
+            // further.
+            WasmHeapType::ConcreteFunc(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Module(table_ty)) => {
+                // If `ty_index` matches `table_ty`, then this call is
+                // statically known to have the right type, so no checks are
+                // necessary.
+                let specified_ty = self.env.module.types[ty_index];
+                if specified_ty == table_ty {
+                    return CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature::StaticMatch {
+                        may_be_null: table.table.wasm_ty.nullable,
+                    };
+                }
+
+                // Otherwise if the types don't match then either (a) this is a
+                // null pointer or (b) it's a pointer with the wrong type.
+                // Figure out which and trap here.
+                //
+                // If it's possible to have a null here then try to load the
+                // type information. If that fails due to the function being a
+                // null pointer, then this was a call to null. Otherwise if it
+                // succeeds then we know it won't match, so trap anyway.
+                if table.table.wasm_ty.nullable {
+                    let mem_flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly();
+                    self.builder.ins().load(
+                        sig_id_type,
+                        mem_flags.with_trap_code(Some(ir::TrapCode::IndirectCallToNull)),
+                        funcref_ptr,
+                        i32::from(self.env.offsets.ptr.vm_func_ref_type_index()),
+                    );
+                }
+                self.builder.ins().trap(ir::TrapCode::BadSignature);
+                return CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature::StaticTrap;
+            }
+
+            // Tables of `nofunc` can only be inhabited by null, so go ahead and
+            // trap with that.
+            WasmHeapType::NoFunc => {
+                assert!(table.table.wasm_ty.nullable);
+                self.builder.ins().trap(ir::TrapCode::IndirectCallToNull);
+                return CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature::StaticTrap;
+            }
+
+            // Engine-indexed types don't show up until runtime and it's a Wasm
+            // validation error to perform a call through a non-function table,
+            // so these cases are dynamically not reachable.
+            WasmHeapType::ConcreteFunc(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Engine(_))
+            | WasmHeapType::ConcreteFunc(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::RecGroup(_))
+            | WasmHeapType::Extern
+            | WasmHeapType::NoExtern
+            | WasmHeapType::Any
+            | WasmHeapType::Eq
+            | WasmHeapType::I31
+            | WasmHeapType::Array
+            | WasmHeapType::ConcreteArray(_)
+            | WasmHeapType::Struct
+            | WasmHeapType::ConcreteStruct(_)
+            | WasmHeapType::None => {
+                unreachable!()
+            }
+        }
+
+        let vmctx = self.env.vmctx(self.builder.func);
+        let base = self.builder.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx);
+
+        // Load the caller ID. This requires loading the `*mut VMFuncRef` base
+        // pointer from `VMContext` and then loading, based on `SignatureIndex`,
+        // the corresponding entry.
+        let mem_flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly();
+        let signatures = self.builder.ins().load(
+            pointer_type,
+            mem_flags,
+            base,
+            i32::try_from(self.env.offsets.vmctx_type_ids_array()).unwrap(),
+        );
+        let sig_index = self.env.module.types[ty_index];
+        let offset =
+            i32::try_from(sig_index.as_u32().checked_mul(sig_id_type.bytes()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let caller_sig_id = self
+            .builder
+            .ins()
+            .load(sig_id_type, mem_flags, signatures, offset);
+
+        // Load the callee ID.
+        //
+        // Note that the callee may be null in which case this load may
+        // trap. If so use the `IndirectCallToNull` trap code.
+        let mem_flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly();
+        let callee_sig_id = self.builder.ins().load(
+            sig_id_type,
+            mem_flags.with_trap_code(Some(ir::TrapCode::IndirectCallToNull)),
+            funcref_ptr,
+            i32::from(self.env.offsets.ptr.vm_func_ref_type_index()),
+        );
+
+        // Check that they match.
+        let cmp = self
+            .builder
+            .ins()
+            .icmp(IntCC::Equal, callee_sig_id, caller_sig_id);
+        self.builder.ins().trapz(cmp, ir::TrapCode::BadSignature);
+        CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature::Runtime
+    }
+
+    /// Call a typed function reference.
+    pub fn call_ref(
+        mut self,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        // FIXME: the wasm type system tracks enough information to know whether
+        // `callee` is a null reference or not. In some situations it can be
+        // statically known here that `callee` cannot be null in which case this
+        // can be `None` instead. This requires feeding type information from
+        // wasmparser's validator into this function, however, which is not
+        // easily done at this time.
+        let callee_load_trap_code = Some(ir::TrapCode::NullReference);
+
+        self.unchecked_call(sig_ref, callee, callee_load_trap_code, args)
+    }
+
+    /// This calls a function by reference without checking the signature.
+    ///
+    /// It gets the function address, sets relevant flags, and passes the
+    /// special callee/caller vmctxs. It is used by both call_indirect (which
+    /// checks the signature) and call_ref (which doesn't).
+    fn unchecked_call(
+        &mut self,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        callee_load_trap_code: Option<ir::TrapCode>,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        let (func_addr, callee_vmctx) = self.load_code_and_vmctx(callee, callee_load_trap_code);
+        self.unchecked_call_impl(sig_ref, func_addr, callee_vmctx, call_args)
+    }
+
+    fn load_code_and_vmctx(
+        &mut self,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        callee_load_trap_code: Option<ir::TrapCode>,
+    ) -> (ir::Value, ir::Value) {
+        let pointer_type = self.env.pointer_type();
+
+        // Dereference callee pointer to get the function address.
+        //
+        // Note that this may trap if `callee` hasn't previously been verified
+        // to be non-null. This means that this load is annotated with an
+        // optional trap code provided by the caller of `unchecked_call` which
+        // will handle the case where this is either already known to be
+        // non-null or may trap.
+        let mem_flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly();
+        let func_addr = self.builder.ins().load(
+            pointer_type,
+            mem_flags.with_trap_code(callee_load_trap_code),
+            callee,
+            i32::from(self.env.offsets.ptr.vm_func_ref_wasm_call()),
+        );
+        let callee_vmctx = self.builder.ins().load(
+            pointer_type,
+            mem_flags,
+            callee,
+            i32::from(self.env.offsets.ptr.vm_func_ref_vmctx()),
+        );
+
+        (func_addr, callee_vmctx)
+    }
+
+    /// This calls a function by reference without checking the
+    /// signature, given the raw code pointer to the
+    /// Wasm-calling-convention entry point and the callee vmctx.
+    fn unchecked_call_impl(
+        &mut self,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        func_addr: ir::Value,
+        callee_vmctx: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        let mut real_call_args = Vec::with_capacity(call_args.len() + 2);
+        let caller_vmctx = self
+            .builder
+            .func
+            .special_param(ArgumentPurpose::VMContext)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // First append the callee and caller vmctx addresses.
+        real_call_args.push(callee_vmctx);
+        real_call_args.push(caller_vmctx);
+
+        // Then append the regular call arguments.
+        real_call_args.extend_from_slice(call_args);
+
+        Ok(self.indirect_call_inst(sig_ref, func_addr, &real_call_args))
+    }
+
+    fn direct_call_inst(&mut self, callee: ir::FuncRef, args: &[ir::Value]) -> ir::Inst {
+        if self.tail {
+            self.builder.ins().return_call(callee, args)
+        } else {
+            self.builder.ins().call(callee, args)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn indirect_call_inst(
+        &mut self,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        func_addr: ir::Value,
+        args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> ir::Inst {
+        if self.tail {
+            self.builder
+                .ins()
+                .return_call_indirect(sig_ref, func_addr, args)
+        } else {
+            self.builder.ins().call_indirect(sig_ref, func_addr, args)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TypeConvert for FuncEnvironment<'_> {
+    fn lookup_heap_type(&self, ty: wasmparser::UnpackedIndex) -> WasmHeapType {
+        wasmtime_environ::WasmparserTypeConverter::new(self.types, self.module).lookup_heap_type(ty)
+    }
+
+    fn lookup_type_index(&self, index: wasmparser::UnpackedIndex) -> EngineOrModuleTypeIndex {
+        wasmtime_environ::WasmparserTypeConverter::new(self.types, self.module)
+            .lookup_type_index(index)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'module_environment> TargetEnvironment for FuncEnvironment<'module_environment> {
+    fn target_config(&self) -> TargetFrontendConfig {
+        self.isa.frontend_config()
+    }
+
+    fn reference_type(&self, ty: WasmHeapType) -> ir::Type {
+        crate::reference_type(ty, self.pointer_type())
+    }
+
+    fn heap_access_spectre_mitigation(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.flags().enable_heap_access_spectre_mitigation()
+    }
+
+    fn proof_carrying_code(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.flags().enable_pcc()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'module_environment> cranelift_wasm::FuncEnvironment for FuncEnvironment<'module_environment> {
+    fn heaps(&self) -> &PrimaryMap<Heap, HeapData> {
+        &self.heaps
+    }
+
+    fn is_wasm_parameter(&self, _signature: &ir::Signature, index: usize) -> bool {
+        // The first two parameters are the vmctx and caller vmctx. The rest are
+        // the wasm parameters.
+        index >= 2
+    }
+
+    fn after_locals(&mut self, num_locals: usize) {
+        self.fuel_var = Variable::new(num_locals);
+        self.epoch_deadline_var = Variable::new(num_locals + 1);
+        self.epoch_ptr_var = Variable::new(num_locals + 2);
+    }
+
+    fn translate_table_grow(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor<'_>,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        delta: ir::Value,
+        init_value: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let ty = self.module.table_plans[table_index].table.wasm_ty.heap_type;
+        let grow = if ty.is_vmgcref_type() {
+            gc::gc_ref_table_grow_builtin(ty, self, &mut pos.func)?
+        } else {
+            debug_assert_eq!(ty.top(), WasmHeapTopType::Func);
+            self.builtin_functions.table_grow_func_ref(&mut pos.func)
+        };
+
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+        let table_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, table_index.as_u32() as i64);
+        let call_inst = pos
+            .ins()
+            .call(grow, &[vmctx, table_index_arg, delta, init_value]);
+
+        Ok(pos.func.dfg.first_result(call_inst))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_table_get(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        index: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let plan = &self.module.table_plans[table_index];
+        self.ensure_table_exists(builder.func, table_index);
+        let table_data = self.tables[table_index].as_ref().unwrap();
+        let heap_ty = plan.table.wasm_ty.heap_type;
+        match heap_ty.top() {
+            // `i31ref`s never need barriers, and therefore don't need to go
+            // through the GC compiler.
+            WasmHeapTopType::Any if heap_ty == WasmHeapType::I31 => {
+                let (src, flags) = table_data.prepare_table_addr(
+                    builder,
+                    index,
+                    self.pointer_type(),
+                    self.isa.flags().enable_table_access_spectre_mitigation(),
+                );
+                gc::unbarriered_load_gc_ref(self, builder, WasmHeapType::I31, src, flags)
+            }
+
+            // GC-managed types.
+            WasmHeapTopType::Any | WasmHeapTopType::Extern => {
+                let (src, flags) = table_data.prepare_table_addr(
+                    builder,
+                    index,
+                    self.pointer_type(),
+                    self.isa.flags().enable_table_access_spectre_mitigation(),
+                );
+                gc::gc_compiler(self).translate_read_gc_reference(
+                    self,
+                    builder,
+                    plan.table.wasm_ty,
+                    src,
+                    flags,
+                )
+            }
+
+            // Function types.
+            WasmHeapTopType::Func => match plan.style {
+                TableStyle::CallerChecksSignature { lazy_init } => Ok(self
+                    .get_or_init_func_ref_table_elem(
+                        builder,
+                        table_index,
+                        index,
+                        false,
+                        lazy_init,
+                    )),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn translate_table_set(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        value: ir::Value,
+        index: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let plan = &self.module.table_plans[table_index];
+        self.ensure_table_exists(builder.func, table_index);
+        let table_data = self.tables[table_index].as_ref().unwrap();
+        let heap_ty = plan.table.wasm_ty.heap_type;
+        match heap_ty.top() {
+            // `i31ref`s never need GC barriers, and therefore don't need to go
+            // through the GC compiler.
+            WasmHeapTopType::Any if heap_ty == WasmHeapType::I31 => {
+                let (addr, flags) = table_data.prepare_table_addr(
+                    builder,
+                    index,
+                    self.pointer_type(),
+                    self.isa.flags().enable_table_access_spectre_mitigation(),
+                );
+                gc::unbarriered_store_gc_ref(self, builder, WasmHeapType::I31, addr, value, flags)
+            }
+
+            // GC-managed types.
+            WasmHeapTopType::Any | WasmHeapTopType::Extern => {
+                let (dst, flags) = table_data.prepare_table_addr(
+                    builder,
+                    index,
+                    self.pointer_type(),
+                    self.isa.flags().enable_table_access_spectre_mitigation(),
+                );
+                gc::gc_compiler(self).translate_write_gc_reference(
+                    self,
+                    builder,
+                    plan.table.wasm_ty,
+                    dst,
+                    value,
+                    flags,
+                )
+            }
+
+            // Function types.
+            WasmHeapTopType::Func => {
+                match plan.style {
+                    TableStyle::CallerChecksSignature { lazy_init } => {
+                        let (elem_addr, flags) = table_data.prepare_table_addr(
+                            builder,
+                            index,
+                            pointer_type,
+                            self.isa.flags().enable_table_access_spectre_mitigation(),
+                        );
+                        // Set the "initialized bit". See doc-comment on
+                        // `FUNCREF_INIT_BIT` in
+                        // crates/environ/src/ref_bits.rs for details.
+                        let value_with_init_bit = if lazy_init {
+                            builder
+                                .ins()
+                                .bor_imm(value, Imm64::from(FUNCREF_INIT_BIT as i64))
+                        } else {
+                            value
+                        };
+                        builder
+                            .ins()
+                            .store(flags, value_with_init_bit, elem_addr, 0);
+                        Ok(())
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn translate_table_fill(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor<'_>,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        val: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let ty = self.module.table_plans[table_index].table.wasm_ty.heap_type;
+        let libcall = if ty.is_vmgcref_type() {
+            gc::gc_ref_table_fill_builtin(ty, self, &mut pos.func)?
+        } else {
+            debug_assert_eq!(ty.top(), WasmHeapTopType::Func);
+            self.builtin_functions.table_fill_func_ref(&mut pos.func)
+        };
+
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+        let table_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, table_index.as_u32() as i64);
+        pos.ins()
+            .call(libcall, &[vmctx, table_index_arg, dst, val, len]);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_ref_i31(&mut self, mut pos: FuncCursor, val: ir::Value) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let shifted = pos.ins().ishl_imm(val, 1);
+        let tagged = pos
+            .ins()
+            .bor_imm(shifted, i64::from(crate::I31_REF_DISCRIMINANT));
+        let ref_ty = self.reference_type(WasmHeapType::I31);
+        let extended = if ref_ty.bytes() > 4 {
+            pos.ins().uextend(ref_ty.as_int(), tagged)
+        } else {
+            tagged
+        };
+        let i31ref = pos.ins().bitcast(ref_ty, MemFlags::new(), extended);
+        Ok(i31ref)
+    }
+
+    fn translate_i31_get_s(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        i31ref: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let val = self.i31_ref_to_unshifted_value(&mut pos, i31ref);
+        let shifted = pos.ins().sshr_imm(val, 1);
+        Ok(shifted)
+    }
+
+    fn translate_i31_get_u(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        i31ref: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let val = self.i31_ref_to_unshifted_value(&mut pos, i31ref);
+        let shifted = pos.ins().ushr_imm(val, 1);
+        Ok(shifted)
+    }
+
+    fn translate_ref_null(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor,
+        ht: WasmHeapType,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        Ok(match ht.top() {
+            WasmHeapTopType::Func => pos.ins().iconst(self.pointer_type(), 0),
+            WasmHeapTopType::Any | WasmHeapTopType::Extern => {
+                pos.ins().null(self.reference_type(ht))
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn translate_ref_is_null(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor,
+        value: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let bool_is_null = match pos.func.dfg.value_type(value) {
+            // `externref`
+            ty if ty.is_ref() => pos.ins().is_null(value),
+            // `funcref`
+            ty if ty == self.pointer_type() => {
+                pos.ins()
+                    .icmp_imm(cranelift_codegen::ir::condcodes::IntCC::Equal, value, 0)
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+
+        Ok(pos.ins().uextend(ir::types::I32, bool_is_null))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_ref_func(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor<'_>,
+        func_index: FuncIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let func_index = pos.ins().iconst(I32, func_index.as_u32() as i64);
+        let ref_func = self.builtin_functions.ref_func(&mut pos.func);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+        let call_inst = pos.ins().call(ref_func, &[vmctx, func_index]);
+        Ok(pos.func.dfg.first_result(call_inst))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_custom_global_get(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor<'_>,
+        index: cranelift_wasm::GlobalIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let ty = self.module.globals[index].wasm_ty;
+        debug_assert!(
+            ty.is_vmgcref_type(),
+            "We only use GlobalVariable::Custom for VMGcRef types"
+        );
+
+        // TODO: use `GcCompiler::translate_read_gc_reference` for GC-reference
+        // globals instead of a libcall.
+        let libcall = gc::gc_ref_global_get_builtin(ty, self, &mut pos.func)?;
+
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+        let global_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, index.as_u32() as i64);
+        let call_inst = pos.ins().call(libcall, &[vmctx, global_index_arg]);
+
+        Ok(pos.func.dfg.first_result(call_inst))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_custom_global_set(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor<'_>,
+        index: cranelift_wasm::GlobalIndex,
+        value: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let ty = self.module.globals[index].wasm_ty;
+        debug_assert!(
+            ty.is_vmgcref_type(),
+            "We only use GlobalVariable::Custom for VMGcRef types"
+        );
+
+        // TODO: use `GcCompiler::translate_write_gc_reference` for GC-reference
+        // globals instead of a libcall.
+        let libcall = gc::gc_ref_global_set_builtin(ty, self, &mut pos.func)?;
+
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+        let global_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, index.as_u32() as i64);
+        pos.ins().call(libcall, &[vmctx, global_index_arg, value]);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn make_heap(&mut self, func: &mut ir::Function, index: MemoryIndex) -> WasmResult<Heap> {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let is_shared = self.module.memory_plans[index].memory.shared;
+
+        let min_size = self.module.memory_plans[index]
+            .memory
+            .minimum
+            .checked_mul(u64::from(WASM_PAGE_SIZE))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                // The only valid Wasm memory size that won't fit in a 64-bit
+                // integer is the maximum memory64 size (2^64) which is one
+                // larger than `u64::MAX` (2^64 - 1). In this case, just say the
+                // minimum heap size is `u64::MAX`.
+                debug_assert_eq!(self.module.memory_plans[index].memory.minimum, 1 << 48);
+                u64::MAX
+            });
+
+        let max_size = self.module.memory_plans[index]
+            .memory
+            .maximum
+            .and_then(|max| max.checked_mul(u64::from(WASM_PAGE_SIZE)));
+
+        let (ptr, base_offset, current_length_offset, ptr_memtype) = {
+            let vmctx = self.vmctx(func);
+            if let Some(def_index) = self.module.defined_memory_index(index) {
+                if is_shared {
+                    // As with imported memory, the `VMMemoryDefinition` for a
+                    // shared memory is stored elsewhere. We store a `*mut
+                    // VMMemoryDefinition` to it and dereference that when
+                    // atomically growing it.
+                    let from_offset = self.offsets.vmctx_vmmemory_pointer(def_index);
+                    let (memory, def_mt) = self.load_pointer_with_memtypes(
+                        func,
+                        vmctx,
+                        from_offset,
+                        true,
+                        self.pcc_vmctx_memtype,
+                    );
+                    let base_offset = i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_base());
+                    let current_length_offset =
+                        i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_current_length());
+                    (memory, base_offset, current_length_offset, def_mt)
+                } else {
+                    let owned_index = self.module.owned_memory_index(def_index);
+                    let owned_base_offset =
+                        self.offsets.vmctx_vmmemory_definition_base(owned_index);
+                    let owned_length_offset = self
+                        .offsets
+                        .vmctx_vmmemory_definition_current_length(owned_index);
+                    let current_base_offset = i32::try_from(owned_base_offset).unwrap();
+                    let current_length_offset = i32::try_from(owned_length_offset).unwrap();
+                    (
+                        vmctx,
+                        current_base_offset,
+                        current_length_offset,
+                        self.pcc_vmctx_memtype,
+                    )
+                }
+            } else {
+                let from_offset = self.offsets.vmctx_vmmemory_import_from(index);
+                let (memory, def_mt) = self.load_pointer_with_memtypes(
+                    func,
+                    vmctx,
+                    from_offset,
+                    true,
+                    self.pcc_vmctx_memtype,
+                );
+                let base_offset = i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_base());
+                let current_length_offset =
+                    i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_current_length());
+                (memory, base_offset, current_length_offset, def_mt)
+            }
+        };
+
+        // If we have a declared maximum, we can make this a "static" heap, which is
+        // allocated up front and never moved.
+        let (offset_guard_size, heap_style, readonly_base, base_fact, memory_type) =
+            match self.module.memory_plans[index] {
+                MemoryPlan {
+                    style: MemoryStyle::Dynamic { .. },
+                    offset_guard_size,
+                    pre_guard_size: _,
+                    memory: _,
+                } => {
+                    let heap_bound = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+                        base: ptr,
+                        offset: Offset32::new(current_length_offset),
+                        global_type: pointer_type,
+                        flags: MemFlags::trusted(),
+                    });
+
+                    let (base_fact, data_mt) = if let Some(ptr_memtype) = ptr_memtype {
+                        // Create a memtype representing the untyped memory region.
+                        let data_mt = func.create_memory_type(ir::MemoryTypeData::DynamicMemory {
+                            gv: heap_bound,
+                            size: offset_guard_size,
+                        });
+                        // This fact applies to any pointer to the start of the memory.
+                        let base_fact = ir::Fact::dynamic_base_ptr(data_mt);
+                        // This fact applies to the length.
+                        let length_fact = ir::Fact::global_value(
+                            u16::try_from(self.isa.pointer_type().bits()).unwrap(),
+                            heap_bound,
+                        );
+                        // Create a field in the vmctx for the base pointer.
+                        match &mut func.memory_types[ptr_memtype] {
+                            ir::MemoryTypeData::Struct { size, fields } => {
+                                let base_offset = u64::try_from(base_offset).unwrap();
+                                fields.push(ir::MemoryTypeField {
+                                    offset: base_offset,
+                                    ty: self.isa.pointer_type(),
+                                    // Read-only field from the PoV of PCC checks:
+                                    // don't allow stores to this field. (Even if
+                                    // it is a dynamic memory whose base can
+                                    // change, that update happens inside the
+                                    // runtime, not in generated code.)
+                                    readonly: true,
+                                    fact: Some(base_fact.clone()),
+                                });
+                                let current_length_offset =
+                                    u64::try_from(current_length_offset).unwrap();
+                                fields.push(ir::MemoryTypeField {
+                                    offset: current_length_offset,
+                                    ty: self.isa.pointer_type(),
+                                    // As above, read-only; only the runtime modifies it.
+                                    readonly: true,
+                                    fact: Some(length_fact),
+                                });
+
+                                let pointer_size = u64::from(self.isa.pointer_type().bytes());
+                                let fields_end = std::cmp::max(
+                                    base_offset + pointer_size,
+                                    current_length_offset + pointer_size,
+                                );
+                                *size = std::cmp::max(*size, fields_end);
+                            }
+                            _ => {
+                                panic!("Bad memtype");
+                            }
+                        }
+                        // Apply a fact to the base pointer.
+                        (Some(base_fact), Some(data_mt))
+                    } else {
+                        (None, None)
+                    };
+
+                    (
+                        offset_guard_size,
+                        HeapStyle::Dynamic {
+                            bound_gv: heap_bound,
+                        },
+                        false,
+                        base_fact,
+                        data_mt,
+                    )
+                }
+                MemoryPlan {
+                    style:
+                        MemoryStyle::Static {
+                            byte_reservation: bound_bytes,
+                        },
+                    offset_guard_size,
+                    pre_guard_size: _,
+                    memory: _,
+                } => {
+                    let (base_fact, data_mt) = if let Some(ptr_memtype) = ptr_memtype {
+                        // Create a memtype representing the untyped memory region.
+                        let data_mt = func.create_memory_type(ir::MemoryTypeData::Memory {
+                            size: bound_bytes
+                                .checked_add(offset_guard_size)
+                                .expect("Memory plan has overflowing size plus guard"),
+                        });
+                        // This fact applies to any pointer to the start of the memory.
+                        let base_fact = Fact::Mem {
+                            ty: data_mt,
+                            min_offset: 0,
+                            max_offset: 0,
+                            nullable: false,
+                        };
+                        // Create a field in the vmctx for the base pointer.
+                        match &mut func.memory_types[ptr_memtype] {
+                            ir::MemoryTypeData::Struct { size, fields } => {
+                                let offset = u64::try_from(base_offset).unwrap();
+                                fields.push(ir::MemoryTypeField {
+                                    offset,
+                                    ty: self.isa.pointer_type(),
+                                    // Read-only field from the PoV of PCC checks:
+                                    // don't allow stores to this field. (Even if
+                                    // it is a dynamic memory whose base can
+                                    // change, that update happens inside the
+                                    // runtime, not in generated code.)
+                                    readonly: true,
+                                    fact: Some(base_fact.clone()),
+                                });
+                                *size = std::cmp::max(
+                                    *size,
+                                    offset + u64::from(self.isa.pointer_type().bytes()),
+                                );
+                            }
+                            _ => {
+                                panic!("Bad memtype");
+                            }
+                        }
+                        // Apply a fact to the base pointer.
+                        (Some(base_fact), Some(data_mt))
+                    } else {
+                        (None, None)
+                    };
+                    (
+                        offset_guard_size,
+                        HeapStyle::Static { bound: bound_bytes },
+                        true,
+                        base_fact,
+                        data_mt,
+                    )
+                }
+            };
+
+        let mut flags = MemFlags::trusted().with_checked();
+        if readonly_base {
+            flags.set_readonly();
+        }
+        let heap_base = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+            base: ptr,
+            offset: Offset32::new(base_offset),
+            global_type: pointer_type,
+            flags,
+        });
+        func.global_value_facts[heap_base] = base_fact;
+
+        Ok(self.heaps.push(HeapData {
+            base: heap_base,
+            min_size,
+            max_size,
+            offset_guard_size,
+            style: heap_style,
+            index_type: self.memory_index_type(index),
+            memory_type,
+        }))
+    }
+
+    fn make_global(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut ir::Function,
+        index: GlobalIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<GlobalVariable> {
+        let ty = self.module.globals[index].wasm_ty;
+
+        if ty.is_vmgcref_type() {
+            // Although reference-typed globals live at the same memory location as
+            // any other type of global at the same index would, getting or
+            // setting them requires ref counting barriers. Therefore, we need
+            // to use `GlobalVariable::Custom`, as that is the only kind of
+            // `GlobalVariable` for which `cranelift-wasm` supports custom
+            // access translation.
+            return Ok(GlobalVariable::Custom);
+        }
+
+        let (gv, offset) = self.get_global_location(func, index);
+        Ok(GlobalVariable::Memory {
+            gv,
+            offset: offset.into(),
+            ty: super::value_type(self.isa, ty),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn make_indirect_sig(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut ir::Function,
+        index: TypeIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::SigRef> {
+        let index = self.module.types[index];
+        let sig =
+            crate::wasm_call_signature(self.isa, self.types[index].unwrap_func(), &self.tunables);
+        Ok(func.import_signature(sig))
+    }
+
+    fn make_direct_func(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut ir::Function,
+        index: FuncIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::FuncRef> {
+        let sig = self.module.functions[index].signature;
+        let sig =
+            crate::wasm_call_signature(self.isa, self.types[sig].unwrap_func(), &self.tunables);
+        let signature = func.import_signature(sig);
+        let name =
+            ir::ExternalName::User(func.declare_imported_user_function(ir::UserExternalName {
+                namespace: crate::NS_WASM_FUNC,
+                index: index.as_u32(),
+            }));
+        Ok(func.import_function(ir::ExtFuncData {
+            name,
+            signature,
+
+            // The value of this flag determines the codegen for calls to this
+            // function. If this flag is `false` then absolute relocations will
+            // be generated for references to the function, which requires
+            // load-time relocation resolution. If this flag is set to `true`
+            // then relative relocations are emitted which can be resolved at
+            // object-link-time, just after all functions are compiled.
+            //
+            // This flag is set to `true` for functions defined in the object
+            // we'll be defining in this compilation unit, or everything local
+            // to the wasm module. This means that between functions in a wasm
+            // module there's relative calls encoded. All calls external to a
+            // wasm module (e.g. imports or libcalls) are either encoded through
+            // the `VMContext` as relative jumps (hence no relocations) or
+            // they're libcalls with absolute relocations.
+            colocated: self.module.defined_func_index(index).is_some(),
+        }))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_call_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        ty_index: TypeIndex,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<Option<ir::Inst>> {
+        Call::new(builder, self).indirect_call(table_index, ty_index, sig_ref, callee, call_args)
+    }
+
+    fn translate_call(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        callee_index: FuncIndex,
+        callee: ir::FuncRef,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        Call::new(builder, self).direct_call(callee_index, callee, call_args)
+    }
+
+    fn translate_call_ref(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        Call::new(builder, self).call_ref(sig_ref, callee, call_args)
+    }
+
+    fn translate_return_call(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        callee_index: FuncIndex,
+        callee: ir::FuncRef,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        Call::new_tail(builder, self).direct_call(callee_index, callee, call_args)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_return_call_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        ty_index: TypeIndex,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        Call::new_tail(builder, self).indirect_call(
+            table_index,
+            ty_index,
+            sig_ref,
+            callee,
+            call_args,
+        )?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_return_call_ref(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        Call::new_tail(builder, self).call_ref(sig_ref, callee, call_args)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_memory_grow(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor<'_>,
+        index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+        val: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let memory_grow = self.builtin_functions.memory32_grow(&mut pos.func);
+        let index_arg = index.index();
+
+        let memory_index = pos.ins().iconst(I32, index_arg as i64);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+        let val = self.cast_memory_index_to_i64(&mut pos, val, index);
+        let call_inst = pos.ins().call(memory_grow, &[vmctx, val, memory_index]);
+        let result = *pos.func.dfg.inst_results(call_inst).first().unwrap();
+        Ok(self.cast_pointer_to_memory_index(pos, result, index))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_memory_size(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor<'_>,
+        index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx(&mut pos.func);
+        let is_shared = self.module.memory_plans[index].memory.shared;
+        let base = pos.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx);
+        let current_length_in_bytes = match self.module.defined_memory_index(index) {
+            Some(def_index) => {
+                if is_shared {
+                    let offset =
+                        i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_vmmemory_pointer(def_index)).unwrap();
+                    let vmmemory_ptr =
+                        pos.ins()
+                            .load(pointer_type, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), base, offset);
+                    let vmmemory_definition_offset =
+                        i64::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_current_length());
+                    let vmmemory_definition_ptr =
+                        pos.ins().iadd_imm(vmmemory_ptr, vmmemory_definition_offset);
+                    // This atomic access of the
+                    // `VMMemoryDefinition::current_length` is direct; no bounds
+                    // check is needed. This is possible because shared memory
+                    // has a static size (the maximum is always known). Shared
+                    // memory is thus built with a static memory plan and no
+                    // bounds-checked version of this is implemented.
+                    pos.ins().atomic_load(
+                        pointer_type,
+                        ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+                        vmmemory_definition_ptr,
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    let owned_index = self.module.owned_memory_index(def_index);
+                    let offset = i32::try_from(
+                        self.offsets
+                            .vmctx_vmmemory_definition_current_length(owned_index),
+                    )
+                    .unwrap();
+                    pos.ins()
+                        .load(pointer_type, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), base, offset)
+                }
+            }
+            None => {
+                let offset = i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_vmmemory_import_from(index)).unwrap();
+                let vmmemory_ptr =
+                    pos.ins()
+                        .load(pointer_type, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), base, offset);
+                if is_shared {
+                    let vmmemory_definition_offset =
+                        i64::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_current_length());
+                    let vmmemory_definition_ptr =
+                        pos.ins().iadd_imm(vmmemory_ptr, vmmemory_definition_offset);
+                    pos.ins().atomic_load(
+                        pointer_type,
+                        ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+                        vmmemory_definition_ptr,
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    pos.ins().load(
+                        pointer_type,
+                        ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+                        vmmemory_ptr,
+                        i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_current_length()),
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        let current_length_in_pages = pos
+            .ins()
+            .udiv_imm(current_length_in_bytes, i64::from(WASM_PAGE_SIZE));
+
+        Ok(self.cast_pointer_to_memory_index(pos, current_length_in_pages, index))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_memory_copy(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        src_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _src_heap: Heap,
+        dst_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _dst_heap: Heap,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        src: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+        let memory_copy = self.builtin_functions.memory_copy(&mut pos.func);
+        let dst = self.cast_memory_index_to_i64(&mut pos, dst, dst_index);
+        let src = self.cast_memory_index_to_i64(&mut pos, src, src_index);
+        // The length is 32-bit if either memory is 32-bit, but if they're both
+        // 64-bit then it's 64-bit. Our intrinsic takes a 64-bit length for
+        // compatibility across all memories, so make sure that it's cast
+        // correctly here (this is a bit special so no generic helper unlike for
+        // `dst`/`src` above)
+        let len = if self.memory_index_type(dst_index) == I64
+            && self.memory_index_type(src_index) == I64
+        {
+            len
+        } else {
+            pos.ins().uextend(I64, len)
+        };
+        let src_index = pos.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(src_index.as_u32()));
+        let dst_index = pos.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(dst_index.as_u32()));
+        pos.ins()
+            .call(memory_copy, &[vmctx, dst_index, dst, src_index, src, len]);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_memory_fill(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        memory_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        val: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let memory_fill = self.builtin_functions.memory_fill(&mut pos.func);
+        let dst = self.cast_memory_index_to_i64(&mut pos, dst, memory_index);
+        let len = self.cast_memory_index_to_i64(&mut pos, len, memory_index);
+        let memory_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(memory_index.as_u32()));
+
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+        pos.ins()
+            .call(memory_fill, &[vmctx, memory_index_arg, dst, val, len]);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_memory_init(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        memory_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+        seg_index: u32,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        src: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let memory_init = self.builtin_functions.memory_init(&mut pos.func);
+
+        let memory_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, memory_index.index() as i64);
+        let seg_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, seg_index as i64);
+
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+        let dst = self.cast_memory_index_to_i64(&mut pos, dst, memory_index);
+
+        pos.ins().call(
+            memory_init,
+            &[vmctx, memory_index_arg, seg_index_arg, dst, src, len],
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_data_drop(&mut self, mut pos: FuncCursor, seg_index: u32) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let data_drop = self.builtin_functions.data_drop(&mut pos.func);
+        let seg_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, seg_index as i64);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+        pos.ins().call(data_drop, &[vmctx, seg_index_arg]);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_table_size(
+        &mut self,
+        pos: FuncCursor,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        self.ensure_table_exists(pos.func, table_index);
+        let table_data = self.tables[table_index].as_ref().unwrap();
+        Ok(table_data.bound.bound(pos, ir::types::I32))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_table_copy(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        dst_table_index: TableIndex,
+        src_table_index: TableIndex,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        src: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let (table_copy, dst_table_index_arg, src_table_index_arg) =
+            self.get_table_copy_func(&mut pos.func, dst_table_index, src_table_index);
+
+        let dst_table_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, dst_table_index_arg as i64);
+        let src_table_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, src_table_index_arg as i64);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+        pos.ins().call(
+            table_copy,
+            &[
+                vmctx,
+                dst_table_index_arg,
+                src_table_index_arg,
+                dst,
+                src,
+                len,
+            ],
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_table_init(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        seg_index: u32,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        src: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let table_init = self.builtin_functions.table_init(&mut pos.func);
+        let table_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(table_index.as_u32()));
+        let seg_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(seg_index));
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+        pos.ins().call(
+            table_init,
+            &[vmctx, table_index_arg, seg_index_arg, dst, src, len],
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_elem_drop(&mut self, mut pos: FuncCursor, elem_index: u32) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let elem_drop = self.builtin_functions.elem_drop(&mut pos.func);
+        let elem_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, elem_index as i64);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+        pos.ins().call(elem_drop, &[vmctx, elem_index_arg]);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_atomic_wait(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        memory_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+        addr: ir::Value,
+        expected: ir::Value,
+        timeout: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        #[cfg(feature = "threads")]
+        {
+            let addr = self.cast_memory_index_to_i64(&mut pos, addr, memory_index);
+            let implied_ty = pos.func.dfg.value_type(expected);
+            let (wait_func, memory_index) =
+                self.get_memory_atomic_wait(&mut pos.func, memory_index, implied_ty);
+
+            let memory_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, memory_index as i64);
+
+            let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+            let call_inst = pos.ins().call(
+                wait_func,
+                &[vmctx, memory_index_arg, addr, expected, timeout],
+            );
+
+            Ok(*pos.func.dfg.inst_results(call_inst).first().unwrap())
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "threads"))]
+        {
+            let _ = (&mut pos, memory_index, addr, expected, timeout);
+            Err(wasmtime_environ::WasmError::Unsupported(
+                "threads support disabled at compile time".to_string(),
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn translate_atomic_notify(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        memory_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+        addr: ir::Value,
+        count: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        #[cfg(feature = "threads")]
+        {
+            let addr = self.cast_memory_index_to_i64(&mut pos, addr, memory_index);
+            let atomic_notify = self.builtin_functions.memory_atomic_notify(&mut pos.func);
+
+            let memory_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, memory_index.index() as i64);
+            let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+            let call_inst = pos
+                .ins()
+                .call(atomic_notify, &[vmctx, memory_index_arg, addr, count]);
+
+            Ok(*pos.func.dfg.inst_results(call_inst).first().unwrap())
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "threads"))]
+        {
+            let _ = (&mut pos, memory_index, addr, count);
+            Err(wasmtime_environ::WasmError::Unsupported(
+                "threads support disabled at compile time".to_string(),
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn translate_loop_header(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        // Additionally if enabled check how much fuel we have remaining to see
+        // if we've run out by this point.
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel {
+            self.fuel_check(builder);
+        }
+
+        // If we are performing epoch-based interruption, check to see
+        // if the epoch counter has changed.
+        if self.tunables.epoch_interruption {
+            self.epoch_check(builder);
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn before_translate_operator(
+        &mut self,
+        op: &Operator,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        state: &FuncTranslationState,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel {
+            self.fuel_before_op(op, builder, state.reachable());
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn after_translate_operator(
+        &mut self,
+        op: &Operator,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        state: &FuncTranslationState,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel && state.reachable() {
+            self.fuel_after_op(op, builder);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn before_unconditionally_trapping_memory_access(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel {
+            self.fuel_increment_var(builder);
+            self.fuel_save_from_var(builder);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn before_translate_function(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        _state: &FuncTranslationState,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        // If the `vmruntime_limits_ptr` variable will get used then we initialize
+        // it here.
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel || self.tunables.epoch_interruption {
+            self.declare_vmruntime_limits_ptr(builder);
+        }
+        // Additionally we initialize `fuel_var` if it will get used.
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel {
+            self.fuel_function_entry(builder);
+        }
+        // Initialize `epoch_var` with the current epoch.
+        if self.tunables.epoch_interruption {
+            self.epoch_function_entry(builder);
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+        {
+            let func_name = self.current_func_name(builder);
+            if func_name == Some("malloc") {
+                self.check_malloc_start(builder);
+            } else if func_name == Some("free") {
+                self.check_free_start(builder);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn after_translate_function(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        state: &FuncTranslationState,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel && state.reachable() {
+            self.fuel_function_exit(builder);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn relaxed_simd_deterministic(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tunables.relaxed_simd_deterministic
+    }
+
+    fn has_native_fma(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.has_native_fma()
+    }
+
+    fn is_x86(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.triple().architecture == target_lexicon::Architecture::X86_64
+    }
+
+    fn use_x86_blendv_for_relaxed_laneselect(&self, ty: Type) -> bool {
+        self.isa.has_x86_blendv_lowering(ty)
+    }
+
+    fn use_x86_pshufb_for_relaxed_swizzle(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.has_x86_pshufb_lowering()
+    }
+
+    fn use_x86_pmulhrsw_for_relaxed_q15mul(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.has_x86_pmulhrsw_lowering()
+    }
+
+    fn use_x86_pmaddubsw_for_dot(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.has_x86_pmaddubsw_lowering()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    fn handle_before_return(&mut self, retvals: &[ir::Value], builder: &mut FunctionBuilder) {
+        if self.wmemcheck {
+            let func_name = self.current_func_name(builder);
+            if func_name == Some("malloc") {
+                self.hook_malloc_exit(builder, retvals);
+            } else if func_name == Some("free") {
+                self.hook_free_exit(builder);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    fn before_load(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        val_size: u8,
+        addr: ir::Value,
+        offset: u64,
+    ) {
+        if self.wmemcheck {
+            let check_load = self.builtin_functions.check_load(builder.func);
+            let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+            let num_bytes = builder.ins().iconst(I32, val_size as i64);
+            let offset_val = builder.ins().iconst(I64, offset as i64);
+            builder
+                .ins()
+                .call(check_load, &[vmctx, num_bytes, addr, offset_val]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    fn before_store(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        val_size: u8,
+        addr: ir::Value,
+        offset: u64,
+    ) {
+        if self.wmemcheck {
+            let check_store = self.builtin_functions.check_store(builder.func);
+            let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+            let num_bytes = builder.ins().iconst(I32, val_size as i64);
+            let offset_val = builder.ins().iconst(I64, offset as i64);
+            builder
+                .ins()
+                .call(check_store, &[vmctx, num_bytes, addr, offset_val]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    fn update_global(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        global_index: u32,
+        value: ir::Value,
+    ) {
+        if self.wmemcheck {
+            if global_index == 0 {
+                // We are making the assumption that global 0 is the auxiliary stack pointer.
+                let update_stack_pointer =
+                    self.builtin_functions.update_stack_pointer(builder.func);
+                let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+                builder.ins().call(update_stack_pointer, &[vmctx, value]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    fn before_memory_grow(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        num_pages: ir::Value,
+        mem_index: MemoryIndex,
+    ) {
+        if self.wmemcheck && mem_index.as_u32() == 0 {
+            let update_mem_size = self.builtin_functions.update_mem_size(builder.func);
+            let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+            builder.ins().call(update_mem_size, &[vmctx, num_pages]);
+        }
+    }
+}