wasmtime 17.0.0 → 18.0.3

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmparser-0.121.2/src/validator/types.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4449 @@
+//! Types relating to type information provided by validation.
+
+use super::{
+    component::{ComponentState, ExternKind},
+    core::Module,
+};
+use crate::{validator::names::KebabString, HeapType};
+use crate::{
+    BinaryReaderError, CompositeType, Export, ExternalKind, FuncType, GlobalType, Import, Matches,
+    MemoryType, PackedIndex, PrimitiveValType, RecGroup, RefType, Result, SubType, TableType,
+    TypeRef, UnpackedIndex, ValType, WithRecGroup,
+};
+use indexmap::{IndexMap, IndexSet};
+use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::ops::{Index, Range};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::{
+    borrow::Borrow,
+    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
+    mem,
+    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
+    sync::Arc,
+};
+
+/// The maximum number of parameters in the canonical ABI that can be passed by value.
+///
+/// Functions that exceed this limit will instead pass parameters indirectly from
+/// linear memory via a single pointer parameter.
+const MAX_FLAT_FUNC_PARAMS: usize = 16;
+/// The maximum number of results in the canonical ABI that can be returned by a function.
+///
+/// Functions that exceed this limit have their results written to linear memory via an
+/// additional pointer parameter (imports) or return a single pointer value (exports).
+const MAX_FLAT_FUNC_RESULTS: usize = 1;
+
+/// The maximum lowered types, including a possible type for a return pointer parameter.
+const MAX_LOWERED_TYPES: usize = MAX_FLAT_FUNC_PARAMS + 1;
+
+/// A simple alloc-free list of types used for calculating lowered function signatures.
+pub(crate) struct LoweredTypes {
+    types: [ValType; MAX_LOWERED_TYPES],
+    len: usize,
+    max: usize,
+}
+
+impl LoweredTypes {
+    fn new(max: usize) -> Self {
+        assert!(max <= MAX_LOWERED_TYPES);
+        Self {
+            types: [ValType::I32; MAX_LOWERED_TYPES],
+            len: 0,
+            max,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len
+    }
+
+    fn maxed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len == self.max
+    }
+
+    fn get_mut(&mut self, index: usize) -> Option<&mut ValType> {
+        if index < self.len {
+            Some(&mut self.types[index])
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn push(&mut self, ty: ValType) -> bool {
+        if self.maxed() {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        self.types[self.len] = ty;
+        self.len += 1;
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.len = 0;
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[ValType] {
+        &self.types[..self.len]
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = ValType> + '_ {
+        self.as_slice().iter().copied()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents information about a component function type lowering.
+pub(crate) struct LoweringInfo {
+    pub(crate) params: LoweredTypes,
+    pub(crate) results: LoweredTypes,
+    pub(crate) requires_memory: bool,
+    pub(crate) requires_realloc: bool,
+}
+
+impl LoweringInfo {
+    pub(crate) fn into_func_type(self) -> FuncType {
+        FuncType::new(
+            self.params.as_slice().iter().copied(),
+            self.results.as_slice().iter().copied(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for LoweringInfo {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            params: LoweredTypes::new(MAX_FLAT_FUNC_PARAMS),
+            results: LoweredTypes::new(MAX_FLAT_FUNC_RESULTS),
+            requires_memory: false,
+            requires_realloc: false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn push_primitive_wasm_types(ty: &PrimitiveValType, lowered_types: &mut LoweredTypes) -> bool {
+    match ty {
+        PrimitiveValType::Bool
+        | PrimitiveValType::S8
+        | PrimitiveValType::U8
+        | PrimitiveValType::S16
+        | PrimitiveValType::U16
+        | PrimitiveValType::S32
+        | PrimitiveValType::U32
+        | PrimitiveValType::Char => lowered_types.push(ValType::I32),
+        PrimitiveValType::S64 | PrimitiveValType::U64 => lowered_types.push(ValType::I64),
+        PrimitiveValType::Float32 => lowered_types.push(ValType::F32),
+        PrimitiveValType::Float64 => lowered_types.push(ValType::F64),
+        PrimitiveValType::String => {
+            lowered_types.push(ValType::I32) && lowered_types.push(ValType::I32)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A trait shared by all type identifiers.
+///
+/// Any id that can be used to get a type from a `Types`.
+//
+// Or, internally, from a `TypeList`.
+pub trait TypeIdentifier: std::fmt::Debug + Copy + Eq + Sized + 'static {
+    /// The data pointed to by this type of id.
+    type Data: TypeData<Id = Self>;
+
+    /// Create a type id from an index.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn from_index(index: u32) -> Self;
+
+    /// Get a shared reference to the list where this id's type data is stored
+    /// within.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn list(types: &TypeList) -> &SnapshotList<Self::Data>;
+
+    /// Get an exclusive reference to the list where this id's type data is
+    /// stored within.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn list_mut(types: &mut TypeList) -> &mut SnapshotList<Self::Data>;
+
+    /// The raw index of this id.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn index(&self) -> usize;
+}
+
+/// A trait shared by all types within a `Types`.
+///
+/// This is the data that can be retreived by indexing with the associated
+/// [`TypeIdentifier`].
+pub trait TypeData: std::fmt::Debug {
+    /// The identifier for this type data.
+    type Id: TypeIdentifier<Data = Self>;
+
+    /// Get the info for this type.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn type_info(&self, types: &TypeList) -> TypeInfo;
+}
+
+/// A type that can be aliased in the component model.
+pub trait Aliasable {
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn alias_id(&self) -> u32;
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn set_alias_id(&mut self, alias_id: u32);
+}
+
+/// A fresh alias id that means the entity is not an alias of anything.
+///
+/// Note that the `TypeList::alias_counter` starts at zero, so we can't use that
+/// as this sentinel. The implementation limits are such that we can't ever
+/// generate `u32::MAX` aliases, so we don't need to worryabout running into
+/// this value in practice either.
+const NO_ALIAS: u32 = u32::MAX;
+
+macro_rules! define_type_id {
+    ($name:ident, $data:ty, $list:ident, $type_str:expr) => {
+        #[doc = "Represents a unique identifier for a "]
+        #[doc = $type_str]
+        #[doc = " type known to a [`crate::Validator`]."]
+        #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+        #[repr(C)] // Use fixed field layout to ensure minimal size.
+        pub struct $name {
+            /// The index into the associated list of types.
+            index: u32,
+        }
+
+        impl TypeIdentifier for $name {
+            type Data = $data;
+
+            fn from_index(index: u32) -> Self {
+                $name { index }
+            }
+
+            fn list(types: &TypeList) -> &SnapshotList<Self::Data> {
+                &types.$list
+            }
+
+            fn list_mut(types: &mut TypeList) -> &mut SnapshotList<Self::Data> {
+                &mut types.$list
+            }
+
+            fn index(&self) -> usize {
+                usize::try_from(self.index).unwrap()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl Aliasable for $name {
+            fn alias_id(&self) -> u32 {
+                NO_ALIAS
+            }
+
+            fn set_alias_id(&mut self, _: u32) {}
+        }
+
+        // The size of type IDs was seen to have a large-ish impact in #844, so
+        // this assert ensures that it stays relatively small.
+        const _: () = {
+            assert!(std::mem::size_of::<$name>() <= 4);
+        };
+    };
+}
+
+/// A core WebAssembly type, in the core WebAssembly types index space.
+pub enum CoreType {
+    /// A sub type.
+    Sub(SubType),
+
+    /// A module type.
+    ///
+    /// Does not actually appear in core Wasm at the moment. Only used for the
+    /// core types index space within components.
+    Module(ModuleType),
+}
+
+/// Represents a unique identifier for a core type type known to a
+/// [`crate::Validator`]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct CoreTypeId {
+    index: u32,
+}
+
+const _: () = {
+    assert!(std::mem::size_of::<CoreTypeId>() <= 4);
+};
+
+impl TypeIdentifier for CoreTypeId {
+    type Data = SubType;
+
+    fn from_index(index: u32) -> Self {
+        CoreTypeId { index }
+    }
+
+    fn list(types: &TypeList) -> &SnapshotList<Self::Data> {
+        &types.core_types
+    }
+
+    fn list_mut(types: &mut TypeList) -> &mut SnapshotList<Self::Data> {
+        &mut types.core_types
+    }
+
+    fn index(&self) -> usize {
+        usize::try_from(self.index).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TypeData for SubType {
+    type Id = CoreTypeId;
+
+    fn type_info(&self, _types: &TypeList) -> TypeInfo {
+        // TODO(#1036): calculate actual size for func, array, struct.
+        let size = 1 + match &self.composite_type {
+            CompositeType::Func(ty) => 1 + (ty.params().len() + ty.results().len()) as u32,
+            CompositeType::Array(_) => 2,
+            CompositeType::Struct(ty) => 1 + 2 * ty.fields.len() as u32,
+        };
+        TypeInfo::core(size)
+    }
+}
+
+impl CoreType {
+    /// Get the underlying `SubType` or panic.
+    pub fn unwrap_sub(&self) -> &SubType {
+        match self {
+            CoreType::Sub(s) => s,
+            CoreType::Module(_) => panic!("`unwrap_sub` on module type"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the underlying `FuncType` within this `SubType` or panic.
+    pub fn unwrap_func(&self) -> &FuncType {
+        match &self.unwrap_sub().composite_type {
+            CompositeType::Func(f) => f,
+            CompositeType::Array(_) | CompositeType::Struct(_) => {
+                panic!("`unwrap_func` on non-func composite type")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the underlying `ModuleType` or panic.
+    pub fn unwrap_module(&self) -> &ModuleType {
+        match self {
+            CoreType::Module(m) => m,
+            CoreType::Sub(_) => panic!("`unwrap_module` on a subtype"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! define_wrapper_id {
+    (
+        $(#[$outer_attrs:meta])*
+        pub enum $name:ident {
+            $(
+                #[unwrap = $unwrap:ident]
+                $(#[$inner_attrs:meta])*
+                $variant:ident ( $inner:ty ) ,
+            )*
+        }
+    ) => {
+        $(#[$outer_attrs])*
+        pub enum $name {
+            $(
+                $(#[$inner_attrs])*
+                $variant ( $inner ) ,
+            )*
+        }
+
+        $(
+            impl From<$inner> for $name {
+                #[inline]
+                fn from(x: $inner) -> Self {
+                    Self::$variant(x)
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl TryFrom<$name> for $inner {
+                type Error = ();
+
+                #[inline]
+                fn try_from(x: $name) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+                    match x {
+                        $name::$variant(x) => Ok(x),
+                        _ => Err(())
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        )*
+
+        impl $name {
+            $(
+                #[doc = "Unwrap a `"]
+                #[doc = stringify!($inner)]
+                #[doc = "` or panic."]
+                #[inline]
+                pub fn $unwrap(self) -> $inner {
+                    <$inner>::try_from(self).unwrap()
+                }
+            )*
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! define_transitive_conversions {
+    (
+        $(
+            $outer:ty,
+            $middle:ty,
+            $inner:ty,
+            $unwrap:ident;
+        )*
+    ) => {
+        $(
+            impl From<$inner> for $outer {
+                #[inline]
+                fn from(x: $inner) -> Self {
+                    <$middle>::from(x).into()
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl TryFrom<$outer> for $inner {
+                type Error = ();
+
+                #[inline]
+                fn try_from(x: $outer) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+                    let middle = <$middle>::try_from(x)?;
+                    <$inner>::try_from(middle)
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl $outer {
+                #[doc = "Unwrap a `"]
+                #[doc = stringify!($inner)]
+                #[doc = "` or panic."]
+                #[inline]
+                pub fn $unwrap(self) -> $inner {
+                    <$inner>::try_from(self).unwrap()
+                }
+            }
+        )*
+    };
+}
+
+define_wrapper_id! {
+    /// An identifier pointing to any kind of type, component or core.
+    #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+    pub enum AnyTypeId {
+        #[unwrap = unwrap_component_core_type]
+        /// A core type.
+        Core(ComponentCoreTypeId),
+
+        #[unwrap = unwrap_component_any_type]
+        /// A component type.
+        Component(ComponentAnyTypeId),
+    }
+}
+
+define_transitive_conversions! {
+    AnyTypeId, ComponentCoreTypeId, CoreTypeId, unwrap_core_type;
+    AnyTypeId, ComponentCoreTypeId, ComponentCoreModuleTypeId, unwrap_component_core_module_type;
+    AnyTypeId, ComponentAnyTypeId, AliasableResourceId, unwrap_aliasable_resource;
+    AnyTypeId, ComponentAnyTypeId, ComponentDefinedTypeId, unwrap_component_defined_type;
+    AnyTypeId, ComponentAnyTypeId, ComponentFuncTypeId, unwrap_component_func_type;
+    AnyTypeId, ComponentAnyTypeId, ComponentInstanceTypeId, unwrap_component_instance_type;
+    AnyTypeId, ComponentAnyTypeId, ComponentTypeId, unwrap_component_type;
+}
+
+impl AnyTypeId {
+    /// Peel off one layer of aliasing from this type and return the aliased
+    /// inner type, or `None` if this type is not aliasing anything.
+    pub fn peel_alias(&self, types: &Types) -> Option<Self> {
+        match *self {
+            Self::Core(id) => id.peel_alias(types).map(Self::Core),
+            Self::Component(id) => types.peel_alias(id).map(Self::Component),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+define_wrapper_id! {
+    /// An identifier for a core type or a core module's type.
+    #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+    pub enum ComponentCoreTypeId {
+        #[unwrap = unwrap_sub]
+        /// A core type.
+        Sub(CoreTypeId),
+
+        #[unwrap = unwrap_module]
+        /// A core module's type.
+        Module(ComponentCoreModuleTypeId),
+    }
+}
+
+impl ComponentCoreTypeId {
+    /// Peel off one layer of aliasing from this type and return the aliased
+    /// inner type, or `None` if this type is not aliasing anything.
+    pub fn peel_alias(&self, types: &Types) -> Option<Self> {
+        match *self {
+            Self::Sub(_) => None,
+            Self::Module(id) => types.peel_alias(id).map(Self::Module),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// An aliasable resource identifier.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub struct AliasableResourceId {
+    id: ResourceId,
+    alias_id: u32,
+}
+
+impl Aliasable for AliasableResourceId {
+    fn alias_id(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.alias_id
+    }
+
+    fn set_alias_id(&mut self, alias_id: u32) {
+        self.alias_id = alias_id;
+    }
+}
+
+impl AliasableResourceId {
+    /// Create a new instance with the specified resource ID and `self`'s alias
+    /// ID.
+    pub fn with_resource_id(&self, id: ResourceId) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id,
+            alias_id: self.alias_id,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the underlying resource.
+    pub fn resource(&self) -> ResourceId {
+        self.id
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn resource_mut(&mut self) -> &mut ResourceId {
+        &mut self.id
+    }
+}
+
+define_wrapper_id! {
+    /// An identifier for any kind of component type.
+    #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+    pub enum ComponentAnyTypeId {
+        #[unwrap = unwrap_resource]
+        /// The type is a resource with the specified id.
+        Resource(AliasableResourceId),
+
+        #[unwrap = unwrap_defined]
+        /// The type is a defined type with the specified id.
+        Defined(ComponentDefinedTypeId),
+
+        #[unwrap = unwrap_func]
+        /// The type is a function type with the specified id.
+        Func(ComponentFuncTypeId),
+
+        #[unwrap = unwrap_instance]
+        /// The type is an instance type with the specified id.
+        Instance(ComponentInstanceTypeId),
+
+        #[unwrap = unwrap_component]
+        /// The type is a component type with the specified id.
+        Component(ComponentTypeId),
+    }
+}
+
+impl Aliasable for ComponentAnyTypeId {
+    fn alias_id(&self) -> u32 {
+        match self {
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Resource(x) => x.alias_id(),
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Defined(x) => x.alias_id(),
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Func(x) => x.alias_id(),
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Instance(x) => x.alias_id(),
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Component(x) => x.alias_id(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn set_alias_id(&mut self, alias_id: u32) {
+        match self {
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Resource(x) => x.set_alias_id(alias_id),
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Defined(x) => x.set_alias_id(alias_id),
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Func(x) => x.set_alias_id(alias_id),
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Instance(x) => x.set_alias_id(alias_id),
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Component(x) => x.set_alias_id(alias_id),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ComponentAnyTypeId {
+    pub(crate) fn info(&self, types: &TypeList) -> TypeInfo {
+        match *self {
+            Self::Resource(_) => TypeInfo::new(),
+            Self::Defined(id) => types[id].type_info(types),
+            Self::Func(id) => types[id].type_info(types),
+            Self::Instance(id) => types[id].type_info(types),
+            Self::Component(id) => types[id].type_info(types),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn desc(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Resource(_) => "resource",
+            Self::Defined(_) => "defined type",
+            Self::Func(_) => "func",
+            Self::Instance(_) => "instance",
+            Self::Component(_) => "component",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+define_type_id!(
+    RecGroupId,
+    Range<CoreTypeId>,
+    rec_group_elements,
+    "recursion group"
+);
+
+impl TypeData for Range<CoreTypeId> {
+    type Id = RecGroupId;
+
+    fn type_info(&self, _types: &TypeList) -> TypeInfo {
+        let size = self.end.index() - self.start.index();
+        TypeInfo::core(u32::try_from(size).unwrap())
+    }
+}
+
+define_type_id!(ComponentTypeId, ComponentType, components, "component");
+
+define_type_id!(
+    ComponentValueTypeId,
+    ComponentValType,
+    component_values,
+    "component value"
+);
+
+define_type_id!(
+    ComponentInstanceTypeId,
+    ComponentInstanceType,
+    component_instances,
+    "component instance"
+);
+
+define_type_id!(
+    ComponentFuncTypeId,
+    ComponentFuncType,
+    component_funcs,
+    "component function"
+);
+
+define_type_id!(
+    ComponentCoreInstanceTypeId,
+    InstanceType,
+    core_instances,
+    "component's core instance"
+);
+
+define_type_id!(
+    ComponentCoreModuleTypeId,
+    ModuleType,
+    core_modules,
+    "component's core module"
+);
+
+/// Represents a unique identifier for a component type type known to a
+/// [`crate::Validator`].
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct ComponentDefinedTypeId {
+    index: u32,
+    alias_id: u32,
+}
+
+const _: () = {
+    assert!(std::mem::size_of::<ComponentDefinedTypeId>() <= 8);
+};
+
+impl TypeIdentifier for ComponentDefinedTypeId {
+    type Data = ComponentDefinedType;
+
+    fn from_index(index: u32) -> Self {
+        ComponentDefinedTypeId {
+            index,
+            alias_id: NO_ALIAS,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn list(types: &TypeList) -> &SnapshotList<Self::Data> {
+        &types.component_defined_types
+    }
+
+    fn list_mut(types: &mut TypeList) -> &mut SnapshotList<Self::Data> {
+        &mut types.component_defined_types
+    }
+
+    fn index(&self) -> usize {
+        usize::try_from(self.index).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Aliasable for ComponentDefinedTypeId {
+    fn alias_id(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.alias_id
+    }
+
+    fn set_alias_id(&mut self, alias_id: u32) {
+        self.alias_id = alias_id;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Metadata about a type and its transitive structure.
+///
+/// Currently contains two properties:
+///
+/// * The "size" of a type - a proxy to the recursive size of a type if
+///   everything in the type were unique (e.g. no shared references). Not an
+///   approximation of runtime size, but instead of type-complexity size if
+///   someone were to visit each element of the type individually. For example
+///   `u32` has size 1 and `(list u32)` has size 2 (roughly). Used to prevent
+///   massive trees of types.
+///
+/// * Whether or not a type contains a "borrow" transitively inside of it. For
+///   example `(borrow $t)` and `(list (borrow $t))` both contain borrows, but
+///   `(list u32)` does not. Used to validate that component function results do
+///   not contain borrows.
+///
+/// Currently this is represented as a compact 32-bit integer to ensure that
+/// `TypeId`, which this is stored in, remains relatively small. The maximum
+/// type size allowed in wasmparser is 1M at this time which is 20 bits of
+/// information, and then one more bit is used for whether or not a borrow is
+/// used. Currently this uses the low 24 bits for the type size and the MSB for
+/// the borrow bit.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+// Only public because it shows up in a public trait's `doc(hidden)` method.
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub struct TypeInfo(u32);
+
+impl TypeInfo {
+    /// Creates a new blank set of type information.
+    ///
+    /// Defaults to size 1 to ensure that this consumes space in the final type
+    /// structure.
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> TypeInfo {
+        TypeInfo::_new(1, false)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new blank set of information about a leaf "borrow" type which
+    /// has size 1.
+    pub(crate) fn borrow() -> TypeInfo {
+        TypeInfo::_new(1, true)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates type information corresponding to a core type of the `size`
+    /// specified, meaning no borrows are contained within.
+    pub(crate) fn core(size: u32) -> TypeInfo {
+        TypeInfo::_new(size, false)
+    }
+
+    fn _new(size: u32, contains_borrow: bool) -> TypeInfo {
+        assert!(size < (1 << 24));
+        TypeInfo(size | ((contains_borrow as u32) << 31))
+    }
+
+    /// Combines another set of type information into this one, for example if
+    /// this is a record which has `other` as a field.
+    ///
+    /// Updates the size of `self` and whether or not this type contains a
+    /// borrow based on whether `other` contains a borrow.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if the type size would exceed this crate's static limit
+    /// of a type size.
+    pub(crate) fn combine(&mut self, other: TypeInfo, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        *self = TypeInfo::_new(
+            super::combine_type_sizes(self.size(), other.size(), offset)?,
+            self.contains_borrow() || other.contains_borrow(),
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn size(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.0 & 0xffffff
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn contains_borrow(&self) -> bool {
+        (self.0 >> 31) != 0
+    }
+}
+
+/// A component value type.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum ComponentValType {
+    /// The value type is one of the primitive types.
+    Primitive(PrimitiveValType),
+    /// The type is represented with the given type identifier.
+    Type(ComponentDefinedTypeId),
+}
+
+impl TypeData for ComponentValType {
+    type Id = ComponentValueTypeId;
+
+    fn type_info(&self, types: &TypeList) -> TypeInfo {
+        match self {
+            ComponentValType::Primitive(_) => TypeInfo::new(),
+            ComponentValType::Type(id) => types[*id].type_info(types),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ComponentValType {
+    pub(crate) fn contains_ptr(&self, types: &TypeList) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            ComponentValType::Primitive(ty) => ty.contains_ptr(),
+            ComponentValType::Type(ty) => types[*ty].contains_ptr(types),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn push_wasm_types(&self, types: &TypeList, lowered_types: &mut LoweredTypes) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::Primitive(ty) => push_primitive_wasm_types(ty, lowered_types),
+            Self::Type(id) => types[*id].push_wasm_types(types, lowered_types),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn info(&self, types: &TypeList) -> TypeInfo {
+        match self {
+            Self::Primitive(_) => TypeInfo::new(),
+            Self::Type(id) => types[*id].type_info(types),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The entity type for imports and exports of a module.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum EntityType {
+    /// The entity is a function.
+    Func(CoreTypeId),
+    /// The entity is a table.
+    Table(TableType),
+    /// The entity is a memory.
+    Memory(MemoryType),
+    /// The entity is a global.
+    Global(GlobalType),
+    /// The entity is a tag.
+    Tag(CoreTypeId),
+}
+
+impl EntityType {
+    pub(crate) fn desc(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Func(_) => "func",
+            Self::Table(_) => "table",
+            Self::Memory(_) => "memory",
+            Self::Global(_) => "global",
+            Self::Tag(_) => "tag",
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn info(&self, types: &TypeList) -> TypeInfo {
+        match self {
+            Self::Func(id) | Self::Tag(id) => types[*id].type_info(types),
+            Self::Table(_) | Self::Memory(_) | Self::Global(_) => TypeInfo::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+trait ModuleImportKey {
+    fn module(&self) -> &str;
+    fn name(&self) -> &str;
+}
+
+impl<'a> Borrow<dyn ModuleImportKey + 'a> for (String, String) {
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &(dyn ModuleImportKey + 'a) {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl Hash for (dyn ModuleImportKey + '_) {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.module().hash(state);
+        self.name().hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for (dyn ModuleImportKey + '_) {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.module() == other.module() && self.name() == other.name()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for (dyn ModuleImportKey + '_) {}
+
+impl ModuleImportKey for (String, String) {
+    fn module(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.0
+    }
+
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.1
+    }
+}
+
+impl ModuleImportKey for (&str, &str) {
+    fn module(&self) -> &str {
+        self.0
+    }
+
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        self.1
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a core module type.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ModuleType {
+    /// Metadata about this module type
+    pub(crate) info: TypeInfo,
+    /// The imports of the module type.
+    pub imports: IndexMap<(String, String), EntityType>,
+    /// The exports of the module type.
+    pub exports: IndexMap<String, EntityType>,
+}
+
+impl TypeData for ModuleType {
+    type Id = ComponentCoreModuleTypeId;
+
+    fn type_info(&self, _types: &TypeList) -> TypeInfo {
+        self.info
+    }
+}
+
+impl ModuleType {
+    /// Looks up an import by its module and name.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the import was not found.
+    pub fn lookup_import(&self, module: &str, name: &str) -> Option<&EntityType> {
+        self.imports.get(&(module, name) as &dyn ModuleImportKey)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents the kind of module instance type.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum CoreInstanceTypeKind {
+    /// The instance type is the result of instantiating a module type.
+    Instantiated(ComponentCoreModuleTypeId),
+
+    /// The instance type is the result of instantiating from exported items.
+    Exports(IndexMap<String, EntityType>),
+}
+
+/// Represents a module instance type.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct InstanceType {
+    /// Metadata about this instance type
+    pub(crate) info: TypeInfo,
+    /// The kind of module instance type.
+    pub kind: CoreInstanceTypeKind,
+}
+
+impl TypeData for InstanceType {
+    type Id = ComponentCoreInstanceTypeId;
+
+    fn type_info(&self, _types: &TypeList) -> TypeInfo {
+        self.info
+    }
+}
+
+impl InstanceType {
+    /// Gets the exports of the instance type.
+    pub fn exports<'a>(&'a self, types: TypesRef<'a>) -> &'a IndexMap<String, EntityType> {
+        self.internal_exports(types.list)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn internal_exports<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        types: &'a TypeList,
+    ) -> &'a IndexMap<String, EntityType> {
+        match &self.kind {
+            CoreInstanceTypeKind::Instantiated(id) => &types[*id].exports,
+            CoreInstanceTypeKind::Exports(exports) => exports,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The entity type for imports and exports of a component.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum ComponentEntityType {
+    /// The entity is a core module.
+    Module(ComponentCoreModuleTypeId),
+    /// The entity is a function.
+    Func(ComponentFuncTypeId),
+    /// The entity is a value.
+    Value(ComponentValType),
+    /// The entity is a type.
+    Type {
+        /// This is the identifier of the type that was referenced when this
+        /// entity was created.
+        referenced: ComponentAnyTypeId,
+        /// This is the identifier of the type that was created when this type
+        /// was imported or exported from the component.
+        ///
+        /// Note that the underlying type information for the `referenced`
+        /// field and for this `created` field is the same, but these two types
+        /// will hash to different values.
+        created: ComponentAnyTypeId,
+    },
+    /// The entity is a component instance.
+    Instance(ComponentInstanceTypeId),
+    /// The entity is a component.
+    Component(ComponentTypeId),
+}
+
+impl ComponentEntityType {
+    /// Determines if component entity type `a` is a subtype of `b`.
+    pub fn is_subtype_of(a: &Self, at: TypesRef, b: &Self, bt: TypesRef) -> bool {
+        SubtypeCx::new(at.list, bt.list)
+            .component_entity_type(a, b, 0)
+            .is_ok()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn desc(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Module(_) => "module",
+            Self::Func(_) => "func",
+            Self::Value(_) => "value",
+            Self::Type { .. } => "type",
+            Self::Instance(_) => "instance",
+            Self::Component(_) => "component",
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn info(&self, types: &TypeList) -> TypeInfo {
+        match self {
+            Self::Module(ty) => types[*ty].type_info(types),
+            Self::Func(ty) => types[*ty].type_info(types),
+            Self::Type { referenced: ty, .. } => ty.info(types),
+            Self::Instance(ty) => types[*ty].type_info(types),
+            Self::Component(ty) => types[*ty].type_info(types),
+            Self::Value(ty) => ty.info(types),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a type of a component.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ComponentType {
+    /// Metadata about this component type
+    pub(crate) info: TypeInfo,
+
+    /// The imports of the component type.
+    ///
+    /// Each import has its own kebab-name and an optional URL listed. Note that
+    /// the set of import names is disjoint with the set of export names.
+    pub imports: IndexMap<String, ComponentEntityType>,
+
+    /// The exports of the component type.
+    ///
+    /// Each export has its own kebab-name and an optional URL listed. Note that
+    /// the set of export names is disjoint with the set of import names.
+    pub exports: IndexMap<String, ComponentEntityType>,
+
+    /// Universally quantified resources required to be provided when
+    /// instantiating this component type.
+    ///
+    /// Each resource in this map is explicitly imported somewhere in the
+    /// `imports` map. The "path" to where it's imported is specified by the
+    /// `Vec<usize>` payload here. For more information about the indexes see
+    /// the documentation on `ComponentState::imported_resources`.
+    ///
+    /// This should technically be inferrable from the structure of `imports`,
+    /// but it's stored as an auxiliary set for subtype checking and
+    /// instantiation.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this is not a set of all resources referred to by the
+    /// `imports`. Instead it's only those created, relative to the internals of
+    /// this component, by the imports.
+    pub imported_resources: Vec<(ResourceId, Vec<usize>)>,
+
+    /// The dual of the `imported_resources`, or the set of defined
+    /// resources -- those created through the instantiation process which are
+    /// unique to this component.
+    ///
+    /// This set is similar to the `imported_resources` set but it's those
+    /// contained within the `exports`. Instantiating this component will
+    /// create fresh new versions of all of these resources. The path here is
+    /// within the `exports` array.
+    pub defined_resources: Vec<(ResourceId, Vec<usize>)>,
+
+    /// The set of all resources which are explicitly exported by this
+    /// component, and where they're exported.
+    ///
+    /// This mapping is stored separately from `defined_resources` to ensure
+    /// that it contains all exported resources, not just those which are
+    /// defined. That means that this can cover reexports of imported
+    /// resources, exports of local resources, or exports of closed-over
+    /// resources for example.
+    pub explicit_resources: IndexMap<ResourceId, Vec<usize>>,
+}
+
+impl TypeData for ComponentType {
+    type Id = ComponentTypeId;
+
+    fn type_info(&self, _types: &TypeList) -> TypeInfo {
+        self.info
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a type of a component instance.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ComponentInstanceType {
+    /// Metadata about this instance type
+    pub(crate) info: TypeInfo,
+
+    /// The list of exports, keyed by name, that this instance has.
+    ///
+    /// An optional URL and type of each export is provided as well.
+    pub exports: IndexMap<String, ComponentEntityType>,
+
+    /// The list of "defined resources" or those which are closed over in
+    /// this instance type.
+    ///
+    /// This list is populated, for example, when the type of an instance is
+    /// declared and it contains its own resource type exports defined
+    /// internally. For example:
+    ///
+    /// ```wasm
+    /// (component
+    ///     (type (instance
+    ///         (export "x" (type sub resource)) ;; one `defined_resources` entry
+    ///     ))
+    /// )
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This list is also a bit of an oddity, however, because the type of a
+    /// concrete instance will always have this as empty. For example:
+    ///
+    /// ```wasm
+    /// (component
+    ///     (type $t (instance (export "x" (type sub resource))))
+    ///
+    ///     ;; the type of this instance has no defined resources
+    ///     (import "i" (instance (type $t)))
+    /// )
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This list ends up only being populated for instance types declared in a
+    /// module which aren't yet "attached" to anything. Once something is
+    /// instantiated, imported, exported, or otherwise refers to a concrete
+    /// instance then this list is always empty. For concrete instances
+    /// defined resources are tracked in the component state or component type.
+    pub defined_resources: Vec<ResourceId>,
+
+    /// The list of all resources that are explicitly exported from this
+    /// instance type along with the path they're exported at.
+    pub explicit_resources: IndexMap<ResourceId, Vec<usize>>,
+}
+
+impl TypeData for ComponentInstanceType {
+    type Id = ComponentInstanceTypeId;
+
+    fn type_info(&self, _types: &TypeList) -> TypeInfo {
+        self.info
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a type of a component function.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ComponentFuncType {
+    /// Metadata about this function type.
+    pub(crate) info: TypeInfo,
+    /// The function parameters.
+    pub params: Box<[(KebabString, ComponentValType)]>,
+    /// The function's results.
+    pub results: Box<[(Option<KebabString>, ComponentValType)]>,
+}
+
+impl TypeData for ComponentFuncType {
+    type Id = ComponentFuncTypeId;
+
+    fn type_info(&self, _types: &TypeList) -> TypeInfo {
+        self.info
+    }
+}
+
+impl ComponentFuncType {
+    /// Lowers the component function type to core parameter and result types for the
+    /// canonical ABI.
+    pub(crate) fn lower(&self, types: &TypeList, is_lower: bool) -> LoweringInfo {
+        let mut info = LoweringInfo::default();
+
+        for (_, ty) in self.params.iter() {
+            // Check to see if `ty` has a pointer somewhere in it, needed for
+            // any type that transitively contains either a string or a list.
+            // In this situation lowered functions must specify `memory`, and
+            // lifted functions must specify `realloc` as well. Lifted functions
+            // gain their memory requirement through the final clause of this
+            // function.
+            if is_lower {
+                if !info.requires_memory {
+                    info.requires_memory = ty.contains_ptr(types);
+                }
+            } else {
+                if !info.requires_realloc {
+                    info.requires_realloc = ty.contains_ptr(types);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if !ty.push_wasm_types(types, &mut info.params) {
+                // Too many parameters to pass directly
+                // Function will have a single pointer parameter to pass the arguments
+                // via linear memory
+                info.params.clear();
+                assert!(info.params.push(ValType::I32));
+                info.requires_memory = true;
+
+                // We need realloc as well when lifting a function
+                if !is_lower {
+                    info.requires_realloc = true;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (_, ty) in self.results.iter() {
+            // Results of lowered functions that contains pointers must be
+            // allocated by the callee meaning that realloc is required.
+            // Results of lifted function are allocated by the guest which
+            // means that no realloc option is necessary.
+            if is_lower && !info.requires_realloc {
+                info.requires_realloc = ty.contains_ptr(types);
+            }
+
+            if !ty.push_wasm_types(types, &mut info.results) {
+                // Too many results to return directly, either a retptr parameter will be used (import)
+                // or a single pointer will be returned (export)
+                info.results.clear();
+                if is_lower {
+                    info.params.max = MAX_LOWERED_TYPES;
+                    assert!(info.params.push(ValType::I32));
+                } else {
+                    assert!(info.results.push(ValType::I32));
+                }
+                info.requires_memory = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Memory is always required when realloc is required
+        info.requires_memory |= info.requires_realloc;
+
+        info
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a variant case.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct VariantCase {
+    /// The variant case type.
+    pub ty: Option<ComponentValType>,
+    /// The name of the variant case refined by this one.
+    pub refines: Option<KebabString>,
+}
+
+/// Represents a record type.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct RecordType {
+    /// Metadata about this record type.
+    pub(crate) info: TypeInfo,
+    /// The map of record fields.
+    pub fields: IndexMap<KebabString, ComponentValType>,
+}
+
+/// Represents a variant type.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct VariantType {
+    /// Metadata about this variant type.
+    pub(crate) info: TypeInfo,
+    /// The map of variant cases.
+    pub cases: IndexMap<KebabString, VariantCase>,
+}
+
+/// Represents a tuple type.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TupleType {
+    /// Metadata about this tuple type.
+    pub(crate) info: TypeInfo,
+    /// The types of the tuple.
+    pub types: Box<[ComponentValType]>,
+}
+
+/// Represents a component defined type.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum ComponentDefinedType {
+    /// The type is a primitive value type.
+    Primitive(PrimitiveValType),
+    /// The type is a record.
+    Record(RecordType),
+    /// The type is a variant.
+    Variant(VariantType),
+    /// The type is a list.
+    List(ComponentValType),
+    /// The type is a tuple.
+    Tuple(TupleType),
+    /// The type is a set of flags.
+    Flags(IndexSet<KebabString>),
+    /// The type is an enumeration.
+    Enum(IndexSet<KebabString>),
+    /// The type is an `option`.
+    Option(ComponentValType),
+    /// The type is a `result`.
+    Result {
+        /// The `ok` type.
+        ok: Option<ComponentValType>,
+        /// The `error` type.
+        err: Option<ComponentValType>,
+    },
+    /// The type is an owned handle to the specified resource.
+    Own(AliasableResourceId),
+    /// The type is a borrowed handle to the specified resource.
+    Borrow(AliasableResourceId),
+}
+
+impl TypeData for ComponentDefinedType {
+    type Id = ComponentDefinedTypeId;
+
+    fn type_info(&self, types: &TypeList) -> TypeInfo {
+        match self {
+            Self::Primitive(_) | Self::Flags(_) | Self::Enum(_) | Self::Own(_) => TypeInfo::new(),
+            Self::Borrow(_) => TypeInfo::borrow(),
+            Self::Record(r) => r.info,
+            Self::Variant(v) => v.info,
+            Self::Tuple(t) => t.info,
+            Self::List(ty) | Self::Option(ty) => ty.info(types),
+            Self::Result { ok, err } => {
+                let default = TypeInfo::new();
+                let mut info = ok.map(|ty| ty.type_info(types)).unwrap_or(default);
+                info.combine(err.map(|ty| ty.type_info(types)).unwrap_or(default), 0)
+                    .unwrap();
+                info
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ComponentDefinedType {
+    pub(crate) fn contains_ptr(&self, types: &TypeList) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::Primitive(ty) => ty.contains_ptr(),
+            Self::Record(r) => r.fields.values().any(|ty| ty.contains_ptr(types)),
+            Self::Variant(v) => v
+                .cases
+                .values()
+                .any(|case| case.ty.map(|ty| ty.contains_ptr(types)).unwrap_or(false)),
+            Self::List(_) => true,
+            Self::Tuple(t) => t.types.iter().any(|ty| ty.contains_ptr(types)),
+            Self::Flags(_) | Self::Enum(_) | Self::Own(_) | Self::Borrow(_) => false,
+            Self::Option(ty) => ty.contains_ptr(types),
+            Self::Result { ok, err } => {
+                ok.map(|ty| ty.contains_ptr(types)).unwrap_or(false)
+                    || err.map(|ty| ty.contains_ptr(types)).unwrap_or(false)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn push_wasm_types(&self, types: &TypeList, lowered_types: &mut LoweredTypes) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::Primitive(ty) => push_primitive_wasm_types(ty, lowered_types),
+            Self::Record(r) => r
+                .fields
+                .iter()
+                .all(|(_, ty)| ty.push_wasm_types(types, lowered_types)),
+            Self::Variant(v) => Self::push_variant_wasm_types(
+                v.cases.iter().filter_map(|(_, case)| case.ty.as_ref()),
+                types,
+                lowered_types,
+            ),
+            Self::List(_) => lowered_types.push(ValType::I32) && lowered_types.push(ValType::I32),
+            Self::Tuple(t) => t
+                .types
+                .iter()
+                .all(|ty| ty.push_wasm_types(types, lowered_types)),
+            Self::Flags(names) => {
+                (0..(names.len() + 31) / 32).all(|_| lowered_types.push(ValType::I32))
+            }
+            Self::Enum(_) | Self::Own(_) | Self::Borrow(_) => lowered_types.push(ValType::I32),
+            Self::Option(ty) => {
+                Self::push_variant_wasm_types([ty].into_iter(), types, lowered_types)
+            }
+            Self::Result { ok, err } => {
+                Self::push_variant_wasm_types(ok.iter().chain(err.iter()), types, lowered_types)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn push_variant_wasm_types<'a>(
+        cases: impl Iterator<Item = &'a ComponentValType>,
+        types: &TypeList,
+        lowered_types: &mut LoweredTypes,
+    ) -> bool {
+        // Push the discriminant
+        if !lowered_types.push(ValType::I32) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        let start = lowered_types.len();
+
+        for ty in cases {
+            let mut temp = LoweredTypes::new(lowered_types.max);
+
+            if !ty.push_wasm_types(types, &mut temp) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            for (i, ty) in temp.iter().enumerate() {
+                match lowered_types.get_mut(start + i) {
+                    Some(prev) => *prev = Self::join_types(*prev, ty),
+                    None => {
+                        if !lowered_types.push(ty) {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn join_types(a: ValType, b: ValType) -> ValType {
+        use ValType::*;
+
+        match (a, b) {
+            (I32, I32) | (I64, I64) | (F32, F32) | (F64, F64) => a,
+            (I32, F32) | (F32, I32) => I32,
+            (_, I64 | F64) | (I64 | F64, _) => I64,
+            _ => panic!("unexpected wasm type for canonical ABI"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn desc(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            ComponentDefinedType::Record(_) => "record",
+            ComponentDefinedType::Primitive(_) => "primitive",
+            ComponentDefinedType::Variant(_) => "variant",
+            ComponentDefinedType::Tuple(_) => "tuple",
+            ComponentDefinedType::Enum(_) => "enum",
+            ComponentDefinedType::Flags(_) => "flags",
+            ComponentDefinedType::Option(_) => "option",
+            ComponentDefinedType::List(_) => "list",
+            ComponentDefinedType::Result { .. } => "result",
+            ComponentDefinedType::Own(_) => "own",
+            ComponentDefinedType::Borrow(_) => "borrow",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// An opaque identifier intended to be used to distinguish whether two
+/// resource types are equivalent or not.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Ord, PartialOrd, Copy)]
+#[repr(packed(4))] // try to not waste 4 bytes in padding
+pub struct ResourceId {
+    // This is a globally unique identifier which is assigned once per
+    // `TypeAlloc`. This ensures that resource identifiers from different
+    // instances of `Types`, for example, are considered unique.
+    //
+    // Technically 64-bits should be enough for all resource ids ever, but
+    // they're allocated so often it's predicted that an atomic increment
+    // per resource id is probably too expensive. To amortize that cost each
+    // top-level wasm component gets a single globally unique identifier, and
+    // then within a component contextually unique identifiers are handed out.
+    globally_unique_id: usize,
+
+    // A contextually unique id within the globally unique id above. This is
+    // allocated within a `TypeAlloc` with its own counter, and allocations of
+    // this are cheap as nothing atomic is required.
+    //
+    // The 32-bit storage here should ideally be enough for any component
+    // containing resources. If memory usage becomes an issue (this struct is
+    // 12 bytes instead of 8 or 4) then this could get folded into the globally
+    // unique id with everything using an atomic increment perhaps.
+    contextually_unique_id: u32,
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+enum TypesKind {
+    Module(Arc<Module>),
+    Component(ComponentState),
+}
+
+/// Represents the types known to a [`crate::Validator`] once validation has completed.
+///
+/// The type information is returned via the [`crate::Validator::end`] method.
+pub struct Types {
+    list: TypeList,
+    kind: TypesKind,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+enum TypesRefKind<'a> {
+    Module(&'a Module),
+    Component(&'a ComponentState),
+}
+
+/// Represents the types known to a [`crate::Validator`] during validation.
+///
+/// Retrieved via the [`crate::Validator::types`] method.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct TypesRef<'a> {
+    list: &'a TypeList,
+    kind: TypesRefKind<'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> TypesRef<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn from_module(types: &'a TypeList, module: &'a Module) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            list: types,
+            kind: TypesRefKind::Module(module),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_component(types: &'a TypeList, component: &'a ComponentState) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            list: types,
+            kind: TypesRefKind::Component(component),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets a type based on its type id.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the type id is unknown.
+    pub fn get<T>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&'a T::Data>
+    where
+        T: TypeIdentifier,
+    {
+        self.list.get(id)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets a core WebAssembly type id from a type index.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this is in contrast to [`TypesRef::component_type_at`] which
+    /// gets a component type from its index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds.
+    pub fn core_type_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentCoreTypeId {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(module) => ComponentCoreTypeId::Sub(module.types[index as usize]),
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.core_types[index as usize],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets a type id from a type index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `index` is not a valid type index or if this type information
+    /// represents a core module.
+    pub fn component_any_type_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentAnyTypeId {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(_) => panic!("not a component"),
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.types[index as usize],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets a component type id from a type index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `index` is not a valid component type index or if this type
+    /// information represents a core module.
+    pub fn component_type_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentTypeId {
+        match self.component_any_type_at(index) {
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Component(id) => id,
+            _ => panic!("not a component type"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets a type id from a type index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `index` is not a valid function index or if this type
+    /// information represents a core module.
+    pub fn component_defined_type_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentDefinedTypeId {
+        match self.component_any_type_at(index) {
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Defined(id) => id,
+            _ => panic!("not a defined type"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of core types defined so far.
+    pub fn core_type_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(module) => module.types.len() as u32,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.core_types.len() as u32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of component types defined so far.
+    pub fn component_type_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(_module) => 0,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.types.len() as u32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a table at the given table index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds.
+    pub fn table_at(&self, index: u32) -> TableType {
+        let tables = match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(module) => &module.tables,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => &component.core_tables,
+        };
+        tables[index as usize]
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of tables defined so far.
+    pub fn table_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(module) => module.tables.len() as u32,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.core_tables.len() as u32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a memory at the given memory index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds.
+    pub fn memory_at(&self, index: u32) -> MemoryType {
+        let memories = match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(module) => &module.memories,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => &component.core_memories,
+        };
+
+        memories[index as usize]
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of memories defined so far.
+    pub fn memory_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(module) => module.memories.len() as u32,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.core_memories.len() as u32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a global at the given global index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds.
+    pub fn global_at(&self, index: u32) -> GlobalType {
+        let globals = match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(module) => &module.globals,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => &component.core_globals,
+        };
+
+        globals[index as usize]
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of globals defined so far.
+    pub fn global_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(module) => module.globals.len() as u32,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.core_globals.len() as u32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a tag at the given tag index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds.
+    pub fn tag_at(&self, index: u32) -> CoreTypeId {
+        let tags = match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(module) => &module.tags,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => &component.core_tags,
+        };
+        tags[index as usize]
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of tags defined so far.
+    pub fn tag_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(module) => module.tags.len() as u32,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.core_tags.len() as u32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a core function at the given function index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds.
+    pub fn core_function_at(&self, index: u32) -> CoreTypeId {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(module) => module.types[module.functions[index as usize] as usize],
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.core_funcs[index as usize],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the count of core functions defined so far.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this includes imported functions, defined functions, and for
+    /// components lowered/aliased functions.
+    pub fn function_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(module) => module.functions.len() as u32,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.core_funcs.len() as u32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of an element segment at the given element segment index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds.
+    pub fn element_at(&self, index: u32) -> RefType {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(module) => module.element_types[index as usize],
+            TypesRefKind::Component(_) => {
+                panic!("no elements on a component")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of elements defined so far.
+    pub fn element_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(module) => module.element_types.len() as u32,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(_) => 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a component function at the given function index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds or if this type
+    /// information represents a core module.
+    pub fn component_function_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentFuncTypeId {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(_) => panic!("not a component"),
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.funcs[index as usize],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of component functions defined so far.
+    pub fn component_function_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(_module) => 0,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.funcs.len() as u32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a module at the given module index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds or if this type
+    /// information represents a core module.
+    pub fn module_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentCoreModuleTypeId {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(_) => panic!("not a component"),
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.core_modules[index as usize],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of core wasm modules defined so far.
+    pub fn module_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(_module) => 0,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.core_modules.len() as u32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a module instance at the given module instance index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds or if this type
+    /// information represents a core module.
+    pub fn core_instance_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentCoreInstanceTypeId {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(_) => panic!("not a component"),
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.core_instances[index as usize],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of core wasm instances defined so far.
+    pub fn core_instance_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(_module) => 0,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.core_instances.len() as u32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a component at the given component index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds or if this type
+    /// information represents a core module.
+    pub fn component_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentTypeId {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(_) => panic!("not a component"),
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.components[index as usize],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of components defined so far.
+    pub fn component_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(_module) => 0,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.components.len() as u32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of an component instance at the given component instance index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds or if this type
+    /// information represents a core module.
+    pub fn component_instance_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentInstanceTypeId {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(_) => panic!("not a component"),
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.instances[index as usize],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of component instances defined so far.
+    pub fn component_instance_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(_module) => 0,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.instances.len() as u32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a value at the given value index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds or if this type
+    /// information represents a core module.
+    pub fn value_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentValType {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(_) => panic!("not a component"),
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => component.values[index as usize].0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the entity type for the given import.
+    pub fn entity_type_from_import(&self, import: &Import) -> Option<EntityType> {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(module) => Some(match import.ty {
+                TypeRef::Func(idx) => EntityType::Func(*module.types.get(idx as usize)?),
+                TypeRef::Table(ty) => EntityType::Table(ty),
+                TypeRef::Memory(ty) => EntityType::Memory(ty),
+                TypeRef::Global(ty) => EntityType::Global(ty),
+                TypeRef::Tag(ty) => EntityType::Tag(*module.types.get(ty.func_type_idx as usize)?),
+            }),
+            TypesRefKind::Component(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the entity type from the given export.
+    pub fn entity_type_from_export(&self, export: &Export) -> Option<EntityType> {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(module) => Some(match export.kind {
+                ExternalKind::Func => EntityType::Func(
+                    module.types[*module.functions.get(export.index as usize)? as usize],
+                ),
+                ExternalKind::Table => {
+                    EntityType::Table(*module.tables.get(export.index as usize)?)
+                }
+                ExternalKind::Memory => {
+                    EntityType::Memory(*module.memories.get(export.index as usize)?)
+                }
+                ExternalKind::Global => {
+                    EntityType::Global(*module.globals.get(export.index as usize)?)
+                }
+                ExternalKind::Tag => EntityType::Tag(
+                    module.types[*module.functions.get(export.index as usize)? as usize],
+                ),
+            }),
+            TypesRefKind::Component(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the component entity type for the given component import.
+    pub fn component_entity_type_of_import(&self, name: &str) -> Option<ComponentEntityType> {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(_) => None,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => Some(*component.imports.get(name)?),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the component entity type for the given component export.
+    pub fn component_entity_type_of_export(&self, name: &str) -> Option<ComponentEntityType> {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesRefKind::Module(_) => None,
+            TypesRefKind::Component(component) => Some(*component.exports.get(name)?),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Attempts to lookup the type id that `ty` is an alias of.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if `ty` wasn't listed as aliasing a prior type.
+    pub fn peel_alias<T>(&self, ty: T) -> Option<T>
+    where
+        T: Aliasable,
+    {
+        self.list.peel_alias(ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Index<T> for TypesRef<'_>
+where
+    T: TypeIdentifier,
+{
+    type Output = T::Data;
+
+    fn index(&self, index: T) -> &Self::Output {
+        &self.list[index]
+    }
+}
+
+impl Types {
+    pub(crate) fn from_module(types: TypeList, module: Arc<Module>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            list: types,
+            kind: TypesKind::Module(module),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_component(types: TypeList, component: ComponentState) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            list: types,
+            kind: TypesKind::Component(component),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets a reference to this validation type information.
+    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> TypesRef {
+        TypesRef {
+            list: &self.list,
+            kind: match &self.kind {
+                TypesKind::Module(module) => TypesRefKind::Module(module),
+                TypesKind::Component(component) => TypesRefKind::Component(component),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets a type based on its type id.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the type id is unknown.
+    pub fn get<T>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&T::Data>
+    where
+        T: TypeIdentifier,
+    {
+        self.as_ref().get(id)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets a core WebAssembly type at the given type index.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this is in contrast to [`TypesRef::component_type_at`] which
+    /// gets a component type from its index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `index` is not a valid function index.
+    pub fn core_type_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentCoreTypeId {
+        self.as_ref().core_type_at(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets a component WebAssembly type at the given type index.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this is in contrast to [`TypesRef::core_type_at`] which gets a
+    /// core type from its index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `index` is not a valid type index.
+    pub fn component_any_type_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentAnyTypeId {
+        self.as_ref().component_any_type_at(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets a component type at the given type index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `index` is not a valid component type index.
+    pub fn component_type_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentTypeId {
+        self.as_ref().component_type_at(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets a component type from the given component type index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `index` is not a valid defined type index or if this type
+    /// information represents a core module.
+    pub fn component_defined_type_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentDefinedTypeId {
+        self.as_ref().component_defined_type_at(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the count of core types.
+    pub fn type_count(&self) -> usize {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesKind::Module(module) => module.types.len(),
+            TypesKind::Component(component) => component.core_types.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a table at the given table index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `index` is not a valid function index.
+    pub fn table_at(&self, index: u32) -> TableType {
+        self.as_ref().table_at(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the count of imported and defined tables.
+    pub fn table_count(&self) -> usize {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesKind::Module(module) => module.tables.len(),
+            TypesKind::Component(component) => component.core_tables.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a memory at the given memory index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `index` is not a valid function index.
+    pub fn memory_at(&self, index: u32) -> MemoryType {
+        self.as_ref().memory_at(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the count of imported and defined memories.
+    pub fn memory_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.as_ref().memory_count()
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a global at the given global index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `index` is not a valid function index.
+    pub fn global_at(&self, index: u32) -> GlobalType {
+        self.as_ref().global_at(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the count of imported and defined globals.
+    pub fn global_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.as_ref().global_count()
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a tag at the given tag index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `index` is not a valid function index.
+    pub fn tag_at(&self, index: u32) -> CoreTypeId {
+        self.as_ref().tag_at(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the count of imported and defined tags.
+    pub fn tag_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.as_ref().tag_count()
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a core function at the given function index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `index` is not a valid function index.
+    pub fn core_function_at(&self, index: u32) -> CoreTypeId {
+        self.as_ref().core_function_at(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the count of core functions defined so far.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this includes imported functions, defined functions, and for
+    /// components lowered/aliased functions.
+    pub fn core_function_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.as_ref().function_count()
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of an element segment at the given element segment index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds.
+    pub fn element_at(&self, index: u32) -> RefType {
+        self.as_ref().element_at(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the count of element segments.
+    pub fn element_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.as_ref().element_count()
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a component function at the given function index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds or if this type
+    /// information represents a core module.
+    pub fn component_function_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentFuncTypeId {
+        self.as_ref().component_function_at(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the count of imported, exported, or aliased component functions.
+    pub fn component_function_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.as_ref().component_function_count()
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a module at the given module index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds or if this type
+    /// information represents a core module.
+    pub fn module_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentCoreModuleTypeId {
+        self.as_ref().module_at(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the count of imported, exported, or aliased modules.
+    pub fn module_count(&self) -> usize {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesKind::Module(_) => 0,
+            TypesKind::Component(component) => component.core_modules.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a module instance at the given module instance index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds or if this type
+    /// information represents a core module.
+    pub fn core_instance_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentCoreInstanceTypeId {
+        self.as_ref().core_instance_at(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the count of imported, exported, or aliased core module instances.
+    pub fn core_instance_count(&self) -> usize {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesKind::Module(_) => 0,
+            TypesKind::Component(component) => component.core_instances.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a component at the given component index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds or if this type
+    /// information represents a core module.
+    pub fn component_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentTypeId {
+        self.as_ref().component_at(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the count of imported, exported, or aliased components.
+    pub fn component_count(&self) -> usize {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesKind::Module(_) => 0,
+            TypesKind::Component(component) => component.components.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of an component instance at the given component instance index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds or if this type
+    /// information represents a core module.
+    pub fn component_instance_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentInstanceTypeId {
+        self.as_ref().component_instance_at(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the count of imported, exported, or aliased component instances.
+    pub fn component_instance_count(&self) -> usize {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesKind::Module(_) => 0,
+            TypesKind::Component(component) => component.instances.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the type of a value at the given value index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This will panic if the `index` provided is out of bounds or if this type
+    /// information represents a core module.
+    pub fn value_at(&self, index: u32) -> ComponentValType {
+        self.as_ref().value_at(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the count of imported, exported, or aliased values.
+    pub fn value_count(&self) -> usize {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TypesKind::Module(_) => 0,
+            TypesKind::Component(component) => component.values.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the entity type from the given import.
+    pub fn entity_type_from_import(&self, import: &Import) -> Option<EntityType> {
+        self.as_ref().entity_type_from_import(import)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the entity type from the given export.
+    pub fn entity_type_from_export(&self, export: &Export) -> Option<EntityType> {
+        self.as_ref().entity_type_from_export(export)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the component entity type for the given component import name.
+    pub fn component_entity_type_of_import(&self, name: &str) -> Option<ComponentEntityType> {
+        self.as_ref().component_entity_type_of_import(name)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the component entity type for the given component export name.
+    pub fn component_entity_type_of_export(&self, name: &str) -> Option<ComponentEntityType> {
+        self.as_ref().component_entity_type_of_export(name)
+    }
+
+    /// Attempts to lookup the type id that `ty` is an alias of.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if `ty` wasn't listed as aliasing a prior type.
+    pub fn peel_alias<T>(&self, ty: T) -> Option<T>
+    where
+        T: Aliasable,
+    {
+        self.list.peel_alias(ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Index<T> for Types
+where
+    T: TypeIdentifier,
+{
+    type Output = T::Data;
+
+    fn index(&self, id: T) -> &Self::Output {
+        &self.list[id]
+    }
+}
+
+/// This is a type which mirrors a subset of the `Vec<T>` API, but is intended
+/// to be able to be cheaply snapshotted and cloned.
+///
+/// When each module's code sections start we "commit" the current list of types
+/// in the global list of types. This means that the temporary `cur` vec here is
+/// pushed onto `snapshots` and wrapped up in an `Arc`. At that point we clone
+/// this entire list (which is then O(modules), not O(types in all modules)) and
+/// pass out as a context to each function validator.
+///
+/// Otherwise, though, this type behaves as if it were a large `Vec<T>`, but
+/// it's represented by lists of contiguous chunks.
+//
+// Only public because it shows up in a public trait's `doc(hidden)` method.
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub struct SnapshotList<T> {
+    // All previous snapshots, the "head" of the list that this type represents.
+    // The first entry in this pair is the starting index for all elements
+    // contained in the list, and the second element is the list itself. Note
+    // the `Arc` wrapper around sub-lists, which makes cloning time for this
+    // `SnapshotList` O(snapshots) rather than O(snapshots_total), which for
+    // us in this context means the number of modules, not types.
+    //
+    // Note that this list is sorted least-to-greatest in order of the index for
+    // binary searching.
+    snapshots: Vec<Arc<Snapshot<T>>>,
+
+    // This is the total length of all lists in the `snapshots` array.
+    snapshots_total: usize,
+
+    // The current list of types for the current snapshot that are being built.
+    cur: Vec<T>,
+}
+
+struct Snapshot<T> {
+    prior_types: usize,
+    items: Vec<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T> SnapshotList<T> {
+    /// Same as `<&[T]>::get`
+    pub(crate) fn get(&self, index: usize) -> Option<&T> {
+        // Check to see if this index falls on our local list
+        if index >= self.snapshots_total {
+            return self.cur.get(index - self.snapshots_total);
+        }
+        // ... and failing that we do a binary search to figure out which bucket
+        // it's in. Note the `i-1` in the `Err` case because if we don't find an
+        // exact match the type is located in the previous bucket.
+        let i = match self
+            .snapshots
+            .binary_search_by_key(&index, |snapshot| snapshot.prior_types)
+        {
+            Ok(i) => i,
+            Err(i) => i - 1,
+        };
+        let snapshot = &self.snapshots[i];
+        Some(&snapshot.items[index - snapshot.prior_types])
+    }
+
+    /// Same as `Vec::push`
+    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, val: T) {
+        self.cur.push(val);
+    }
+
+    /// Same as `<[T]>::len`
+    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.cur.len() + self.snapshots_total
+    }
+
+    /// Same as `Vec::truncate` but can only truncate uncommitted elements.
+    pub(crate) fn truncate(&mut self, len: usize) {
+        assert!(len >= self.snapshots_total);
+        self.cur.truncate(len - self.snapshots_total);
+    }
+
+    /// Commits previously pushed types into this snapshot vector, and returns a
+    /// clone of this list.
+    ///
+    /// The returned `SnapshotList` can be used to access all the same types as
+    /// this list itself. This list also is not changed (from an external
+    /// perspective) and can continue to access all the same types.
+    pub(crate) fn commit(&mut self) -> SnapshotList<T> {
+        // If the current chunk has new elements, commit them in to an
+        // `Arc`-wrapped vector in the snapshots list. Note the `shrink_to_fit`
+        // ahead of time to hopefully keep memory usage lower than it would
+        // otherwise be.
+        let len = self.cur.len();
+        if len > 0 {
+            self.cur.shrink_to_fit();
+            self.snapshots.push(Arc::new(Snapshot {
+                prior_types: self.snapshots_total,
+                items: mem::take(&mut self.cur),
+            }));
+            self.snapshots_total += len;
+        }
+        SnapshotList {
+            snapshots: self.snapshots.clone(),
+            snapshots_total: self.snapshots_total,
+            cur: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Index<usize> for SnapshotList<T> {
+    type Output = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn index(&self, index: usize) -> &T {
+        self.get(index).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> Index<U> for SnapshotList<T>
+where
+    U: TypeIdentifier<Data = T>,
+{
+    type Output = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn index(&self, id: U) -> &T {
+        self.get(id.index()).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Default for SnapshotList<T> {
+    fn default() -> SnapshotList<T> {
+        SnapshotList {
+            snapshots: Vec::new(),
+            snapshots_total: 0,
+            cur: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A snapshot list of types.
+///
+/// Note that the snapshot lists below do not correspond with index spaces. Many
+/// different kinds of types are in the same index space (e.g. all of the
+/// component model's {component, instance, defined, func} types are in the same
+/// index space). However, we store each of them in their own type-specific
+/// snapshot list and give each of them their own identifier type.
+#[derive(Default)]
+// Only public because it shows up in a public trait's `doc(hidden)` method.
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub struct TypeList {
+    // Keeps track of which `alias_id` is an alias of which other `alias_id`.
+    alias_mappings: HashMap<u32, u32>,
+    // Counter for generating new `alias_id`s.
+    alias_counter: u32,
+    // Snapshots of previously committed `TypeList`s' aliases.
+    alias_snapshots: Vec<TypeListAliasSnapshot>,
+
+    // Core Wasm types.
+    //
+    // A primary map from `CoreTypeId` to `SubType`.
+    core_types: SnapshotList<SubType>,
+    // The id of each core Wasm type's rec group.
+    //
+    // A secondary map from `CoreTypeId` to `RecGroupId`.
+    core_type_to_rec_group: SnapshotList<RecGroupId>,
+    // The supertype of each core type.
+    //
+    // A secondary map from `coreTypeId` to `Option<CoreTypeId>`.
+    core_type_to_supertype: SnapshotList<Option<CoreTypeId>>,
+    // A primary map from `RecGroupId` to the range of the rec group's elements
+    // within `core_types`.
+    rec_group_elements: SnapshotList<Range<CoreTypeId>>,
+    // A hash map from rec group elements to their canonical `RecGroupId`.
+    //
+    // This is `None` when a list is "committed" meaning that no more insertions
+    // can happen.
+    canonical_rec_groups: Option<HashMap<RecGroup, RecGroupId>>,
+
+    // Component model types.
+    components: SnapshotList<ComponentType>,
+    component_defined_types: SnapshotList<ComponentDefinedType>,
+    component_values: SnapshotList<ComponentValType>,
+    component_instances: SnapshotList<ComponentInstanceType>,
+    component_funcs: SnapshotList<ComponentFuncType>,
+    core_modules: SnapshotList<ModuleType>,
+    core_instances: SnapshotList<InstanceType>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct TypeListAliasSnapshot {
+    // The `alias_counter` at the time that this snapshot was taken.
+    alias_counter: u32,
+
+    // The alias mappings in this snapshot.
+    alias_mappings: HashMap<u32, u32>,
+}
+
+struct TypeListCheckpoint {
+    core_types: usize,
+    components: usize,
+    component_defined_types: usize,
+    component_values: usize,
+    component_instances: usize,
+    component_funcs: usize,
+    core_modules: usize,
+    core_instances: usize,
+    core_type_to_rec_group: usize,
+    core_type_to_supertype: usize,
+    rec_group_elements: usize,
+    canonical_rec_groups: usize,
+}
+
+impl TypeList {
+    pub fn get<T>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&T::Data>
+    where
+        T: TypeIdentifier,
+    {
+        T::list(self).get(id.index())
+    }
+
+    pub fn push<T>(&mut self, ty: T) -> T::Id
+    where
+        T: TypeData,
+    {
+        let index = u32::try_from(T::Id::list(self).len()).unwrap();
+        let id = T::Id::from_index(index);
+        T::Id::list_mut(self).push(ty);
+        id
+    }
+
+    /// Intern the given recursion group (that has already been canonicalized)
+    /// and return its associated id and whether this was a new recursion group
+    /// or not.
+    pub fn intern_canonical_rec_group(&mut self, rec_group: RecGroup) -> (bool, RecGroupId) {
+        let canonical_rec_groups = self
+            .canonical_rec_groups
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("cannot intern into a committed list");
+        let entry = match canonical_rec_groups.entry(rec_group) {
+            Entry::Occupied(e) => return (false, *e.get()),
+            Entry::Vacant(e) => e,
+        };
+
+        let rec_group_id = self.rec_group_elements.len();
+        let rec_group_id = u32::try_from(rec_group_id).unwrap();
+        let rec_group_id = RecGroupId::from_index(rec_group_id);
+
+        let start = self.core_types.len();
+        let start = u32::try_from(start).unwrap();
+        let start = CoreTypeId::from_index(start);
+
+        for ty in entry.key().types() {
+            debug_assert_eq!(self.core_types.len(), self.core_type_to_supertype.len());
+            debug_assert_eq!(self.core_types.len(), self.core_type_to_rec_group.len());
+
+            self.core_type_to_supertype
+                .push(ty.supertype_idx.map(|idx| match idx.unpack() {
+                    UnpackedIndex::RecGroup(offset) => CoreTypeId::from_index(start.index + offset),
+                    UnpackedIndex::Id(id) => id,
+                    UnpackedIndex::Module(_) => unreachable!("in canonical form"),
+                }));
+            let mut ty = ty.clone();
+            ty.remap_indices(&mut |index| {
+                match index.unpack() {
+                    UnpackedIndex::Id(_) => {}
+                    UnpackedIndex::Module(_) => unreachable!(),
+                    UnpackedIndex::RecGroup(offset) => {
+                        *index = UnpackedIndex::Id(CoreTypeId::from_index(start.index + offset))
+                            .pack()
+                            .unwrap();
+                    }
+                };
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .expect("cannot fail");
+            self.core_types.push(ty);
+            self.core_type_to_rec_group.push(rec_group_id);
+        }
+
+        let end = self.core_types.len();
+        let end = u32::try_from(end).unwrap();
+        let end = CoreTypeId::from_index(end);
+
+        let range = start..end;
+
+        self.rec_group_elements.push(range.clone());
+
+        entry.insert(rec_group_id);
+        return (true, rec_group_id);
+    }
+
+    /// Get the `CoreTypeId` for a local index into a rec group.
+    pub fn rec_group_local_id(
+        &self,
+        rec_group: RecGroupId,
+        index: u32,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<CoreTypeId> {
+        let elems = &self[rec_group];
+        let len = elems.end.index() - elems.start.index();
+        let len = u32::try_from(len).unwrap();
+        if index < len {
+            let id = u32::try_from(elems.start.index()).unwrap() + index;
+            let id = CoreTypeId::from_index(id);
+            Ok(id)
+        } else {
+            bail!(
+                offset,
+                "unknown type {index}: type index out of rec group bounds"
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the id of the rec group that the given type id was defined within.
+    pub fn rec_group_id_of(&self, id: CoreTypeId) -> RecGroupId {
+        self.core_type_to_rec_group[id.index()]
+    }
+
+    /// Get the super type of the given type id, if any.
+    pub fn supertype_of(&self, id: CoreTypeId) -> Option<CoreTypeId> {
+        self.core_type_to_supertype[id.index()]
+    }
+
+    /// Get the `CoreTypeId` for a canonicalized `PackedIndex`.
+    ///
+    /// Panics when given a non-canonicalized `PackedIndex`.
+    pub fn at_canonicalized_packed_index(
+        &self,
+        rec_group: RecGroupId,
+        index: PackedIndex,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<CoreTypeId> {
+        self.at_canonicalized_unpacked_index(rec_group, index.unpack(), offset)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the `CoreTypeId` for a canonicalized `UnpackedIndex`.
+    ///
+    /// Panics when given a non-canonicalized `PackedIndex`.
+    pub fn at_canonicalized_unpacked_index(
+        &self,
+        rec_group: RecGroupId,
+        index: UnpackedIndex,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<CoreTypeId> {
+        match index {
+            UnpackedIndex::Module(_) => panic!("not canonicalized"),
+            UnpackedIndex::Id(id) => Ok(id),
+            UnpackedIndex::RecGroup(idx) => self.rec_group_local_id(rec_group, idx, offset),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Does `a` structurally match `b`?
+    pub fn matches(&self, a: CoreTypeId, b: CoreTypeId) -> bool {
+        let a = WithRecGroup::new(self, a);
+        let a = WithRecGroup::map(a, |a| &self[a]);
+
+        let b = WithRecGroup::new(self, b);
+        let b = WithRecGroup::map(b, |b| &self[b]);
+
+        Matches::matches(self, a, b)
+    }
+
+    /// Is `a == b` or was `a` declared (potentially transitively) to be a
+    /// subtype of `b`?
+    pub fn id_is_subtype(&self, mut a: CoreTypeId, b: CoreTypeId) -> bool {
+        loop {
+            if a == b {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // TODO: maintain supertype vectors and implement this check in O(1)
+            // instead of O(n) time.
+            a = match self.supertype_of(a) {
+                Some(a) => a,
+                None => return false,
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Like `id_is_subtype` but for `RefType`s.
+    ///
+    /// Both `a` and `b` must be canonicalized already.
+    pub fn reftype_is_subtype(&self, a: RefType, b: RefType) -> bool {
+        // NB: Don't need `RecGroupId`s since we are calling from outside of the
+        // rec group, and so any `PackedIndex`es we encounter have already been
+        // canonicalized to `CoreTypeId`s directly.
+        self.reftype_is_subtype_impl(a, None, b, None)
+    }
+
+    /// Implementation of `RefType` and `HeapType` subtyping.
+    ///
+    /// Panics if we need rec groups but aren't given them. Rec groups only need
+    /// to be passed in when checking subtyping of `RefType`s that we encounter
+    /// while validating a rec group itself.
+    pub(crate) fn reftype_is_subtype_impl(
+        &self,
+        a: RefType,
+        a_group: Option<RecGroupId>,
+        b: RefType,
+        b_group: Option<RecGroupId>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        if a == b && a_group == b_group {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if a.is_nullable() && !b.is_nullable() {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        let core_type_id = |group: Option<RecGroupId>, index: UnpackedIndex| -> CoreTypeId {
+            if let Some(id) = index.as_core_type_id() {
+                id
+            } else {
+                self.at_canonicalized_unpacked_index(group.unwrap(), index, usize::MAX)
+                    .expect("type references are checked during canonicalization")
+            }
+        };
+
+        let subtype = |group, index| -> &SubType {
+            let id = core_type_id(group, index);
+            &self[id]
+        };
+
+        use HeapType as HT;
+        match (a.heap_type(), b.heap_type()) {
+            (a, b) if a == b => true,
+
+            (HT::Eq | HT::I31 | HT::Struct | HT::Array | HT::None, HT::Any) => true,
+            (HT::I31 | HT::Struct | HT::Array | HT::None, HT::Eq) => true,
+            (HT::NoExtern, HT::Extern) => true,
+            (HT::NoFunc, HT::Func) => true,
+            (HT::None, HT::I31 | HT::Array | HT::Struct) => true,
+
+            (HT::Concrete(a), HT::Eq | HT::Any) => matches!(
+                subtype(a_group, a).composite_type,
+                CompositeType::Array(_) | CompositeType::Struct(_)
+            ),
+
+            (HT::Concrete(a), HT::Struct) => {
+                matches!(subtype(a_group, a).composite_type, CompositeType::Struct(_))
+            }
+
+            (HT::Concrete(a), HT::Array) => {
+                matches!(subtype(a_group, a).composite_type, CompositeType::Array(_))
+            }
+
+            (HT::Concrete(a), HT::Func) => {
+                matches!(subtype(a_group, a).composite_type, CompositeType::Func(_))
+            }
+
+            (HT::Concrete(a), HT::Concrete(b)) => {
+                self.id_is_subtype(core_type_id(a_group, a), core_type_id(b_group, b))
+            }
+
+            (HT::None, HT::Concrete(b)) => matches!(
+                subtype(b_group, b).composite_type,
+                CompositeType::Array(_) | CompositeType::Struct(_)
+            ),
+
+            (HT::NoFunc, HT::Concrete(b)) => {
+                matches!(subtype(b_group, b).composite_type, CompositeType::Func(_))
+            }
+
+            // Nothing else matches. (Avoid full wildcard matches so that
+            // adding/modifying variants is easier in the future.)
+            (HT::Concrete(_), _)
+            | (HT::Func, _)
+            | (HT::Extern, _)
+            | (HT::Any, _)
+            | (HT::None, _)
+            | (HT::NoExtern, _)
+            | (HT::NoFunc, _)
+            | (HT::Eq, _)
+            | (HT::Struct, _)
+            | (HT::Array, _)
+            | (HT::I31, _) => false,
+
+            // TODO: this probably isn't right, this is probably related to some
+            // gc type.
+            (HT::Exn, _) => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Like `id_is_subtype` but for `RefType`s.
+    ///
+    /// Both `a` and `b` must be canonicalized already.
+    pub fn valtype_is_subtype(&self, a: ValType, b: ValType) -> bool {
+        match (a, b) {
+            (a, b) if a == b => true,
+            (ValType::Ref(a), ValType::Ref(b)) => self.reftype_is_subtype(a, b),
+            (ValType::Ref(_), _)
+            | (ValType::I32, _)
+            | (ValType::I64, _)
+            | (ValType::F32, _)
+            | (ValType::F64, _)
+            | (ValType::V128, _) => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the top type of the given heap type.
+    ///
+    /// Concrete types must have had their indices canonicalized to core type
+    /// ids, otherwise this method will panic.
+    pub fn top_type(&self, heap_type: &HeapType) -> HeapType {
+        match *heap_type {
+            HeapType::Concrete(idx) => match self[idx.as_core_type_id().unwrap()].composite_type {
+                CompositeType::Func(_) => HeapType::Func,
+                CompositeType::Array(_) | CompositeType::Struct(_) => HeapType::Any,
+            },
+            HeapType::Func | HeapType::NoFunc => HeapType::Func,
+            HeapType::Extern | HeapType::NoExtern => HeapType::Extern,
+            HeapType::Any
+            | HeapType::Eq
+            | HeapType::Struct
+            | HeapType::Array
+            | HeapType::I31
+            | HeapType::None => HeapType::Any,
+            HeapType::Exn => HeapType::Exn,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn checkpoint(&self) -> TypeListCheckpoint {
+        let TypeList {
+            alias_mappings: _,
+            alias_counter: _,
+            alias_snapshots: _,
+            core_types,
+            components,
+            component_defined_types,
+            component_values,
+            component_instances,
+            component_funcs,
+            core_modules,
+            core_instances,
+            core_type_to_rec_group,
+            core_type_to_supertype,
+            rec_group_elements,
+            canonical_rec_groups,
+        } = self;
+
+        TypeListCheckpoint {
+            core_types: core_types.len(),
+            components: components.len(),
+            component_defined_types: component_defined_types.len(),
+            component_values: component_values.len(),
+            component_instances: component_instances.len(),
+            component_funcs: component_funcs.len(),
+            core_modules: core_modules.len(),
+            core_instances: core_instances.len(),
+            core_type_to_rec_group: core_type_to_rec_group.len(),
+            core_type_to_supertype: core_type_to_supertype.len(),
+            rec_group_elements: rec_group_elements.len(),
+            canonical_rec_groups: canonical_rec_groups.as_ref().map(|m| m.len()).unwrap_or(0),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn reset_to_checkpoint(&mut self, checkpoint: TypeListCheckpoint) {
+        let TypeList {
+            alias_mappings: _,
+            alias_counter: _,
+            alias_snapshots: _,
+            core_types,
+            components,
+            component_defined_types,
+            component_values,
+            component_instances,
+            component_funcs,
+            core_modules,
+            core_instances,
+            core_type_to_rec_group,
+            core_type_to_supertype,
+            rec_group_elements,
+            canonical_rec_groups,
+        } = self;
+
+        core_types.truncate(checkpoint.core_types);
+        components.truncate(checkpoint.components);
+        component_defined_types.truncate(checkpoint.component_defined_types);
+        component_values.truncate(checkpoint.component_values);
+        component_instances.truncate(checkpoint.component_instances);
+        component_funcs.truncate(checkpoint.component_funcs);
+        core_modules.truncate(checkpoint.core_modules);
+        core_instances.truncate(checkpoint.core_instances);
+        core_type_to_rec_group.truncate(checkpoint.core_type_to_rec_group);
+        core_type_to_supertype.truncate(checkpoint.core_type_to_supertype);
+        rec_group_elements.truncate(checkpoint.rec_group_elements);
+
+        if let Some(canonical_rec_groups) = canonical_rec_groups {
+            assert_eq!(
+                canonical_rec_groups.len(),
+                checkpoint.canonical_rec_groups,
+                "checkpointing does not support resetting `canonical_rec_groups` (it would require a \
+                 proper immutable and persistent hash map) so adding new groups is disallowed"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn commit(&mut self) -> TypeList {
+        // Note that the `alias_counter` is bumped here to ensure that the
+        // previous value of the unique counter is never used for an actual type
+        // so it's suitable for lookup via a binary search.
+        let alias_counter = self.alias_counter;
+        self.alias_counter += 1;
+
+        self.alias_snapshots.push(TypeListAliasSnapshot {
+            alias_counter,
+            alias_mappings: mem::take(&mut self.alias_mappings),
+        });
+
+        TypeList {
+            alias_mappings: HashMap::new(),
+            alias_counter: self.alias_counter,
+            alias_snapshots: self.alias_snapshots.clone(),
+            core_types: self.core_types.commit(),
+            components: self.components.commit(),
+            component_defined_types: self.component_defined_types.commit(),
+            component_values: self.component_values.commit(),
+            component_instances: self.component_instances.commit(),
+            component_funcs: self.component_funcs.commit(),
+            core_modules: self.core_modules.commit(),
+            core_instances: self.core_instances.commit(),
+            core_type_to_rec_group: self.core_type_to_rec_group.commit(),
+            core_type_to_supertype: self.core_type_to_supertype.commit(),
+            rec_group_elements: self.rec_group_elements.commit(),
+            canonical_rec_groups: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// See `SnapshotList::with_unique`.
+    pub fn with_unique<T>(&mut self, mut ty: T) -> T
+    where
+        T: Aliasable,
+    {
+        self.alias_mappings
+            .insert(self.alias_counter, ty.alias_id());
+        ty.set_alias_id(self.alias_counter);
+        self.alias_counter += 1;
+        ty
+    }
+
+    /// Attempts to lookup the type id that `ty` is an alias of.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if `ty` wasn't listed as aliasing a prior type.
+    pub fn peel_alias<T>(&self, mut ty: T) -> Option<T>
+    where
+        T: Aliasable,
+    {
+        let alias_id = ty.alias_id();
+
+        // The unique counter in each snapshot is the unique counter at the
+        // time of the snapshot so it's guaranteed to never be used, meaning
+        // that `Ok` should never show up here. With an `Err` it's where the
+        // index would be placed meaning that the index in question is the
+        // smallest value over the unique id's value, meaning that slot has the
+        // mapping we're interested in.
+        let i = match self
+            .alias_snapshots
+            .binary_search_by_key(&alias_id, |snapshot| snapshot.alias_counter)
+        {
+            Ok(_) => unreachable!(),
+            Err(i) => i,
+        };
+
+        // If the `i` index is beyond the snapshot array then lookup in the
+        // current mappings instead since it may refer to a type not snapshot
+        // yet.
+        ty.set_alias_id(match self.alias_snapshots.get(i) {
+            Some(snapshot) => *snapshot.alias_mappings.get(&alias_id)?,
+            None => *self.alias_mappings.get(&alias_id)?,
+        });
+        Some(ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Index<T> for TypeList
+where
+    T: TypeIdentifier,
+{
+    type Output = T::Data;
+
+    fn index(&self, id: T) -> &Self::Output {
+        let arena = T::list(self);
+        &arena[id.index()]
+    }
+}
+
+/// Thin wrapper around `TypeList` which provides an allocator of unique ids for
+/// types contained within this list.
+pub(crate) struct TypeAlloc {
+    list: TypeList,
+
+    // This is assigned at creation of a `TypeAlloc` and then never changed.
+    // It's used in one entry for all `ResourceId`s contained within.
+    globally_unique_id: usize,
+
+    // This is a counter that's incremeneted each time `alloc_resource_id` is
+    // called.
+    next_resource_id: u32,
+}
+
+impl Default for TypeAlloc {
+    fn default() -> TypeAlloc {
+        static NEXT_GLOBAL_ID: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+        let mut ret = TypeAlloc {
+            list: TypeList::default(),
+            globally_unique_id: {
+                let id = NEXT_GLOBAL_ID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+                if id > usize::MAX - 10_000 {
+                    NEXT_GLOBAL_ID.store(usize::MAX - 10_000, Ordering::Relaxed);
+                    panic!("overflow on the global id counter");
+                }
+                id
+            },
+            next_resource_id: 0,
+        };
+        ret.list.canonical_rec_groups = Some(Default::default());
+        ret
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for TypeAlloc {
+    type Target = TypeList;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &TypeList {
+        &self.list
+    }
+}
+
+impl DerefMut for TypeAlloc {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut TypeList {
+        &mut self.list
+    }
+}
+
+impl TypeAlloc {
+    /// Pushes a new type into this list, returning an identifier which can be
+    /// used to later retrieve it.
+    ///
+    /// The returned identifier is unique within this `TypeAlloc` and won't be
+    /// hash-equivalent to anything else.
+    pub fn push_ty<T>(&mut self, ty: T) -> T::Id
+    where
+        T: TypeData,
+    {
+        self.list.push(ty)
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates a new unique resource identifier.
+    ///
+    /// Note that uniqueness is only a property within this `TypeAlloc`.
+    pub fn alloc_resource_id(&mut self) -> AliasableResourceId {
+        let contextually_unique_id = self.next_resource_id;
+        self.next_resource_id = self.next_resource_id.checked_add(1).unwrap();
+        AliasableResourceId {
+            id: ResourceId {
+                globally_unique_id: self.globally_unique_id,
+                contextually_unique_id,
+            },
+            alias_id: NO_ALIAS,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Adds the set of "free variables" of the `id` provided to the `set`
+    /// provided.
+    ///
+    /// Free variables are defined as resources. Any resource, perhaps
+    /// transitively, referred to but not defined by `id` is added to the `set`
+    /// and returned.
+    pub fn free_variables_any_type_id(
+        &self,
+        id: ComponentAnyTypeId,
+        set: &mut IndexSet<ResourceId>,
+    ) {
+        match id {
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Resource(r) => {
+                set.insert(r.resource());
+            }
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Defined(id) => {
+                self.free_variables_component_defined_type_id(id, set)
+            }
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Func(id) => self.free_variables_component_func_type_id(id, set),
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Instance(id) => {
+                self.free_variables_component_instance_type_id(id, set)
+            }
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Component(id) => self.free_variables_component_type_id(id, set),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn free_variables_component_defined_type_id(
+        &self,
+        id: ComponentDefinedTypeId,
+        set: &mut IndexSet<ResourceId>,
+    ) {
+        match &self[id] {
+            ComponentDefinedType::Primitive(_)
+            | ComponentDefinedType::Flags(_)
+            | ComponentDefinedType::Enum(_) => {}
+            ComponentDefinedType::Record(r) => {
+                for ty in r.fields.values() {
+                    self.free_variables_valtype(ty, set);
+                }
+            }
+            ComponentDefinedType::Tuple(r) => {
+                for ty in r.types.iter() {
+                    self.free_variables_valtype(ty, set);
+                }
+            }
+            ComponentDefinedType::Variant(r) => {
+                for ty in r.cases.values() {
+                    if let Some(ty) = &ty.ty {
+                        self.free_variables_valtype(ty, set);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ComponentDefinedType::List(ty) | ComponentDefinedType::Option(ty) => {
+                self.free_variables_valtype(ty, set);
+            }
+            ComponentDefinedType::Result { ok, err } => {
+                if let Some(ok) = ok {
+                    self.free_variables_valtype(ok, set);
+                }
+                if let Some(err) = err {
+                    self.free_variables_valtype(err, set);
+                }
+            }
+            ComponentDefinedType::Own(id) | ComponentDefinedType::Borrow(id) => {
+                set.insert(id.resource());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn free_variables_component_type_id(
+        &self,
+        id: ComponentTypeId,
+        set: &mut IndexSet<ResourceId>,
+    ) {
+        let i = &self[id];
+        // Recurse on the imports/exports of components, but remove the
+        // imported and defined resources within the component itself.
+        //
+        // Technically this needs to add all the free variables of the
+        // exports, remove the defined resources, then add the free
+        // variables of imports, then remove the imported resources. Given
+        // prior validation of component types, however, the defined
+        // and imported resources are disjoint and imports can't refer to
+        // defined resources, so doing this all in one go should be
+        // equivalent.
+        for ty in i.imports.values().chain(i.exports.values()) {
+            self.free_variables_component_entity(ty, set);
+        }
+        for (id, _path) in i.imported_resources.iter().chain(&i.defined_resources) {
+            set.remove(id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn free_variables_component_instance_type_id(
+        &self,
+        id: ComponentInstanceTypeId,
+        set: &mut IndexSet<ResourceId>,
+    ) {
+        let i = &self[id];
+        // Like components, add in all the free variables of referenced
+        // types but then remove those defined by this component instance
+        // itself.
+        for ty in i.exports.values() {
+            self.free_variables_component_entity(ty, set);
+        }
+        for id in i.defined_resources.iter() {
+            set.remove(id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn free_variables_component_func_type_id(
+        &self,
+        id: ComponentFuncTypeId,
+        set: &mut IndexSet<ResourceId>,
+    ) {
+        let i = &self[id];
+        for ty in i
+            .params
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(_, ty)| ty)
+            .chain(i.results.iter().map(|(_, ty)| ty))
+        {
+            self.free_variables_valtype(ty, set);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Same as `free_variables_type_id`, but for `ComponentEntityType`.
+    pub fn free_variables_component_entity(
+        &self,
+        ty: &ComponentEntityType,
+        set: &mut IndexSet<ResourceId>,
+    ) {
+        match ty {
+            ComponentEntityType::Module(_) => {}
+            ComponentEntityType::Func(id) => self.free_variables_component_func_type_id(*id, set),
+            ComponentEntityType::Instance(id) => {
+                self.free_variables_component_instance_type_id(*id, set)
+            }
+            ComponentEntityType::Component(id) => self.free_variables_component_type_id(*id, set),
+            ComponentEntityType::Type { created, .. } => {
+                self.free_variables_any_type_id(*created, set);
+            }
+            ComponentEntityType::Value(ty) => self.free_variables_valtype(ty, set),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Same as `free_variables_type_id`, but for `ComponentValType`.
+    fn free_variables_valtype(&self, ty: &ComponentValType, set: &mut IndexSet<ResourceId>) {
+        match ty {
+            ComponentValType::Primitive(_) => {}
+            ComponentValType::Type(id) => self.free_variables_component_defined_type_id(*id, set),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether the type `id` is "named" where named types are presented
+    /// via the provided `set`.
+    ///
+    /// This requires that `id` is a `Defined` type.
+    pub(crate) fn type_named_type_id(
+        &self,
+        id: ComponentDefinedTypeId,
+        set: &HashSet<ComponentAnyTypeId>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let ty = &self[id];
+        match ty {
+            // Primitives are always considered named
+            ComponentDefinedType::Primitive(_) => true,
+
+            // These structures are never allowed to be anonymous, so they
+            // themselves must be named.
+            ComponentDefinedType::Flags(_)
+            | ComponentDefinedType::Enum(_)
+            | ComponentDefinedType::Record(_)
+            | ComponentDefinedType::Variant(_) => set.contains(&id.into()),
+
+            // All types below here are allowed to be anonymous, but their
+            // own components must be appropriately named.
+            ComponentDefinedType::Tuple(r) => {
+                r.types.iter().all(|t| self.type_named_valtype(t, set))
+            }
+            ComponentDefinedType::Result { ok, err } => {
+                ok.as_ref()
+                    .map(|t| self.type_named_valtype(t, set))
+                    .unwrap_or(true)
+                    && err
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .map(|t| self.type_named_valtype(t, set))
+                        .unwrap_or(true)
+            }
+            ComponentDefinedType::List(ty) | ComponentDefinedType::Option(ty) => {
+                self.type_named_valtype(ty, set)
+            }
+
+            // own/borrow themselves don't have to be named, but the resource
+            // they refer to must be named.
+            ComponentDefinedType::Own(id) | ComponentDefinedType::Borrow(id) => {
+                set.contains(&(*id).into())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn type_named_valtype(
+        &self,
+        ty: &ComponentValType,
+        set: &HashSet<ComponentAnyTypeId>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        match ty {
+            ComponentValType::Primitive(_) => true,
+            ComponentValType::Type(id) => self.type_named_type_id(*id, set),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A helper trait to provide the functionality necessary to resources within a
+/// type.
+///
+/// This currently exists to abstract over `TypeAlloc` and `SubtypeArena` which
+/// both need to perform remapping operations.
+pub trait Remap
+where
+    Self: Index<ComponentTypeId, Output = ComponentType>,
+    Self: Index<ComponentDefinedTypeId, Output = ComponentDefinedType>,
+    Self: Index<ComponentInstanceTypeId, Output = ComponentInstanceType>,
+    Self: Index<ComponentFuncTypeId, Output = ComponentFuncType>,
+{
+    /// Pushes a new anonymous type within this object, returning an identifier
+    /// which can be used to refer to it.
+    fn push_ty<T>(&mut self, ty: T) -> T::Id
+    where
+        T: TypeData;
+
+    /// Apply `map` to the keys of `tmp`, setting `*any_changed = true` if any
+    /// keys were remapped.
+    fn map_map(
+        tmp: &mut IndexMap<ResourceId, Vec<usize>>,
+        any_changed: &mut bool,
+        map: &Remapping,
+    ) {
+        for (id, path) in mem::take(tmp) {
+            let id = match map.resources.get(&id) {
+                Some(id) => {
+                    *any_changed = true;
+                    *id
+                }
+                None => id,
+            };
+            tmp.insert(id, path);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If `any_changed` is true, push `ty`, update `map` to point `id` to the
+    /// new type ID, set `id` equal to the new type ID, and return `true`.
+    /// Otherwise, update `map` to point `id` to itself and return `false`.
+    fn insert_if_any_changed<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        map: &mut Remapping,
+        any_changed: bool,
+        id: &mut T::Id,
+        ty: T,
+    ) -> bool
+    where
+        T: TypeData,
+        T::Id: Into<ComponentAnyTypeId>,
+    {
+        let new = if any_changed { self.push_ty(ty) } else { *id };
+        map.types.insert((*id).into(), new.into());
+        let changed = *id != new;
+        *id = new;
+        changed
+    }
+
+    /// Recursively search for any resource types reachable from `id`, updating
+    /// it and `map` if any are found and remapped, returning `true` iff at last
+    /// one is remapped.
+    fn remap_component_any_type_id(
+        &mut self,
+        id: &mut ComponentAnyTypeId,
+        map: &mut Remapping,
+    ) -> bool {
+        match id {
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Resource(id) => self.remap_resource_id(id, map),
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Defined(id) => self.remap_component_defined_type_id(id, map),
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Func(id) => self.remap_component_func_type_id(id, map),
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Instance(id) => self.remap_component_instance_type_id(id, map),
+            ComponentAnyTypeId::Component(id) => self.remap_component_type_id(id, map),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If `map` indicates `id` should be remapped, update it and return `true`.
+    /// Otherwise, do nothing and return `false`.
+    fn remap_resource_id(&mut self, id: &mut AliasableResourceId, map: &Remapping) -> bool {
+        if let Some(changed) = map.remap_id(id) {
+            return changed;
+        }
+
+        match map.resources.get(&id.resource()) {
+            None => false,
+            Some(new_id) => {
+                *id.resource_mut() = *new_id;
+                true
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Recursively search for any resource types reachable from `id`, updating
+    /// it and `map` if any are found and remapped, returning `true` iff at last
+    /// one is remapped.
+    fn remap_component_type_id(&mut self, id: &mut ComponentTypeId, map: &mut Remapping) -> bool {
+        if let Some(changed) = map.remap_id(id) {
+            return changed;
+        }
+
+        let mut any_changed = false;
+        let mut ty = self[*id].clone();
+        for ty in ty.imports.values_mut().chain(ty.exports.values_mut()) {
+            any_changed |= self.remap_component_entity(ty, map);
+        }
+        for (id, _) in ty
+            .imported_resources
+            .iter_mut()
+            .chain(&mut ty.defined_resources)
+        {
+            if let Some(new) = map.resources.get(id) {
+                *id = *new;
+                any_changed = true;
+            }
+        }
+        Self::map_map(&mut ty.explicit_resources, &mut any_changed, map);
+        self.insert_if_any_changed(map, any_changed, id, ty)
+    }
+
+    /// Recursively search for any resource types reachable from `id`, updating
+    /// it and `map` if any are found and remapped, returning `true` iff at last
+    /// one is remapped.
+    fn remap_component_defined_type_id(
+        &mut self,
+        id: &mut ComponentDefinedTypeId,
+        map: &mut Remapping,
+    ) -> bool {
+        if let Some(changed) = map.remap_id(id) {
+            return changed;
+        }
+
+        let mut any_changed = false;
+        let mut tmp = self[*id].clone();
+        match &mut tmp {
+            ComponentDefinedType::Primitive(_)
+            | ComponentDefinedType::Flags(_)
+            | ComponentDefinedType::Enum(_) => {}
+            ComponentDefinedType::Record(r) => {
+                for ty in r.fields.values_mut() {
+                    any_changed |= self.remap_valtype(ty, map);
+                }
+            }
+            ComponentDefinedType::Tuple(r) => {
+                for ty in r.types.iter_mut() {
+                    any_changed |= self.remap_valtype(ty, map);
+                }
+            }
+            ComponentDefinedType::Variant(r) => {
+                for ty in r.cases.values_mut() {
+                    if let Some(ty) = &mut ty.ty {
+                        any_changed |= self.remap_valtype(ty, map);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ComponentDefinedType::List(ty) | ComponentDefinedType::Option(ty) => {
+                any_changed |= self.remap_valtype(ty, map);
+            }
+            ComponentDefinedType::Result { ok, err } => {
+                if let Some(ok) = ok {
+                    any_changed |= self.remap_valtype(ok, map);
+                }
+                if let Some(err) = err {
+                    any_changed |= self.remap_valtype(err, map);
+                }
+            }
+            ComponentDefinedType::Own(id) | ComponentDefinedType::Borrow(id) => {
+                any_changed |= self.remap_resource_id(id, map);
+            }
+        }
+        self.insert_if_any_changed(map, any_changed, id, tmp)
+    }
+
+    /// Recursively search for any resource types reachable from `id`, updating
+    /// it and `map` if any are found and remapped, returning `true` iff at last
+    /// one is remapped.
+    fn remap_component_instance_type_id(
+        &mut self,
+        id: &mut ComponentInstanceTypeId,
+        map: &mut Remapping,
+    ) -> bool {
+        if let Some(changed) = map.remap_id(id) {
+            return changed;
+        }
+
+        let mut any_changed = false;
+        let mut tmp = self[*id].clone();
+        for ty in tmp.exports.values_mut() {
+            any_changed |= self.remap_component_entity(ty, map);
+        }
+        for id in tmp.defined_resources.iter_mut() {
+            if let Some(new) = map.resources.get(id) {
+                *id = *new;
+                any_changed = true;
+            }
+        }
+        Self::map_map(&mut tmp.explicit_resources, &mut any_changed, map);
+        self.insert_if_any_changed(map, any_changed, id, tmp)
+    }
+
+    /// Recursively search for any resource types reachable from `id`, updating
+    /// it and `map` if any are found and remapped, returning `true` iff at last
+    /// one is remapped.
+    fn remap_component_func_type_id(
+        &mut self,
+        id: &mut ComponentFuncTypeId,
+        map: &mut Remapping,
+    ) -> bool {
+        if let Some(changed) = map.remap_id(id) {
+            return changed;
+        }
+
+        let mut any_changed = false;
+        let mut tmp = self[*id].clone();
+        for ty in tmp
+            .params
+            .iter_mut()
+            .map(|(_, ty)| ty)
+            .chain(tmp.results.iter_mut().map(|(_, ty)| ty))
+        {
+            any_changed |= self.remap_valtype(ty, map);
+        }
+        self.insert_if_any_changed(map, any_changed, id, tmp)
+    }
+
+    /// Same as `remap_type_id`, but works with `ComponentEntityType`.
+    fn remap_component_entity(
+        &mut self,
+        ty: &mut ComponentEntityType,
+        map: &mut Remapping,
+    ) -> bool {
+        match ty {
+            ComponentEntityType::Module(_) => {
+                // Can't reference resources.
+                false
+            }
+            ComponentEntityType::Func(id) => self.remap_component_func_type_id(id, map),
+            ComponentEntityType::Instance(id) => self.remap_component_instance_type_id(id, map),
+            ComponentEntityType::Component(id) => self.remap_component_type_id(id, map),
+            ComponentEntityType::Type {
+                referenced,
+                created,
+            } => {
+                let mut changed = self.remap_component_any_type_id(referenced, map);
+                if *referenced == *created {
+                    *created = *referenced;
+                } else {
+                    changed |= self.remap_component_any_type_id(created, map);
+                }
+                changed
+            }
+            ComponentEntityType::Value(ty) => self.remap_valtype(ty, map),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Same as `remap_type_id`, but works with `ComponentValType`.
+    fn remap_valtype(&mut self, ty: &mut ComponentValType, map: &mut Remapping) -> bool {
+        match ty {
+            ComponentValType::Primitive(_) => false,
+            ComponentValType::Type(id) => self.remap_component_defined_type_id(id, map),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Utility for mapping equivalent `ResourceId`s to each other and (when paired with the `Remap` trait)
+/// non-destructively edit type lists to reflect those mappings.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct Remapping {
+    /// A mapping from old resource ID to new resource ID.
+    pub(crate) resources: HashMap<ResourceId, ResourceId>,
+
+    /// A mapping filled in during the remapping process which records how a
+    /// type was remapped, if applicable. This avoids remapping multiple
+    /// references to the same type and instead only processing it once.
+    types: HashMap<ComponentAnyTypeId, ComponentAnyTypeId>,
+}
+
+impl Remap for TypeAlloc {
+    fn push_ty<T>(&mut self, ty: T) -> T::Id
+    where
+        T: TypeData,
+    {
+        <TypeList>::push(self, ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Index<T> for TypeAlloc
+where
+    T: TypeIdentifier,
+{
+    type Output = T::Data;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn index(&self, id: T) -> &T::Data {
+        &self.list[id]
+    }
+}
+
+impl Remapping {
+    /// Add a mapping from the specified old resource ID to the new resource ID
+    pub fn add(&mut self, old: ResourceId, new: ResourceId) {
+        self.resources.insert(old, new);
+    }
+
+    /// Clear the type cache while leaving the resource mappings intact.
+    pub fn reset_type_cache(&mut self) {
+        self.types.clear()
+    }
+
+    fn remap_id<T>(&self, id: &mut T) -> Option<bool>
+    where
+        T: Copy + Into<ComponentAnyTypeId> + TryFrom<ComponentAnyTypeId>,
+        T::Error: std::fmt::Debug,
+    {
+        let old: ComponentAnyTypeId = (*id).into();
+        let new = self.types.get(&old)?;
+        if *new == old {
+            Some(false)
+        } else {
+            *id = T::try_from(*new).expect("should never remap across different kinds");
+            Some(true)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Helper structure used to perform subtyping computations.
+///
+/// This type is used whenever a subtype needs to be tested in one direction or
+/// the other. The methods of this type are the various entry points for
+/// subtyping.
+///
+/// Internally this contains arenas for two lists of types. The `a` arena is
+/// intended to be used for lookup of the first argument to all of the methods
+/// below, and the `b` arena is used for lookup of the second argument.
+///
+/// Arenas here are used specifically for component-based subtyping queries. In
+/// these situations new types must be created based on substitution mappings,
+/// but the types all have temporary lifetimes. Everything in these arenas is
+/// thrown away once the subtyping computation has finished.
+///
+/// Note that this subtyping context also explicitly supports being created
+/// from to different lists `a` and `b` originally, for testing subtyping
+/// between two different components for example.
+pub struct SubtypeCx<'a> {
+    /// Lookup arena for first type argument
+    pub a: SubtypeArena<'a>,
+    /// Lookup arena for second type argument
+    pub b: SubtypeArena<'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> SubtypeCx<'a> {
+    /// Create a new instance with the specified type lists
+    pub fn new_with_refs(a: TypesRef<'a>, b: TypesRef<'a>) -> SubtypeCx<'a> {
+        Self::new(a.list, b.list)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn new(a: &'a TypeList, b: &'a TypeList) -> SubtypeCx<'a> {
+        SubtypeCx {
+            a: SubtypeArena::new(a),
+            b: SubtypeArena::new(b),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Swap the type lists
+    pub fn swap(&mut self) {
+        mem::swap(&mut self.a, &mut self.b);
+    }
+
+    /// Executes the closure `f`, resetting the internal arenas to their
+    /// original size after the closure finishes.
+    ///
+    /// This enables `f` to modify the internal arenas while relying on all
+    /// changes being discarded after the closure finishes.
+    fn with_checkpoint<T>(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> T) -> T {
+        let a = self.a.list.checkpoint();
+        let b = self.b.list.checkpoint();
+        let result = f(self);
+        self.a.list.reset_to_checkpoint(a);
+        self.b.list.reset_to_checkpoint(b);
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Tests whether `a` is a subtype of `b`.
+    ///
+    /// Errors are reported at the `offset` specified.
+    pub fn component_entity_type(
+        &mut self,
+        a: &ComponentEntityType,
+        b: &ComponentEntityType,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        use ComponentEntityType::*;
+
+        match (a, b) {
+            (Module(a), Module(b)) => self.module_type(*a, *b, offset),
+            (Module(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found module", b.desc()),
+
+            (Func(a), Func(b)) => self.component_func_type(*a, *b, offset),
+            (Func(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found func", b.desc()),
+
+            (Value(a), Value(b)) => self.component_val_type(a, b, offset),
+            (Value(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found value", b.desc()),
+
+            (Type { referenced: a, .. }, Type { referenced: b, .. }) => {
+                self.component_any_type_id(*a, *b, offset)
+            }
+            (Type { .. }, b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found type", b.desc()),
+
+            (Instance(a), Instance(b)) => self.component_instance_type(*a, *b, offset),
+            (Instance(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found instance", b.desc()),
+
+            (Component(a), Component(b)) => self.component_type(*a, *b, offset),
+            (Component(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found component", b.desc()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Tests whether `a` is a subtype of `b`.
+    ///
+    /// Errors are reported at the `offset` specified.
+    pub fn component_type(
+        &mut self,
+        a: ComponentTypeId,
+        b: ComponentTypeId,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        // Components are ... tricky. They follow the same basic
+        // structure as core wasm modules, but they also have extra
+        // logic to handle resource types. Resources are effectively
+        // abstract types so this is sort of where an ML module system
+        // in the component model becomes a reality.
+        //
+        // This also leverages the `open_instance_type` method below
+        // heavily which internally has its own quite large suite of
+        // logic. More-or-less what's happening here is:
+        //
+        // 1. Pretend that the imports of B are given as values to the
+        //    imports of A. If A didn't import anything, for example,
+        //    that's great and the subtyping definitely passes there.
+        //    This operation produces a mapping of all the resources of
+        //    A's imports to resources in B's imports.
+        //
+        // 2. This mapping is applied to all of A's exports. This means
+        //    that all exports of A referring to A's imported resources
+        //    now instead refer to B's. Note, though that A's exports
+        //    still refer to its own defined resources.
+        //
+        // 3. The same `open_instance_type` method used during the
+        //    first step is used again, but this time on the exports
+        //    in the reverse direction. This performs a similar
+        //    operation, though, by creating a mapping from B's
+        //    defined resources to A's defined resources. The map
+        //    itself is discarded as it's not needed.
+        //
+        // The order that everything passed here is intentional, but
+        // also subtle. I personally think of it as
+        // `open_instance_type` takes a list of things to satisfy a
+        // signature and produces a mapping of resources in the
+        // signature to those provided in the list of things. The
+        // order of operations then goes:
+        //
+        // * Someone thinks they have a component of type B, but they
+        //   actually have a component of type A (e.g. due to this
+        //   subtype check passing).
+        // * This person provides the imports of B and that must be
+        //   sufficient to satisfy the imports of A. This is the first
+        //   `open_instance_type` check.
+        // * Now though the resources provided by B are substituted
+        //   into A's exports since that's what was provided.
+        // * A's exports are then handed back to the original person,
+        //   and these exports must satisfy the signature required by B
+        //   since that's what they're expecting.
+        // * This is the second `open_instance_type` which, to get
+        //   resource types to line up, will map from A's defined
+        //   resources to B's defined resources.
+        //
+        // If all that passes then the resources should all line up
+        // perfectly. Any misalignment is reported as a subtyping
+        // error.
+        let b_imports = self.b[b]
+            .imports
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(name, ty)| (name.clone(), ty.clone()))
+            .collect();
+        self.swap();
+        let mut import_mapping =
+            self.open_instance_type(&b_imports, a, ExternKind::Import, offset)?;
+        self.swap();
+        self.with_checkpoint(|this| {
+            let mut a_exports = this.a[a]
+                .exports
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(name, ty)| (name.clone(), ty.clone()))
+                .collect::<IndexMap<_, _>>();
+            for ty in a_exports.values_mut() {
+                this.a.remap_component_entity(ty, &mut import_mapping);
+            }
+            this.open_instance_type(&a_exports, b, ExternKind::Export, offset)?;
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Tests whether `a` is a subtype of `b`.
+    ///
+    /// Errors are reported at the `offset` specified.
+    pub fn component_instance_type(
+        &mut self,
+        a_id: ComponentInstanceTypeId,
+        b_id: ComponentInstanceTypeId,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        // For instance type subtyping, all exports in the other
+        // instance type must be present in this instance type's
+        // exports (i.e. it can export *more* than what this instance
+        // type needs).
+        let a = &self.a[a_id];
+        let b = &self.b[b_id];
+
+        let mut exports = Vec::with_capacity(b.exports.len());
+        for (k, b) in b.exports.iter() {
+            match a.exports.get(k) {
+                Some(a) => exports.push((*a, *b)),
+                None => bail!(offset, "missing expected export `{k}`"),
+            }
+        }
+        for (i, (a, b)) in exports.iter().enumerate() {
+            let err = match self.component_entity_type(a, b, offset) {
+                Ok(()) => continue,
+                Err(e) => e,
+            };
+            // On failure attach the name of this export as context to
+            // the error message to leave a breadcrumb trail.
+            let (name, _) = self.b[b_id].exports.get_index(i).unwrap();
+            return Err(err.with_context(|| format!("type mismatch in instance export `{name}`")));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Tests whether `a` is a subtype of `b`.
+    ///
+    /// Errors are reported at the `offset` specified.
+    pub fn component_func_type(
+        &mut self,
+        a: ComponentFuncTypeId,
+        b: ComponentFuncTypeId,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let a = &self.a[a];
+        let b = &self.b[b];
+
+        // Note that this intentionally diverges from the upstream
+        // specification in terms of subtyping. This is a full
+        // type-equality check which ensures that the structure of `a`
+        // exactly matches the structure of `b`. The rationale for this
+        // is:
+        //
+        // * Primarily in Wasmtime subtyping based on function types is
+        //   not implemented. This includes both subtyping a host
+        //   import and additionally handling subtyping as functions
+        //   cross component boundaries. The host import subtyping (or
+        //   component export subtyping) is not clear how to handle at
+        //   all at this time. The subtyping of functions between
+        //   components can more easily be handled by extending the
+        //   `fact` compiler, but that hasn't been done yet.
+        //
+        // * The upstream specification is currently pretty
+        //   intentionally vague precisely what subtyping is allowed.
+        //   Implementing a strict check here is intended to be a
+        //   conservative starting point for the component model which
+        //   can be extended in the future if necessary.
+        //
+        // * The interaction with subtyping on bindings generation, for
+        //   example, is a tricky problem that doesn't have a clear
+        //   answer at this time.  Effectively this is more rationale
+        //   for being conservative in the first pass of the component
+        //   model.
+        //
+        // So, in conclusion, the test here (and other places that
+        // reference this comment) is for exact type equality with no
+        // differences.
+        if a.params.len() != b.params.len() {
+            bail!(
+                offset,
+                "expected {} parameters, found {}",
+                b.params.len(),
+                a.params.len(),
+            );
+        }
+        if a.results.len() != b.results.len() {
+            bail!(
+                offset,
+                "expected {} results, found {}",
+                b.results.len(),
+                a.results.len(),
+            );
+        }
+        for ((an, a), (bn, b)) in a.params.iter().zip(b.params.iter()) {
+            if an != bn {
+                bail!(offset, "expected parameter named `{bn}`, found `{an}`");
+            }
+            self.component_val_type(a, b, offset)
+                .with_context(|| format!("type mismatch in function parameter `{an}`"))?;
+        }
+        for ((an, a), (bn, b)) in a.results.iter().zip(b.results.iter()) {
+            if an != bn {
+                bail!(offset, "mismatched result names");
+            }
+            self.component_val_type(a, b, offset)
+                .with_context(|| "type mismatch with result type")?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Tests whether `a` is a subtype of `b`.
+    ///
+    /// Errors are reported at the `offset` specified.
+    pub fn module_type(
+        &mut self,
+        a: ComponentCoreModuleTypeId,
+        b: ComponentCoreModuleTypeId,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        // For module type subtyping, all exports in the other module
+        // type must be present in this module type's exports (i.e. it
+        // can export *more* than what this module type needs).
+        // However, for imports, the check is reversed (i.e. it is okay
+        // to import *less* than what this module type needs).
+        self.swap();
+        let a_imports = &self.b[a].imports;
+        let b_imports = &self.a[b].imports;
+        for (k, a) in a_imports {
+            match b_imports.get(k) {
+                Some(b) => self
+                    .entity_type(b, a, offset)
+                    .with_context(|| format!("type mismatch in import `{}::{}`", k.0, k.1))?,
+                None => bail!(offset, "missing expected import `{}::{}`", k.0, k.1),
+            }
+        }
+        self.swap();
+        let a = &self.a[a];
+        let b = &self.b[b];
+        for (k, b) in b.exports.iter() {
+            match a.exports.get(k) {
+                Some(a) => self
+                    .entity_type(a, b, offset)
+                    .with_context(|| format!("type mismatch in export `{k}`"))?,
+                None => bail!(offset, "missing expected export `{k}`"),
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Tests whether `a` is a subtype of `b`.
+    ///
+    /// Errors are reported at the `offset` specified.
+    pub fn component_any_type_id(
+        &mut self,
+        a: ComponentAnyTypeId,
+        b: ComponentAnyTypeId,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        match (a, b) {
+            (ComponentAnyTypeId::Resource(a), ComponentAnyTypeId::Resource(b)) => {
+                if a.resource() == b.resource() {
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    bail!(
+                        offset,
+                        "resource types are not the same ({:?} vs. {:?})",
+                        a.resource(),
+                        b.resource()
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+            (ComponentAnyTypeId::Resource(_), b) => {
+                bail!(offset, "expected {}, found resource", b.desc())
+            }
+            (ComponentAnyTypeId::Defined(a), ComponentAnyTypeId::Defined(b)) => {
+                self.component_defined_type(a, b, offset)
+            }
+            (ComponentAnyTypeId::Defined(_), b) => {
+                bail!(offset, "expected {}, found defined type", b.desc())
+            }
+
+            (ComponentAnyTypeId::Func(a), ComponentAnyTypeId::Func(b)) => {
+                self.component_func_type(a, b, offset)
+            }
+            (ComponentAnyTypeId::Func(_), b) => {
+                bail!(offset, "expected {}, found func type", b.desc())
+            }
+
+            (ComponentAnyTypeId::Instance(a), ComponentAnyTypeId::Instance(b)) => {
+                self.component_instance_type(a, b, offset)
+            }
+            (ComponentAnyTypeId::Instance(_), b) => {
+                bail!(offset, "expected {}, found instance type", b.desc())
+            }
+
+            (ComponentAnyTypeId::Component(a), ComponentAnyTypeId::Component(b)) => {
+                self.component_type(a, b, offset)
+            }
+            (ComponentAnyTypeId::Component(_), b) => {
+                bail!(offset, "expected {}, found component type", b.desc())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The building block for subtyping checks when components are
+    /// instantiated and when components are tested if they're subtypes of each
+    /// other.
+    ///
+    /// This method takes a number of arguments:
+    ///
+    /// * `a` - this is a list of typed items which can be thought of as
+    ///   concrete values to test against `b`.
+    /// * `b` - this `TypeId` must point to `Type::Component`.
+    /// * `kind` - indicates whether the `imports` or `exports` of `b` are
+    ///   being tested against for the values in `a`.
+    /// * `offset` - the binary offset at which to report errors if one happens.
+    ///
+    /// This will attempt to determine if the items in `a` satisfy the
+    /// signature required by the `kind` items of `b`. For example component
+    /// instantiation will have `a` as the list of arguments provided to
+    /// instantiation, `b` is the component being instantiated, and `kind` is
+    /// `ExternKind::Import`.
+    ///
+    /// This function, if successful, will return a mapping of the resources in
+    /// `b` to the resources in `a` provided. This mapping is guaranteed to
+    /// contain all the resources for `b` (all imported resources for
+    /// `ExternKind::Import` or all defined resources for `ExternKind::Export`).
+    pub fn open_instance_type(
+        &mut self,
+        a: &IndexMap<String, ComponentEntityType>,
+        b: ComponentTypeId,
+        kind: ExternKind,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Remapping> {
+        // First, determine the mapping from resources in `b` to those supplied
+        // by arguments in `a`.
+        //
+        // This loop will iterate over all the appropriate resources in `b`
+        // and find the corresponding resource in `args`. The exact lists
+        // in use here depend on the `kind` provided. This necessarily requires
+        // a sequence of string lookups to find the corresponding items in each
+        // list.
+        //
+        // The path to each resource in `resources` is precomputed as a list of
+        // indexes. The first index is into `b`'s list of `entities`, and gives
+        // the name that `b` assigns to the resource.  Each subsequent index,
+        // if present, means that this resource was present through a layer of
+        // an instance type, and the index is into the instance type's exports.
+        // More information about this can be found on
+        // `ComponentState::imported_resources`.
+        //
+        // This loop will follow the list of indices for each resource and, at
+        // the same time, walk through the arguments supplied to instantiating
+        // the `component_type`. This means that within `component_type`
+        // index-based lookups are performed while in `args` name-based
+        // lookups are performed.
+        //
+        // Note that here it's possible that `args` doesn't actually supply the
+        // correct type of import for each item since argument checking has
+        // not proceeded yet. These type errors, however, aren't handled by
+        // this loop and are deferred below to the main subtyping check. That
+        // means that `mapping` won't necessarily have a mapping for all
+        // imported resources into `component_type`, but that should be ok.
+        let component_type = &self.b[b];
+        let entities = match kind {
+            ExternKind::Import => &component_type.imports,
+            ExternKind::Export => &component_type.exports,
+        };
+        let resources = match kind {
+            ExternKind::Import => &component_type.imported_resources,
+            ExternKind::Export => &component_type.defined_resources,
+        };
+        let mut mapping = Remapping::default();
+        'outer: for (resource, path) in resources.iter() {
+            // Lookup the first path item in `imports` and the corresponding
+            // entry in `args` by name.
+            let (name, ty) = entities.get_index(path[0]).unwrap();
+            let mut ty = *ty;
+            let mut arg = a.get(name);
+
+            // Lookup all the subsequent `path` entries, if any, by index in
+            // `ty` and by name in `arg`. Type errors in `arg` are skipped over
+            // entirely.
+            for i in path.iter().skip(1).copied() {
+                let id = match ty {
+                    ComponentEntityType::Instance(id) => id,
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                };
+                let (name, next_ty) = self.b[id].exports.get_index(i).unwrap();
+                ty = *next_ty;
+                arg = match arg {
+                    Some(ComponentEntityType::Instance(id)) => self.a[*id].exports.get(name),
+                    _ => continue 'outer,
+                };
+            }
+
+            // Double-check that `ty`, the leaf type of `component_type`, is
+            // indeed the expected resource.
+            if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
+                let id = match ty {
+                    ComponentEntityType::Type { created, .. } => match created {
+                        ComponentAnyTypeId::Resource(id) => id.resource(),
+                        _ => unreachable!(),
+                    },
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                };
+                assert_eq!(id, *resource);
+            }
+
+            // The leaf of `arg` should be a type which is a resource. If not
+            // it's skipped and this'll wind up generating an error later on in
+            // subtype checking below.
+            if let Some(ComponentEntityType::Type { created, .. }) = arg {
+                if let ComponentAnyTypeId::Resource(r) = created {
+                    mapping.resources.insert(*resource, r.resource());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Now that a mapping from the resources in `b` to the resources in `a`
+        // has been determined it's possible to perform the actual subtype
+        // check.
+        //
+        // This subtype check notably needs to ensure that all resource types
+        // line up. To achieve this the `mapping` previously calculated is used
+        // to perform a substitution on each component entity type.
+        //
+        // The first loop here performs a name lookup to create a list of
+        // values from `a` to expected items in `b`. Once the list is created
+        // the substitution check is performed on each element.
+        let mut to_typecheck = Vec::new();
+        for (name, expected) in entities.iter() {
+            match a.get(name) {
+                Some(arg) => to_typecheck.push((arg.clone(), expected.clone())),
+                None => bail!(offset, "missing {} named `{name}`", kind.desc()),
+            }
+        }
+        let mut type_map = HashMap::default();
+        for (i, (actual, expected)) in to_typecheck.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let result = self.with_checkpoint(|this| {
+                let mut expected = expected;
+                this.b.remap_component_entity(&mut expected, &mut mapping);
+                mapping.types.clear();
+                this.component_entity_type(&actual, &expected, offset)
+            });
+            let err = match result {
+                Ok(()) => {
+                    // On a successful type-check record a mapping of
+                    // type-to-type in `type_map` for any type imports that were
+                    // satisfied. This is then used afterwards when performing
+                    // type substitution to remap all component-local types to
+                    // those that were provided in the imports.
+                    self.register_type_renamings(actual, expected, &mut type_map);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Err(e) => e,
+            };
+
+            // If an error happens then attach the name of the entity to the
+            // error message using the `i` iteration counter.
+            let component_type = &self.b[b];
+            let entities = match kind {
+                ExternKind::Import => &component_type.imports,
+                ExternKind::Export => &component_type.exports,
+            };
+            let (name, _) = entities.get_index(i).unwrap();
+            return Err(err.with_context(|| format!("type mismatch for {} `{name}`", kind.desc())));
+        }
+        mapping.types = type_map;
+        Ok(mapping)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn entity_type(&self, a: &EntityType, b: &EntityType, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        macro_rules! limits_match {
+            ($a:expr, $b:expr) => {{
+                let a = $a;
+                let b = $b;
+                a.initial >= b.initial
+                    && match b.maximum {
+                        Some(b_max) => match a.maximum {
+                            Some(a_max) => a_max <= b_max,
+                            None => false,
+                        },
+                        None => true,
+                    }
+            }};
+        }
+
+        match (a, b) {
+            (EntityType::Func(a), EntityType::Func(b)) => {
+                self.core_func_type(self.a[*a].unwrap_func(), self.b[*b].unwrap_func(), offset)
+            }
+            (EntityType::Func(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found func", b.desc()),
+            (EntityType::Table(a), EntityType::Table(b)) => {
+                if a.element_type != b.element_type {
+                    bail!(
+                        offset,
+                        "expected table element type {}, found {}",
+                        b.element_type,
+                        a.element_type,
+                    )
+                }
+                if limits_match!(a, b) {
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    bail!(offset, "mismatch in table limits")
+                }
+            }
+            (EntityType::Table(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found table", b.desc()),
+            (EntityType::Memory(a), EntityType::Memory(b)) => {
+                if a.shared != b.shared {
+                    bail!(offset, "mismatch in the shared flag for memories")
+                }
+                if a.memory64 != b.memory64 {
+                    bail!(offset, "mismatch in index type used for memories")
+                }
+                if limits_match!(a, b) {
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    bail!(offset, "mismatch in memory limits")
+                }
+            }
+            (EntityType::Memory(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found memory", b.desc()),
+            (EntityType::Global(a), EntityType::Global(b)) => {
+                if a.mutable != b.mutable {
+                    bail!(offset, "global types differ in mutability")
+                }
+                if a.content_type == b.content_type {
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    bail!(
+                        offset,
+                        "expected global type {}, found {}",
+                        b.content_type,
+                        a.content_type,
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+            (EntityType::Global(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found global", b.desc()),
+            (EntityType::Tag(a), EntityType::Tag(b)) => {
+                self.core_func_type(self.a[*a].unwrap_func(), self.b[*b].unwrap_func(), offset)
+            }
+            (EntityType::Tag(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found tag", b.desc()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn core_func_type(&self, a: &FuncType, b: &FuncType, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        if a == b {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            bail!(
+                offset,
+                "expected: {}\n\
+                 found:    {}",
+                b.desc(),
+                a.desc(),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn component_val_type(
+        &self,
+        a: &ComponentValType,
+        b: &ComponentValType,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        match (a, b) {
+            (ComponentValType::Primitive(a), ComponentValType::Primitive(b)) => {
+                self.primitive_val_type(*a, *b, offset)
+            }
+            (ComponentValType::Type(a), ComponentValType::Type(b)) => {
+                self.component_defined_type(*a, *b, offset)
+            }
+            (ComponentValType::Primitive(a), ComponentValType::Type(b)) => match &self.b[*b] {
+                ComponentDefinedType::Primitive(b) => self.primitive_val_type(*a, *b, offset),
+                b => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found {a}", b.desc()),
+            },
+            (ComponentValType::Type(a), ComponentValType::Primitive(b)) => match &self.a[*a] {
+                ComponentDefinedType::Primitive(a) => self.primitive_val_type(*a, *b, offset),
+                a => bail!(offset, "expected {b}, found {}", a.desc()),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn component_defined_type(
+        &self,
+        a: ComponentDefinedTypeId,
+        b: ComponentDefinedTypeId,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        use ComponentDefinedType::*;
+
+        // Note that the implementation of subtyping here diverges from the
+        // upstream specification intentionally, see the documentation on
+        // function subtyping for more information.
+        match (&self.a[a], &self.b[b]) {
+            (Primitive(a), Primitive(b)) => self.primitive_val_type(*a, *b, offset),
+            (Primitive(a), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found {a}", b.desc()),
+            (Record(a), Record(b)) => {
+                if a.fields.len() != b.fields.len() {
+                    bail!(
+                        offset,
+                        "expected {} fields, found {}",
+                        b.fields.len(),
+                        a.fields.len(),
+                    );
+                }
+
+                for ((aname, a), (bname, b)) in a.fields.iter().zip(b.fields.iter()) {
+                    if aname != bname {
+                        bail!(offset, "expected field name `{bname}`, found `{aname}`");
+                    }
+                    self.component_val_type(a, b, offset)
+                        .with_context(|| format!("type mismatch in record field `{aname}`"))?;
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            (Record(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found record", b.desc()),
+            (Variant(a), Variant(b)) => {
+                if a.cases.len() != b.cases.len() {
+                    bail!(
+                        offset,
+                        "expected {} cases, found {}",
+                        b.cases.len(),
+                        a.cases.len(),
+                    );
+                }
+                for ((aname, a), (bname, b)) in a.cases.iter().zip(b.cases.iter()) {
+                    if aname != bname {
+                        bail!(offset, "expected case named `{bname}`, found `{aname}`");
+                    }
+                    match (&a.ty, &b.ty) {
+                        (Some(a), Some(b)) => self
+                            .component_val_type(a, b, offset)
+                            .with_context(|| format!("type mismatch in variant case `{aname}`"))?,
+                        (None, None) => {}
+                        (None, Some(_)) => {
+                            bail!(offset, "expected case `{aname}` to have a type, found none")
+                        }
+                        (Some(_), None) => bail!(offset, "expected case `{aname}` to have no type"),
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            (Variant(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found variant", b.desc()),
+            (List(a), List(b)) | (Option(a), Option(b)) => self.component_val_type(a, b, offset),
+            (List(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found list", b.desc()),
+            (Option(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found option", b.desc()),
+            (Tuple(a), Tuple(b)) => {
+                if a.types.len() != b.types.len() {
+                    bail!(
+                        offset,
+                        "expected {} types, found {}",
+                        b.types.len(),
+                        a.types.len(),
+                    );
+                }
+                for (i, (a, b)) in a.types.iter().zip(b.types.iter()).enumerate() {
+                    self.component_val_type(a, b, offset)
+                        .with_context(|| format!("type mismatch in tuple field {i}"))?;
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            (Tuple(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found tuple", b.desc()),
+            (at @ Flags(a), Flags(b)) | (at @ Enum(a), Enum(b)) => {
+                let desc = match at {
+                    Flags(_) => "flags",
+                    _ => "enum",
+                };
+                if a.len() == b.len() && a.iter().eq(b.iter()) {
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    bail!(offset, "mismatch in {desc} elements")
+                }
+            }
+            (Flags(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found flags", b.desc()),
+            (Enum(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found enum", b.desc()),
+            (Result { ok: ao, err: ae }, Result { ok: bo, err: be }) => {
+                match (ao, bo) {
+                    (None, None) => {}
+                    (Some(a), Some(b)) => self
+                        .component_val_type(a, b, offset)
+                        .with_context(|| "type mismatch in ok variant")?,
+                    (None, Some(_)) => bail!(offset, "expected ok type, but found none"),
+                    (Some(_), None) => bail!(offset, "expected ok type to not be present"),
+                }
+                match (ae, be) {
+                    (None, None) => {}
+                    (Some(a), Some(b)) => self
+                        .component_val_type(a, b, offset)
+                        .with_context(|| "type mismatch in err variant")?,
+                    (None, Some(_)) => bail!(offset, "expected err type, but found none"),
+                    (Some(_), None) => bail!(offset, "expected err type to not be present"),
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            (Result { .. }, b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found result", b.desc()),
+            (Own(a), Own(b)) | (Borrow(a), Borrow(b)) => {
+                if a.resource() == b.resource() {
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    bail!(offset, "resource types are not the same")
+                }
+            }
+            (Own(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found own", b.desc()),
+            (Borrow(_), b) => bail!(offset, "expected {}, found borrow", b.desc()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn primitive_val_type(
+        &self,
+        a: PrimitiveValType,
+        b: PrimitiveValType,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        // Note that this intentionally diverges from the upstream specification
+        // at this time and only considers exact equality for subtyping
+        // relationships.
+        //
+        // More information can be found in the subtyping implementation for
+        // component functions.
+        if a == b {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            bail!(offset, "expected primitive `{b}` found primitive `{a}`")
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn register_type_renamings(
+        &self,
+        actual: ComponentEntityType,
+        expected: ComponentEntityType,
+        type_map: &mut HashMap<ComponentAnyTypeId, ComponentAnyTypeId>,
+    ) {
+        match (expected, actual) {
+            (
+                ComponentEntityType::Type {
+                    created: expected, ..
+                },
+                ComponentEntityType::Type {
+                    created: actual, ..
+                },
+            ) => {
+                let prev = type_map.insert(expected, actual);
+                assert!(prev.is_none());
+            }
+            (ComponentEntityType::Instance(expected), ComponentEntityType::Instance(actual)) => {
+                let actual = &self.a[actual];
+                for (name, expected) in self.b[expected].exports.iter() {
+                    let actual = actual.exports[name];
+                    self.register_type_renamings(actual, *expected, type_map);
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A helper typed used purely during subtyping as part of `SubtypeCx`.
+///
+/// This takes a `types` list as input which is the "base" of the ids that can
+/// be indexed through this arena. All future types pushed into this, if any,
+/// are stored in `self.list`.
+///
+/// This is intended to have arena-like behavior where everything pushed onto
+/// `self.list` is thrown away after a subtyping computation is performed. All
+/// new types pushed into this arena are purely temporary.
+pub struct SubtypeArena<'a> {
+    types: &'a TypeList,
+    list: TypeList,
+}
+
+impl<'a> SubtypeArena<'a> {
+    fn new(types: &'a TypeList) -> SubtypeArena<'a> {
+        SubtypeArena {
+            types,
+            list: TypeList::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Index<T> for SubtypeArena<'_>
+where
+    T: TypeIdentifier,
+{
+    type Output = T::Data;
+
+    fn index(&self, id: T) -> &T::Data {
+        let index = id.index();
+        if index < T::list(self.types).len() {
+            &self.types[id]
+        } else {
+            let temp_index = index - T::list(self.types).len();
+            let temp_index = u32::try_from(temp_index).unwrap();
+            let temp_id = T::from_index(temp_index);
+            &self.list[temp_id]
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Remap for SubtypeArena<'_> {
+    fn push_ty<T>(&mut self, ty: T) -> T::Id
+    where
+        T: TypeData,
+    {
+        let index = T::Id::list(&self.list).len() + T::Id::list(self.types).len();
+        let index = u32::try_from(index).unwrap();
+        self.list.push(ty);
+        T::Id::from_index(index)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Helper trait for adding contextual information to an error, modeled after
+/// `anyhow::Context`.
+pub(crate) trait Context {
+    fn with_context<S>(self, context: impl FnOnce() -> S) -> Self
+    where
+        S: Into<String>;
+}
+
+impl<T> Context for Result<T> {
+    fn with_context<S>(self, context: impl FnOnce() -> S) -> Self
+    where
+        S: Into<String>,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Ok(val) => Ok(val),
+            Err(e) => Err(e.with_context(context)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Context for BinaryReaderError {
+    fn with_context<S>(mut self, context: impl FnOnce() -> S) -> Self
+    where
+        S: Into<String>,
+    {
+        self.add_context(context().into());
+        self
+    }
+}