wasmtime 10.0.1 → 12.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmtime-cranelift-12.0.0/src/func_environ.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2377 @@
+use cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor;
+use cranelift_codegen::ir;
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::condcodes::*;
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::immediates::{Imm64, Offset32, Uimm64};
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::types::*;
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::{AbiParam, ArgumentPurpose, Function, InstBuilder, Signature};
+use cranelift_codegen::isa::{self, CallConv, TargetFrontendConfig, TargetIsa};
+use cranelift_entity::{EntityRef, PrimaryMap};
+use cranelift_frontend::FunctionBuilder;
+use cranelift_frontend::Variable;
+use cranelift_wasm::{
+    self, FuncIndex, FuncTranslationState, GlobalIndex, GlobalVariable, Heap, HeapData, HeapStyle,
+    MemoryIndex, TableIndex, TargetEnvironment, TypeIndex, WasmHeapType, WasmRefType, WasmResult,
+    WasmType,
+};
+use std::convert::TryFrom;
+use std::mem;
+use wasmparser::Operator;
+use wasmtime_environ::{
+    BuiltinFunctionIndex, MemoryPlan, MemoryStyle, Module, ModuleTranslation, ModuleTypes, PtrSize,
+    TableStyle, Tunables, TypeConvert, VMOffsets, WASM_PAGE_SIZE,
+};
+use wasmtime_environ::{FUNCREF_INIT_BIT, FUNCREF_MASK};
+
+macro_rules! declare_function_signatures {
+    (
+        $(
+            $( #[$attr:meta] )*
+            $name:ident( $( $pname:ident: $param:ident ),* ) $( -> $result:ident )?;
+        )*
+    ) => {
+        /// A struct with an `Option<ir::SigRef>` member for every builtin
+        /// function, to de-duplicate constructing/getting its signature.
+        struct BuiltinFunctionSignatures {
+            pointer_type: ir::Type,
+            reference_type: ir::Type,
+            call_conv: isa::CallConv,
+            $(
+                $name: Option<ir::SigRef>,
+            )*
+        }
+
+        impl BuiltinFunctionSignatures {
+            fn new(
+                pointer_type: ir::Type,
+                reference_type: ir::Type,
+                call_conv: isa::CallConv,
+            ) -> Self {
+                Self {
+                    pointer_type,
+                    reference_type,
+                    call_conv,
+                    $(
+                        $name: None,
+                    )*
+                }
+            }
+
+            fn vmctx(&self) -> AbiParam {
+                AbiParam::special(self.pointer_type, ArgumentPurpose::VMContext)
+            }
+
+            fn reference(&self) -> AbiParam {
+                AbiParam::new(self.reference_type)
+            }
+
+            fn pointer(&self) -> AbiParam {
+                AbiParam::new(self.pointer_type)
+            }
+
+            fn i32(&self) -> AbiParam {
+                // Some platform ABIs require i32 values to be zero- or sign-
+                // extended to the full register width.  We need to indicate
+                // this here by using the appropriate .uext or .sext attribute.
+                // The attribute can be added unconditionally; platforms whose
+                // ABI does not require such extensions will simply ignore it.
+                // Note that currently all i32 arguments or return values used
+                // by builtin functions are unsigned, so we always use .uext.
+                // If that ever changes, we will have to add a second type
+                // marker here.
+                AbiParam::new(I32).uext()
+            }
+
+            fn i64(&self) -> AbiParam {
+                AbiParam::new(I64)
+            }
+
+            $(
+                fn $name(&mut self, func: &mut Function) -> ir::SigRef {
+                    let sig = self.$name.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        func.import_signature(Signature {
+                            params: vec![ $( self.$param() ),* ],
+                            returns: vec![ $( self.$result() )? ],
+                            call_conv: self.call_conv,
+                        })
+                    });
+                    self.$name = Some(sig);
+                    sig
+                }
+            )*
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+wasmtime_environ::foreach_builtin_function!(declare_function_signatures);
+
+/// The `FuncEnvironment` implementation for use by the `ModuleEnvironment`.
+pub struct FuncEnvironment<'module_environment> {
+    isa: &'module_environment (dyn TargetIsa + 'module_environment),
+    module: &'module_environment Module,
+    types: &'module_environment ModuleTypes,
+
+    /// Heaps implementing WebAssembly linear memories.
+    heaps: PrimaryMap<Heap, HeapData>,
+
+    /// The Cranelift global holding the vmctx address.
+    vmctx: Option<ir::GlobalValue>,
+
+    /// Caches of signatures for builtin functions.
+    builtin_function_signatures: BuiltinFunctionSignatures,
+
+    /// Offsets to struct fields accessed by JIT code.
+    pub(crate) offsets: VMOffsets<u8>,
+
+    tunables: &'module_environment Tunables,
+
+    /// A function-local variable which stores the cached value of the amount of
+    /// fuel remaining to execute. If used this is modified frequently so it's
+    /// stored locally as a variable instead of always referenced from the field
+    /// in `*const VMRuntimeLimits`
+    fuel_var: cranelift_frontend::Variable,
+
+    /// A function-local variable which caches the value of `*const
+    /// VMRuntimeLimits` for this function's vmctx argument. This pointer is stored
+    /// in the vmctx itself, but never changes for the lifetime of the function,
+    /// so if we load it up front we can continue to use it throughout.
+    vmruntime_limits_ptr: cranelift_frontend::Variable,
+
+    /// A cached epoch deadline value, when performing epoch-based
+    /// interruption. Loaded from `VMRuntimeLimits` and reloaded after
+    /// any yield.
+    epoch_deadline_var: cranelift_frontend::Variable,
+
+    /// A cached pointer to the per-Engine epoch counter, when
+    /// performing epoch-based interruption. Initialized in the
+    /// function prologue. We prefer to use a variable here rather
+    /// than reload on each check because it's better to let the
+    /// regalloc keep it in a register if able; if not, it can always
+    /// spill, and this isn't any worse than reloading each time.
+    epoch_ptr_var: cranelift_frontend::Variable,
+
+    fuel_consumed: i64,
+}
+
+impl<'module_environment> FuncEnvironment<'module_environment> {
+    pub fn new(
+        isa: &'module_environment (dyn TargetIsa + 'module_environment),
+        translation: &'module_environment ModuleTranslation<'module_environment>,
+        types: &'module_environment ModuleTypes,
+        tunables: &'module_environment Tunables,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let builtin_function_signatures = BuiltinFunctionSignatures::new(
+            isa.pointer_type(),
+            match isa.pointer_type() {
+                ir::types::I32 => ir::types::R32,
+                ir::types::I64 => ir::types::R64,
+                _ => panic!(),
+            },
+            CallConv::triple_default(isa.triple()),
+        );
+        Self {
+            isa,
+            module: &translation.module,
+            types,
+            heaps: PrimaryMap::default(),
+            vmctx: None,
+            builtin_function_signatures,
+            offsets: VMOffsets::new(isa.pointer_bytes(), &translation.module),
+            tunables,
+            fuel_var: Variable::new(0),
+            epoch_deadline_var: Variable::new(0),
+            epoch_ptr_var: Variable::new(0),
+            vmruntime_limits_ptr: Variable::new(0),
+
+            // Start with at least one fuel being consumed because even empty
+            // functions should consume at least some fuel.
+            fuel_consumed: 1,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn pointer_type(&self) -> ir::Type {
+        self.isa.pointer_type()
+    }
+
+    fn vmctx(&mut self, func: &mut Function) -> ir::GlobalValue {
+        self.vmctx.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let vmctx = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::VMContext);
+            self.vmctx = Some(vmctx);
+            vmctx
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn get_table_copy_func(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut Function,
+        dst_table_index: TableIndex,
+        src_table_index: TableIndex,
+    ) -> (ir::SigRef, usize, usize, BuiltinFunctionIndex) {
+        let sig = self.builtin_function_signatures.table_copy(func);
+        (
+            sig,
+            dst_table_index.as_u32() as usize,
+            src_table_index.as_u32() as usize,
+            BuiltinFunctionIndex::table_copy(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn get_table_init_func(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut Function,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+    ) -> (ir::SigRef, usize, BuiltinFunctionIndex) {
+        let sig = self.builtin_function_signatures.table_init(func);
+        let table_index = table_index.as_u32() as usize;
+        (sig, table_index, BuiltinFunctionIndex::table_init())
+    }
+
+    fn get_elem_drop_func(&mut self, func: &mut Function) -> (ir::SigRef, BuiltinFunctionIndex) {
+        let sig = self.builtin_function_signatures.elem_drop(func);
+        (sig, BuiltinFunctionIndex::elem_drop())
+    }
+
+    fn get_memory_atomic_wait(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut Function,
+        memory_index: MemoryIndex,
+        ty: ir::Type,
+    ) -> (ir::SigRef, usize, BuiltinFunctionIndex) {
+        match ty {
+            I32 => (
+                self.builtin_function_signatures.memory_atomic_wait32(func),
+                memory_index.index(),
+                BuiltinFunctionIndex::memory_atomic_wait32(),
+            ),
+            I64 => (
+                self.builtin_function_signatures.memory_atomic_wait64(func),
+                memory_index.index(),
+                BuiltinFunctionIndex::memory_atomic_wait64(),
+            ),
+            x => panic!("get_memory_atomic_wait unsupported type: {:?}", x),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_memory_init_func(&mut self, func: &mut Function) -> (ir::SigRef, BuiltinFunctionIndex) {
+        (
+            self.builtin_function_signatures.memory_init(func),
+            BuiltinFunctionIndex::memory_init(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn get_data_drop_func(&mut self, func: &mut Function) -> (ir::SigRef, BuiltinFunctionIndex) {
+        (
+            self.builtin_function_signatures.data_drop(func),
+            BuiltinFunctionIndex::data_drop(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Translates load of builtin function and returns a pair of values `vmctx`
+    /// and address of the loaded function.
+    fn translate_load_builtin_function_address(
+        &mut self,
+        pos: &mut FuncCursor<'_>,
+        callee_func_idx: BuiltinFunctionIndex,
+    ) -> (ir::Value, ir::Value) {
+        // We use an indirect call so that we don't have to patch the code at runtime.
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx(&mut pos.func);
+        let base = pos.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx);
+
+        let mem_flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly();
+
+        // Load the base of the array of builtin functions
+        let array_offset = i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_builtin_functions()).unwrap();
+        let array_addr = pos.ins().load(pointer_type, mem_flags, base, array_offset);
+
+        // Load the callee address.
+        let body_offset = i32::try_from(callee_func_idx.index() * pointer_type.bytes()).unwrap();
+        let func_addr = pos
+            .ins()
+            .load(pointer_type, mem_flags, array_addr, body_offset);
+
+        (base, func_addr)
+    }
+
+    /// Generate code to increment or decrement the given `externref`'s
+    /// reference count.
+    ///
+    /// The new reference count is returned.
+    fn mutate_externref_ref_count(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        externref: ir::Value,
+        delta: i64,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        debug_assert!(delta == -1 || delta == 1);
+
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+
+        // If this changes that's ok, the `atomic_rmw` below just needs to be
+        // preceded with an add instruction of `externref` and the offset.
+        assert_eq!(self.offsets.vm_extern_data_ref_count(), 0);
+        let delta = builder.ins().iconst(pointer_type, delta);
+        builder.ins().atomic_rmw(
+            pointer_type,
+            ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+            ir::AtomicRmwOp::Add,
+            externref,
+            delta,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn get_global_location(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut ir::Function,
+        index: GlobalIndex,
+    ) -> (ir::GlobalValue, i32) {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx(func);
+        if let Some(def_index) = self.module.defined_global_index(index) {
+            let offset = i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_vmglobal_definition(def_index)).unwrap();
+            (vmctx, offset)
+        } else {
+            let from_offset = self.offsets.vmctx_vmglobal_import_from(index);
+            let global = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+                base: vmctx,
+                offset: Offset32::new(i32::try_from(from_offset).unwrap()),
+                global_type: pointer_type,
+                readonly: true,
+            });
+            (global, 0)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn declare_vmruntime_limits_ptr(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        // We load the `*const VMRuntimeLimits` value stored within vmctx at the
+        // head of the function and reuse the same value across the entire
+        // function. This is possible since we know that the pointer never
+        // changes for the lifetime of the function.
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        builder.declare_var(self.vmruntime_limits_ptr, pointer_type);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx(builder.func);
+        let base = builder.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx);
+        let offset = i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_runtime_limits()).unwrap();
+        let interrupt_ptr = builder
+            .ins()
+            .load(pointer_type, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), base, offset);
+        builder.def_var(self.vmruntime_limits_ptr, interrupt_ptr);
+    }
+
+    fn fuel_function_entry(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        // On function entry we load the amount of fuel into a function-local
+        // `self.fuel_var` to make fuel modifications fast locally. This cache
+        // is then periodically flushed to the Store-defined location in
+        // `VMRuntimeLimits` later.
+        builder.declare_var(self.fuel_var, ir::types::I64);
+        self.fuel_load_into_var(builder);
+        self.fuel_check(builder);
+    }
+
+    fn fuel_function_exit(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        // On exiting the function we need to be sure to save the fuel we have
+        // cached locally in `self.fuel_var` back into the Store-defined
+        // location.
+        self.fuel_save_from_var(builder);
+    }
+
+    fn fuel_before_op(
+        &mut self,
+        op: &Operator<'_>,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>,
+        reachable: bool,
+    ) {
+        if !reachable {
+            // In unreachable code we shouldn't have any leftover fuel we
+            // haven't accounted for since the reason for us to become
+            // unreachable should have already added it to `self.fuel_var`.
+            debug_assert_eq!(self.fuel_consumed, 0);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.fuel_consumed += match op {
+            // Nop and drop generate no code, so don't consume fuel for them.
+            Operator::Nop | Operator::Drop => 0,
+
+            // Control flow may create branches, but is generally cheap and
+            // free, so don't consume fuel. Note the lack of `if` since some
+            // cost is incurred with the conditional check.
+            Operator::Block { .. }
+            | Operator::Loop { .. }
+            | Operator::Unreachable
+            | Operator::Return
+            | Operator::Else
+            | Operator::End => 0,
+
+            // everything else, just call it one operation.
+            _ => 1,
+        };
+
+        match op {
+            // Exiting a function (via a return or unreachable) or otherwise
+            // entering a different function (via a call) means that we need to
+            // update the fuel consumption in `VMRuntimeLimits` because we're
+            // about to move control out of this function itself and the fuel
+            // may need to be read.
+            //
+            // Before this we need to update the fuel counter from our own cost
+            // leading up to this function call, and then we can store
+            // `self.fuel_var` into `VMRuntimeLimits`.
+            Operator::Unreachable
+            | Operator::Return
+            | Operator::CallIndirect { .. }
+            | Operator::Call { .. }
+            | Operator::ReturnCall { .. }
+            | Operator::ReturnCallIndirect { .. } => {
+                self.fuel_increment_var(builder);
+                self.fuel_save_from_var(builder);
+            }
+
+            // To ensure all code preceding a loop is only counted once we
+            // update the fuel variable on entry.
+            Operator::Loop { .. }
+
+            // Entering into an `if` block means that the edge we take isn't
+            // known until runtime, so we need to update our fuel consumption
+            // before we take the branch.
+            | Operator::If { .. }
+
+            // Control-flow instructions mean that we're moving to the end/exit
+            // of a block somewhere else. That means we need to update the fuel
+            // counter since we're effectively terminating our basic block.
+            | Operator::Br { .. }
+            | Operator::BrIf { .. }
+            | Operator::BrTable { .. }
+
+            // Exiting a scope means that we need to update the fuel
+            // consumption because there are multiple ways to exit a scope and
+            // this is the only time we have to account for instructions
+            // executed so far.
+            | Operator::End
+
+            // This is similar to `end`, except that it's only the terminator
+            // for an `if` block. The same reasoning applies though in that we
+            // are terminating a basic block and need to update the fuel
+            // variable.
+            | Operator::Else => self.fuel_increment_var(builder),
+
+            // This is a normal instruction where the fuel is buffered to later
+            // get added to `self.fuel_var`.
+            //
+            // Note that we generally ignore instructions which may trap and
+            // therefore result in exiting a block early. Current usage of fuel
+            // means that it's not too important to account for a precise amount
+            // of fuel consumed but rather "close to the actual amount" is good
+            // enough. For 100% precise counting, however, we'd probably need to
+            // not only increment but also save the fuel amount more often
+            // around trapping instructions. (see the `unreachable` instruction
+            // case above)
+            //
+            // Note that `Block` is specifically omitted from incrementing the
+            // fuel variable. Control flow entering a `block` is unconditional
+            // which means it's effectively executing straight-line code. We'll
+            // update the counter when exiting a block, but we shouldn't need to
+            // do so upon entering a block.
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn fuel_after_op(&mut self, op: &Operator<'_>, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        // After a function call we need to reload our fuel value since the
+        // function may have changed it.
+        match op {
+            Operator::Call { .. } | Operator::CallIndirect { .. } => {
+                self.fuel_load_into_var(builder);
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Adds `self.fuel_consumed` to the `fuel_var`, zero-ing out the amount of
+    /// fuel consumed at that point.
+    fn fuel_increment_var(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        let consumption = mem::replace(&mut self.fuel_consumed, 0);
+        if consumption == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let fuel = builder.use_var(self.fuel_var);
+        let fuel = builder.ins().iadd_imm(fuel, consumption);
+        builder.def_var(self.fuel_var, fuel);
+    }
+
+    /// Loads the fuel consumption value from `VMRuntimeLimits` into `self.fuel_var`
+    fn fuel_load_into_var(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        let (addr, offset) = self.fuel_addr_offset(builder);
+        let fuel = builder
+            .ins()
+            .load(ir::types::I64, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), addr, offset);
+        builder.def_var(self.fuel_var, fuel);
+    }
+
+    /// Stores the fuel consumption value from `self.fuel_var` into
+    /// `VMRuntimeLimits`.
+    fn fuel_save_from_var(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        let (addr, offset) = self.fuel_addr_offset(builder);
+        let fuel_consumed = builder.use_var(self.fuel_var);
+        builder
+            .ins()
+            .store(ir::MemFlags::trusted(), fuel_consumed, addr, offset);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the `(address, offset)` of the fuel consumption within
+    /// `VMRuntimeLimits`, used to perform loads/stores later.
+    fn fuel_addr_offset(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>,
+    ) -> (ir::Value, ir::immediates::Offset32) {
+        (
+            builder.use_var(self.vmruntime_limits_ptr),
+            i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmruntime_limits_fuel_consumed()).into(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Checks the amount of remaining, and if we've run out of fuel we call
+    /// the out-of-fuel function.
+    fn fuel_check(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder) {
+        self.fuel_increment_var(builder);
+        let out_of_gas_block = builder.create_block();
+        let continuation_block = builder.create_block();
+
+        // Note that our fuel is encoded as adding positive values to a
+        // negative number. Whenever the negative number goes positive that
+        // means we ran out of fuel.
+        //
+        // Compare to see if our fuel is positive, and if so we ran out of gas.
+        // Otherwise we can continue on like usual.
+        let zero = builder.ins().iconst(ir::types::I64, 0);
+        let fuel = builder.use_var(self.fuel_var);
+        let cmp = builder
+            .ins()
+            .icmp(IntCC::SignedGreaterThanOrEqual, fuel, zero);
+        builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(cmp, out_of_gas_block, &[], continuation_block, &[]);
+        builder.seal_block(out_of_gas_block);
+
+        // If we ran out of gas then we call our out-of-gas intrinsic and it
+        // figures out what to do. Note that this may raise a trap, or do
+        // something like yield to an async runtime. In either case we don't
+        // assume what happens and handle the case the intrinsic returns.
+        //
+        // Note that we save/reload fuel around this since the out-of-gas
+        // intrinsic may alter how much fuel is in the system.
+        builder.switch_to_block(out_of_gas_block);
+        self.fuel_save_from_var(builder);
+        let out_of_gas_sig = self.builtin_function_signatures.out_of_gas(builder.func);
+        let (vmctx, out_of_gas) = self.translate_load_builtin_function_address(
+            &mut builder.cursor(),
+            BuiltinFunctionIndex::out_of_gas(),
+        );
+        builder
+            .ins()
+            .call_indirect(out_of_gas_sig, out_of_gas, &[vmctx]);
+        self.fuel_load_into_var(builder);
+        builder.ins().jump(continuation_block, &[]);
+        builder.seal_block(continuation_block);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(continuation_block);
+    }
+
+    fn epoch_function_entry(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        builder.declare_var(self.epoch_deadline_var, ir::types::I64);
+        self.epoch_load_deadline_into_var(builder);
+        builder.declare_var(self.epoch_ptr_var, self.pointer_type());
+        let epoch_ptr = self.epoch_ptr(builder);
+        builder.def_var(self.epoch_ptr_var, epoch_ptr);
+
+        // We must check for an epoch change when entering a
+        // function. Why? Why aren't checks at loops sufficient to
+        // bound runtime to O(|static program size|)?
+        //
+        // The reason is that one can construct a "zip-bomb-like"
+        // program with exponential-in-program-size runtime, with no
+        // backedges (loops), by building a tree of function calls: f0
+        // calls f1 ten times, f1 calls f2 ten times, etc. E.g., nine
+        // levels of this yields a billion function calls with no
+        // backedges. So we can't do checks only at backedges.
+        //
+        // In this "call-tree" scenario, and in fact in any program
+        // that uses calls as a sort of control flow to try to evade
+        // backedge checks, a check at every function entry is
+        // sufficient. Then, combined with checks at every backedge
+        // (loop) the longest runtime between checks is bounded by the
+        // straightline length of any function body.
+        self.epoch_check(builder);
+    }
+
+    fn epoch_ptr(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) -> ir::Value {
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx(builder.func);
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let base = builder.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx);
+        let offset = i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_epoch_ptr()).unwrap();
+        let epoch_ptr = builder
+            .ins()
+            .load(pointer_type, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), base, offset);
+        epoch_ptr
+    }
+
+    fn epoch_load_current(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) -> ir::Value {
+        let addr = builder.use_var(self.epoch_ptr_var);
+        builder.ins().load(
+            ir::types::I64,
+            ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+            addr,
+            ir::immediates::Offset32::new(0),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn epoch_load_deadline_into_var(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        let interrupts = builder.use_var(self.vmruntime_limits_ptr);
+        let deadline =
+            builder.ins().load(
+                ir::types::I64,
+                ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+                interrupts,
+                ir::immediates::Offset32::new(
+                    self.offsets.ptr.vmruntime_limits_epoch_deadline() as i32
+                ),
+            );
+        builder.def_var(self.epoch_deadline_var, deadline);
+    }
+
+    fn epoch_check(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        let new_epoch_block = builder.create_block();
+        let new_epoch_doublecheck_block = builder.create_block();
+        let continuation_block = builder.create_block();
+        builder.set_cold_block(new_epoch_block);
+        builder.set_cold_block(new_epoch_doublecheck_block);
+
+        let epoch_deadline = builder.use_var(self.epoch_deadline_var);
+        // Load new epoch and check against cached deadline. The
+        // deadline may be out of date if it was updated (within
+        // another yield) during some function that we called; this is
+        // fine, as we'll reload it and check again before yielding in
+        // the cold path.
+        let cur_epoch_value = self.epoch_load_current(builder);
+        let cmp = builder.ins().icmp(
+            IntCC::UnsignedGreaterThanOrEqual,
+            cur_epoch_value,
+            epoch_deadline,
+        );
+        builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(cmp, new_epoch_block, &[], continuation_block, &[]);
+        builder.seal_block(new_epoch_block);
+
+        // In the "new epoch block", we've noticed that the epoch has
+        // exceeded our cached deadline. However the real deadline may
+        // have been moved in the meantime. We keep the cached value
+        // in a register to speed the checks in the common case
+        // (between epoch ticks) but we want to do a precise check
+        // here, on the cold path, by reloading the latest value
+        // first.
+        builder.switch_to_block(new_epoch_block);
+        self.epoch_load_deadline_into_var(builder);
+        let fresh_epoch_deadline = builder.use_var(self.epoch_deadline_var);
+        let fresh_cmp = builder.ins().icmp(
+            IntCC::UnsignedGreaterThanOrEqual,
+            cur_epoch_value,
+            fresh_epoch_deadline,
+        );
+        builder.ins().brif(
+            fresh_cmp,
+            new_epoch_doublecheck_block,
+            &[],
+            continuation_block,
+            &[],
+        );
+        builder.seal_block(new_epoch_doublecheck_block);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(new_epoch_doublecheck_block);
+        let new_epoch_sig = self.builtin_function_signatures.new_epoch(builder.func);
+        let (vmctx, new_epoch) = self.translate_load_builtin_function_address(
+            &mut builder.cursor(),
+            BuiltinFunctionIndex::new_epoch(),
+        );
+        // new_epoch() returns the new deadline, so we don't have to
+        // reload it.
+        let call = builder
+            .ins()
+            .call_indirect(new_epoch_sig, new_epoch, &[vmctx]);
+        let new_deadline = *builder.func.dfg.inst_results(call).first().unwrap();
+        builder.def_var(self.epoch_deadline_var, new_deadline);
+        builder.ins().jump(continuation_block, &[]);
+        builder.seal_block(continuation_block);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(continuation_block);
+    }
+
+    fn memory_index_type(&self, index: MemoryIndex) -> ir::Type {
+        if self.module.memory_plans[index].memory.memory64 {
+            I64
+        } else {
+            I32
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn cast_pointer_to_memory_index(
+        &self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor<'_>,
+        val: ir::Value,
+        index: MemoryIndex,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        let desired_type = self.memory_index_type(index);
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        assert_eq!(pos.func.dfg.value_type(val), pointer_type);
+
+        // The current length is of type `pointer_type` but we need to fit it
+        // into `desired_type`. We are guaranteed that the result will always
+        // fit, so we just need to do the right ireduce/sextend here.
+        if pointer_type == desired_type {
+            val
+        } else if pointer_type.bits() > desired_type.bits() {
+            pos.ins().ireduce(desired_type, val)
+        } else {
+            // Note that we `sextend` instead of the probably expected
+            // `uextend`. This function is only used within the contexts of
+            // `memory.size` and `memory.grow` where we're working with units of
+            // pages instead of actual bytes, so we know that the upper bit is
+            // always cleared for "valid values". The one case we care about
+            // sextend would be when the return value of `memory.grow` is `-1`,
+            // in which case we want to copy the sign bit.
+            //
+            // This should only come up on 32-bit hosts running wasm64 modules,
+            // which at some point also makes you question various assumptions
+            // made along the way...
+            pos.ins().sextend(desired_type, val)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn cast_memory_index_to_i64(
+        &self,
+        pos: &mut FuncCursor<'_>,
+        val: ir::Value,
+        index: MemoryIndex,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        if self.memory_index_type(index) == I64 {
+            val
+        } else {
+            pos.ins().uextend(I64, val)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_or_init_func_ref_table_elem(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        table: ir::Table,
+        index: ir::Value,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+
+        // To support lazy initialization of table
+        // contents, we check for a null entry here, and
+        // if null, we take a slow-path that invokes a
+        // libcall.
+        let table_entry_addr = builder.ins().table_addr(pointer_type, table, index, 0);
+        let flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_table();
+        let value = builder.ins().load(pointer_type, flags, table_entry_addr, 0);
+        // Mask off the "initialized bit". See documentation on
+        // FUNCREF_INIT_BIT in crates/environ/src/ref_bits.rs for more
+        // details.
+        let value_masked = builder
+            .ins()
+            .band_imm(value, Imm64::from(FUNCREF_MASK as i64));
+
+        let null_block = builder.create_block();
+        let continuation_block = builder.create_block();
+        let result_param = builder.append_block_param(continuation_block, pointer_type);
+        builder.set_cold_block(null_block);
+
+        builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(value, continuation_block, &[value_masked], null_block, &[]);
+        builder.seal_block(null_block);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(null_block);
+        let table_index = builder.ins().iconst(I32, table_index.index() as i64);
+        let builtin_idx = BuiltinFunctionIndex::table_get_lazy_init_func_ref();
+        let builtin_sig = self
+            .builtin_function_signatures
+            .table_get_lazy_init_func_ref(builder.func);
+        let (vmctx, builtin_addr) =
+            self.translate_load_builtin_function_address(&mut builder.cursor(), builtin_idx);
+        let call_inst =
+            builder
+                .ins()
+                .call_indirect(builtin_sig, builtin_addr, &[vmctx, table_index, index]);
+        let returned_entry = builder.func.dfg.inst_results(call_inst)[0];
+        builder.ins().jump(continuation_block, &[returned_entry]);
+        builder.seal_block(continuation_block);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(continuation_block);
+        result_param
+    }
+}
+
+struct Call<'a, 'func, 'module_env> {
+    builder: &'a mut FunctionBuilder<'func>,
+    env: &'a mut FuncEnvironment<'module_env>,
+    tail: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'func, 'module_env> Call<'a, 'func, 'module_env> {
+    /// Create a new `Call` site that will do regular, non-tail calls.
+    pub fn new(
+        builder: &'a mut FunctionBuilder<'func>,
+        env: &'a mut FuncEnvironment<'module_env>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Call {
+            builder,
+            env,
+            tail: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new `Call` site that will perform tail calls.
+    pub fn new_tail(
+        builder: &'a mut FunctionBuilder<'func>,
+        env: &'a mut FuncEnvironment<'module_env>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Call {
+            builder,
+            env,
+            tail: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Do a direct call to the given callee function.
+    pub fn direct_call(
+        mut self,
+        callee_index: FuncIndex,
+        callee: ir::FuncRef,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        let mut real_call_args = Vec::with_capacity(call_args.len() + 2);
+        let caller_vmctx = self
+            .builder
+            .func
+            .special_param(ArgumentPurpose::VMContext)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Handle direct calls to locally-defined functions.
+        if !self.env.module.is_imported_function(callee_index) {
+            // First append the callee vmctx address, which is the same as the caller vmctx in
+            // this case.
+            real_call_args.push(caller_vmctx);
+
+            // Then append the caller vmctx address.
+            real_call_args.push(caller_vmctx);
+
+            // Then append the regular call arguments.
+            real_call_args.extend_from_slice(call_args);
+
+            // Finally, make the direct call!
+            return Ok(self.direct_call_inst(callee, &real_call_args));
+        }
+
+        // Handle direct calls to imported functions. We use an indirect call
+        // so that we don't have to patch the code at runtime.
+        let pointer_type = self.env.pointer_type();
+        let sig_ref = self.builder.func.dfg.ext_funcs[callee].signature;
+        let vmctx = self.env.vmctx(self.builder.func);
+        let base = self.builder.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx);
+
+        let mem_flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly();
+
+        // Load the callee address.
+        let body_offset = i32::try_from(
+            self.env
+                .offsets
+                .vmctx_vmfunction_import_wasm_call(callee_index),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let func_addr = self
+            .builder
+            .ins()
+            .load(pointer_type, mem_flags, base, body_offset);
+
+        // First append the callee vmctx address.
+        let vmctx_offset =
+            i32::try_from(self.env.offsets.vmctx_vmfunction_import_vmctx(callee_index)).unwrap();
+        let vmctx = self
+            .builder
+            .ins()
+            .load(pointer_type, mem_flags, base, vmctx_offset);
+        real_call_args.push(vmctx);
+        real_call_args.push(caller_vmctx);
+
+        // Then append the regular call arguments.
+        real_call_args.extend_from_slice(call_args);
+
+        // Finally, make the indirect call!
+        Ok(self.indirect_call_inst(sig_ref, func_addr, &real_call_args))
+    }
+
+    /// Do an indirect call through the given funcref table.
+    pub fn indirect_call(
+        mut self,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        table: ir::Table,
+        ty_index: TypeIndex,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        let pointer_type = self.env.pointer_type();
+
+        // Get the funcref pointer from the table.
+        let funcref_ptr =
+            self.env
+                .get_or_init_func_ref_table_elem(self.builder, table_index, table, callee);
+
+        // Check for whether the table element is null, and trap if so.
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .trapz(funcref_ptr, ir::TrapCode::IndirectCallToNull);
+
+        // If necessary, check the signature.
+        match self.env.module.table_plans[table_index].style {
+            TableStyle::CallerChecksSignature => {
+                let sig_id_size = self.env.offsets.size_of_vmshared_signature_index();
+                let sig_id_type = Type::int(u16::from(sig_id_size) * 8).unwrap();
+                let vmctx = self.env.vmctx(self.builder.func);
+                let base = self.builder.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx);
+
+                // Load the caller ID. This requires loading the `*mut
+                // VMFuncRef` base pointer from `VMContext` and then loading,
+                // based on `SignatureIndex`, the corresponding entry.
+                let mem_flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly();
+                let signatures = self.builder.ins().load(
+                    pointer_type,
+                    mem_flags,
+                    base,
+                    i32::try_from(self.env.offsets.vmctx_signature_ids_array()).unwrap(),
+                );
+                let sig_index = self.env.module.types[ty_index].unwrap_function();
+                let offset =
+                    i32::try_from(sig_index.as_u32().checked_mul(sig_id_type.bytes()).unwrap())
+                        .unwrap();
+                let caller_sig_id =
+                    self.builder
+                        .ins()
+                        .load(sig_id_type, mem_flags, signatures, offset);
+
+                // Load the callee ID.
+                let mem_flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly();
+                let callee_sig_id = self.builder.ins().load(
+                    sig_id_type,
+                    mem_flags,
+                    funcref_ptr,
+                    i32::from(self.env.offsets.ptr.vm_func_ref_type_index()),
+                );
+
+                // Check that they match.
+                let cmp = self
+                    .builder
+                    .ins()
+                    .icmp(IntCC::Equal, callee_sig_id, caller_sig_id);
+                self.builder.ins().trapz(cmp, ir::TrapCode::BadSignature);
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.unchecked_call(sig_ref, funcref_ptr, call_args)
+    }
+
+    /// Call a typed function reference.
+    pub fn call_ref(
+        mut self,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        // Check for whether the callee is null, and trap if so.
+        //
+        // FIXME: the wasm type system tracks enough information to know whether
+        // `callee` is a null reference or not. In some situations it can be
+        // statically known here that `callee` cannot be null in which case this
+        // null check can be elided. This requires feeding type information from
+        // wasmparser's validator into this function, however, which is not
+        // easily done at this time.
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .trapz(callee, ir::TrapCode::NullReference);
+
+        self.unchecked_call(sig_ref, callee, args)
+    }
+
+    /// This calls a function by reference without checking the signature.
+    ///
+    /// It gets the function address, sets relevant flags, and passes the
+    /// special callee/caller vmctxs. It is used by both call_indirect (which
+    /// checks the signature) and call_ref (which doesn't).
+    fn unchecked_call(
+        &mut self,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        let pointer_type = self.env.pointer_type();
+
+        // Dereference callee pointer to get the function address.
+        let mem_flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly();
+        let func_addr = self.builder.ins().load(
+            pointer_type,
+            mem_flags,
+            callee,
+            i32::from(self.env.offsets.ptr.vm_func_ref_wasm_call()),
+        );
+
+        let mut real_call_args = Vec::with_capacity(call_args.len() + 2);
+        let caller_vmctx = self
+            .builder
+            .func
+            .special_param(ArgumentPurpose::VMContext)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // First append the callee vmctx address.
+        let vmctx = self.builder.ins().load(
+            pointer_type,
+            mem_flags,
+            callee,
+            i32::from(self.env.offsets.ptr.vm_func_ref_vmctx()),
+        );
+        real_call_args.push(vmctx);
+        real_call_args.push(caller_vmctx);
+
+        // Then append the regular call arguments.
+        real_call_args.extend_from_slice(call_args);
+
+        Ok(self.indirect_call_inst(sig_ref, func_addr, &real_call_args))
+    }
+
+    fn direct_call_inst(&mut self, callee: ir::FuncRef, args: &[ir::Value]) -> ir::Inst {
+        if self.tail {
+            self.builder.ins().return_call(callee, args)
+        } else {
+            self.builder.ins().call(callee, args)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn indirect_call_inst(
+        &mut self,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        func_addr: ir::Value,
+        args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> ir::Inst {
+        if self.tail {
+            self.builder
+                .ins()
+                .return_call_indirect(sig_ref, func_addr, args)
+        } else {
+            self.builder.ins().call_indirect(sig_ref, func_addr, args)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TypeConvert for FuncEnvironment<'_> {
+    fn lookup_heap_type(&self, ty: TypeIndex) -> WasmHeapType {
+        self.module.lookup_heap_type(ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'module_environment> TargetEnvironment for FuncEnvironment<'module_environment> {
+    fn target_config(&self) -> TargetFrontendConfig {
+        self.isa.frontend_config()
+    }
+
+    fn reference_type(&self, ty: WasmHeapType) -> ir::Type {
+        crate::reference_type(ty, self.pointer_type())
+    }
+
+    fn heap_access_spectre_mitigation(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.flags().enable_heap_access_spectre_mitigation()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'module_environment> cranelift_wasm::FuncEnvironment for FuncEnvironment<'module_environment> {
+    fn heaps(&self) -> &PrimaryMap<Heap, HeapData> {
+        &self.heaps
+    }
+
+    fn is_wasm_parameter(&self, _signature: &ir::Signature, index: usize) -> bool {
+        // The first two parameters are the vmctx and caller vmctx. The rest are
+        // the wasm parameters.
+        index >= 2
+    }
+
+    fn after_locals(&mut self, num_locals: usize) {
+        self.vmruntime_limits_ptr = Variable::new(num_locals);
+        self.fuel_var = Variable::new(num_locals + 1);
+        self.epoch_deadline_var = Variable::new(num_locals + 2);
+        self.epoch_ptr_var = Variable::new(num_locals + 3);
+    }
+
+    fn make_table(&mut self, func: &mut ir::Function, index: TableIndex) -> WasmResult<ir::Table> {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+
+        let (ptr, base_offset, current_elements_offset) = {
+            let vmctx = self.vmctx(func);
+            if let Some(def_index) = self.module.defined_table_index(index) {
+                let base_offset =
+                    i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_vmtable_definition_base(def_index)).unwrap();
+                let current_elements_offset = i32::try_from(
+                    self.offsets
+                        .vmctx_vmtable_definition_current_elements(def_index),
+                )
+                .unwrap();
+                (vmctx, base_offset, current_elements_offset)
+            } else {
+                let from_offset = self.offsets.vmctx_vmtable_import_from(index);
+                let table = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+                    base: vmctx,
+                    offset: Offset32::new(i32::try_from(from_offset).unwrap()),
+                    global_type: pointer_type,
+                    readonly: true,
+                });
+                let base_offset = i32::from(self.offsets.vmtable_definition_base());
+                let current_elements_offset =
+                    i32::from(self.offsets.vmtable_definition_current_elements());
+                (table, base_offset, current_elements_offset)
+            }
+        };
+
+        let base_gv = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+            base: ptr,
+            offset: Offset32::new(base_offset),
+            global_type: pointer_type,
+            readonly: false,
+        });
+        let bound_gv = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+            base: ptr,
+            offset: Offset32::new(current_elements_offset),
+            global_type: ir::Type::int(
+                u16::from(self.offsets.size_of_vmtable_definition_current_elements()) * 8,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+            readonly: false,
+        });
+
+        let element_size = u64::from(
+            self.reference_type(self.module.table_plans[index].table.wasm_ty.heap_type)
+                .bytes(),
+        );
+
+        Ok(func.create_table(ir::TableData {
+            base_gv,
+            min_size: Uimm64::new(0),
+            bound_gv,
+            element_size: Uimm64::new(element_size),
+            index_type: I32,
+        }))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_table_grow(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor<'_>,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        _table: ir::Table,
+        delta: ir::Value,
+        init_value: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let (func_idx, func_sig) =
+            match self.module.table_plans[table_index].table.wasm_ty.heap_type {
+                WasmHeapType::Func | WasmHeapType::TypedFunc(_) => (
+                    BuiltinFunctionIndex::table_grow_func_ref(),
+                    self.builtin_function_signatures
+                        .table_grow_func_ref(&mut pos.func),
+                ),
+                WasmHeapType::Extern => (
+                    BuiltinFunctionIndex::table_grow_externref(),
+                    self.builtin_function_signatures
+                        .table_grow_externref(&mut pos.func),
+                ),
+            };
+
+        let (vmctx, func_addr) = self.translate_load_builtin_function_address(&mut pos, func_idx);
+
+        let table_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, table_index.as_u32() as i64);
+        let call_inst = pos.ins().call_indirect(
+            func_sig,
+            func_addr,
+            &[vmctx, table_index_arg, delta, init_value],
+        );
+
+        Ok(pos.func.dfg.first_result(call_inst))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_table_get(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        table: ir::Table,
+        index: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+
+        let plan = &self.module.table_plans[table_index];
+        match plan.table.wasm_ty.heap_type {
+            WasmHeapType::Func | WasmHeapType::TypedFunc(_) => match plan.style {
+                TableStyle::CallerChecksSignature => {
+                    Ok(self.get_or_init_func_ref_table_elem(builder, table_index, table, index))
+                }
+            },
+            WasmHeapType::Extern => {
+                // Our read barrier for `externref` tables is roughly equivalent
+                // to the following pseudocode:
+                //
+                // ```
+                // let elem = table[index]
+                // if elem is not null:
+                //     let (next, end) = VMExternRefActivationsTable bump region
+                //     if next != end:
+                //         elem.ref_count += 1
+                //         *next = elem
+                //         next += 1
+                //     else:
+                //         call activations_table_insert_with_gc(elem)
+                // return elem
+                // ```
+                //
+                // This ensures that all `externref`s coming out of tables and
+                // onto the stack are safely held alive by the
+                // `VMExternRefActivationsTable`.
+
+                let reference_type = self.reference_type(WasmHeapType::Extern);
+
+                builder.ensure_inserted_block();
+                let continue_block = builder.create_block();
+                let non_null_elem_block = builder.create_block();
+                let gc_block = builder.create_block();
+                let no_gc_block = builder.create_block();
+                let current_block = builder.current_block().unwrap();
+                builder.insert_block_after(non_null_elem_block, current_block);
+                builder.insert_block_after(no_gc_block, non_null_elem_block);
+                builder.insert_block_after(gc_block, no_gc_block);
+                builder.insert_block_after(continue_block, gc_block);
+
+                // Load the table element.
+                let elem_addr = builder.ins().table_addr(pointer_type, table, index, 0);
+                let flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_table();
+                let elem = builder.ins().load(reference_type, flags, elem_addr, 0);
+
+                let elem_is_null = builder.ins().is_null(elem);
+                builder
+                    .ins()
+                    .brif(elem_is_null, continue_block, &[], non_null_elem_block, &[]);
+
+                // Load the `VMExternRefActivationsTable::next` bump finger and
+                // the `VMExternRefActivationsTable::end` bump boundary.
+                builder.switch_to_block(non_null_elem_block);
+                let vmctx = self.vmctx(&mut builder.func);
+                let vmctx = builder.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx);
+                let activations_table = builder.ins().load(
+                    pointer_type,
+                    ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+                    vmctx,
+                    i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_externref_activations_table()).unwrap(),
+                );
+                let next = builder.ins().load(
+                    pointer_type,
+                    ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+                    activations_table,
+                    i32::try_from(self.offsets.vm_extern_ref_activation_table_next()).unwrap(),
+                );
+                let end = builder.ins().load(
+                    pointer_type,
+                    ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+                    activations_table,
+                    i32::try_from(self.offsets.vm_extern_ref_activation_table_end()).unwrap(),
+                );
+
+                // If `next == end`, then we are at full capacity. Call a
+                // builtin to do a GC and insert this reference into the
+                // just-swept table for us.
+                let at_capacity = builder.ins().icmp(ir::condcodes::IntCC::Equal, next, end);
+                builder
+                    .ins()
+                    .brif(at_capacity, gc_block, &[], no_gc_block, &[]);
+                builder.switch_to_block(gc_block);
+                let builtin_idx = BuiltinFunctionIndex::activations_table_insert_with_gc();
+                let builtin_sig = self
+                    .builtin_function_signatures
+                    .activations_table_insert_with_gc(builder.func);
+                let (vmctx, builtin_addr) = self
+                    .translate_load_builtin_function_address(&mut builder.cursor(), builtin_idx);
+                builder
+                    .ins()
+                    .call_indirect(builtin_sig, builtin_addr, &[vmctx, elem]);
+                builder.ins().jump(continue_block, &[]);
+
+                // If `next != end`, then:
+                //
+                // * increment this reference's ref count,
+                // * store the reference into the bump table at `*next`,
+                // * and finally increment the `next` bump finger.
+                builder.switch_to_block(no_gc_block);
+                self.mutate_externref_ref_count(builder, elem, 1);
+                builder.ins().store(ir::MemFlags::trusted(), elem, next, 0);
+
+                let new_next = builder
+                    .ins()
+                    .iadd_imm(next, i64::from(reference_type.bytes()));
+                builder.ins().store(
+                    ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+                    new_next,
+                    activations_table,
+                    i32::try_from(self.offsets.vm_extern_ref_activation_table_next()).unwrap(),
+                );
+
+                builder.ins().jump(continue_block, &[]);
+                builder.switch_to_block(continue_block);
+
+                builder.seal_block(non_null_elem_block);
+                builder.seal_block(gc_block);
+                builder.seal_block(no_gc_block);
+                builder.seal_block(continue_block);
+
+                Ok(elem)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn translate_table_set(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        table: ir::Table,
+        value: ir::Value,
+        index: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let plan = &self.module.table_plans[table_index];
+        match plan.table.wasm_ty.heap_type {
+            WasmHeapType::Func | WasmHeapType::TypedFunc(_) => match plan.style {
+                TableStyle::CallerChecksSignature => {
+                    let table_entry_addr = builder.ins().table_addr(pointer_type, table, index, 0);
+                    // Set the "initialized bit". See doc-comment on
+                    // `FUNCREF_INIT_BIT` in
+                    // crates/environ/src/ref_bits.rs for details.
+                    let value_with_init_bit = builder
+                        .ins()
+                        .bor_imm(value, Imm64::from(FUNCREF_INIT_BIT as i64));
+                    let flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_table();
+                    builder
+                        .ins()
+                        .store(flags, value_with_init_bit, table_entry_addr, 0);
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            },
+
+            WasmHeapType::Extern => {
+                // Our write barrier for `externref`s being copied out of the
+                // stack and into a table is roughly equivalent to the following
+                // pseudocode:
+                //
+                // ```
+                // if value != null:
+                //     value.ref_count += 1
+                // let current_elem = table[index]
+                // table[index] = value
+                // if current_elem != null:
+                //     current_elem.ref_count -= 1
+                //     if current_elem.ref_count == 0:
+                //         call drop_externref(current_elem)
+                // ```
+                //
+                // This write barrier is responsible for ensuring that:
+                //
+                // 1. The value's ref count is incremented now that the
+                //    table is holding onto it. This is required for memory safety.
+                //
+                // 2. The old table element, if any, has its ref count
+                //    decremented, and that the wrapped data is dropped if the
+                //    ref count reaches zero. This is not required for memory
+                //    safety, but is required to avoid leaks. Furthermore, the
+                //    destructor might GC or touch this table, so we must only
+                //    drop the old table element *after* we've replaced it with
+                //    the new `value`!
+
+                builder.ensure_inserted_block();
+                let current_block = builder.current_block().unwrap();
+                let inc_ref_count_block = builder.create_block();
+                builder.insert_block_after(inc_ref_count_block, current_block);
+                let check_current_elem_block = builder.create_block();
+                builder.insert_block_after(check_current_elem_block, inc_ref_count_block);
+                let dec_ref_count_block = builder.create_block();
+                builder.insert_block_after(dec_ref_count_block, check_current_elem_block);
+                let drop_block = builder.create_block();
+                builder.insert_block_after(drop_block, dec_ref_count_block);
+                let continue_block = builder.create_block();
+                builder.insert_block_after(continue_block, drop_block);
+
+                // Calculate the table address of the current element and do
+                // bounds checks. This is the first thing we do, because we
+                // don't want to modify any ref counts if this `table.set` is
+                // going to trap.
+                let table_entry_addr = builder.ins().table_addr(pointer_type, table, index, 0);
+
+                // If value is not null, increment `value`'s ref count.
+                //
+                // This has to come *before* decrementing the current table
+                // element's ref count, because it might reach ref count == zero,
+                // causing us to deallocate the current table element. However,
+                // if `value` *is* the current table element (and therefore this
+                // whole `table.set` is a no-op), then we would incorrectly
+                // deallocate `value` and leave it in the table, leading to use
+                // after free.
+                let value_is_null = builder.ins().is_null(value);
+                builder.ins().brif(
+                    value_is_null,
+                    check_current_elem_block,
+                    &[],
+                    inc_ref_count_block,
+                    &[],
+                );
+                builder.switch_to_block(inc_ref_count_block);
+                self.mutate_externref_ref_count(builder, value, 1);
+                builder.ins().jump(check_current_elem_block, &[]);
+
+                // Grab the current element from the table, and store the new
+                // `value` into the table.
+                //
+                // Note that we load the current element as a pointer, not a
+                // reference. This is so that if we call out-of-line to run its
+                // destructor, and its destructor triggers GC, this reference is
+                // not recorded in the stack map (which would lead to the GC
+                // saving a reference to a deallocated object, and then using it
+                // after its been freed).
+                builder.switch_to_block(check_current_elem_block);
+                let flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_table();
+                let current_elem = builder.ins().load(pointer_type, flags, table_entry_addr, 0);
+                builder.ins().store(flags, value, table_entry_addr, 0);
+
+                // If the current element is non-null, decrement its reference
+                // count. And if its reference count has reached zero, then make
+                // an out-of-line call to deallocate it.
+                let current_elem_is_null =
+                    builder
+                        .ins()
+                        .icmp_imm(ir::condcodes::IntCC::Equal, current_elem, 0);
+                builder.ins().brif(
+                    current_elem_is_null,
+                    continue_block,
+                    &[],
+                    dec_ref_count_block,
+                    &[],
+                );
+
+                builder.switch_to_block(dec_ref_count_block);
+                let prev_ref_count = self.mutate_externref_ref_count(builder, current_elem, -1);
+                let one = builder.ins().iconst(pointer_type, 1);
+                let cond = builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::Equal, one, prev_ref_count);
+                builder
+                    .ins()
+                    .brif(cond, drop_block, &[], continue_block, &[]);
+
+                // Call the `drop_externref` builtin to (you guessed it) drop
+                // the `externref`.
+                builder.switch_to_block(drop_block);
+                let builtin_idx = BuiltinFunctionIndex::drop_externref();
+                let builtin_sig = self
+                    .builtin_function_signatures
+                    .drop_externref(builder.func);
+                let (vmctx, builtin_addr) = self
+                    .translate_load_builtin_function_address(&mut builder.cursor(), builtin_idx);
+                builder
+                    .ins()
+                    .call_indirect(builtin_sig, builtin_addr, &[vmctx, current_elem]);
+                builder.ins().jump(continue_block, &[]);
+
+                builder.switch_to_block(continue_block);
+
+                builder.seal_block(inc_ref_count_block);
+                builder.seal_block(check_current_elem_block);
+                builder.seal_block(dec_ref_count_block);
+                builder.seal_block(drop_block);
+                builder.seal_block(continue_block);
+
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn translate_table_fill(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor<'_>,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        val: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let (builtin_idx, builtin_sig) =
+            match self.module.table_plans[table_index].table.wasm_ty.heap_type {
+                WasmHeapType::Func | WasmHeapType::TypedFunc(_) => (
+                    BuiltinFunctionIndex::table_fill_func_ref(),
+                    self.builtin_function_signatures
+                        .table_fill_func_ref(&mut pos.func),
+                ),
+                WasmHeapType::Extern => (
+                    BuiltinFunctionIndex::table_fill_externref(),
+                    self.builtin_function_signatures
+                        .table_fill_externref(&mut pos.func),
+                ),
+            };
+
+        let (vmctx, builtin_addr) =
+            self.translate_load_builtin_function_address(&mut pos, builtin_idx);
+
+        let table_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, table_index.as_u32() as i64);
+        pos.ins().call_indirect(
+            builtin_sig,
+            builtin_addr,
+            &[vmctx, table_index_arg, dst, val, len],
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_ref_null(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor,
+        ht: WasmHeapType,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        Ok(match ht {
+            WasmHeapType::Func | WasmHeapType::TypedFunc(_) => {
+                pos.ins().iconst(self.pointer_type(), 0)
+            }
+            WasmHeapType::Extern => pos.ins().null(self.reference_type(ht)),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn translate_ref_is_null(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor,
+        value: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let bool_is_null = match pos.func.dfg.value_type(value) {
+            // `externref`
+            ty if ty.is_ref() => pos.ins().is_null(value),
+            // `funcref`
+            ty if ty == self.pointer_type() => {
+                pos.ins()
+                    .icmp_imm(cranelift_codegen::ir::condcodes::IntCC::Equal, value, 0)
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+
+        Ok(pos.ins().uextend(ir::types::I32, bool_is_null))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_ref_func(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor<'_>,
+        func_index: FuncIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let func_index = pos.ins().iconst(I32, func_index.as_u32() as i64);
+        let builtin_index = BuiltinFunctionIndex::ref_func();
+        let builtin_sig = self.builtin_function_signatures.ref_func(&mut pos.func);
+        let (vmctx, builtin_addr) =
+            self.translate_load_builtin_function_address(&mut pos, builtin_index);
+
+        let call_inst = pos
+            .ins()
+            .call_indirect(builtin_sig, builtin_addr, &[vmctx, func_index]);
+        Ok(pos.func.dfg.first_result(call_inst))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_custom_global_get(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor<'_>,
+        index: cranelift_wasm::GlobalIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        debug_assert_eq!(
+            self.module.globals[index].wasm_ty,
+            WasmType::Ref(WasmRefType::EXTERNREF),
+            "We only use GlobalVariable::Custom for externref"
+        );
+
+        let builtin_index = BuiltinFunctionIndex::externref_global_get();
+        let builtin_sig = self
+            .builtin_function_signatures
+            .externref_global_get(&mut pos.func);
+
+        let (vmctx, builtin_addr) =
+            self.translate_load_builtin_function_address(&mut pos, builtin_index);
+
+        let global_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, index.as_u32() as i64);
+        let call_inst =
+            pos.ins()
+                .call_indirect(builtin_sig, builtin_addr, &[vmctx, global_index_arg]);
+
+        Ok(pos.func.dfg.first_result(call_inst))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_custom_global_set(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor<'_>,
+        index: cranelift_wasm::GlobalIndex,
+        value: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        debug_assert_eq!(
+            self.module.globals[index].wasm_ty,
+            WasmType::Ref(WasmRefType::EXTERNREF),
+            "We only use GlobalVariable::Custom for externref"
+        );
+
+        let builtin_index = BuiltinFunctionIndex::externref_global_set();
+        let builtin_sig = self
+            .builtin_function_signatures
+            .externref_global_set(&mut pos.func);
+
+        let (vmctx, builtin_addr) =
+            self.translate_load_builtin_function_address(&mut pos, builtin_index);
+
+        let global_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, index.as_u32() as i64);
+        pos.ins()
+            .call_indirect(builtin_sig, builtin_addr, &[vmctx, global_index_arg, value]);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn make_heap(&mut self, func: &mut ir::Function, index: MemoryIndex) -> WasmResult<Heap> {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let is_shared = self.module.memory_plans[index].memory.shared;
+
+        let min_size = self.module.memory_plans[index]
+            .memory
+            .minimum
+            .checked_mul(u64::from(WASM_PAGE_SIZE))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                // The only valid Wasm memory size that won't fit in a 64-bit
+                // integer is the maximum memory64 size (2^64) which is one
+                // larger than `u64::MAX` (2^64 - 1). In this case, just say the
+                // minimum heap size is `u64::MAX`.
+                debug_assert_eq!(self.module.memory_plans[index].memory.minimum, 1 << 48);
+                u64::MAX
+            });
+
+        let (ptr, base_offset, current_length_offset) = {
+            let vmctx = self.vmctx(func);
+            if let Some(def_index) = self.module.defined_memory_index(index) {
+                if is_shared {
+                    // As with imported memory, the `VMMemoryDefinition` for a
+                    // shared memory is stored elsewhere. We store a `*mut
+                    // VMMemoryDefinition` to it and dereference that when
+                    // atomically growing it.
+                    let from_offset = self.offsets.vmctx_vmmemory_pointer(def_index);
+                    let memory = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+                        base: vmctx,
+                        offset: Offset32::new(i32::try_from(from_offset).unwrap()),
+                        global_type: pointer_type,
+                        readonly: true,
+                    });
+                    let base_offset = i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_base());
+                    let current_length_offset =
+                        i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_current_length());
+                    (memory, base_offset, current_length_offset)
+                } else {
+                    let owned_index = self.module.owned_memory_index(def_index);
+                    let owned_base_offset =
+                        self.offsets.vmctx_vmmemory_definition_base(owned_index);
+                    let owned_length_offset = self
+                        .offsets
+                        .vmctx_vmmemory_definition_current_length(owned_index);
+                    let current_base_offset = i32::try_from(owned_base_offset).unwrap();
+                    let current_length_offset = i32::try_from(owned_length_offset).unwrap();
+                    (vmctx, current_base_offset, current_length_offset)
+                }
+            } else {
+                let from_offset = self.offsets.vmctx_vmmemory_import_from(index);
+                let memory = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+                    base: vmctx,
+                    offset: Offset32::new(i32::try_from(from_offset).unwrap()),
+                    global_type: pointer_type,
+                    readonly: true,
+                });
+                let base_offset = i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_base());
+                let current_length_offset =
+                    i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_current_length());
+                (memory, base_offset, current_length_offset)
+            }
+        };
+
+        // If we have a declared maximum, we can make this a "static" heap, which is
+        // allocated up front and never moved.
+        let (offset_guard_size, heap_style, readonly_base) = match self.module.memory_plans[index] {
+            MemoryPlan {
+                style: MemoryStyle::Dynamic { .. },
+                offset_guard_size,
+                pre_guard_size: _,
+                memory: _,
+            } => {
+                let heap_bound = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+                    base: ptr,
+                    offset: Offset32::new(current_length_offset),
+                    global_type: pointer_type,
+                    readonly: false,
+                });
+                (
+                    offset_guard_size,
+                    HeapStyle::Dynamic {
+                        bound_gv: heap_bound,
+                    },
+                    false,
+                )
+            }
+            MemoryPlan {
+                style: MemoryStyle::Static { bound },
+                offset_guard_size,
+                pre_guard_size: _,
+                memory: _,
+            } => (
+                offset_guard_size,
+                HeapStyle::Static {
+                    bound: u64::from(bound) * u64::from(WASM_PAGE_SIZE),
+                },
+                true,
+            ),
+        };
+
+        let heap_base = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+            base: ptr,
+            offset: Offset32::new(base_offset),
+            global_type: pointer_type,
+            readonly: readonly_base,
+        });
+        Ok(self.heaps.push(HeapData {
+            base: heap_base,
+            min_size,
+            offset_guard_size,
+            style: heap_style,
+            index_type: self.memory_index_type(index),
+        }))
+    }
+
+    fn make_global(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut ir::Function,
+        index: GlobalIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<GlobalVariable> {
+        let ty = self.module.globals[index].wasm_ty;
+        match ty {
+            // Although `ExternRef`s live at the same memory location as any
+            // other type of global at the same index would, getting or setting
+            // them requires ref counting barriers. Therefore, we need to use
+            // `GlobalVariable::Custom`, as that is the only kind of
+            // `GlobalVariable` for which `cranelift-wasm` supports custom
+            // access translation.
+            WasmType::Ref(WasmRefType {
+                heap_type: WasmHeapType::Extern,
+                ..
+            }) => return Ok(GlobalVariable::Custom),
+
+            // Funcrefs are represented as pointers which survive for the
+            // entire lifetime of the `Store` so there's no need for barriers.
+            // This means that they can fall through to memory as well.
+            WasmType::Ref(WasmRefType {
+                heap_type: WasmHeapType::Func | WasmHeapType::TypedFunc(_),
+                ..
+            }) => {}
+
+            // Value types all live in memory so let them fall through to a
+            // memory-based global.
+            WasmType::I32 | WasmType::I64 | WasmType::F32 | WasmType::F64 | WasmType::V128 => {}
+        }
+
+        let (gv, offset) = self.get_global_location(func, index);
+        Ok(GlobalVariable::Memory {
+            gv,
+            offset: offset.into(),
+            ty: super::value_type(self.isa, ty),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn make_indirect_sig(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut ir::Function,
+        index: TypeIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::SigRef> {
+        let index = self.module.types[index].unwrap_function();
+        let sig = crate::wasm_call_signature(self.isa, &self.types[index], &self.tunables);
+        Ok(func.import_signature(sig))
+    }
+
+    fn make_direct_func(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut ir::Function,
+        index: FuncIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::FuncRef> {
+        let sig = self.module.functions[index].signature;
+        let sig = crate::wasm_call_signature(self.isa, &self.types[sig], &self.tunables);
+        let signature = func.import_signature(sig);
+        let name =
+            ir::ExternalName::User(func.declare_imported_user_function(ir::UserExternalName {
+                namespace: 0,
+                index: index.as_u32(),
+            }));
+        Ok(func.import_function(ir::ExtFuncData {
+            name,
+            signature,
+
+            // The value of this flag determines the codegen for calls to this
+            // function. If this flag is `false` then absolute relocations will
+            // be generated for references to the function, which requires
+            // load-time relocation resolution. If this flag is set to `true`
+            // then relative relocations are emitted which can be resolved at
+            // object-link-time, just after all functions are compiled.
+            //
+            // This flag is set to `true` for functions defined in the object
+            // we'll be defining in this compilation unit, or everything local
+            // to the wasm module. This means that between functions in a wasm
+            // module there's relative calls encoded. All calls external to a
+            // wasm module (e.g. imports or libcalls) are either encoded through
+            // the `VMContext` as relative jumps (hence no relocations) or
+            // they're libcalls with absolute relocations.
+            colocated: self.module.defined_func_index(index).is_some(),
+        }))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_call_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        table: ir::Table,
+        ty_index: TypeIndex,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        Call::new(builder, self).indirect_call(
+            table_index,
+            table,
+            ty_index,
+            sig_ref,
+            callee,
+            call_args,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn translate_call(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        callee_index: FuncIndex,
+        callee: ir::FuncRef,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        Call::new(builder, self).direct_call(callee_index, callee, call_args)
+    }
+
+    fn translate_call_ref(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        Call::new(builder, self).call_ref(sig_ref, callee, call_args)
+    }
+
+    fn translate_return_call(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        callee_index: FuncIndex,
+        callee: ir::FuncRef,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        Call::new_tail(builder, self).direct_call(callee_index, callee, call_args)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_return_call_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        table: ir::Table,
+        ty_index: TypeIndex,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        Call::new_tail(builder, self).indirect_call(
+            table_index,
+            table,
+            ty_index,
+            sig_ref,
+            callee,
+            call_args,
+        )?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_return_call_ref(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        Call::new_tail(builder, self).call_ref(sig_ref, callee, call_args)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_memory_grow(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor<'_>,
+        index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+        val: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let func_sig = self
+            .builtin_function_signatures
+            .memory32_grow(&mut pos.func);
+        let index_arg = index.index();
+
+        let memory_index = pos.ins().iconst(I32, index_arg as i64);
+        let (vmctx, func_addr) = self.translate_load_builtin_function_address(
+            &mut pos,
+            BuiltinFunctionIndex::memory32_grow(),
+        );
+
+        let val = self.cast_memory_index_to_i64(&mut pos, val, index);
+        let call_inst = pos
+            .ins()
+            .call_indirect(func_sig, func_addr, &[vmctx, val, memory_index]);
+        let result = *pos.func.dfg.inst_results(call_inst).first().unwrap();
+        Ok(self.cast_pointer_to_memory_index(pos, result, index))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_memory_size(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor<'_>,
+        index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx(&mut pos.func);
+        let is_shared = self.module.memory_plans[index].memory.shared;
+        let base = pos.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx);
+        let current_length_in_bytes = match self.module.defined_memory_index(index) {
+            Some(def_index) => {
+                if is_shared {
+                    let offset =
+                        i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_vmmemory_pointer(def_index)).unwrap();
+                    let vmmemory_ptr =
+                        pos.ins()
+                            .load(pointer_type, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), base, offset);
+                    let vmmemory_definition_offset =
+                        i64::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_current_length());
+                    let vmmemory_definition_ptr =
+                        pos.ins().iadd_imm(vmmemory_ptr, vmmemory_definition_offset);
+                    // This atomic access of the
+                    // `VMMemoryDefinition::current_length` is direct; no bounds
+                    // check is needed. This is possible because shared memory
+                    // has a static size (the maximum is always known). Shared
+                    // memory is thus built with a static memory plan and no
+                    // bounds-checked version of this is implemented.
+                    pos.ins().atomic_load(
+                        pointer_type,
+                        ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+                        vmmemory_definition_ptr,
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    let owned_index = self.module.owned_memory_index(def_index);
+                    let offset = i32::try_from(
+                        self.offsets
+                            .vmctx_vmmemory_definition_current_length(owned_index),
+                    )
+                    .unwrap();
+                    pos.ins()
+                        .load(pointer_type, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), base, offset)
+                }
+            }
+            None => {
+                let offset = i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_vmmemory_import_from(index)).unwrap();
+                let vmmemory_ptr =
+                    pos.ins()
+                        .load(pointer_type, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), base, offset);
+                if is_shared {
+                    let vmmemory_definition_offset =
+                        i64::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_current_length());
+                    let vmmemory_definition_ptr =
+                        pos.ins().iadd_imm(vmmemory_ptr, vmmemory_definition_offset);
+                    pos.ins().atomic_load(
+                        pointer_type,
+                        ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+                        vmmemory_definition_ptr,
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    pos.ins().load(
+                        pointer_type,
+                        ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+                        vmmemory_ptr,
+                        i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_current_length()),
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        let current_length_in_pages = pos
+            .ins()
+            .udiv_imm(current_length_in_bytes, i64::from(WASM_PAGE_SIZE));
+
+        Ok(self.cast_pointer_to_memory_index(pos, current_length_in_pages, index))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_memory_copy(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        src_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _src_heap: Heap,
+        dst_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _dst_heap: Heap,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        src: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let (vmctx, func_addr) = self
+            .translate_load_builtin_function_address(&mut pos, BuiltinFunctionIndex::memory_copy());
+
+        let func_sig = self.builtin_function_signatures.memory_copy(&mut pos.func);
+        let dst = self.cast_memory_index_to_i64(&mut pos, dst, dst_index);
+        let src = self.cast_memory_index_to_i64(&mut pos, src, src_index);
+        // The length is 32-bit if either memory is 32-bit, but if they're both
+        // 64-bit then it's 64-bit. Our intrinsic takes a 64-bit length for
+        // compatibility across all memories, so make sure that it's cast
+        // correctly here (this is a bit special so no generic helper unlike for
+        // `dst`/`src` above)
+        let len = if self.memory_index_type(dst_index) == I64
+            && self.memory_index_type(src_index) == I64
+        {
+            len
+        } else {
+            pos.ins().uextend(I64, len)
+        };
+        let src_index = pos.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(src_index.as_u32()));
+        let dst_index = pos.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(dst_index.as_u32()));
+        pos.ins().call_indirect(
+            func_sig,
+            func_addr,
+            &[vmctx, dst_index, dst, src_index, src, len],
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_memory_fill(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        memory_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        val: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let func_sig = self.builtin_function_signatures.memory_fill(&mut pos.func);
+        let dst = self.cast_memory_index_to_i64(&mut pos, dst, memory_index);
+        let len = self.cast_memory_index_to_i64(&mut pos, len, memory_index);
+        let memory_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(memory_index.as_u32()));
+
+        let (vmctx, func_addr) = self
+            .translate_load_builtin_function_address(&mut pos, BuiltinFunctionIndex::memory_fill());
+
+        pos.ins().call_indirect(
+            func_sig,
+            func_addr,
+            &[vmctx, memory_index_arg, dst, val, len],
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_memory_init(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        memory_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+        seg_index: u32,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        src: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let (func_sig, func_idx) = self.get_memory_init_func(&mut pos.func);
+
+        let memory_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, memory_index.index() as i64);
+        let seg_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, seg_index as i64);
+
+        let (vmctx, func_addr) = self.translate_load_builtin_function_address(&mut pos, func_idx);
+
+        let dst = self.cast_memory_index_to_i64(&mut pos, dst, memory_index);
+
+        pos.ins().call_indirect(
+            func_sig,
+            func_addr,
+            &[vmctx, memory_index_arg, seg_index_arg, dst, src, len],
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_data_drop(&mut self, mut pos: FuncCursor, seg_index: u32) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let (func_sig, func_idx) = self.get_data_drop_func(&mut pos.func);
+        let seg_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, seg_index as i64);
+        let (vmctx, func_addr) = self.translate_load_builtin_function_address(&mut pos, func_idx);
+        pos.ins()
+            .call_indirect(func_sig, func_addr, &[vmctx, seg_index_arg]);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_table_size(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        _table_index: TableIndex,
+        table: ir::Table,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let size_gv = pos.func.tables[table].bound_gv;
+        Ok(pos.ins().global_value(ir::types::I32, size_gv))
+    }
+
+    fn translate_table_copy(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        dst_table_index: TableIndex,
+        _dst_table: ir::Table,
+        src_table_index: TableIndex,
+        _src_table: ir::Table,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        src: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let (func_sig, dst_table_index_arg, src_table_index_arg, func_idx) =
+            self.get_table_copy_func(&mut pos.func, dst_table_index, src_table_index);
+
+        let dst_table_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, dst_table_index_arg as i64);
+        let src_table_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, src_table_index_arg as i64);
+
+        let (vmctx, func_addr) = self.translate_load_builtin_function_address(&mut pos, func_idx);
+
+        pos.ins().call_indirect(
+            func_sig,
+            func_addr,
+            &[
+                vmctx,
+                dst_table_index_arg,
+                src_table_index_arg,
+                dst,
+                src,
+                len,
+            ],
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_table_init(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        seg_index: u32,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        _table: ir::Table,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        src: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let (func_sig, table_index_arg, func_idx) =
+            self.get_table_init_func(&mut pos.func, table_index);
+
+        let table_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, table_index_arg as i64);
+        let seg_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, seg_index as i64);
+
+        let (vmctx, func_addr) = self.translate_load_builtin_function_address(&mut pos, func_idx);
+
+        pos.ins().call_indirect(
+            func_sig,
+            func_addr,
+            &[vmctx, table_index_arg, seg_index_arg, dst, src, len],
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_elem_drop(&mut self, mut pos: FuncCursor, elem_index: u32) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let (func_sig, func_idx) = self.get_elem_drop_func(&mut pos.func);
+
+        let elem_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, elem_index as i64);
+
+        let (vmctx, func_addr) = self.translate_load_builtin_function_address(&mut pos, func_idx);
+
+        pos.ins()
+            .call_indirect(func_sig, func_addr, &[vmctx, elem_index_arg]);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_atomic_wait(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        memory_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+        addr: ir::Value,
+        expected: ir::Value,
+        timeout: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let addr = self.cast_memory_index_to_i64(&mut pos, addr, memory_index);
+        let implied_ty = pos.func.dfg.value_type(expected);
+        let (func_sig, memory_index, func_idx) =
+            self.get_memory_atomic_wait(&mut pos.func, memory_index, implied_ty);
+
+        let memory_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, memory_index as i64);
+
+        let (vmctx, func_addr) = self.translate_load_builtin_function_address(&mut pos, func_idx);
+
+        let call_inst = pos.ins().call_indirect(
+            func_sig,
+            func_addr,
+            &[vmctx, memory_index_arg, addr, expected, timeout],
+        );
+
+        Ok(*pos.func.dfg.inst_results(call_inst).first().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_atomic_notify(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        memory_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+        addr: ir::Value,
+        count: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let addr = self.cast_memory_index_to_i64(&mut pos, addr, memory_index);
+        let func_sig = self
+            .builtin_function_signatures
+            .memory_atomic_notify(&mut pos.func);
+
+        let memory_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, memory_index.index() as i64);
+
+        let (vmctx, func_addr) = self.translate_load_builtin_function_address(
+            &mut pos,
+            BuiltinFunctionIndex::memory_atomic_notify(),
+        );
+
+        let call_inst =
+            pos.ins()
+                .call_indirect(func_sig, func_addr, &[vmctx, memory_index_arg, addr, count]);
+
+        Ok(*pos.func.dfg.inst_results(call_inst).first().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    fn translate_loop_header(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        // Additionally if enabled check how much fuel we have remaining to see
+        // if we've run out by this point.
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel {
+            self.fuel_check(builder);
+        }
+
+        // If we are performing epoch-based interruption, check to see
+        // if the epoch counter has changed.
+        if self.tunables.epoch_interruption {
+            self.epoch_check(builder);
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn before_translate_operator(
+        &mut self,
+        op: &Operator,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        state: &FuncTranslationState,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel {
+            self.fuel_before_op(op, builder, state.reachable());
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn after_translate_operator(
+        &mut self,
+        op: &Operator,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        state: &FuncTranslationState,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel && state.reachable() {
+            self.fuel_after_op(op, builder);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn before_unconditionally_trapping_memory_access(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel {
+            self.fuel_increment_var(builder);
+            self.fuel_save_from_var(builder);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn before_translate_function(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        _state: &FuncTranslationState,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        // If the `vmruntime_limits_ptr` variable will get used then we initialize
+        // it here.
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel || self.tunables.epoch_interruption {
+            self.declare_vmruntime_limits_ptr(builder);
+        }
+        // Additionally we initialize `fuel_var` if it will get used.
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel {
+            self.fuel_function_entry(builder);
+        }
+        // Initialize `epoch_var` with the current epoch.
+        if self.tunables.epoch_interruption {
+            self.epoch_function_entry(builder);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn after_translate_function(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        state: &FuncTranslationState,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel && state.reachable() {
+            self.fuel_function_exit(builder);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn relaxed_simd_deterministic(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tunables.relaxed_simd_deterministic
+    }
+
+    fn has_native_fma(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.has_native_fma()
+    }
+
+    fn is_x86(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.triple().architecture == target_lexicon::Architecture::X86_64
+    }
+
+    fn use_x86_blendv_for_relaxed_laneselect(&self, ty: Type) -> bool {
+        self.isa.has_x86_blendv_lowering(ty)
+    }
+
+    fn use_x86_pshufb_for_relaxed_swizzle(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.has_x86_pshufb_lowering()
+    }
+
+    fn use_x86_pmulhrsw_for_relaxed_q15mul(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.has_x86_pmulhrsw_lowering()
+    }
+
+    fn use_x86_pmaddubsw_for_dot(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.has_x86_pmaddubsw_lowering()
+    }
+}