wasmtime 10.0.0 → 11.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/anyhow-1.0.75/src/error.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,996 @@
+use crate::backtrace::Backtrace;
+use crate::chain::Chain;
+#[cfg(any(feature = "std", anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of))]
+use crate::ptr::Mut;
+use crate::ptr::{Own, Ref};
+use crate::{Error, StdError};
+use alloc::boxed::Box;
+use core::any::TypeId;
+use core::fmt::{self, Debug, Display};
+use core::mem::ManuallyDrop;
+#[cfg(not(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of))]
+use core::ptr;
+use core::ptr::NonNull;
+#[cfg(backtrace)]
+use std::error::{self, Request};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+use core::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+
+impl Error {
+    /// Create a new error object from any error type.
+    ///
+    /// The error type must be threadsafe and `'static`, so that the `Error`
+    /// will be as well.
+    ///
+    /// If the error type does not provide a backtrace, a backtrace will be
+    /// created here to ensure that a backtrace exists.
+    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+    #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))]
+    #[cold]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new<E>(error: E) -> Self
+    where
+        E: StdError + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let backtrace = backtrace_if_absent!(&error);
+        Error::from_std(error, backtrace)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new error object from a printable error message.
+    ///
+    /// If the argument implements std::error::Error, prefer `Error::new`
+    /// instead which preserves the underlying error's cause chain and
+    /// backtrace. If the argument may or may not implement std::error::Error
+    /// now or in the future, use `anyhow!(err)` which handles either way
+    /// correctly.
+    ///
+    /// `Error::msg("...")` is equivalent to `anyhow!("...")` but occasionally
+    /// convenient in places where a function is preferable over a macro, such
+    /// as iterator or stream combinators:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # mod ffi {
+    /// #     pub struct Input;
+    /// #     pub struct Output;
+    /// #     pub async fn do_some_work(_: Input) -> Result<Output, &'static str> {
+    /// #         unimplemented!()
+    /// #     }
+    /// # }
+    /// #
+    /// # use ffi::{Input, Output};
+    /// #
+    /// use anyhow::{Error, Result};
+    /// use futures::stream::{Stream, StreamExt, TryStreamExt};
+    ///
+    /// async fn demo<S>(stream: S) -> Result<Vec<Output>>
+    /// where
+    ///     S: Stream<Item = Input>,
+    /// {
+    ///     stream
+    ///         .then(ffi::do_some_work) // returns Result<Output, &str>
+    ///         .map_err(Error::msg)
+    ///         .try_collect()
+    ///         .await
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[cold]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn msg<M>(message: M) -> Self
+    where
+        M: Display + Debug + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        Error::from_adhoc(message, backtrace!())
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+    #[cold]
+    pub(crate) fn from_std<E>(error: E, backtrace: Option<Backtrace>) -> Self
+    where
+        E: StdError + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let vtable = &ErrorVTable {
+            object_drop: object_drop::<E>,
+            object_ref: object_ref::<E>,
+            #[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+            object_mut: object_mut::<E>,
+            object_boxed: object_boxed::<E>,
+            object_downcast: object_downcast::<E>,
+            #[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+            object_downcast_mut: object_downcast_mut::<E>,
+            object_drop_rest: object_drop_front::<E>,
+            #[cfg(all(not(backtrace), feature = "backtrace"))]
+            object_backtrace: no_backtrace,
+        };
+
+        // Safety: passing vtable that operates on the right type E.
+        unsafe { Error::construct(error, vtable, backtrace) }
+    }
+
+    #[cold]
+    pub(crate) fn from_adhoc<M>(message: M, backtrace: Option<Backtrace>) -> Self
+    where
+        M: Display + Debug + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        use crate::wrapper::MessageError;
+        let error: MessageError<M> = MessageError(message);
+        let vtable = &ErrorVTable {
+            object_drop: object_drop::<MessageError<M>>,
+            object_ref: object_ref::<MessageError<M>>,
+            #[cfg(all(feature = "std", anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of))]
+            object_mut: object_mut::<MessageError<M>>,
+            object_boxed: object_boxed::<MessageError<M>>,
+            object_downcast: object_downcast::<M>,
+            #[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+            object_downcast_mut: object_downcast_mut::<M>,
+            object_drop_rest: object_drop_front::<M>,
+            #[cfg(all(not(backtrace), feature = "backtrace"))]
+            object_backtrace: no_backtrace,
+        };
+
+        // Safety: MessageError is repr(transparent) so it is okay for the
+        // vtable to allow casting the MessageError<M> to M.
+        unsafe { Error::construct(error, vtable, backtrace) }
+    }
+
+    #[cold]
+    pub(crate) fn from_display<M>(message: M, backtrace: Option<Backtrace>) -> Self
+    where
+        M: Display + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        use crate::wrapper::DisplayError;
+        let error: DisplayError<M> = DisplayError(message);
+        let vtable = &ErrorVTable {
+            object_drop: object_drop::<DisplayError<M>>,
+            object_ref: object_ref::<DisplayError<M>>,
+            #[cfg(all(feature = "std", anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of))]
+            object_mut: object_mut::<DisplayError<M>>,
+            object_boxed: object_boxed::<DisplayError<M>>,
+            object_downcast: object_downcast::<M>,
+            #[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+            object_downcast_mut: object_downcast_mut::<M>,
+            object_drop_rest: object_drop_front::<M>,
+            #[cfg(all(not(backtrace), feature = "backtrace"))]
+            object_backtrace: no_backtrace,
+        };
+
+        // Safety: DisplayError is repr(transparent) so it is okay for the
+        // vtable to allow casting the DisplayError<M> to M.
+        unsafe { Error::construct(error, vtable, backtrace) }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+    #[cold]
+    pub(crate) fn from_context<C, E>(context: C, error: E, backtrace: Option<Backtrace>) -> Self
+    where
+        C: Display + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        E: StdError + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let error: ContextError<C, E> = ContextError { context, error };
+
+        let vtable = &ErrorVTable {
+            object_drop: object_drop::<ContextError<C, E>>,
+            object_ref: object_ref::<ContextError<C, E>>,
+            #[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+            object_mut: object_mut::<ContextError<C, E>>,
+            object_boxed: object_boxed::<ContextError<C, E>>,
+            object_downcast: context_downcast::<C, E>,
+            #[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+            object_downcast_mut: context_downcast_mut::<C, E>,
+            object_drop_rest: context_drop_rest::<C, E>,
+            #[cfg(all(not(backtrace), feature = "backtrace"))]
+            object_backtrace: no_backtrace,
+        };
+
+        // Safety: passing vtable that operates on the right type.
+        unsafe { Error::construct(error, vtable, backtrace) }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+    #[cold]
+    pub(crate) fn from_boxed(
+        error: Box<dyn StdError + Send + Sync>,
+        backtrace: Option<Backtrace>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        use crate::wrapper::BoxedError;
+        let error = BoxedError(error);
+        let vtable = &ErrorVTable {
+            object_drop: object_drop::<BoxedError>,
+            object_ref: object_ref::<BoxedError>,
+            #[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+            object_mut: object_mut::<BoxedError>,
+            object_boxed: object_boxed::<BoxedError>,
+            object_downcast: object_downcast::<Box<dyn StdError + Send + Sync>>,
+            #[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+            object_downcast_mut: object_downcast_mut::<Box<dyn StdError + Send + Sync>>,
+            object_drop_rest: object_drop_front::<Box<dyn StdError + Send + Sync>>,
+            #[cfg(all(not(backtrace), feature = "backtrace"))]
+            object_backtrace: no_backtrace,
+        };
+
+        // Safety: BoxedError is repr(transparent) so it is okay for the vtable
+        // to allow casting to Box<dyn StdError + Send + Sync>.
+        unsafe { Error::construct(error, vtable, backtrace) }
+    }
+
+    // Takes backtrace as argument rather than capturing it here so that the
+    // user sees one fewer layer of wrapping noise in the backtrace.
+    //
+    // Unsafe because the given vtable must have sensible behavior on the error
+    // value of type E.
+    #[cold]
+    unsafe fn construct<E>(
+        error: E,
+        vtable: &'static ErrorVTable,
+        backtrace: Option<Backtrace>,
+    ) -> Self
+    where
+        E: StdError + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let inner: Box<ErrorImpl<E>> = Box::new(ErrorImpl {
+            vtable,
+            backtrace,
+            _object: error,
+        });
+        // Erase the concrete type of E from the compile-time type system. This
+        // is equivalent to the safe unsize coercion from Box<ErrorImpl<E>> to
+        // Box<ErrorImpl<dyn StdError + Send + Sync + 'static>> except that the
+        // result is a thin pointer. The necessary behavior for manipulating the
+        // underlying ErrorImpl<E> is preserved in the vtable provided by the
+        // caller rather than a builtin fat pointer vtable.
+        let inner = Own::new(inner).cast::<ErrorImpl>();
+        Error { inner }
+    }
+
+    /// Wrap the error value with additional context.
+    ///
+    /// For attaching context to a `Result` as it is propagated, the
+    /// [`Context`][crate::Context] extension trait may be more convenient than
+    /// this function.
+    ///
+    /// The primary reason to use `error.context(...)` instead of
+    /// `result.context(...)` via the `Context` trait would be if the context
+    /// needs to depend on some data held by the underlying error:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Display};
+    /// #
+    /// # type T = ();
+    /// #
+    /// # impl std::error::Error for ParseError {}
+    /// # impl Debug for ParseError {
+    /// #     fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    /// #         unimplemented!()
+    /// #     }
+    /// # }
+    /// # impl Display for ParseError {
+    /// #     fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    /// #         unimplemented!()
+    /// #     }
+    /// # }
+    /// #
+    /// use anyhow::Result;
+    /// use std::fs::File;
+    /// use std::path::Path;
+    ///
+    /// struct ParseError {
+    ///     line: usize,
+    ///     column: usize,
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn parse_impl(file: File) -> Result<T, ParseError> {
+    ///     # const IGNORE: &str = stringify! {
+    ///     ...
+    ///     # };
+    ///     # unimplemented!()
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// pub fn parse(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<T> {
+    ///     let file = File::open(&path)?;
+    ///     parse_impl(file).map_err(|error| {
+    ///         let context = format!(
+    ///             "only the first {} lines of {} are valid",
+    ///             error.line, path.as_ref().display(),
+    ///         );
+    ///         anyhow::Error::new(error).context(context)
+    ///     })
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[cold]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn context<C>(self, context: C) -> Self
+    where
+        C: Display + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let error: ContextError<C, Error> = ContextError {
+            context,
+            error: self,
+        };
+
+        let vtable = &ErrorVTable {
+            object_drop: object_drop::<ContextError<C, Error>>,
+            object_ref: object_ref::<ContextError<C, Error>>,
+            #[cfg(all(feature = "std", anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of))]
+            object_mut: object_mut::<ContextError<C, Error>>,
+            object_boxed: object_boxed::<ContextError<C, Error>>,
+            object_downcast: context_chain_downcast::<C>,
+            #[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+            object_downcast_mut: context_chain_downcast_mut::<C>,
+            object_drop_rest: context_chain_drop_rest::<C>,
+            #[cfg(all(not(backtrace), feature = "backtrace"))]
+            object_backtrace: context_backtrace::<C>,
+        };
+
+        // As the cause is anyhow::Error, we already have a backtrace for it.
+        let backtrace = None;
+
+        // Safety: passing vtable that operates on the right type.
+        unsafe { Error::construct(error, vtable, backtrace) }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the backtrace for this Error.
+    ///
+    /// In order for the backtrace to be meaningful, one of the two environment
+    /// variables `RUST_LIB_BACKTRACE=1` or `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` must be defined
+    /// and `RUST_LIB_BACKTRACE` must not be `0`. Backtraces are somewhat
+    /// expensive to capture in Rust, so we don't necessarily want to be
+    /// capturing them all over the place all the time.
+    ///
+    /// - If you want panics and errors to both have backtraces, set
+    ///   `RUST_BACKTRACE=1`;
+    /// - If you want only errors to have backtraces, set
+    ///   `RUST_LIB_BACKTRACE=1`;
+    /// - If you want only panics to have backtraces, set `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` and
+    ///   `RUST_LIB_BACKTRACE=0`.
+    ///
+    /// # Stability
+    ///
+    /// Standard library backtraces are only available on the nightly channel.
+    /// Tracking issue: [rust-lang/rust#53487][tracking].
+    ///
+    /// On stable compilers, this function is only available if the crate's
+    /// "backtrace" feature is enabled, and will use the `backtrace` crate as
+    /// the underlying backtrace implementation.
+    ///
+    /// ```toml
+    /// [dependencies]
+    /// anyhow = { version = "1.0", features = ["backtrace"] }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [tracking]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/53487
+    #[cfg(any(backtrace, feature = "backtrace"))]
+    #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(any(nightly, feature = "backtrace"))))]
+    pub fn backtrace(&self) -> &impl_backtrace!() {
+        unsafe { ErrorImpl::backtrace(self.inner.by_ref()) }
+    }
+
+    /// An iterator of the chain of source errors contained by this Error.
+    ///
+    /// This iterator will visit every error in the cause chain of this error
+    /// object, beginning with the error that this error object was created
+    /// from.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use anyhow::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// pub fn underlying_io_error_kind(error: &Error) -> Option<io::ErrorKind> {
+    ///     for cause in error.chain() {
+    ///         if let Some(io_error) = cause.downcast_ref::<io::Error>() {
+    ///             return Some(io_error.kind());
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    ///     None
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+    #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))]
+    #[cold]
+    pub fn chain(&self) -> Chain {
+        unsafe { ErrorImpl::chain(self.inner.by_ref()) }
+    }
+
+    /// The lowest level cause of this error &mdash; this error's cause's
+    /// cause's cause etc.
+    ///
+    /// The root cause is the last error in the iterator produced by
+    /// [`chain()`][Error::chain].
+    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+    #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))]
+    pub fn root_cause(&self) -> &(dyn StdError + 'static) {
+        self.chain().last().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if `E` is the type held by this error object.
+    ///
+    /// For errors with context, this method returns true if `E` matches the
+    /// type of the context `C` **or** the type of the error on which the
+    /// context has been attached. For details about the interaction between
+    /// context and downcasting, [see here].
+    ///
+    /// [see here]: trait.Context.html#effect-on-downcasting
+    pub fn is<E>(&self) -> bool
+    where
+        E: Display + Debug + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        self.downcast_ref::<E>().is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// Attempt to downcast the error object to a concrete type.
+    pub fn downcast<E>(mut self) -> Result<E, Self>
+    where
+        E: Display + Debug + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let target = TypeId::of::<E>();
+        let inner = self.inner.by_mut();
+        unsafe {
+            // Use vtable to find NonNull<()> which points to a value of type E
+            // somewhere inside the data structure.
+            #[cfg(not(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of))]
+            let addr = match (vtable(inner.ptr).object_downcast)(inner.by_ref(), target) {
+                Some(addr) => addr.by_mut().extend(),
+                None => return Err(self),
+            };
+            #[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+            let addr = match (vtable(inner.ptr).object_downcast_mut)(inner, target) {
+                Some(addr) => addr.extend(),
+                None => return Err(self),
+            };
+
+            // Prepare to read E out of the data structure. We'll drop the rest
+            // of the data structure separately so that E is not dropped.
+            let outer = ManuallyDrop::new(self);
+
+            // Read E from where the vtable found it.
+            let error = addr.cast::<E>().read();
+
+            // Drop rest of the data structure outside of E.
+            (vtable(outer.inner.ptr).object_drop_rest)(outer.inner, target);
+
+            Ok(error)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Downcast this error object by reference.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use anyhow::anyhow;
+    /// # use std::fmt::{self, Display};
+    /// # use std::task::Poll;
+    /// #
+    /// # #[derive(Debug)]
+    /// # enum DataStoreError {
+    /// #     Censored(()),
+    /// # }
+    /// #
+    /// # impl Display for DataStoreError {
+    /// #     fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    /// #         unimplemented!()
+    /// #     }
+    /// # }
+    /// #
+    /// # impl std::error::Error for DataStoreError {}
+    /// #
+    /// # const REDACTED_CONTENT: () = ();
+    /// #
+    /// # let error = anyhow!("...");
+    /// # let root_cause = &error;
+    /// #
+    /// # let ret =
+    /// // If the error was caused by redaction, then return a tombstone instead
+    /// // of the content.
+    /// match root_cause.downcast_ref::<DataStoreError>() {
+    ///     Some(DataStoreError::Censored(_)) => Ok(Poll::Ready(REDACTED_CONTENT)),
+    ///     None => Err(error),
+    /// }
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn downcast_ref<E>(&self) -> Option<&E>
+    where
+        E: Display + Debug + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let target = TypeId::of::<E>();
+        unsafe {
+            // Use vtable to find NonNull<()> which points to a value of type E
+            // somewhere inside the data structure.
+            let addr = (vtable(self.inner.ptr).object_downcast)(self.inner.by_ref(), target)?;
+            Some(addr.cast::<E>().deref())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Downcast this error object by mutable reference.
+    pub fn downcast_mut<E>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut E>
+    where
+        E: Display + Debug + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let target = TypeId::of::<E>();
+        unsafe {
+            // Use vtable to find NonNull<()> which points to a value of type E
+            // somewhere inside the data structure.
+
+            #[cfg(not(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of))]
+            let addr =
+                (vtable(self.inner.ptr).object_downcast)(self.inner.by_ref(), target)?.by_mut();
+
+            #[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+            let addr = (vtable(self.inner.ptr).object_downcast_mut)(self.inner.by_mut(), target)?;
+
+            Some(addr.cast::<E>().deref_mut())
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(backtrace)]
+    pub(crate) fn provide<'a>(&'a self, request: &mut Request<'a>) {
+        unsafe { ErrorImpl::provide(self.inner.by_ref(), request) }
+    }
+
+    // Called by thiserror when you have `#[source] anyhow::Error`. This provide
+    // implementation includes the anyhow::Error's Backtrace if any, unlike
+    // deref'ing to dyn Error where the provide implementation would include
+    // only the original error's Backtrace from before it got wrapped into an
+    // anyhow::Error.
+    #[cfg(backtrace)]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn thiserror_provide<'a>(&'a self, request: &mut Request<'a>) {
+        Self::provide(self, request);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+#[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))]
+impl<E> From<E> for Error
+where
+    E: StdError + Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    #[cold]
+    fn from(error: E) -> Self {
+        let backtrace = backtrace_if_absent!(&error);
+        Error::from_std(error, backtrace)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+#[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))]
+impl Deref for Error {
+    type Target = dyn StdError + Send + Sync + 'static;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        unsafe { ErrorImpl::error(self.inner.by_ref()) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+#[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))]
+impl DerefMut for Error {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        unsafe { ErrorImpl::error_mut(self.inner.by_mut()) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Error {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        unsafe { ErrorImpl::display(self.inner.by_ref(), formatter) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Error {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        unsafe { ErrorImpl::debug(self.inner.by_ref(), formatter) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Error {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        unsafe {
+            // Invoke the vtable's drop behavior.
+            (vtable(self.inner.ptr).object_drop)(self.inner);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct ErrorVTable {
+    object_drop: unsafe fn(Own<ErrorImpl>),
+    object_ref: unsafe fn(Ref<ErrorImpl>) -> Ref<dyn StdError + Send + Sync + 'static>,
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "std", anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of))]
+    object_mut: unsafe fn(Mut<ErrorImpl>) -> &mut (dyn StdError + Send + Sync + 'static),
+    object_boxed: unsafe fn(Own<ErrorImpl>) -> Box<dyn StdError + Send + Sync + 'static>,
+    object_downcast: unsafe fn(Ref<ErrorImpl>, TypeId) -> Option<Ref<()>>,
+    #[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+    object_downcast_mut: unsafe fn(Mut<ErrorImpl>, TypeId) -> Option<Mut<()>>,
+    object_drop_rest: unsafe fn(Own<ErrorImpl>, TypeId),
+    #[cfg(all(not(backtrace), feature = "backtrace"))]
+    object_backtrace: unsafe fn(Ref<ErrorImpl>) -> Option<&Backtrace>,
+}
+
+// Safety: requires layout of *e to match ErrorImpl<E>.
+unsafe fn object_drop<E>(e: Own<ErrorImpl>) {
+    // Cast back to ErrorImpl<E> so that the allocator receives the correct
+    // Layout to deallocate the Box's memory.
+    let unerased = e.cast::<ErrorImpl<E>>().boxed();
+    drop(unerased);
+}
+
+// Safety: requires layout of *e to match ErrorImpl<E>.
+unsafe fn object_drop_front<E>(e: Own<ErrorImpl>, target: TypeId) {
+    // Drop the fields of ErrorImpl other than E as well as the Box allocation,
+    // without dropping E itself. This is used by downcast after doing a
+    // ptr::read to take ownership of the E.
+    let _ = target;
+    let unerased = e.cast::<ErrorImpl<ManuallyDrop<E>>>().boxed();
+    drop(unerased);
+}
+
+// Safety: requires layout of *e to match ErrorImpl<E>.
+unsafe fn object_ref<E>(e: Ref<ErrorImpl>) -> Ref<dyn StdError + Send + Sync + 'static>
+where
+    E: StdError + Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    // Attach E's native StdError vtable onto a pointer to self._object.
+
+    let unerased = e.cast::<ErrorImpl<E>>();
+
+    #[cfg(not(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of))]
+    return Ref::from_raw(NonNull::new_unchecked(
+        ptr::addr_of!((*unerased.as_ptr())._object) as *mut E,
+    ));
+
+    #[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+    return Ref::new(&unerased.deref()._object);
+}
+
+// Safety: requires layout of *e to match ErrorImpl<E>, and for `e` to be derived
+// from a `&mut`
+#[cfg(all(feature = "std", anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of))]
+unsafe fn object_mut<E>(e: Mut<ErrorImpl>) -> &mut (dyn StdError + Send + Sync + 'static)
+where
+    E: StdError + Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    // Attach E's native StdError vtable onto a pointer to self._object.
+    &mut e.cast::<ErrorImpl<E>>().deref_mut()._object
+}
+
+// Safety: requires layout of *e to match ErrorImpl<E>.
+unsafe fn object_boxed<E>(e: Own<ErrorImpl>) -> Box<dyn StdError + Send + Sync + 'static>
+where
+    E: StdError + Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    // Attach ErrorImpl<E>'s native StdError vtable. The StdError impl is below.
+    e.cast::<ErrorImpl<E>>().boxed()
+}
+
+// Safety: requires layout of *e to match ErrorImpl<E>.
+unsafe fn object_downcast<E>(e: Ref<ErrorImpl>, target: TypeId) -> Option<Ref<()>>
+where
+    E: 'static,
+{
+    if TypeId::of::<E>() == target {
+        // Caller is looking for an E pointer and e is ErrorImpl<E>, take a
+        // pointer to its E field.
+
+        let unerased = e.cast::<ErrorImpl<E>>();
+
+        #[cfg(not(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of))]
+        return Some(
+            Ref::from_raw(NonNull::new_unchecked(
+                ptr::addr_of!((*unerased.as_ptr())._object) as *mut E,
+            ))
+            .cast::<()>(),
+        );
+
+        #[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+        return Some(Ref::new(&unerased.deref()._object).cast::<()>());
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+// Safety: requires layout of *e to match ErrorImpl<E>.
+#[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+unsafe fn object_downcast_mut<E>(e: Mut<ErrorImpl>, target: TypeId) -> Option<Mut<()>>
+where
+    E: 'static,
+{
+    if TypeId::of::<E>() == target {
+        // Caller is looking for an E pointer and e is ErrorImpl<E>, take a
+        // pointer to its E field.
+        let unerased = e.cast::<ErrorImpl<E>>().deref_mut();
+        Some(Mut::new(&mut unerased._object).cast::<()>())
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(not(backtrace), feature = "backtrace"))]
+fn no_backtrace(e: Ref<ErrorImpl>) -> Option<&Backtrace> {
+    let _ = e;
+    None
+}
+
+// Safety: requires layout of *e to match ErrorImpl<ContextError<C, E>>.
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+unsafe fn context_downcast<C, E>(e: Ref<ErrorImpl>, target: TypeId) -> Option<Ref<()>>
+where
+    C: 'static,
+    E: 'static,
+{
+    if TypeId::of::<C>() == target {
+        let unerased = e.cast::<ErrorImpl<ContextError<C, E>>>().deref();
+        Some(Ref::new(&unerased._object.context).cast::<()>())
+    } else if TypeId::of::<E>() == target {
+        let unerased = e.cast::<ErrorImpl<ContextError<C, E>>>().deref();
+        Some(Ref::new(&unerased._object.error).cast::<()>())
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+// Safety: requires layout of *e to match ErrorImpl<ContextError<C, E>>.
+#[cfg(all(feature = "std", anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of))]
+unsafe fn context_downcast_mut<C, E>(e: Mut<ErrorImpl>, target: TypeId) -> Option<Mut<()>>
+where
+    C: 'static,
+    E: 'static,
+{
+    if TypeId::of::<C>() == target {
+        let unerased = e.cast::<ErrorImpl<ContextError<C, E>>>().deref_mut();
+        Some(Mut::new(&mut unerased._object.context).cast::<()>())
+    } else if TypeId::of::<E>() == target {
+        let unerased = e.cast::<ErrorImpl<ContextError<C, E>>>().deref_mut();
+        Some(Mut::new(&mut unerased._object.error).cast::<()>())
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+// Safety: requires layout of *e to match ErrorImpl<ContextError<C, E>>.
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+unsafe fn context_drop_rest<C, E>(e: Own<ErrorImpl>, target: TypeId)
+where
+    C: 'static,
+    E: 'static,
+{
+    // Called after downcasting by value to either the C or the E and doing a
+    // ptr::read to take ownership of that value.
+    if TypeId::of::<C>() == target {
+        let unerased = e
+            .cast::<ErrorImpl<ContextError<ManuallyDrop<C>, E>>>()
+            .boxed();
+        drop(unerased);
+    } else {
+        let unerased = e
+            .cast::<ErrorImpl<ContextError<C, ManuallyDrop<E>>>>()
+            .boxed();
+        drop(unerased);
+    }
+}
+
+// Safety: requires layout of *e to match ErrorImpl<ContextError<C, Error>>.
+unsafe fn context_chain_downcast<C>(e: Ref<ErrorImpl>, target: TypeId) -> Option<Ref<()>>
+where
+    C: 'static,
+{
+    let unerased = e.cast::<ErrorImpl<ContextError<C, Error>>>().deref();
+    if TypeId::of::<C>() == target {
+        Some(Ref::new(&unerased._object.context).cast::<()>())
+    } else {
+        // Recurse down the context chain per the inner error's vtable.
+        let source = &unerased._object.error;
+        (vtable(source.inner.ptr).object_downcast)(source.inner.by_ref(), target)
+    }
+}
+
+// Safety: requires layout of *e to match ErrorImpl<ContextError<C, Error>>.
+#[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+unsafe fn context_chain_downcast_mut<C>(e: Mut<ErrorImpl>, target: TypeId) -> Option<Mut<()>>
+where
+    C: 'static,
+{
+    let unerased = e.cast::<ErrorImpl<ContextError<C, Error>>>().deref_mut();
+    if TypeId::of::<C>() == target {
+        Some(Mut::new(&mut unerased._object.context).cast::<()>())
+    } else {
+        // Recurse down the context chain per the inner error's vtable.
+        let source = &mut unerased._object.error;
+        (vtable(source.inner.ptr).object_downcast_mut)(source.inner.by_mut(), target)
+    }
+}
+
+// Safety: requires layout of *e to match ErrorImpl<ContextError<C, Error>>.
+unsafe fn context_chain_drop_rest<C>(e: Own<ErrorImpl>, target: TypeId)
+where
+    C: 'static,
+{
+    // Called after downcasting by value to either the C or one of the causes
+    // and doing a ptr::read to take ownership of that value.
+    if TypeId::of::<C>() == target {
+        let unerased = e
+            .cast::<ErrorImpl<ContextError<ManuallyDrop<C>, Error>>>()
+            .boxed();
+        // Drop the entire rest of the data structure rooted in the next Error.
+        drop(unerased);
+    } else {
+        let unerased = e
+            .cast::<ErrorImpl<ContextError<C, ManuallyDrop<Error>>>>()
+            .boxed();
+        // Read the Own<ErrorImpl> from the next error.
+        let inner = unerased._object.error.inner;
+        drop(unerased);
+        let vtable = vtable(inner.ptr);
+        // Recursively drop the next error using the same target typeid.
+        (vtable.object_drop_rest)(inner, target);
+    }
+}
+
+// Safety: requires layout of *e to match ErrorImpl<ContextError<C, Error>>.
+#[cfg(all(not(backtrace), feature = "backtrace"))]
+#[allow(clippy::unnecessary_wraps)]
+unsafe fn context_backtrace<C>(e: Ref<ErrorImpl>) -> Option<&Backtrace>
+where
+    C: 'static,
+{
+    let unerased = e.cast::<ErrorImpl<ContextError<C, Error>>>().deref();
+    let backtrace = ErrorImpl::backtrace(unerased._object.error.inner.by_ref());
+    Some(backtrace)
+}
+
+// NOTE: If working with `ErrorImpl<()>`, references should be avoided in favor
+// of raw pointers and `NonNull`.
+// repr C to ensure that E remains in the final position.
+#[repr(C)]
+pub(crate) struct ErrorImpl<E = ()> {
+    vtable: &'static ErrorVTable,
+    backtrace: Option<Backtrace>,
+    // NOTE: Don't use directly. Use only through vtable. Erased type may have
+    // different alignment.
+    _object: E,
+}
+
+// Reads the vtable out of `p`. This is the same as `p.as_ref().vtable`, but
+// avoids converting `p` into a reference.
+unsafe fn vtable(p: NonNull<ErrorImpl>) -> &'static ErrorVTable {
+    // NOTE: This assumes that `ErrorVTable` is the first field of ErrorImpl.
+    *(p.as_ptr() as *const &'static ErrorVTable)
+}
+
+// repr C to ensure that ContextError<C, E> has the same layout as
+// ContextError<ManuallyDrop<C>, E> and ContextError<C, ManuallyDrop<E>>.
+#[repr(C)]
+pub(crate) struct ContextError<C, E> {
+    pub context: C,
+    pub error: E,
+}
+
+impl<E> ErrorImpl<E> {
+    fn erase(&self) -> Ref<ErrorImpl> {
+        // Erase the concrete type of E but preserve the vtable in self.vtable
+        // for manipulating the resulting thin pointer. This is analogous to an
+        // unsize coercion.
+        Ref::new(self).cast::<ErrorImpl>()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ErrorImpl {
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn error(this: Ref<Self>) -> &(dyn StdError + Send + Sync + 'static) {
+        // Use vtable to attach E's native StdError vtable for the right
+        // original type E.
+        (vtable(this.ptr).object_ref)(this).deref()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn error_mut(this: Mut<Self>) -> &mut (dyn StdError + Send + Sync + 'static) {
+        // Use vtable to attach E's native StdError vtable for the right
+        // original type E.
+
+        #[cfg(not(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of))]
+        return (vtable(this.ptr).object_ref)(this.by_ref())
+            .by_mut()
+            .deref_mut();
+
+        #[cfg(anyhow_no_ptr_addr_of)]
+        return (vtable(this.ptr).object_mut)(this);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(any(backtrace, feature = "backtrace"))]
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn backtrace(this: Ref<Self>) -> &Backtrace {
+        // This unwrap can only panic if the underlying error's backtrace method
+        // is nondeterministic, which would only happen in maliciously
+        // constructed code.
+        this.deref()
+            .backtrace
+            .as_ref()
+            .or_else(|| {
+                #[cfg(backtrace)]
+                return error::request_ref::<Backtrace>(Self::error(this));
+                #[cfg(not(backtrace))]
+                return (vtable(this.ptr).object_backtrace)(this);
+            })
+            .expect("backtrace capture failed")
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(backtrace)]
+    unsafe fn provide<'a>(this: Ref<'a, Self>, request: &mut Request<'a>) {
+        if let Some(backtrace) = &this.deref().backtrace {
+            request.provide_ref(backtrace);
+        }
+        Self::error(this).provide(request);
+    }
+
+    #[cold]
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn chain(this: Ref<Self>) -> Chain {
+        Chain::new(Self::error(this))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E> StdError for ErrorImpl<E>
+where
+    E: StdError,
+{
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn StdError + 'static)> {
+        unsafe { ErrorImpl::error(self.erase()).source() }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(backtrace)]
+    fn provide<'a>(&'a self, request: &mut Request<'a>) {
+        unsafe { ErrorImpl::provide(self.erase(), request) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E> Debug for ErrorImpl<E>
+where
+    E: Debug,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        unsafe { ErrorImpl::debug(self.erase(), formatter) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E> Display for ErrorImpl<E>
+where
+    E: Display,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        unsafe { Display::fmt(ErrorImpl::error(self.erase()), formatter) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Error> for Box<dyn StdError + Send + Sync + 'static> {
+    #[cold]
+    fn from(error: Error) -> Self {
+        let outer = ManuallyDrop::new(error);
+        unsafe {
+            // Use vtable to attach ErrorImpl<E>'s native StdError vtable for
+            // the right original type E.
+            (vtable(outer.inner.ptr).object_boxed)(outer.inner)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Error> for Box<dyn StdError + Send + 'static> {
+    fn from(error: Error) -> Self {
+        Box::<dyn StdError + Send + Sync>::from(error)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Error> for Box<dyn StdError + 'static> {
+    fn from(error: Error) -> Self {
+        Box::<dyn StdError + Send + Sync>::from(error)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+impl AsRef<dyn StdError + Send + Sync> for Error {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &(dyn StdError + Send + Sync + 'static) {
+        &**self
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+impl AsRef<dyn StdError> for Error {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &(dyn StdError + 'static) {
+        &**self
+    }
+}